Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago - Marinha do Brasil

|1 Brazil in the mid Atlantic

Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago Brazil in the mid Atlantic

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Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago

Brazil in the mid Atlantic

Organizers Danielle de Lima Viana Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin Jorge Eduardo Lins Oliveira Marco Antonio Carvalho de Souza

Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago Brazil in the mid Atlantic

Recife, 2017

Copyright @2017 Brazilian Navy Editors Danielle de Lima Viana Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin Jorge Eduardo Lins Oliveira Marco Antonio Carvalho de Souza Collaborators Cristina Engel de Alvarez Daniele Brunelli Marcia Maia Raimundo Arrais Reinaldo Antônio Petta Susanna Sichel Thomas Campos Book Designer Via Design Photo Editor Claudio Coutinho Translation Jennifer Sarah Cooper Depto. de Línguas Estrangeiras UFRN Proof-Readers Danielle Viana Jorge Lins Pollyana Roque

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Photos Acervo Karl Mesquita Acervo PROARQUIPELAGO Alexandre Nunes Alfredo Borie Mojica Arquivo da Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação Bruno Macena Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira Carlo M. Cunha Daniel Viana Danielle Viana Drausio Véras Fabricio Gandini Françoise Lima Frederico Guaraldo de Andrade Jorge Lins Lilian Sander Hoffmann Lucas Santos Luís Carlos Pinto de Macedo Soares Luiz Sérgio Amarante Simões Marcus Leoni/Folhapress Matias do Nascimento Ritter Osmar Luiz Natalia Alves Bezerra Patrícia Luciano Mancini Paulo H. Ott Ronaldo Bastos Francini Filho Sibele Mendonça Tatiana Leite

Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelago : Brazil in the mid atlantic / organizers Danielle de Lima Viana ... [et al.] ; translation Jeniffer Sarah Cooper ; photos Alexandre Nunes ... [et al.] ; collaborators Cristina Engel de Alvarez ... [et al.] ; preface Renato Batista Melo ; prologue Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin. – 2. ed. – Recife : Vedas Edições, 2017. 203p. : il.

Preface | Renato Batista Melo Foreword | Danielle Viana Prologue | Fábio Hazin The grand history of small place Birds’ Island The Geology of the Spspa: An Approaching Underwater Universe The Research Station of St Peter and St Paul Archipelago The Man and The Nature Discoveries and Discoverers

Includes bibliography. ISBN 978-85-67862-02-6 1. SAINT PETER AND SAINT PAUL, ARCHIPELAGO – BRAZIL – HISTORY. 2. SAINT PETER AND SAINT PAUL, ARCHIPELAGO – BRAZIL – DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 3. DISCOVERIES IN GEOGRAPHY – BRAZIL. 4. RESEARCH. 5. NATURAL RESOURCES – BRAZIL – PRESERVATION. 6. SAINT PETER AND SAINT PAUL, ARCHIPELAGO – BRAZIL – PHOTOGRAPHS. 7. SAINT PETER AND SAINT PAUL, ARCHIPELAGO – BRAZIL – PICTORIAL WORKS. I. Viana, Danielle de Lima. II. Cooper, Jeniffer Sarah. III. Nunes, Alexandre. IV. Alvarez, Cristina Engel de. V. Melo, Renato Batista de. VI. Hazin, Fábio Hissa Vieira.

Acknowledgments | Marco Antonio Carvalho de Souza Afterword | Jorge Lins Bibliography

CDU 918.1 CDD 918.1 PeR – BPE 17-155

Photo Credits

At the moment the Research Station turns nineteen years of continuous operation, I have the great pleasure to present this new edition of the book that gather the research carried out in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago Program (PROARQUIPELAGO).

The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago is 1000 km away from the coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, being the only set of Brazilian oceanic islands above the equator (00°55,01’N and 029°20,76’ W). The small rocky islands rise from abyssal depth, around 4.000 m, with an underwater area of 17.000 m². They were formed by an abyssal mantle outcropping that occurred due to a geological evolution associated to the Saint Paul tectonic fracture in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The low altitude of the islands is dangerous to navigation, especially at night and during bad weather. These were the conditions of the first shipwreck recorded in 1511, when a fleet left Portugal towards Indies. However, a ship called “Saint Peter”, was torn from the others and hit the islands. The providential rescue came from another ship called “Saint Paul”. That is the reason for the name of the Archipelago, which remains to this day. Since 1529 the islands have been on Portuguese maps and their possession by Brazil has never been contested. In 1930 the first lighthouse was built by the Brazilian Navy at the highest point, at 18 meters from sea level. It took one year to build it and was later destroyed by an earthquake. A ship called Belmonte, which was involved in the construction of the lighthouse, gives name to the main island of the Archipelago. At the Archipelago’s Research Station, generations of researchers, both undergraduate and graduate from many Brazilian universities, have carried out their studies in that open-air laboratory, where there are no beaches, the sea is sometimes choppy and the weather is hot and humid. These scholars have had their perception challenged by endemic species of migratory fish, which stop at that region to search for food, as well as by seismic activities in this sanctuary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This is the scenario we have the privilege of seeing in this book, which awakens our curiosity and leads us to dive in “ Saint Peter and Saint Paul” to reveal the secrets of that natural world. I hope that by highlighting the scientific vocation and strategic importance of these Islands, this publication may also serve to stimulate interest in our Blue Amazon and the understanding of the importance of the sea and its resources for the development of Brazil. Renato Batista Melo Rear Admiral Secretary of the Interministerial Commission for Sea Resources

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Besides that, as it is an uncommon formation of islands surrounded by rich biodiversity, the region provides unique conditions for research. Since its inauguration, more than 1.300 researchers have taken part in scientific expeditions coordinated by the PROARQUIPELAGO. They have carried out studies of geology, geophisics, biology, oceanography, meteorology and sismology and this book makes these studies available to the public.



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Since the inauguration of the first Station in June 25, 1998, researchers and Navy personnel have kept the Brazilian flag hoisted in the North Hemisphere, ensuring the right to add an area of 450.000 km² to our country’s Exclusive Economic Zone.

Before anything else, it is important to highlight the geographic location of this tiny piece of Brazil. We are speaking of the only set of Brazilian Oceanic islands located in the Northern Hemisphere and strategically situated between the continents of South America and Africa, a fact that has contributed to a unique condition for conducting research in a wide array of scientific fields, to which it provides a better understanding of the dynamic of insular ecosystems and their intricate ecological processes in the Atlantic Ocean. With low altitudes, outside of the water – the maximum height on St. Peter’s Island being 18 meters – the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago is, however, the tiny tip of a gigantic rock construction, which has a base that sits 4,000 meters deep under the sea surface. Formed by six larger islands and four smaller one, the Archipelago has small dimensions, the largest island being Belmonte, which spans 100 meters of length and the width of its farthest points extending a mere 420 meters. It is totally devoid of beaches, the vegetation is scarce and is covered with steep, sharp rocks, besides being subject to seismic activity. At this site of such extreme conditions, the architect, Cristina Engel, from the Federal University of Espírito Santo, projected a Scientific Stations that would hold up against the impact of Strong waves and constant tremors, with the capacity to comfortably house four researchers for fifteen days at a time. The energy is provided by solar panels, while the drinking water is obtained from reverse osmosis desalinization. I had the honor, privilege and satisfaction to conduct specialization, Master’s and Doctoral research at this very distinct site with its unique characteristics. Subsequently, I have a strong tie to this place, not just for being a research site, but for being one of the last and most important and fascinating Brazilian oceanic frontiers, which taught me, among other things, the value of what is truly important. This book represents the result of a unique selection of photographic records that were taken by researchers who had the privilege to visit and investigate this mysterious and seductive site, and which has such great relevance to the Country. This is Brazil in the middle of the Atlantic! Visit it, and become enchanted too... Danielle Viana Marine Biologist - UFRPE


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“Is it far?” you ask. No! It isn’t far, it’s very, very far... To arrive takes an average of four days from the Port of Natal, over 1,100km of treacherous sea conditions, requiring great physical and psychological strength for those who accept the challenge of conducting research on the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago. Considered by many as an inhospitable site, there are many characteristics that make the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago a special and fantastic place, on many levels.

To keep a research station 1,100 km away from the closest point in the Brazilian coast, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, at one third of the distance between Brazil and Africa, in waters with more than 4,000 m depth, is not an easy task, to say the least. What for many may be seen only as a bunch or rocks lost in the sea, inhabited only by seabirds and no natural vegetation, for the scientists working there it is no short of a water paradise, with plenty of fish, sea turtles, dolphins and so many other creatures of an extremely rich marine fauna, full of secrets to be uncovered. Due to its strategic geographic position, between the northern and the southern hemispheres, and the American and the African continents, the SPSPA offers unique conditions for research development on the several species - some endemic - that utilize this insular ecosystem as a home or as an important segment of their migratory routes. The mental and physical efforts demanded from the scientists participating in each expedition are thus fully compensated by the discoveries and unprecedented results achieved by the various researches developed in such a corner of Brazilian territory, so inhospitable and remote, as it is mysterious and fascinating. The occupation of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago started in 1998, with the installation and inauguration of the Research Station in Belmonte Island, the largest in habitable area. Such occupation guaranteed the Brazilian rights over the 450 thousand square kilometers of Economic Exclusive Zone around it, over which the country has the exclusive right to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural resources present there. Along these 16 years, the Brazilian Navy has certainly all the reasons to be proud of its role in defending and protecting, together with the Brazilian people, this important area of ecological richness and biodiversity. Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin Scientific Coordinator of PROARQUIPELAGO Program Professor of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture – UFRPE


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Nineteen years have already passed by, since the first research started in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). From the seed planted by the Interministerial Secretariat for Marine Resources (SECIRM- Secretaria Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar), in the late nineties, a magnificent tree with a mighty trunk grew. With its roots deeply entrenched in the marine sciences, it fructified in many scientific publications and results of great biological and socioeconomic significance for the Brazilian nation. All these results would not have been possible if it had not been for the logistic support of the Brazilian Navy and the inestimable contribution of its institutional partners, such as the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA- Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), among many other research and educational institutions, as well as private and governmental agencies, which either directly or indirectly have supported the studies developed in SPSPA.

| 11 1 This text is the result of the research Project From the cliffs to the Archipelago: the emergence of the St. Peter and St. Paul in scientific research history (Edict MCt/CNPq Nº026/2009 – Archipelago and Oceanic Islands Program), with the help of CNPq Technical Assistance interns, Flávia Emanuely Lima Ribeiro, and PROPESQ-UFRN intern, Giovanni Roberto Protásio Bentes Filho, during 2013/2014. 2 “The origin of the SPSPA dates between 100 and 35 million years...”, VASKE JUNIOR, Teodoro et al. Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, aspectos locais. In; Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: história e recursos naturais. Org. Teodoro Vaske Junior et al. Fortaleza: NAVE/LABOMAR UFC, 2010, p.34. 3 BROWN, Cynthia Stokes. A grande história: do Big Bang aos dias de hoje. Trad. Vitor Paolozzi. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2010, p. 304. Inhaumá-class corvette, near the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago

4 Second Decade –Asia of João de Barros: From the Actions of the Portuguese during the age of Discovery and conquest of the seas and lands of the East – 1628. Book Seven – Chapt. II. National Library of Portugal, p. 164.

If we consider the geological age of the rock formation currently known as the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago (SPSPA) – dozens of millions of years old – its recorded history seems very recent, but in relation to the phase of the European occupation of the Americas, at the turn of the 15th century to the 16th century, its history is a long one, the same age as the Portuguese occupation of the Americas2. The St. Peter and St. Paul rocks, measuring a little more than sixteen thousand meters of exposed rocky surface, made their debut into history at the beginning of the Modern era – rocks in the middle of the route of the great wave of maritime expansion that crested at the end of the 15th century. This expansion was responsible for reducing the size of the known world, comprising immense stretches of land for exploitation and colonization, and inaugurated an era of relocations of masses of humans and goods over the high seas.3 The rock formations were mentioned for the first time in a passage by the chronicler João de Barros, who reported about the night, in 1511, when a ship from a fleet heading to Mozambique had run into some rocks: “on a rock you can find in the midst of a particular batch of water lilies, which the ship, São Pedro, ran against at night”, and “owing to this danger, the rock received the name São Pedro, which to this day has the spirit of our sailors about it”.4 Much later, this “St. Peter’s Rock” was called, “St. Peter and St. Paul” and thus incorporated the name of the ship that came to the rescue of the ship, St. Peter. The rocks then carried with them this remote memory at the cost of the audacity of those who crossed, against the still unknown, maritime tides, winds and storms. After that night in 1511, almost three centuries passed in silence, interrupted here and there by brief reports left by some crew that approached the rocks or sailed wide of them, on viewing their shapes from afar. Whichever way, even with these sparse, vague recounts, and data about their location, and cartographic register, all this brought the rocks into the consciousness of seafarers. The islands appeared on maps of the time as Portuguese rock formations, sticking out from the surface of the water, avoided by navigators (on a Spanish map they were called escolho, obstacles), located on the routes that linked Europe, Africa and America, and even when passing to Brazilian ownership they received little reference in official documents of the new nation.


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Raimundo Arrais Professor in the Department of History and the Graduate Program in History – UFRN

7 KOLSOW,Tony. The silent deep: the Discovery, ecology, and conservation of the deep sea. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 209, p. 25.

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8 DELANO’S voyages of commerce and Discovery: Amasa Delano in china, the Pacific Islands, Australia, and South America, 1789-1807. Massachusetts: Berkshire House Publishers, 1994 (1817).

Up until the end of the 19th century, the most significant registers about the rocks originated from a specific source: oceanic research activities, stimulated by investments from the modern States and the academy of science, financing expeditions that, from the 18th century, on a large scale, navigated the same routes used by the conquerors and merchants. This convergence was not surprising, since the colonial conquest is more than a military or political action, it “participated also in the total domination of nature. The maritime exploration of the 16th century preceded the scientific exploration of the 18th century. Control over Nature’s riches, and the souls of folks comprised the encyclopedic inventory of the cosmos”.5


These numerous research expeditions organized by scientific societies and by governments of various nations set out in search of knowledge about the oceans – a knowledge that was constructed by measuring depths and temperatures of the sea, and the repertoire of marine life.6 In 1871, for example, the British Royal Society set the goals for the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror expeditions, which were headed to the Antarctic: to investigate the physical conditions of the marine depths, to determine the chemical composition of the water and analyze the physical characteristics and chemical composition of the material in the ocean’s depths.7

Adapted by Nick Springer, copyright – 2010, Springer Cartographics, LLC.Cited by Winchester, Simon. Atlantic: great naval battles, heroic discoveries, colossal storms and a vast ocean with a million stories. Trad. Donaldson M. Garschagen, São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012, p.104.

It is no exaggeration to say that, in the 19th century, the St. Peter and St. Paul formation entered the spotlight through the efforts to gain knowledge about the oceans, and that these rocks, from the beginning, inspired a type of vocation that would be decisively consolidated at the end of the 20th century: to serve for scientific research. The list of expeditions to which the rocks names are attached is considerable: the 1802 Tellichery frigate expedition, the 1825 French frigate Herminone expedition, and the 1839 HMS Erebus and HMS Terror expedition. However, previously, on the 23rd of December in 1799, the North American captain Amasa Delano landed on the rocks. The captain dedicated three paragraphs to the description of an afternoon and one night spent on the rocks, in which he comments about the danger that they present to navigators traveling at night. Amasa Delano also revealed the scientific and gastronomical curiosity of his crew, to his readers, who tried, but did not like much, the flavor of the bird eggs that were abundant on the rocks during this time.8

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6 ROUC, Jules, Lesexplorations dês océans ET dês continents de 1815 à nos jours. In Les expllorateurs, p. 863-869.In Les explorateurs. (Dir. L. H. Parias). 3. Ed. Paris: Robert Laffont, 2005, p. 863-869.

St. Peter and St. Paul became part of the national territory through a tacit agreement between nations, or simply due to a general indifference toward it, since its isolation, small size, inhospitable rocky surface, and therefore uselessness in agricultural exploitation, made permanent human presence an impossibility, and the imperialist nations were very busy with big business, extraction and transporting gold and silver, exploiting tropical agricultural products, trading slaves and goods that symbolized the success of the nations of that period. However, the rock formations were far from ‘belonging’, as they say, to the national life. Under Brazilian ownership, they were a forgotten good, similar to some worthless inheritance that the new nation had received from the Portuguese.


5 LATOUCHE, Serge. L’occidentalisation Du monde. Paris: La Découverte, 2005, p. 31.

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There are three species of resident seabirds on the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago: Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster), Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus), and the Black Noddy (Anous minutus). They use the Archipelago as a place to eat, rest and nest. The Brown Booby is one of the nine species belonging to the Sulidae family and one of the three species of Boobies that reproduce in Brazil.

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Brown Booby Family nest (Sula leucogaster)

Male Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster)

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Males are smaller, having 75 centimeters of length and 140 centimeters of wingspan, with blue coloring around the eyes.


The Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) presents sexual dimorphism. Females reach approximately 80 centimeters in length, 150 centimeters in wingspan and have yellow coloring around their eyes.



The mating behavior of the Boobies can easily be observed. Curiously, it has been verified, on more than one occasion, that some males have more than one partner. According to results obtained by specialists, the number of females is 12% higher than males, which could explain this behavior. Reproduction occurs throughout the entire year with the greatest intensity between the months of February and March.

The nests located near the waterline are frequently caught by surprise by bigger waves crashing ashore. The result of which, at times, is the loss of eggs that are swept away by the force of the water. At other times, it can merely mean the hatchlings just get a good bath.

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To ensure successful reproduction, Boobies generally hatch 2 eggs. However, only the strongest hatchling survives, since competition for food makes the development of both impossible.



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An example of a young Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster)

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With very little space for their nests, many birds suffer the damaging effects of the strong waves that pummel the island. When this happens, the hatchlings are whisked away from their nests or at the very least drenched, and drying out is slow even in the high temperatures.

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Some of these individual birds (around 70%) occupy the Belmonte Islet, where a dense nesting colony is found, home to approximately 100 nests. All the available space on the most elevated sections of the Archipelago is occupied, which results in high densities – 6 birds per square meter on average. The Boobies are extremely territorial and, consequently, there are constant fights for territory they frequently end up invading others’ space on landing.



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Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) nesting colony on the island.



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Black Noddy (Anous minutus)

Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus), and the Black Noddy (Anous minutus) belong to the Laridae family. The Brown Noddy is found throughout the tropical and subtropical seas, while the Black Noddy is restricted to the tropical Atlantic and Pacific.

Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus)

The Brown Noddy is very similar to its partner of the same gender, however, the Black Noddy, are easily distinguishable in terms of gender. Visually, the Brown Noddy is bigger and less dark than the Black Noddy. Besides this, they present nests that are entirely different from one another. While the first takes advantage of small depressions in the surface of the rock, mainly on Belmonte Islet, the second uses exposed coasts such as the Barão de Teffé islands, and St. Peter and St. Paul.



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Brown Noddy nest (Anous stolidus)

Black Noddy nest (Anous minutus)

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A couple of Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus) Baby Brown Noddy



Unlike the Brown Noddy, the Black Noddy uses the excrement of the feces as “cement” to build their nests. The birds of this species are very sensitive to the approach of humans, easily abandoning their nests when people disembark on the islands where they nest.

Black Noddy couple nest (Anous minutus)



During the day, when they are not fishing, resident birds of the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago commonly use the footbridge as a rest area to dry or clean their wings. When the Boobies cover the footbridge, it’s a challenge for researchers to cross without getting pecked.

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The St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago is occasionally visited by other species. Vaske et al. (2010) observed the Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), the Red-footed Booby (Sula sula), the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), the Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis), the Dark-morph Egret (Egretta spp.) the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) the Magnificent Frigate Bird (Fragata magnificens), the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) and the Lesser Moorhen (Gallinula angulata), along with the two migrant species: Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) and Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). Also added to the list are: the Rock Dove (Columba livia), the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) as well as the Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes), among others that are yet to be identified.



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Red-footed Booby (Sula sula)



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Red-footed Booby

Red-footed Booby (Sula sula)



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Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata)

Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes)

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)



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In February of 2006, researchers on the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago registered the presence of two cranes with dark plumage. Analyzing the photos, the researchers were able to identify the birds such as the Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis), probably originating in Africa, and a species that until then had only been observed twice on the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The animals remained on site, healthy and feeding, at least until September of 2006.



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A Columbia livia, aka Rock Dove or Common Pigeon, of unknown origin

The Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), an occasional visitor of the Archipelago

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In a place with immersed dimensions so narrow, such as the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, competition for space is always intense and all of the structures are used as perches for resting.



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The Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) with bridal plumage

Charles Darwin

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On the rocks, we find only two species of birds –one species of pelican and another of gull, both so gentle and stupid, perhaps in virtue of not being accustomed to seeing visitors, I could have knocked out as many as I wanted with my geological hammer.



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Brown Boobies (Sula leucogaster)


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The British environmentalist passed through the Archipelago on his historic travels aboard the HMS Beagle (HMS=Her Majesty’s Ship) –a ship that traveled the world between 1831 and 1836. From this experience he produced the book: The voyage of the Beagle. About the SPSPA, he wrote: On the rocks, we find only two species of birds –one species of pelican and another of gull, both so gentle and stupid, perhaps in virtue of not being accustomed to seeing visitors, I could have knocked out as many as I wanted with my geological hammer. In February of 1832, Darwin recounted that the most extraordinary scene he witnessed at this location was being surrounded, on all sides, by birds that he observed remained perfectly still in the presence of humans. Darwin became fascinated with the archipelago, and was one of the first to suggest that is was unique among the oceanic islands.

Thomas Ferreira da Costa Campos Susanna Sichel Marcia Maia Daniele Brunelli Reinaldo Antônio Petta

Figure 1: Geological map of St Peter and St Paul archipelago, Equatorial Atlantic, Brasil, and sampling points (apud Campos et al., 2010).

Figure 2: Representative hand samples from emersed rocks of St.Peter & St. Paul archipelago, Equatorial Atlantic, Brazil: a) Peridotite mylonite; b) Kaersutite mylonite; c) Sepentinized peridotite mylonite: c1: Surface of sample, c3, where we can see the enhancement of joints caused by the leakage of sea water; c2: Peridotite mylonite with low degree of serpentinization; c3: Peridotite mylonite moderately serpentinized; c4: Peridotite mylonite with high degree of serpentinization; d) Banded peridotite mylonite showing milimeter layers of peridotite and Kaersutite: d1: Surface view of layers of peridotite (brownish yellow) and Kaersutite (black); d2: Internal view banded peridotite mylonite (polished surface) where can see in the layers of kaersutite some vein of carbonate (White) and in side fracture some serpentine.

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covering of quaternary age, are constituted of clastic sediments derived from the biogenic activity and basement, cemented by calcium carbonate, like beach rocks, that was designated of Saint Peter and Saint Paul Formation (SPSPF) (Campos et al., 2009). The presence of thin marine-terraces points to several paleo levels above the present sea level. This level, considered with a variety of lithofacies, stratifications and fossils in the SPSPF, suggests that the SPSPF was deposited under a progressive sub-aerial regime dominated by waves and that the SPSPA was below the present sea level at the beginning of the Neogenic. The 14C age measurements on the Holocene waterline and subtidal deposit from SPSPA after correction for hydro-isostatic sea-level changes indicated near-steady uplift during the last 6.600 years at an average rate of ~ 1.5 mm/yr and the teleseismic evidence suggest that uplift was episodic. Local seismicity suggest a predictably dominated by strike-slip mechanisms but there have been some significant (Mb ≥ 5.4) compressional events too (Campos et al., 2010).



The smallest Brazilian oceanic archipelago is St. Peter and St Paul Archipelago, also known by St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks (Fig.1). It is located at the mid equatorial North Atlantic Ocean (0º55´02´´N; 29º20´42´´W), about 510 nautical mile (1.100 km) from the Brazilian-coast (Calcanhar Cape-RN) and about 985 nautical mile (1.824 km) from the African-coast, just to the north of the St. Paul Fracture Zone. This archipelago correspond to the pinnacles of a submarine mountain designated of Atoba Ridge (Maia et al, 2016). In relation to the other oceanic archipelagos, the SPSPA show peculiar characteristics, because is only formed by mantle rocks and a small sedimentary covering. The first references about the peculiarity of the archipelago due to Renard (1879) that described him as a peridotite serpentinized ultramafic body and Darwin (1891), who said that the archipelago was not volcanic. The origin and age of SPSPA are in doubt, since it is not convincing that the Exposure of such large volume of ultramafic rocks resulted from an abnormally cold upper mantle or cold lithosphere in the Equatorial Atlantic. This archipelago were either part of an extensional flexural ridge (a protrusion), as observed in other transform faults or linked to compression and are part of a major lithospheric mantle uplift due to transpression at the transform boundary by the action of St. Paul Fracture, ie, between the clash between the South-American and African tectonic plates (Campos et al., 2007; Maia et al., 2013, 2016). It is estimated that their formation took place during 10-5 Ma. The emerged part is composed of serpentinized peridotite mylonite and kaesurtite mylonite (Fig.1; 2). This last rock also shows an uncertain origin. The mylonitization obliterated all primary textures of these rocks. Concomitantly, the serpentinization through pervasive hydrothermal fluids and/or seawater actions during late tectonic movements fractured even more the rocks. The emerged part of some islets SPSPA still show a sedimentary


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A school of Blue Runner (Carangoides crysus)

The obvious beauty of St. Peter and St. Paul is held on the rocks, in the wildlife of birds, crabs and foamy waves spraying in the wind, but below the surface the most valuable treasures of this unique place are hidden. It is a treasure shared with few as the diving in this area, besides being risky due to the depths and the strong currents, is only authorized for the Brazilian Navy.

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Compared to other insular environments in equatorial regions, the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago is still considered an area with a low level of diversity of fish species (approximately 120 species registered to date). This could be both a result of geographic isolation, and the low diversity of the habitats found in this locale.



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Seagrapes (Caulerpa racemosa)



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Pudding Wife (Halichoeres radiatus)

Recently, we’ve had the opportunity to register a new species into science, Physiculus sp., a demersal that was found during deep sea prospecting and is now in the description phase.

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Considering its small dimensions, the Archipelago presents a considerable number of endemic species (six as of the present). Here we present the photographic registers of three of them. On the opposite page, a young St. Paul’s Gregory fish (Stegastes sanctipauli).



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The Saint Paul’s Gregory fish (Stegastes sanctipauli), is one of the most abundant species in the Archipelago

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Oblique Butterflyfish (Prognathodes obliquus) is another endemic species in the Archipelago, but just seem below 40m deep


Triplefin Blenny, Enneanectes smithi Discovered in 1979, is one of the endemic species of the Archipelago



This species of Whitespot Moray (Muraena pavonina) is one of the most abundant in the Archipelago. There are registers of up to four specimens in the same den.

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Mottled Conger Moray (Enchelycore nigricans)


Goldentail Moray (Gymnothorax miliaris) hidden among bushes of the algae Caulerpa

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Angel Paru (Pomacanthus paru)


Scrawled Leatherjacket Filefish (Aluterus scriptus)

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The Whitespotted Filefish (Cantherhines macrocerus) with different colors –the dark brown one with white spots is the adult


Whitespotted Filefish (Cantherhines macrocerus)

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Moray eels are solitary and spend most of the time insidecrevices. In the Archipelago of St. Peter and St. Paul’s, however, these whitespot morays (Muraena pavonina) are the exception that proves the rule by aggregating in large groups


Find the seven errors puzzle. These two moray eels look like the same species but they actually are diferent ones: the whitespot moray eel (Muraena pavonina) becoming friends with an African species (Muraena melanotis).

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Black Triggerfish (Melichthys niger)


Greater Soapfish (Ripticus saponaceus)

Ciliares amarelo The Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) is one of the most beautiful fish in the Archipelago



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Evidence of genetic isolation is easy to detect on the SPSPA. The breeding of Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) is noteworthy, since it produces specimens with different colors from those found in other regions. On the opposite page, a sample of traditional coloring.

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The Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris), which characteristic coloration includes hues of yellow and green over the body, shows unique color patterns in the Archipelago, like this variation of blue body and white tail fin.


Blue-green Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris)



Some albinotic and semi-albinotic individuals of the Queen Angelfish (Holacanthus ciliaris) could be the result of inbreeding in a population that is geographically isolated.



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Ocean Triggerfish (Canthidermis sp)

Flying Gunard (Dactylopterus volitans)

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Young Pudding Wife (Halichoeres radiatus)


Atlantic Trumpetfish (Aulostomus strigosus) frequently found in the inlet



The species Stegastes sanctipuli, Abudefduf saxatilis and the Rock Pool Blenny (Entomacrodus vomerinus), pictured on the facing page, are abundant mostly in the flooded areas of the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago.

Moreover, ocean species making large migration can use the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago for feeding and resting area, feeding so other migratory species such as flying fish, or other more restricted distribution, as puffer fish Diodon hystrix.



The Archipelago represents an important locale for the concentration of schools of tuna, especially albacore, a highly migratory fishing resource, and a place of great ecological relevance.



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Blackbar Soldier fish (Myripristis jacobus)

A school of Cottonmouth Jack (Uraspis secunda)

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Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus)


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Saint Saint Peter Peter andand SaintSaint Paul Paul Archipelago Archipelago | 100|

The Black Jack fish (Caranx lugubris) is frequently seen around the Archipelago



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Great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda)

Great Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda)


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The Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) presents a very peculiar morphology. It can grow up to 3 meters in length and weigh up to 500 kilograms. It has no commercial value. Despite being considered rare/ it is a species that is regularly registered in the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago.



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Devil ray (Mobula tarapacana)

The Devil Rays are frequent visitors of the Archipelago, having been registered in schools of up to 24 individuals, mainly Chilean Devil Ray (Mobula tarapacana) and Spiny Mobula (Mobula thurstoni)

9 LUIZ, O.J.; EDWARDS, A.J. Extinction of a shark population in the Archipelago of Saint Paul’s Rocks (Equatorial Atlantic) inferred from the historical record. Biological Conservation. 2011.

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There are many historical records of a high abundance of sharks in the vicinity SPSPA in books, journals and reports. More recently, however, there had been several reports of a strong decrease in shark abundance in the area, with one species, Carcharhinus galapaguensis even being considered locally extinct9. In the past 5 years, however, the abundance of sharks around SPSPA increased significantly, with groups of several specimens becoming quite common. Such a strong rise in shark sightings in the area is probably a result of a ban of shark fishing close to the Archipelago, adopted by SECIRM, in 2012, as well as the prohibition of retaining on board silky sharks caught by the tuna longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, adopted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.



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A school of sharks, Carcharhinus sp., recorded around Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago



The St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago is the place in Brazil where there are the highest chances of encountering the largest fish in the world. The Whale Shark (Rhincondon typus) is normally observed beside the boats that support the researchers.

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Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the algae forest Caulerpa of the cove of the ASPSP



The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the most frequently studied dolphin in the world. They are the featured marine mammals in the Archipelago, as there is a resident population. Scientific results indicate that these dolphins present a considerable degree of fidelity to the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago. They are the first marine animals that come to greet researchers, in or out of the water.

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The Archipelago has a rich diversity of planktonic organisms, algaes, corals, sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, anemones, and polychaetas. It holds an underwater universe, filled with mysteries and entities unknown to science, at depths more than four thousand meters.



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The Hawaiian Orange Fireworm’s (Eurythoe complanata) presence is frequently registered in the Archipelago. It is listed as an endangered species by the Ministry of The Environment.

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White Encrusting Zoanthid (Palythoa caribaeorum) Solitary Disk Coral (Scolymia wellsi)



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Brazil Reef Octopus (Octopus insularis)

Brazil Reef Octopus (Octopus insularis)

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Red Rock Crab (Grapsus grapsus) Brown Spiny Lobster (Palinurus echinatus)

Sea Anemone (Bunodosoma cangicum)



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Venom from sea anemones, such as those from the species Bunodosoma cangicum, can become important pharmacological tools, for example the venom MVIIA, extracted from the marine mollusk Conus magnus, from which the commercially made Ziconotide is derived. It is widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic and incurable conditions.

The station was preceded by technological studies on the regime of winds and tides, force and direction of the waves, insolation regime, resistance of materials, especially with regard to wood, as well as research on clean sources of alternative energy, water production, Communications and individual and collective

Figure 1: First Research Station

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safety equipment. As well as the necessary concern for the safety of its occupants and the environment, in order to obtain the best possible conditions for life and minimum impact with human presence in such a remote and preserved Brazilian corner (Viana et al., 2009). The construction system was also the subject of innovative studies, allowing the adaptation of the needs of the logistics available to the landing conditions on the main island, Belmonte, chosen for the installation of the research station (Alvarez, 2000). A prefabricated construction system was developed, associating the qualities of the wood with the rigidity of the steel, supported in concrete shoes garnished with “shock absorbers”, aiming the energy dissipation of the shafts on the building. The adoption of



The First Research Station of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA) (Fig.1), built by the slab-beam system in wood, was designed according to the environmental construction of an inhospitable place and liable to earthquakes. The projectual methodology employed and constructive technical adopted were conceptually based on three premises: security, logistics and environment.

Figure 2: Second Research Station

Although the first research station of the SPSPA proved resistant to infrequent incidents caused by oceanographic, meteorological and geological phenomena common in that region, it was concluded in 2005, due to the need to construct a new research station, with a view to its improvement. In this sense, the most relevant aspect was the search for a new place of implantation, since the accumulated knowledge about the place recommended the installation in a more sheltered area. In addition to SECIRM, the construction of the new research station was once again attended by institutions with a history of relevant contributions to the Archipelago Program, such as: Command of the 3rd Naval District, Naval Base of Natal, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Electric Energy Research Center (CEPEL) and Laboratory of Forest

The same techniques of construction were adopted, whose effectiveness has been proven in these 10 years of life of the First Station, and some enhanced solutions based on the specific needs of users (Alvarez et al., 2009). The Second Station (Fig. 2) has an area of 79 m² distributed in: bedroom, kitchen/living/dining room, bathroom, laboratory, deposit, deck and terrace (Alvarez et al., 2009) and was built in November 2007. However, the completion and inauguration took place in June 2008, when the first station completes 10 (ten) years of activities. The project considered the natural factors that interact with the SPSPA, in addition to the new needs imposed by modern research equipment, which require space, energy and real-time communication with the continent (SECIRM, 2008). The priority with seismic protection, which guided the choice of the first research station site, was partially replaced by a concern to protect the new installations against strong waves, which were a more important and more frequent threat than

natural tremors, Although such events could not be neglected. In terms of environmental preservation, it should be noted that the studies had the fundamental contribution of the Ministry of the Environment, either in the form of suggestions for the reduction of impacts, or in the provision of elements and ancillary data for decision-making. The second research station incorporated new architectural and engineering solutions, having been built in a more sheltered and safe place in relation to the most frequent natural elements, and in a normally flooded region, consequently reducing the human occupation of the natural territory of the Birds. In addition to providing better conditions for conducting research, the second research station further strengthened the high level of security already achieved under the Archipelago Program (SECIRM, 2008), increasing the confidence and certainty that PROARQUIPELAGO is a National success Program.

Cristina Engel de Alvarez Danielle Viana

Under the coordination of the Navy Technology Center in São Paulo (CTMSP), the third SPSPA Research Station (Fig. 3) project will incorporate bold engineering solutions and will contemplate the state of the art in terms of compatibility with the local ecosystem. Technological advances will allow the introduction of significant improvements in several areas, especially:

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Products, IBAMA. The process began with the design of new facilities, incorporating the experience obtained in the eight years of presence in the archipelago itself and in other similar facilities, where these actors work on similar projects (Viana et al., 2009).



the “slab-beam” system presupposed the use of dry wood in greenhouse, obeying a strict control in the process. Once assembled, periodic maintenance actions of the station aiming, mainly, the control of the pressure exerted by the threaded bars, as a function of the response of the pieces of wood exposed to the marine environment. During the first maintenance, there was a retraction of the cover parts not exposed to the action of the sea and the stabilization of the southern portion of the cover, constantly “washed” by the waves (Alvarez et al., 2009).

> imposing support pillars that will increase the safety conditions, as they will minimize the effects caused by the strong waves and constant tremors that devastate that distant region; > a new power generation system, with greater capacity, totally based on renewable sources, that will make possible the use of the most different types of equipment, both for research support and for general comfort; and > a new seawater desalination system designed specifically for the site, which will generate enough water to comfortably supply all the needs of the Station. Thus, in addition to making possible the continuity of the legacy of ensuring the SPSPA continued habitability, the third Station will provide greater facilities for the Brazilian, civilian and military valiant who take turns in the arduous but rewarding task of keeping the national flag fluttering on the last frontier of Brazil in the Atlantic. Marco Antonio Carvalho de Souza

Figure 3: Model of the third Research Station

11 A naturalist’s Voyage around the world, Charles Darwin. First Edition May 1860- p. 8. Available on: http://www. gutenberg.org/files/3704/3704-h/3704-h.html ; accessed on Oct. 03th, 2014.

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10 WINCHESTER, Simon. Atlantic: great naval battles, heroic discoveries, colossal storms and a vast ocean with a million stories. Trad. Donaldson M. Garschagen. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012, p. 115-116. H.M.S. Challenger expedition reports illustrated índex. Available on: ,http:// www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-INDEX/indexillustrated.htm. Accessed on: Feb. 10th, 2012. BRASIL, Marinha. O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: 10 Anos de Estação Científica. Brasília: SECIRM, 2009, p. 245.



Two major expeditions to gain knowledge about the Atlantic were carried -- one embarked on from Virginia, in 1838, conducted by the well-known American oceanographer of the 19th century, Matthew Fontaine Maury, and the other consisted of just one Royal Navy boat, which set sail from Portsmouth, England in the winter of 1872, known as the HMS Challenger journey. This last was the most significant for the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago. At sea for three and a half years, the Challenger is forever associated with the rocks, having been responsible for the register of reef fish, registering new species and studying the composition of the rocks.10 Another celebrated expedition with relation to St. Peter and St. Paul was the HMS Beagle, which was conducted by the naturalist contracted by the government, Charles Darwin. One of Darwin’s first impressions on his first contact with the rocks was surprise by the effect bird feces covering the rocks produced on entering in contact with sunlight. He also wrote about the nature of the rocks and observed the existence of small animals at the site, “many types of small animals whose origin is due, without a doubt, the action of rain or distribution of bird excrement.”11



In this way, the rocks represent an episode, even if a modest one, in the history of scientific knowledge about the oceans, figuring in the travel logs that fixed their localization and their measures, providing descriptions of the nature of the rocks, informing about the life of the animal and vegetable species that are found on the site. The rocks were, putting it one way, transported as samples, designs, classifications, exhibitions and put in museums of other nations and in displays sponsored by universities, integrating the heritage of general scientific knowledge about the world.

13 MARTINS, Hélio Leoncio. Abrindo estradas no mar: hidrografia da costa brasileira no século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço da Documentação da Marinha, 2006, p. 68-71.

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12 Federal University of Ouro Preto, Library of rare works, Escola de Minas. Availble on: ,http://www.obrasraras.em.ufop.br/..Accessed on: May, 30th, 2012.



Brazilian researchers did not remain indifferent to the rocks. Even though, up until a certain point in the 20th century the Brazilian scientific presence in St. Peter and St. Paul had been modest, compared to the British, French and North American presence, it was not negligible. However, it was rarely documented. Already in the 20th century, in 1931, Odorico Menezes, professor of geology from the School of Minas, commissioned by the Marine Ministry to study the nature of the rocks, left to board the Belmonte, of the Brazilian Navy, which conducted the Coast Guard in an instructive and scientific mission.12 In the 19th century, 1860 stands out as a remarkable year as studies began for the installment of the underwater cable between Brazil and Europe, Brazil being responsible for investigating the south Atlantic, between the Cape of São Roque and the island of São Vincent, in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Under the command of Lieutenant Commander, Torres e Alvin, from the end of the year 1862 the small fighter boats Beberibe navigated around the rocks. The team approached the largest island and completed astronomic observations on land at sea. They measured the longitude and latitude, and followed through with the measuring of the water’s depths at different sites.13

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14 The “Lusitania”, due to the accident, is unable to continue the sensational ride that it has been carrying out. Correio da Manhã, Apr. 20th, 1922.



Even though they carried out these investigative procedures, up until the 1920s, at least for the public opinion, if we consider the newspaper as the voice of the people, the presence of the State seemed insufficient to affirm that the rocks were Brazilian. It was only because of the celebration of 100 years of independence, which took place in 1922, that its name became known to the greater public. Four centuries after being discovered, they emerged from secular obscurity through a sinister event: the forced landing of the hydroplane, Lusitania, between the 19th and the 20th of April, flown by Portuguese pilots, Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral, looking for support from the rocks.14

On that occasion, they were remembered as the first advanced Public Health Post of our country, the “First health center within a part of our nation’s territory.” -- in a word, Brazil.17

15 The Cruise ship, “República” will arrive today on the island Fernando de Noronha, where fearless pilots, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho, waited for the new plane so they could continue on to the route, Lisboa-Rio. Correio da Manhã, Apr. 21th, 1922. 16 Lisboa-Rio: the loss of the “Lusitania” on the rocks... Correio da Manhã. Rio de Janeiro, June 17th, 1922, p. 3. 17 PORTUGAL – Brasil, the messengers of Portugal arrive in Brasil, O Paiz, Rio de Janeiro, abril 19th, 1922.

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The flight was saved by the Portuguese Cruise Ship, the Republica, already at the rocks waiting to supply fuel to the plane. Coutinho and Cabral, waited for a new plane, which was being transported by the Cruise Ship, Carvalho de Araújo.15 The flight of the Lusitania, crossing the ocean between Lisboa and Rio de Janeiro, celebrated the ties of friendship between the two nations. Coutinho and Cabral were eagerly awaited in Rio de Janeiro and the news of the accident was moving for the general population of the nation. As for the rocks, they were regular features of newspaper columns, to the point that, in June 1922, a newspaper in Rio de Janeiro refer to them as “the now famous” rocks St. Peter and St. Paul.16



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Ocean Patrol Ship - Araguari (Belmonte Island)



The accident near the rocks stimulated a debate about two issues: first, the responsibility, on an international scale, of the Brazilian State, to provide for the safety of ships navigating around this location in the Atlantic. It is a responsibility that required the installation of some type of directional equipment for ships and hydroplanes. In addition, the accident also gave the Brazilian government the opportunity to focus its attention on these rocks, which led to a plan for establishing a fueling station on the site for hydroplanes that were crossing the Atlantic with increasing frequency. This second idea thrilled specialists and journalists, but it later proved to be impossible to execute.

Passage of the aircraft P-95B Patrol of the Orungan Squadron (First Squadron of the Seventh Aviation Group (1st / 7th GAV), Based in Salvador.

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18 SCHALANSKY, Judith. Atlas of remote islands. London: Penguin Books, 2010, p.34-50.



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The rocks are located at the crossroads of former air and maritime routes, imposing the presence of powerful Royal British Navy ships. Great Britain had dominion over numerous small islands in the south Atlantic, such as South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, the Falklands, Ascension, St. Helen, Tristão da Cunha, some of which are the object of litigation to this day.18

19 ARRAES, Virgílio Caixeta. A República e o Imperialismo: a posse pela Ilha da Trindade (1895-1896). Brasília: UnB, 1998, p.47-48. 20 Asas: Órgão Oficioso da Aviação de Terra e Mar. year IV, n. 79, May 16th, 1935.

Brazilian Maritime Magazine – 2001

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In the 1930s, the reaction to the national indifference came from aeronautics. In 1935, the magazine Asas, “the official aviation organization of land and sea”, released an article published by the British press, which denied Brazil the right to the rocks. The magazine presented the answer given by the Department of Civil Aeronautics, which relied on two arguments: firstly, the place had been mapped by the Portuguese at the beginning of the 16th century, which determined it as part Lusitania, initially, and later Brazil; secondly, and more decisively, the Brazilian government had installed, three years earlier, an Aero-maritime Lighthouse on the rocks, which could be seen in a photograph printed in the magazine, shining beside the national flag.20


| 148 Arquipélago Saint Peter and de Saint São Pedro Paul Archipelago e São Paulo

At the beginning of the 20th century, it’s quite possible that because the rock were not the object of international dispute, owing to the apparent insignificance of the 17 thousand meters of jagged rocks, the Brazilian government was blind to the possible imperialist desires of the British for this rock formation. Even though these desires were directed at the Trinidad Island, located approximately 1,500 miles to the south of St. Peter and St. Paul, occupying it and opening a possible dispute that was resolved in 1895 by Brazilian diplomacy, that invoked “the historical continuity of the Luso-brazilian ownership.”19

This lighthouse would have its name forever linked to the Skid Belmonte. The Belmonte was a ship that held 6 first class and 282 regular passengers, with an approximately 4,300-ton cargo capacity below deck, and sailed at the service of the Directory of Navigation. In September of 1930, on a mission to fix the lighthouse, the ship carried a load of iron to the rocks. The task was interrupted by some difficulties, including political events in October of that year, so that only at the end of 1931, the secondary lighthouse was inaugurated and only in the first days of January the following year was the entire project concluded.23

22 1927 BRASIL. Naval Ministry. Minister (Arnaldo Siqueira Pinto da Luz). 1st report of 1927, presented to the President of the Repubic of the United States of Brazil in May, 1927. 23 1928. Published in 1928, p.13.

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21 OS ROCHEDOS de S. PEDRO e S. PAULO. O Paiz, Rio de Janeiro, May, 13th, 1927, p.2.



In fact, from the first semester of 1927, the government began putting forth initiatives to install a lighthouse on the rocks. In May of 1927, the cruise ship, Bahia, was sent on a mission to carry out preparatory hydrographic research to build the lighthouse.21 Meanwhile, the only actions completed were the posting of the flag and a bronze plaque on the rocks.22

24 Auxiliary Cruise Ship Belmonte Log. Navy Archive. Chpt. III, p. 14. 25 DANTAS, Ney. A história da sinalização náutica brasileira e breves memórias. Rio de Janeiro: Sea Studies Foundation, 2000, p. 590-591.

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The commissions responsible for the Lighthouse project were proof of extreme tenacity, the men working under an intense schedule and with slow result, considering the difficulty to unload the immense quantity of material and equipment required to complete the work. Finally, the aero-maritime Lighthouse, given the name, Belmonte, was installed on the islet. However, nine years later the Lighthouse would be disassembled by a commission sent on the auxiliary ship, the Vital de Oliveira, for the Navigation Directory.24 For nine years, the rocks sent a signal of light that illuminated the sea for up to 50 miles before falling back into darkness.25 The abandoned Lighthouse fell into ruins in the decades that followed as the occasional visitors attested.



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Male Booby (Sula leucogaster)

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26 The Aero-maritime Lighthouse of the rocks of St. Peter and St. Paul. Brazilian Navy. Navy Press, Rio de Janeiro, 1930, year I, Oct/Nov 1930, p.479.



Once again, after having been forgotten, the rocks were brought back to the spotlight by the moving tragedy of the Bahia, a Warship of the Brazilian Navy, which, on the morning of July 4th, 1945, sank near the St. Peter and St. Paul: “an explosion destroyed the stern of the old Cruiser, letting in a huge column of water, breaking the main mast, snuffing out the life of some 100 men, seriously wounding 50, and converted the existence of those who were saved in the pandemonium.”26

High seas tugboat. Admiral Guilhem.



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Hydroraphic Ship - Sirius

After this event, little news arrived on shore, and the little news that did arrive was relatively uneventful: a sport fishing championship, a lone sailor hit the rocks, a few Brazilian and foreign expeditions were carried out, in isolation or collaboratively, the hydrographic vessel, Sirius, which, in May of 1962 completed the observation of astronomical and geographic coordinates of the rocks. Leading the Oceanographic Vessel, Prof. W. Besnard, of the University of São Paulo, obtained the precise localization and measurements of the archipelago, and installed a wind station there.27

27 SALINAS, Juan; DE NÁPOLI, Carlos. South Ultramar: the last secret operation of the Third Reich, the submarine escape of the Nazi leaders to Argentina and the sinking of the Cruise ship, Bahia. Translations, Sérgio Lamarão. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2010, p. 306.

29 AS ILHAS OCEÂNICAS NÃO SÃO TERRA DE NINGUÉM (The oceanic islands belong to no one), Diário da Noite, Rio de Janeiro, , Jan. 15th, 1956. 30 ILHAS OCEÂNICAS, M. Paulo Filho. Correio da Manhã, Rio de Janeiro, Jan. 15th, 1956. 31 http://bd.camara.gov.br/bd/handle/bdcamara/3884> Accessed, October 29th, 2012.

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28 Cf. ,http://bd.camara.gov.br/bd/handle/ bdcamara/1765> Accessed, Oct. 29th, 2012



Meanwhile, the glaring lack of a clearly designated status for the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago in official Brazilian documentation, or even in the Magna Letter, became increasingly evident, generating a strong undercurrent of anxiety. In fact, the constitutions of 1937 and 1946 give a mere generic mention to “oceanic islands”, of which could include Fernando de Noronha, Rocas and St. Peter and St. Paul, as part of the Brazilian territory.28 In virtue of this omission, in an article published in 1953, entitled “The oceanic islands belong to no one”, the Diário da Noite, of Rio de Janeiro, presented the suggestion by the National Geographic Counsel, which was to make explicit in the letter of the law, the status of the two places, Rocas, and St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, as part of the territory of Fernando de Noronha, proposing the following revision of the beginning of Article 1 of the Federal decree-legislation l 6. 159, May 23, 1944: “O Território de Fernando de Noronha”, created by Decree-Law 4.102, February 9th, 1942, constituted for the respective archipelago, and for the Rocks of St. Peter and St. Paul.”29 Meanwhile, 15 years later, Aureliano Leite, together with some deputies, reiterated that the rocks were not mentioned in the section of the Constitution that delineates the composition of national territory.30 They would only reappear in the Constitution of 1967.31


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The St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago was discovered by accident in 1511. The accident occurred when one of the vessel of six ships led by Dom Garcia de Noronha, who navigated from Brazil to São Tomé, on the coast of Africa, lost its way during the night and crashed into the rocks. This ship was commanded by Manuel de Castro Alcoforado and was called São Pedro, the namesake of the rocks.



Two years later, in 1513, the Spanish navigator, Juan da Nova de Castello registered the existence of the rocks for the first time. Six years later, the Rocks appear in the registers of Jorge Reinel, in 1519, where the name was abbreviated and confused with São Paulo. the names St. Peter and St. Paul were used by cartographers and navigators, and eventually called the Rocks of St. Peter and St. Paul.

The denomination St. Paul’s or St. Paul Rocks also appear in some texts, however, they are historically incorrect. In 1529, the rocks figured in the maps developed by Diego Ribeiro and their Brazilian ownership was never contested.

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There is, still, another version about the origin of the names: that the ship, São Pedro, was rescued by another ship from the fleet called São Paulo and the joining of these names were given to the archipelago.



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When the sea “rises” and the waves become intense, the best thing to do is to take shelter in the Scientific Research Station. When the sea is under these conditions, it is impossible to walk on the footbridge. Not even the locals - the birds - risk it.



It was only in the 18th century, in the year 1738, that man would first disembark from a sea vessel and walk on the rocks, encountering a natural environment that had yet to be visited by the human species. This task was endowed to the French sailor Beuvet du Losier. The second register of descending on the rocks, was by the Captain Amasa Delano, who sailed from Boston to the Eastern Islands on the S.Y. Perserverance. The first nautical letter on the archipelago was written in 1813, by Tenant Captain George Crichton, aboard the H.M.S. Rhin.

Unloading the research equipment with the help of members of the Brazilian Navy



The most productive expedition on the SPSPA was carried out aboard the H.M. S. Challenger, under the command of Captain Sir Charles W. Thompson and the pioneer of oceanographic trips around the world. The ship remained two days on the rocks in August of 1873. The scientists collected a diversity of samples of the fauna of the Archipelago and draining was done up to 150 meters to the north of the small island, Cabral.

The first expedition of the past century took place in 1902 with a visit by the S.Y.Scotia with the objective of studying sharks, in which a prevailing species was identified - the Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis). In 1979, during the Cambridge expedition, the first independent dive took place - up to 60 meters in depth - in which land and sea specimens were collected to compensate for the lack of information published about the marine biology of the Archipelago.



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The 1989 expedition of Amateur Radio specialists.

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Beginning in 1995, the Program for the Evaluation of Potential Sustainability in Capturing Live Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone (in Portuguese abbreviated as Programa REVIZEE), initiated a series of fishing and biological prospections along the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), using the NOc. Antares (Hydrographic and Navigational Directory - DHN, of the Brazilian Navy), which carried out bathymetric research and oceanographic and plankton data collection. An expedition, led by the Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE and the Ocean Institute of Pernambuco, with support from the Brazilian Navy, located remains from a ship, approximately 50 meters from the Archipelago, which had shipwrecked most likely sometime between the 17th and the 19th centuries.



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Oceanographic Ship - Antares (H40)



The waves of interest in the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago sailed on the tides of initiatives destined to broadening Brazilian control of its territorial sea. By the mid 19th century, the government had defined a three-mile belt of “territorial sea” (State controlled area), however, beginning in 1930, these dimensions began increasing. By 1966, Brazilian controlled a belt of territorial sea that included a six-mile range from the shore, and three years later it was extended to 12 nautical miles (approximately 22km). Then, on March 25th, 1970, a great leap was taken when a decree passed extending the Brazilian territorial sea to 200 miles offshore. It was a nationalist decision with precedents set by other Latin American Nations. Nonetheless, in 1982, at the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), signed by Brazil in 1982, and ratified in 1985, Brazilian territorial sea was officially set at 12 nautical miles.

32 CASTRO, Luiz Augusto de Araújo. O Brasil e o novo direito do mar: mar territorial e zona econômica exclusiva. Brasilia. Fundação Alexandre Gusmão, 1989, p. 40-41; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (with annexes, final act and procès-verbaux of rectification of the final act dated 3 March, 1986, and 26 July 1993). Concluded at Montego Bay on December 10, 1982. Part II, Section I, “Mer territoriale e zone contigue’. http:///www.un.org/depts/los/convention_ agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_fpdf. Accessed on Oct. 1st, 2014, 8:56.

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Despite the UNCLOS decision to recognize Brazilian sovereignty up to 12 nautical miles offshore, the concept of “Exclusive Economic Zone”, assured the coastal nations certain rights up to 200 miles beyond the 12-mile territorial sea. In short, the UNCLOS decision gave the coastal States, “the right to maintain the traditional 12-mile territorial sea control and established, between this limit and the other 200 miles, a zone in which sovereignty rights could be exercised, as well as exclusive jurisdiction concerning living and non-living sea resources, without compromising free innocent passage rights to other States that they would continue to enjoy within this area.”32



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Brazilian Navy Ship, BN Commander Manhães (H2O) under maintenance.

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33 VIANA, Danielle de Lima, et al. Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo. Available on: . Accessed on: Sept. 29th, 2009.



Efforts that provoked a change in the Brazilian government’s position in relation to St. Peter and St. Paul derived, largely from the requirements imposed by international juridic order regarding oceans. The rights to the sea, and specifically the “island regimes” regulated by the UNCLOS, established that “the rocks that they themselves do not provide human habitation or an economic life should not have Exclusive Economic Zoning nor Continental Platform”. What went into effect was the need for the rocks to be permanently inhabited, so that they could be preserved as part of the national territory. Based on this requirement, occupying St. Peter and St. Paul permanently, Brazil guaranteed its oceanic range over a surrounding area of 450,000 square kilometers.33


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This international interest in the nautical seas are related to the importance of the oceans in world economies after WWII, which can be translated in the notion of “maritimization of the contemporary economy”, a notion that translates a series of transformations in the world economy, such as the growth

of international exchanges of maritime routes, which in the 1990s reached three quarters of the universal commerce and almost seventy percent of its value, and petroleum extraction and fishing -- having more than tripled its tonnage in the past decades.34

34 VIGARIÉ, André. La mer et la géostratégie de nations. Paris: Institut de Stratégie Comparée; Economica, 1995, p. 20-21.

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35 http://www.mar.mil.br/secrim;documnt;doc_secirm/ decreto_n%2084.324_de_18_de_dezembro_de_1979. pdf



Thus, in 1980, the presidency of Republic released the directives for a National Policy on Sea Resources, under the responsibility of the Inter-ministerial Commission for Sea Resources (ICSR), which had been created by decree in September of 1974, with support from the Secretary of the Inter-ministerial Commission of Sea Resources (SICSR).35 The incorporation of St. Peter and St. Paul was officialized in 1996, with the formulation of the Program Archipelago of St. Peter and St. Paul (PROARQUIPÉLAGO) and the consequent creation of the Permanent Work Group for the Occupation and Research on the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago. The main goal of PROARQUIPÉLAGO was “the implementation of a permanent Scientific Research Station in that area, to systematically develop, from then on, scientific research in that locale, occupying it definitively”.36

36 https://www.mar.mil.r/secirm/document/atas_e_res/ resolucao-001-96-cirm.pdf. Accessed on October 2, 2014.

Golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus)

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37 BONO, 29/06/1998. Revista marítima Brasileira, v. 118, n. 7/9 Jul/Sept. 1998, p. 303.



On June 25th of 1998, the first scientific research station, projected to have approximately 50 square meters to house four researchers at any given time, was inaugurated. The ceremony was attended by the Commander of the 3rd Naval District of the Hydrographic and Navigational Directory, the Directory of Civil Works of the Marines, of the Commander of the Aeronaval Force, IBAMA and the construction company involved in the project. The Minister of the Navy, during the ceremony, affirmed that “For the first time National Flag has waved on those islands, with great scientific interests, as well as, political and economic, having the purpose of developing scientific research with the permanent occupation on the Archipelago.”37

39 Commentary of Bougainville L.-A. of (1771) made by ARRAULT, Jean-Baptiste. Du toponyme au concept? Usages et significations du terme archipel en géographie et dans le sciences sociales. L’espace géographique, 2005/4, takes 34, p. 12, http://www.cairn.info/revueespace-geographique-2005-4-page-315.htm. Accessed on October, 2014.

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38 https://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/document/atas_e_res/ resolucao-001-96-cirm.pdf. Accessed on October, 2014.



The fact is that since the discovery of the rocks, a course of operation to appropriate the St. Peter and St. Paul was in play, by the State and the scientific research played a strategic role in this operation. We approach this operation initially under the angle of the “politics of names” which was adopted. Up to the 19th century the rocks were known generically as “the rocks”, or “the boulders”, but in 1996 a resolution by ICSR changed the toponymy of the “rocks” from St. Peter and St. Paul to “St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago”.38 The empirical designation “rocks” (“rock” is an object apprehended through experience with the naked eye), adopting a designation that indicates systemic apprehension, abstract, in one word, “scientific”. In fact, this “archipelago” takes form “in the moment the awareness of a set, an entity, a totality”.39 The new way to call St. Peter and St. Paul revealed the principles that govern a way to see the very world of science, coherently with the field of science in which it would be generated from then on.

These names, together, came in 1979, when the Cambridge expedition, which had been carried out for ten days on the rocks, named each one of the units of St. Peter and St. Paul, applying to them name employed by another English expedition that three years before had taken place at the site, the H.M.S, Endurance, under the arguments that “the Brazilian authorities had not denominated the islets of St. Peter and St. Paul” and that this absence of denomination “caused confusion between the names used by the various scientist who visited the location”.40

40 O´BRIEN, Susan Roberta Mello and AMARAL, Fernanda Maria Duarte do. Histórico. Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: histórico e recursos naturais. Org. Teodoro Vaske Junior et al. Fortaleza: NAVE;LABOMAR UFC, 2010. p. 20.

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The names proposed celebrated the presence of the British expeditions that had visited the rocks. Among these names were: Erebus Islet Rock Challenger, Cambridge Rock and Beagle Rock. The names preserved were Belmonte Rock and Coutinho Rock and they added Cabral Islet. Thus, the rocks became the dominion of the British, if not geopolitical, at least linguistic, even though with the other names that they were attributed, to the rocks, Cabral Rock and Coutinho Rock, recognized that the rocks had a trace in the Luso-brazilian History of the 20th century.



Another change, also in the order of symbolic operations, even more revealing of the investment that the Brazilian institutions were making about St. Peter and St. Paul to assign ownership of the rocks to the nation, constituted in the modification of the names that came to designate each one of the parts that formed the set of the rocks.



The changes in nomenclature adopted by the Brazilian government consisted essentially in the suppression of British names: the designation “Beagle Rock” disappeared, Erebus Rock became Sacadura Cabral, the Challenger Islet was changed to St. Peter and St. Paul Islet. New names were introduced, which recognized the Brazilian presence on the Rocks, such as Barão de Teffé Islet (allusion to the Admiral Antonio Luiz von Hoonholtz, who consecrated his career to the hydrography and astronomy, linking his name to the Hydrographic Repartition of 1876) and the Sirius Islet (Sirius was the name of the Brazilian Hydrographic ship that was on the rocks in 1962). This new toponymy added to the symbols of the national flag kept permanently waving on the highest point of the rocks, on the newly erected lighthouse in 1995, the frequent presence of the Brazilian Navy at the location, the ships, their captains and fishermen and the Brazilian researchers that came to stay at the Scientific Research Station.

Over the past five centuries, the ancient rocks were converted into a part of the history of the changing borders in Brazilian territory in oceanic waters. At the center of human life on the rock stands the Scientific Research Station of the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago the laboratory and home of Brazilian researchers. Inside and around it is woven an important part of the story of scientific research in the country.

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Although they figure as a group of small rocks far from the mainland population, their importance goes way beyond their approximately 17.500 square meters. In fact, the interest of the State and the economy on the rocks is not so much, or only on the rocks themselves, but the territory around it, the territory affirmed by the action of the Brazilian government and approved juridically by the international conventions, a gigantic reserve of resources that endow the Brazilian State to generate, conserve and exploit in a responsible way.



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Brazilian Navy Ship. The small warship, of the class Inhaumá, in proximity to the Archipelago.

We have witnessed, in the daily life of this remarkable Program, the knowledge arising from the work of renowned teachers who share their experiences with undergraduate, master’s and doctorate degree students. Through their hard work and dedication, we have been able to explore the incredible opportunities arising from the inexhaustible scientific potential associated with that remote and important part of Brazilian territory. Thank you teachers and students! Thank you the Brazilian Navy, CNPq, IBAMA, CEPEL, UFRPE, UFRN, UFES and many other partners. Together, we make the PROARQUIPELAGO! Thank you all! Marco Antonio Carvalho de Souza Captain Corvette - Brazilian Navy PROARQUIPELAGO Program Coordinator



It requires a considerable effort, by many, to permanently maintain a Research Station in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. The PROARQUIPELAGO is, therefore, very grateful to all the actors and partners involved in this complex but extremely rewarding task. Since they are too numerous, it would be impractical to mention all of them individually. However, at a time when a sublime selection of images that are part of this work is published, I think it is appropriate to mention, at least, the beautiful work done by a category that does represent the PROARQUIPELAGO more than any other: the researcher.

Due to its strategic importance, the Brazilian Navy created, in 1998, the PROARQUIPELAGO Program, establishing the Permanent Working Group for the Occupation and Research in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. Based on this management structure, the Program was then started with the installation by the Brazilian Navy of the Research Station, coordinated by the Interministerial Commission for the Resources of the Sea (CIRM), having the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), as a partner for the promotion of research. Since the implementation of the Research Station, approximately 500 expeditions have been carried out, allowing the qualification of a large number of professionals, from various education and research institutions from all over Brazil, from the undergraduate level, to postgraduate, including Masters, Doctors and Post-doctors, who have developed their scientific activities in the area. The ASPSP Research Station has contributed thus to form an entire new generation of researchers on marine science in the country. The maintenance of the PROARQUIPELAGO Program is, therefore, of fundamental importance to keep the Research Station fully operational, allowing the development, in a continuous and systematic way, of scientific research on Marine Sciences in such a strategic, as well as remote, part of the Brazilian territory.

Jorge Eduardo Lins Oliveira Technical Operational Coordinator of PROARQUIPELAGO Program Professor of the Department of Oceanography and Limnology - UFRN



This book presented, in an illustrated manner, the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), which, due to its location, between the northern and southern hemisphere, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, may be considered as a natural laboratory anchored in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Its strategic geographic position confers it a great ecological and economical significance, being an important part of the migratory route of several commercially important fish species, like tunas and tuna-like fish, as well as other marine species, such as seabirds, turtles and mamals. In the light of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), it also has a very relevant political importance due to the 200-mile Economic Exclusive Zone it may have around it, provided the conditions established in UNCLOS are fulfilled.

Alvarez, C. E. de; Melo, J. E. de. A Estação Científica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo. Vitória: Ed. UFES, 2000.

Hazin, FÁbio Hissa. Programa Revizee - Score Nordeste: Peixes Marinhos da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Editora Martins & Cordeiro,Fortaleza, 2009.

AZEVEDO, A.V.M. Interação de pequenos grupos em situação de isolamento: uma aplicação da técnica do incidente crítico em áreas naturais protegidas, 2002. 94f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 2002.

JÚnior, Teodoro Vaske; Lessa, Rosangela Paula; Nóbrega, Marcelo Francisco; Amaral, Fernanda Maria Duarte do; Silveira, Susan Roberta Mello. O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: histórico e recursos naturais. Fortaleza: NAVE/LABOMAR UFC, 2010.

BOTH, R. Análise da sazonalidade da avifauna marinha do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, 2001. 97f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2001.

LINDSAY, D. St. Paul’s Rocks: shark heaven, diver-heaven. Diver, 1980. LUIZ, O.J.; EDWARDS, A.J. Extinction of a shark population in the Archipelago of Saint Paul’s Rocks (Equatorial Atlantic) inferred from the historical record. Biological Conservation, 2011.

Campos, T. F. C.; Bezerra, F R H; Srivastava, N K; Petaa, R. A.; VIRGENS NETO, J. 2009. As rochas sedimentares do arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo e a formação neogênica de São Pedro e São Paulo In: O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: Dez Anos da Estação Científica. Ed. Brasília DF, SECIRM, v.1, p. 7582, 2009.

Maia, M; ; Sichel, S; Briais, A; Brunelli, D.; Ligi, M; Ferreira, N; Campos, T; Mougel, B; Brehm, I; Hemond, C; Motoki, AK; Moura, D; Scalabrin, C; Pessanha, I; Alves, E; Ayres, A; Oliveira, P,; 2016. Extreme mantle uplift and exhumation along a transpressive transform fault. Nature Geoscience (Print), v.x, p.1-6, 2016.

Campos, T. F. C; Virgens Neto, J; Costa, L.S.; Petta, R. A.; Sousa, L.C.; Silva, F. O. Sistema de diaclasamento do arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (Atlântico Equatorial) como indicador de movimentação destral associada a falha transformante de São Paulo. XI Simpósio Nacional de Estudos Tectônicos SNET, Natal , Anais, pp 238-250. 2007.

Maia, M; Birot, D.; Brachet, C; Brehm, I.; Briais, A.; Brunelli I, D.; Campos, T.; Colosio, A.; Moraes, E; Donval, JP; Fontes, F; Gaspar, F; Guyader, V; Hemond, C; Konn, C; Maconde, M; Motoki, A; Mougel, B; Moura, D; Pessanha, I; Scalabrin, C; Vale, E; Sichel, S.E.; Souza, K.; 2013. Preliminary report on the colmeia cruise, equatorial atlantic Recife, January 24 Recife, February 28, 2013. Interridge news., v.22, p.51 55, 2013.

CAMPOS, T. F. D. A.; NEIVA, A.M.R.; HARTMANN, L.A.; MATA, J.M.L.S. Petrologia e geoquímica das rochas e seus minerais do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo. In: PROGRAMA ARQUIPÉLAGO 1, WORKSHOP CIENTÍFICO/ AMBIENTAL, 2001, Natal-RN. Caderno de Resumos... Natal-RN, 2001. Darwin, C., 1844.Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of h.M.S. ‘Beagle’, part 2 of The geology of the voyage of the Beagle. 3rd ed. Smith, Elder, London 226, 1891. DARWIN, C. Viagem de um naturalista ao redor do mundo. São Paulo: Ed. CIA. Brasil, S/D, 1960. EDWARDS, A. J. Saint Paul’s Rocks: a bibliographycal review of the natural history of a Mid-Atlantic Island. Archives of Natural Hitory. Edinburg, 1985. ESTEVES, E. L. Poríferos do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo e do médio e infralitoral de Pernambuco. 2000. 84f. Monografia (Graduação) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 2000.

MASH, D. Life on the rocks. Oceanus, v. 12, p. 5-7, 1966.

Projeto de pesquisa “De rochedo à Arquipélago: a emergência do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo na história da pesquisa científica” (Edital MCT/CNPq Nº 026/2009 - Programa Arquipélago e Ilhas Oceânicas) Raimundo Arrais. CNPq / RN, 2013/2014. Renard, A. F. Peridotit von der st. Paul’s-insel im atlantischen ocean. Separat-Abdruck aus dem Neuen Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 5 pp, 1879. SECIRM. Disponível em: http://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/document/doc_psrm/doc_pesq/arq_cons.pdf. Acesso em: 13 abr. 2008. Viana, Danielle de Lima; Hazin, FÁbio Hissa; Souza, Marco AntÔnio Carvalho de (Orgs.). O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: 10 anos de Estação Científica / SECIRM - Brasília, DF: 2009.

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ESTEVES, E. L. MORAES, F. C.; MURICY, G.; AMARAL, F. D. Duas novas ocorrências da ordem Haromerida (Porífera, Dermospongiae) para o Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, Brasil. Bol. Mus. Nac. Zool., n. 488, p.1-12, 2002.



ALVAREZ, C. E. de et al. A primeira e a segunda Estação Científica. In: O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo: 10 Anos de Estação Científica. Brasília – DF 348p. 2009.

Acervo Karl Mesquita Pags. 140, 157, 173 Acervo ProarquipElago Pags. 6, 10, 75, 95, 99, 119, 123, 132, 135, 136, 138, 145, 155, 175, 179, 180, 190, 193, 194, 199 Alexandre Nunes Contracapa Alfredo Borie Mojica Pag. 113 Arquivo da Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação Pags. 170, 171 Bruno Macena Pags. 66, 111 Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira Pag. 120 Carlo M. Cunha Pag. 156 Daniel Viana Pags. 22, 102, 107 Danielle Viana Pags. 4, 18, 21, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 60, 110, 125, 142, 153, 159, 160, 169, 185, 189, 202 Drausio Véras Pags. 93, 176 Fabricio Gandini Pag. 104 Françoise Lima Pags. 20, 26, 44, 76, 77, 78, 82, 84, 150 Frederico Guaraldo de Andrade Pags. 40, 186 Jorge Lins Pags. 63, 64, 86, 92, 100, 103, 112 Lilian Sander Hoffmann Pags. 17, 27, 115, 116, 163 Lucas Santos Pag. 129 Luís Carlos Pinto de Macedo Soares Pag. 51 Luiz Sérgio Amarante Simões Pags. 146, 167 Marcus Leoni/Folhapress Pag. 108 Matias do Nascimento Ritter Pags. 8, 14, 196 Natalia Alves Bezerra Pags. 96, 141 Ormar Luiz Pags. 69, 70, 71, 74, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 98 Patrícia Luciano Mancini Pags. 24, 28, 36, 55 Paulo H. Ott Pag. 164 Ronaldo Bastos Francini Filho Pags. 78, 79, 121, 126, 182 Sibele Mendonça Pags. 101, 105, 106 Tatiana Leite Pags. 50, 67, 73, 87, 90, 91, 104, 122, 124, 128



Photo Credits


This book was diagrammed in HelvNueUltLight font, body 10.5. Printing on matte coated paper 150g and hardcover

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