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of species occurrence, provided they are located in forest management plan regions representative of the environmental range of ... FIGUEIREDO, S.M.M. et al.
sampling density in simple topography (flat regions such as plain-platform) than in complex landforms (slope- rich terrains like hill-mountain, and valley-basin).
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The data used for the movies are simulated by Dr. Ying-Hwa Kuo form The National Center for. Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. We want to ...
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Cornell University. Freddy van Oystaeyen ..... Email address: [email protected] ... In particular, he tried to help Ph.D. students and fresh Ph.D.s..
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Sampling and Interpolation Yao Wang Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY11201 http://eeweb.poly.edu/~yao
Outline • Basics of sampling and quantization – A/D and D/A converters
• Sampling – Nyquist sampling theorem – Aliasing due to undersampling: • temporal and frequency domain interpretation • Sampling sinusoid signals
• Reconstruction from samples – Reconstruction using sample-and-hold and linear interpolation – Frequency domain interpretation (sinc pulse as interpolation kernel)
• Sampling rate conversion – Down sampling – Up sampling – Demonstration
How to determine T and Q? • T (or fs) depends on the signal frequency range – A fast varying signal should be sampled more frequently! – Theoretically governed by the Nyquist sampling theorem • fs > 2 fm (fm is the maximum signal frequency) • For speech: fs >= 8 KHz; For music: fs >= 44 KHz;
• Q depends on the dynamic range of the signal amplitude and perceptual sensitivity – Q and the signal range D determine bits/sample R • 2R=D/Q • For speech: R = 8 bits; For music: R =16 bits;
• One can trade off T (or fs) and Q (or R) – lower R -> higher fs; higher R -> lower fs
• We consider sampling in this lecture, quantization in the next lecture
Nyquist Sampling Theorem • Theorem: – If xc(t) is bandlimited, with maximum frequency fm (or ωm =2π fm ) – and if fs =1/T > 2 fm or ωs =2π /T >2 ωm – Then xc(t) can be reconstructed perfectly from x[n]= xc(nT) by using an ideal low-pass filter, with cut-off frequency at fs/2 – fs0 = 2 fm is called the Nyquist Sampling Rate
• Physical interpretation: – Must have at least two samples within each cycle!
