Erik Erikson suggested that human develops during : Ans. Psychosocial stages. Q.61. Erik Erikson's theory emphasized that developmental changes.
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Turn on and Tune in Home Science Questions For I.C.A.R. Examinations (J.R.F., S.R.F., PhD and A.R.S.) UGC-NET and other Competitive Examinations
Khushboo Shimran Ravi Kumar Sabita Mishra
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ms. Khushboo Shimran is a research professional in Human Development. She has earned her B.Sc. in Home Science from College of Home Science, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar) and M.Sc. in Human Development and Family Studies from I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana), India. In Master’s her area of specialization was Human Development. She has qualified CBSE –UGC NET in 2015. Her interest is in various dimensions of human development, sociology related to gender, humanity and their vicinity for engendering agriculture and allied research. She has been awarded by Prakrtik Chikitsa Yog Sansthan, Darbhanga (Bihar), India for providing services in fields of Naturopathy & Yoga. Her accomplishment includes international and national conferences, seminars, workshops, trainings and the publication of research articles, etc. She is a member of various scientific and professional societies. Mr. Ravi Kumar is a research professional in Biological Science at IISER, Kolkata, West Bengal. He has earned his B.Tech in Agriculture Biotechnology from Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar). He obtained IISER, Kolkata institute fellowship for Post-Graduate study and CSIRNET-JRF fellowship for Doctoral education in India. He has qualified GATE in 2012. His research interest has involved translation regulation biology research. He has been awarded in prestigious National RNA meet conference. Hismajor activities and accomplishment include conferences, seminars, workshops, trainings and the publication of research articles. He is vii
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a member of many professional organizations. He is full of enthusiasm and has willingness to constantly update himself in the subject.
Dr. Sabita Mishra is presently working as Principal Scientist (Agriculture Extension) at ICAR- Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. She obtained Ph. D. Degree from Utkal University in 1991. To her credit, she worked in the field of Extension besides publishing eleven important books, many research papers in National and International journals, seminars, conferences, etc. She has developed different models, protocols, checklists, concepts for engendering agriculture. She has been actively involved in research for farm women, organizing training, mass media and field programs over last twenty three years. She is a member of different National and International Professional societies with various capacities. She has been awarded His Excellency Governor Award in Odisha for her immense contribution in the field of women empowerment. *****
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PREFACE Home Science is inter-related and inter-oven with science and arts. It performs like the both sides of a coin. It is the home based science which helps a person for better management of family, nutrition, wealth, children, animal resources, fuel, fodder, water etc. Home Science has been the national and international stream for development and livelihood. But there are some important issues to cater the needs of the students. Hence, the detailed information will give the opportunity to reach back and discover scores of half-forgotten literatures that still inform the consciousness of the courses for S.A.U semester exam, I.C.A.R. (J.R.F., S.R.F., PhD and A.R.S.), UGC-NET and other competitive examinations. Therefore, authors have tried to touch all these important points from research, extension and training through development of objective questions with answers covering all disciplines of Home Science. We hope, the book will be of great help to those who are concerned with competitive examinations and empowerment of women. - Khushboo Shimran *****
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book has developed out of series of lectures and papers provided at the Agricultural University of Haryana and Bihar and I am grateful for the opportunities to air the views expressed here in public. The book has been a chance to enrich my understanding of the various disciplines of Home Science. The detailed information has given me the opportunity to reach back and discover scores of half-forgotten literatures that still inform the consciousness of the courses. My first acknowledgement is to my father (Kameshwar Prasad Choudhary) and mother (Kiran Devi) who are important for mental enhancement and supporting in every situation and every condition. I would like to thank my brother, Amit, Sumit, Ashish, Yash Raj and sister, Ishita Priya for initiating me to learn and educate as a life-long process. Most especial thanks to my friend Ravi Kumar with his best face, the adversity of working hard just for me to complete this book and motivating in transforming my dream into reality. I am extremely thankful to Dr. Sabita Mishra, Principal Scientist and Dr. Shivaji Argade, Senior Scientist of ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for the experience, understanding and valuable suggestions in bringing out this book. I am grateful to Dr. Ramesh Chandra Srivastava, ViceChancellor of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India in supporting the work, persevere with it and finally to publish it. - Khushboo Shimran
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CONTENT LIST S. No.
Content
Page
Introduction
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1.
Human Development and Family Studies
1
2.
Food and Nutrition
37
3.
Family Resource Management
76
4.
Textile and Apparel Designing
95
5.
Extension Education and Communication Management
126
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INTRODUCTION With the changing scenario, the traditional role of student is at transition. The vast majority of student work hard to be a professional. They contribute in terms of learning, teaching and extension. They deal with the effective uses and management of available resources in the particular references for achieving the goals. Therefore, gender role needs to be fused with professional roles. Considering the background, the goal of home science education, is to help each individual to live more satisfying life. Thus, interdisciplinary approach of home science book has taken five disciplines: Human Development and Family Studies, Food and Nutrition, Family Resource Management, Textile and Apparel Designing, Extension Education and Communication Management. The questions have connectors with child development, social work, family welfare, education, biochemistry, dietetics, catering management, food safety and preservation, interior designing, energy, finishing and lightings in home, work simplifications, utensils, ergonomics, consumerism, textile chemistry, weaving, textile designing, garment production, dyes, media, extension, communication, management tools, five year plans and schemes, etc.
*****
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Chapter 1 Human Development and Family Studies
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Khushboo Shimran, Ravi Kumar, Sabita Mishra
Q.1. A child who says it is wrong to steal because she might get caught would be in : Ans. Kohlberg’s punishment and obedience orientation stage Q.2. A common caution for correlation research is : Ans. Correlation does not equal causation Q.3. A cross-sectional design compares : Ans. Individuals of different ages at one testing time Q.4. A lack of blood glucose have the greatest effects on the : Ans. Brain Q.5. A major strength of ecological theory is : Ans. Environmental influences on development Q.6. A method of gathering information that gives an in-depth look at one individual is : Ans. Case study Q.7. A recognized and institutionalized educational field of study is referred to as : Ans. An academic domain Q.8. A relationship based on a previous friendship that developed into lovers is characteristic of : Ans. Storge love style Q.9. A research design in which the same group of participants is tested repeatedly over a period of time is known as : Ans. Longitudinal research Q.10. A teenager begins using alcohol because all their friends are using it is probably in : Ans. Kohlberg’s ‘good boy/girl’ morality stage Q.11. The cognitive process that revises existing schemas to incorporate new information : Ans. Accommodation Q.12. According to Albert Bandura's the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve : 2
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Ans. Behavior, person and environment Q.13. According to Bernice Neugarten our society is increasingly : Ans. Age-irrelevant Q.14. The influence of important social forces on a person who has no direct contact with them represents the : Ans. Exo-system Q.15. The ability to fuse one identity with someone else without fear to lose it is : Ans. Intimacy Q.16. Successful resolution of the ‘identity vs. role confusion’ conflict in adolescence leads to : Ans. The ability to commit oneself Q.17. The psychological stage of trust vs. mistrust develop during: Ans. Infancy Q.18. According to James Marcia, a person who has never doubted what they wanted to become and so never explored other options is said to be : Ans. Identity foreclosed Q.19. Stages that involves the motivation to follow rational, mutually agreed upon principles and maintain the respect of others is : Ans. Social contract orientation Q.20. The infant instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought occurs in : Ans. Sensori-motor stage of cognitive development Q.21. According to Piaget, cognitive development is not influenced by : Ans. Language Q.22. The cognitive process that interprets new information in light of existing schemas is known as : Ans. Assimilation Q.23. The best approach of parenting styles is : Ans. Authoritative parenting styles
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Khushboo Shimran, Ravi Kumar, Sabita Mishra
Q.24. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development depends on: Ans. Social interactions Q.25. The transition period lasting from the puberty to the beginning of adulthood is : Ans. Adolescence Q.26. The period begins when the individual assumes responsibility for their own life is : Ans. Adulthood Q.27. Ainsworth’s three types of attachment in an infant’s strange situation are : Ans. Secure, avoidant, anxious Q.28. People cognitively represent others' behavior and sometimes adopt it themselves according to : Ans. Albert Bandura Q.29. All systematic change that occurs in humans is referred to as: Ans. Development Q.30. An approach consisting of several different theoretical perspectives is referred to as : Ans. Eclectic Q.31. An identity that results in an individual exploring different options before making a decision is : Ans. Moratorium Q.32. The cognitive process that interprets new information in light of existing schemas is: Ans. Assimilation Q.33. Level of moral development are the rules and standards of society internalized and held as one’s own is : Ans. Post-conventional Q.34. Industry vs. inferiority occur at: Ans. School age Q.35. An effective style of parenting in which the parent is warm and loving and sets well defined limits is : 4
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Ans. Authoritative parenting Q.36. Developmental stage in which success is achieved by gaining a degree of independence from one's parents is : Ans. Autonomy versus shame and doubt Q.37. Rewards and punishments shape individuals development is supposed by : Ans. B. F. Skinner Q.38. Behaviorists believe that behavior is shaped through a series of : Ans. Rewards and punishments Q.39. Biologically rooted systematic changes that occur in humans and are unrelated to environmental influences refer to as : Ans. Maturation Q.40. Ecological model Implies that changing behavior may involve changing : Ans. Social cultures and structures Q.41. According to Freud, three parts to the personality are : Ans. Id, ego and superego Q.42. The period that extends from birth until the onset of puberty is : Ans. Childhood Q.43.Cognitive constructivists illustrate deeply from the research and writings of : Ans. Jean Piaget Q.44. A group of people from the same age group is : Ans. Cohort Q.45. Stage extending from 7 to 11 years of age, during which the child learns to reason logically about objects that are physically present is : Ans. Concrete operational stage Q.46. The realization that changing the form of a substance does not change its amount is : Ans. Conservation 5
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Khushboo Shimran, Ravi Kumar, Sabita Mishra
Q.47. Contrary to the view held centuries ago, today we believe about childhood that this stage is a : Ans. Unique and important period in life Q.48. In Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning characterized by concern with upholding laws and conventional values and by favoring obedience to authority is : Ans. Conventional level Q.49. A research design in which groups of participants of different ages are compared at the same point of time is : Ans. Cross-sectional research Q.50. Development consists of aspects are : Ans. Biological, Cognitive, Socio-emotional Q.51. According to Baltes, development is : Ans. Multidimensional Q.52. Development is characterized by : Ans. Growth and decline Q.53. According to Baltes development is : Ans. Multidirectional Q.54. The field that studies physical, perceptual, cognitive and psychosocial changes across the life span is : Ans. Developmental psychology Q.55. Differences in families, neighborhoods, cultures and even time periods affect : Ans. Development Q.56. According to Baltes, development is : Ans. Contextual Q.57. Egocentrism represents the inability to perceive reality from the perspective of another person during the : Ans. Piaget’s pre-operational stage Q.58. The inability to perceive reality from the perspective of another person is : 6
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Ans. Egocentrism Q.59. The prenatal period lasts from the end of the second week to the eighth week is : Ans. Embryonic stage Q.60. Erik Erikson suggested that human develops during : Ans. Psychosocial stages Q.61. Erik Erikson's theory emphasized that developmental changes occur throughout the : Ans. Human life span Q.62. Erikson's psychosocial developmental stage in which success is achieved by having a secure social attachment with a caregiver is known as : Ans. Trust versus mistrust Q.63. Erikson's psychosocial theory is a stage theory of : Ans. Development Q.64. Experimental designs are superior to correlation approaches when dealing with : Ans. Variables that need to be manipulated Q.65. Experimenters manipulate the independent variable and measure effects on the : Ans. Dependent variable Q.66. Physical defects and mental retardation can distress the offspring of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy is : Ans. Fetal alcohol syndrome Q.67. Fetal cortisol plays a role in triggering : Ans. Parturition Q.68. The prenatal period that lasts from the end of the eighth week through birth is : Ans. Fetal stage Q.69. The form of intelligence that reflects reasoning ability, memory capacity and speed of information processing is : Ans. Fluid intelligence 7
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Khushboo Shimran, Ravi Kumar, Sabita Mishra
Q.70. The ability to use abstract reasoning and solve problems by hypotheses begins at : Ans. Formal operational stage Q.71. According to B.F. Skinner's behavior is explained through : Ans. External consequences of that behavior Q.72. The behaviors that are considered appropriate for females or males in a given culture is called as : Ans. Gender roles Q.73. A theory of gender role development that combines aspects of social learning theory and the cognitive perspective : Ans. Gender schema theory Q.74. Success is achieved by becoming less self-absorbed and more concerned with the well-being of others during the stage called as : Ans. Generativity versus stagnation Q.75. The prenatal period that lasts from conception to the second week is : Ans. Germinal stage Q.76. Historical thinking requires that learners be able to engage in: Ans. Causal reasoning Q.77. Success is achieved by establishing a sense of personal identity during : Ans. Identity versus role confusion developmental stage Q.78. Kolberg’s stages that display young adult considering stealing as wrong because of the harm it brings to someone is : Ans. Legalistic orientation Q.79. In Bronfenbrenner's theory, contexts in which the individual lives and plays an active role refers to the : Ans. Micro-system Q.80. In many cultures, people retire from their careers in their fifties or sixties is an example of a : Ans. Normative age-graded influence 8
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Q.81. The reasoning abilities of older adults improved through retraining shows development as : Ans. Plastic Q.82. In Piaget’s theory of development, mental processing is considered to be constrained by influences as: Ans. Mental maturity and life opportunities Q.83. Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by developing a sense of competency is : Ans. Industry versus inferiority Q.84. The period that extends from birth to 2 years of age is : Ans. Infancy Q.85. Developmental stage in which success is achieved by behaving in a spontaneous but socially appropriate way is : Ans. Initiative versus guilt Q.86. Erikson's developmental stage in which success is achieved by reflecting back on one's life and finding as meaningful is : Ans. Integrity versus despair Q.87. Success is achieved by establishing a relationship with a strong sense of emotional attachment and personal commitment in Erikson's developmental stage is : Ans. Intimacy versus isolation Q.88. Introverts can become : Ans. Over stimulated Q.89. Ivan Pavlov discovered the principle of : Ans. Classical conditioning Q.90. James Marcia’s identity stages are : Ans. Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Longitudinal Achievement Q.91. According to Jean Piaget, children construct their understanding of the world in : Ans. Four stages Q.92. Konrad Lorenz views show behavior is strongly influenced by : 9
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Ans. Biology Q.93. Language used in planning activities and solving problems was proposed by : Ans. Lev Vygotsky Q.94. Life-span development begins with conception and ends with : Ans. Death Q.95. A research design in which the same group of participants is tested or observed repeatedly over a period of time is : Ans. Longitudinal research Q.96. Many older persons become wiser with age, yet perform more poorly on cognitive speed tests shows development is : Ans. Multi-dimensional Q.97. The sequential unfolding of inherited predispositions in physical and motor development is : Ans. Maturation Q.98. The beginning of menstruation usually occurring between the ages of 11 and 13 is called as : Ans. Menarche Q.99. Mary Ainsworth studied early attachment in humans using : Ans. Strange situation methods Q.100. The realization that objects exist even when they are no longer visible is known as : Ans. Object permanence Q.101. The life-span perspective has seven fundamental contentions are proposed by : Ans. Paul Baltes Q.102. Individuals are influenced by the environment and learned experiences so nurture plays a more powerful role in : Ans. Human development Q.103. People high in the trait of neuroticism are more easily conditioned with : 10
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