Satellite Gravity Maps

Uplifted Arctic Margins: New Concepts & Consequences for Barents Sea Exploration PH Nadeau, University of Stavanger 01.06.2016 NPF Arctic Exploration – Understanding the Barents Sea potential, Tromsø P.H. Nadeau, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1819.6246

Overview| page 2

1. Geological Overview: + Reviews the state-of-the-art for estimating the: magnitude, timing, mechanisms and origins of uplift & erosion events in the Barents Sea + The impact these geological processes have had on Arctic giant oil exploration potential + Possible Impact on Cenozoic Climate Shift from Greenhouse to Icehouse Planetary Conditions

@einnerby

Conclusions| page 3

2. Conclusions: 1. The magnitude of erosion can be estimated to several 100s meters from sonic/seismic velocity analyses, as well as fluid inclusion (FI) data interpretation methods. 2. The timing for the bulk of the erosion from geological relationships is mainly pre-glacial, and likely controlled by tectonic rifting related to the Arctic Oceans opening during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. 3. Regional uplift/erosion events of 1-3 km, and dry gas source maturity, has severely limited the oil prospectivity of the region. 4. Tectonic constraints on axial seafloor spreading render Arctic Continental Margins prone to uplift, which can impact Global Cooling from the Paleogene Thermal Maximum of 28°C, to Icehouse conditions with c. 14°C Mean Surface Temperature, over the last 50 Ma of Earth History.

@einnerby

Barents Sea Regional Gravity Map

Structural Elements

COB

MAR = Mid-Atlantic Ridge Edgeøya

Svalbard

OB GBH

SB

SBH

Bjørnøy

A

SSH

BP SD

BB

MAR NVVP

VH SR TB

200 km

NH SWNB

LH

A’

HB

NENB

FH

FP

SVVP

Norway

COB

HH

KKP

EP

NSH

MAR

page 4

Russia

Maps: http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_grav/jpg_images/grav1.jpg

COB = Continental Oceanic Boundary

NSH

N Stappen High

SSH

S Stappen High

SB

Sørkapp Basin

EP

Edgeøya Platform

GBH

Garda Banken High

KKP

Kong Karl Platform

OB

Olga Basin

HH

Hopen High

NVVP

N Vestbakken Vol. Prov.

SVVP

S Vestbakken Vol. Prov.

VH

Vestbakken High

BB

Bjørnøya Basin

LH

Loppa High

SD

Svalis Dome

BP

Bjarmeland Platform

SBH

Sentral Banken High

SR

Senja Ridge

TB

Tromsø Basin

HB

Hammerfest Basin

NH

Norsel High

SWNB

SE Nordkapp Basin

NENB

NW Nordkapp basin

FH

Fedinski High

FP

Finnmark Platform

Geosection Location - page 5

A

A Western Barents Sea: Base Cretaceous time map: Jan Moen, 2015

Geosection A-A’ Location: Vestbakken to Loppa High, Jon Kristian Hansen, 2015

A’ A’ J Moen/WBS/BCU

NW-SSE Geosection - 12 x Vertical Exaggeration - page 6

Interpreted Seismic Geosection A-A’ : Western Barents Sea A

LOPPA HIGH

VESTBAKKEN

Cenozoic

U4

Cenozoic

Prospect Level

U3

Jur/Tr

Cretaceous

A’

U2

U1

Perm/Carb Basement

Play Level

Basement

Jur/Tr

U1-U4: Regional Unconformities

Basin Level Estimated U2/BCU Crustal Shortening c. 0.2 After: J K Hansen

NB: Tr & Jurassic source interval mature in Late Cretaceous, quickly passing through oil then gas windows in Bjørnøya and Tromsø Basins. EUROCLAY- Edinburgh 2015 University of Edinbugh July 5-10

Burial Diagenetic History - page 7

Loppa High Burial Diagenetic Cements: QEMSCAN Mineral SCANning 1000 um

1000 um

43% Qtz+Cmt. 27% K-Fs 10% Porosity 7% Dol. Cmt. 7% Cal. Cmt. 2% Mica 2% Illite 2% Barite Cmt. c. 1% Pyrite c. 0.1% Sphalerite c. 0.1% Anhydrite

Carboniferous Gipsdalen Group: Falk Sandstones and Dolomites Source: Maersk Oil Research and Technology Centre, Doha.

Estimating Uplift:

Burial/Thermal History FI - page 8

Fluid Inclusion Micro-PVT: Pressure, Temperature & Salinity Dol. Cmt.

Qtz. Grn. Qtz. Grn.

D

Dol. Cmt.

50 um

Qtz. Cmt Qtz. Cmt. Dol.

100 um

200 um

c.

b.

* Pestman et al., 2011

10 um

10 um

UV: Oil + methane

Fluid Inclusion

TH= 100-110°C *

Liq. + Gas

TP= 270-400 bar

2154,00 m

SAL > 20 % * Pestman et al., 2011

* Pestman et al., 2011

c. 20 um inclusion in Quartz Cmt.

Multi phase Fluid inclusions Source: Maersk Oil Research and Technology Centre

P

& Pestman et al. 2011

Oil, Gas, Brines in Diagenetic Quartz and Dolomite Cements.

EUROCLAY- Edinburgh 2015 University of Edinbugh July 5-10

c.

Burial/Thermal History Reconstruction - page 9

Pre-Erosion Reservoir Depths: HC/AQ FI vs. Bottom Hole Temperatures 0

Barents Sea Bottom Hole Temperatures vs. Fluid Inclusions Max Aqueous Homogenization T°C 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0

200

Key Wells: Finnmark/Bjarmeland Platforms & Loppa High

1000

2000

c. +2.2 km

Depth m

Bot. Hole T°C TH Max T°C 3000

c. +1.4 km c. +1 km

4000

c. +0.7 km

1. Data allow restoration of Traps, discoveries & Prospects

5000

To depth at time of Oil charge

6000

EUROCLAY- Edinburgh 2015 University of Edinbugh July 5-10

Linear (Bot. Hole T°C)

Overcompaction/Erosion- page 10

Well showing erosion: + Higher Velocity Sands The vertical red line was adjusted to the erosion log. The red line provides the erosion used for mapping.

Red: estimated erosion Black: calculated erosion

0

TOC% 5

10

0

500

1000

Depth m

Blue: shale line Log: velocity

Shale vs. Sand

Organic Carbon

Note:

1500 Shale

2000

Sands

P10 Hekkingen

Erosion m

2500

3000

Erosion • P10: 800m • Manual: 780m

Contribution from Lothar Schulte, Schlumberger EUROCLAY- Edinburgh 2015 University of Edinbugh July 5-10

Uplift/Erosion Map |

page 11

Svalbard

Barents Sea HB

HB Hammerfest Basin Avg. Uplift & Erosion

Timan Pechora

c. 1200 m

Basin

After Henriksen et al., 2011

B

Uplift and Erosion: Impact on Oil & Gas Potential RECENT UPLIFT & EROSION Oil Volumes Decrease

60oC

U&E Impact on Exploration - page 13

C UPLIFT & EROSION > 10 Ma Gas Volumes Decrease

Oil

Leakage 60oC

GAS

EXPANSION

Leakage

Oil +- BIODEGRADATION

GAS TRAPS UNDERFILLED

D

A Petroleum Basin at Maximum Burial 60oC

Net Erosion < Total Erosion 60oC

Oil

Oil

Volumes Unchanged or Decrease GAS

GAS

TRAPS UNDERFILLED

Oil

HC CHARGE

Post Uplift & Erosion Reburial

120oC

MATURE SOURCE ROCKS 12 -

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

+- BIODEGRADATION

U&E Golzen Zone Risk Analysis - page 15

Comparison of the Golden Zone in 3 basins Barents Sea North Sea

Hammerfest Basin

Svalbard

c d

Compaction Zone

c

b

c HPHT

b

a

b a a After Buller et al., 2005 After: Statoil Research & Technology Memoir 7 UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

http://sp-st02.statoil.com/sites/dba59542-890a-43fc-8634-d4d08019278a/Arctic%20Uplift%20Erosion%202009/default.aspx

13 -

Play/Prospect Evaluation/Risk - page 16

Uplifted Arctic Basin: West Barents Sea NB: Remaining oil potential < 2 km ? NCS - Barents Sea Exploration Wells

NCS - Barents Sea Reserves

Cumulative Number of Wells

Oil+Gas+Cond. MMboe 0

500

1000

1500

2000

0

2500 0

0

*

Wi

1000 1500 2000

Al Sk Go Ha

500 1000

Goliat

Uplifted Golden Zone ?

Well TD m (below sea bed)

Base Reservoir Depth m (below sea bed)

500

Snøhvit

2500 3000 3500

10

20

30

40

50

60

50% Well drilled > depth then 90% Of Reserves

1500 2000 2500

The NCS Barents Sea has been Uplifted & Eroded by circa 1.2 km. The base of the uplifted ‘Golden Zone’ is now at circa 2.5 km depth. Exploration well depths (50%) have focused below 2.5 km .

3000 3500

4000

4000

4500

4500

5000

5000

c. base GZ Max. Burial 3.7 km / 120°C

*The above analysis suggests that the top of the ‘Golden Zone’ could be at circa 500 m Total discovered reserves c. 1BBO + 12 TCF GOR = 2:1 or similar to Mackenzie Delta, Arctic Canada.

Recent Oil Discovery OWC:

Wi=Wisting; Al=Alta; Sk=Skrugard; Go=Gohta; Ha=Havis 14 -

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

U&E Arctic-Wide Problem - page 17

Estimated uplift and erosion: Cumulative plot of discovered recoverable oil / gas reserves Sverdrup Cumulative Oil & Gas Reserves MMBOE 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0

1000

2000

Zone

Paleo 120oC isotherm

UPLIFT

Base Reservoir Depth m

Uplifted Golden

3000

Former 120oC isotherm 4000

5000

6000

Classification: Internal 2010-11-25

15 -

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

"Golden Zone" analyses for Arctic Basins: North Slope Mackenzie-Beaufort Sverdrup c. 2 km uplift/erosion Barents Sea East Timan-Pechora South Kara-Yamal East Siberia (Vilyuy)

Petrolem Reserves vs. Reservoir Temperatures – page 18

The Golden Zone and Global Reserves Oil + Condensate

Biodegraded Oil < 25 API

Gas GOR c. 4:1

40%

12% 85%

GOR c. 1:2

3%

GOR c. 3:1

50% 10%

60% 30% 10%

% Global Total

% Global Total

% Global Total

c. 2 TBO

c. 10K TCF

c. 0.2 TBO

Nadeau, Bjørkum & Walderhaug, 2005 NB: Gas to Oil Reserves Ratio (GOR) for severely uplifted reservoirs/plays now 1km high trap risk & gas prone c. > 50% Leakage

HIGH

+ > 2km very high risk & gas prone c. > 80% Leakage

X HIGH

NB: Dependent on thermal gradient, timing, and GOR Very Low GOR accumulations can be uplifted c. 1.5 km Without significant volume loss or biodegradation risk 17 -

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

Big Picture | page 18

Global Oceanic Spreading Ridges: Big Picture + Focus Area

NB: Confined Axial N-S Spreading by Equatorial E-W Spreading ?

Equator

http://www.slideshare.net/DelftOpenEr/earth-andplatetectonics

Baffin Bay Ridge Jump | page 19

Arctic Cenozoic Plate Tectonic Reconstruction:

Carmen Gaina UiO 20160106

NB: Baffin Bay/Labrador Ridge Jump c. 50 Ma Onset of Major Uplift Events East Greenland & Norwegian Margins ?

NM

Impact: Global Climate Shift ?

Cenozoic Arctic Plates Tectonic Reconstructions From Carmen Gaina UiO, January 2016 Baffin Bay/Labrador Ridge Jump

phn UiS January 2016

Cenozoic Arctic Plates Tectonic Reconstructions From Carmen Gaina UiO, January 2016 Aegir Ridge Jump

phn UiS January 2016

Quaternary Volcanic Complex

Aegir Ridge Jump | page 22

*

EURASIAN PLATE

NORTH AMERICAN PLATE VØRING VOLCANIC PROVINCE

JAN MAYEN

Svalbard Pliocene Orogeny Passive-to-Convergent Margin ?

MICROCONTINENT

Late Eocene Aegir Ridge Jump ICELAND PLUME

FAROES VOLCANIC PROVINCE

EAST GREENLAND VOLCANIC PROVINCE

Barents Sea Regional Uplift X-section after Beka, 2015 Seafloor Map, C. Gaina, UiO

Seafloor Crustal Age Ma Figure 1. Main phase of Barents Sea uplift coincides with the Aegir Ridge to present day Mid-Atlantic Ridge jump at c. 35 Ma, with significant left-lateral displacements and creating the Jan Mayen micro-continent. The estimated 150 km of shortening along the Barents Sea margin, would result in c. 1km + of regional broad-scale uplift, given accepted geodynamic calculations (Turcotte & Schubert, 2014). MAR: Mid-Atlantic Ridge System; AR: Aegir Ridge Modified After: North-East Atlantic Plate Reconstruction , Carmen Gaina, Univ. of Oslo, with permission .

Miocene uplift of the NE Greenland Margin & Plate Tectonics Arne Døssing, Peter Japsen, Anthony B. Watts, Tove Nielsen, Wilfried Jokat, Hans Thybo, and Trine Dahl-Jensen

Intra-Miocene Unconformity: IMU

Tectonics 2015TC004079, 6 FEB 2016 DOI: 10.1002/2015TC004079 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015TC004079/full#tect20378-fig-0004

Title of presentation | page 24

After: Don Turcotte and Jerry Schubert's Geodynamics 1982

Earth Hypsometric Curve Area > 1km c. 7% Total

Barents Sea 1 km

Perfect Accommodation h = 0 For Uplift h = 1 km, ε = 15% For Uplift h = 3 km, ε = 35% 10-30°C drop in surface Temp.

Uplifted Arctic Margins:

Uplift & Climate Change ? | page 25

Greenhouse to Icehouse Climate Change

Greenhouse

Baffin-Labrador

Cenozoic

Ridge Jump c. 52 Ma

Icehouse

Greenland

Himalayas

Aegir Ridge

Panama

Svalbard

Jump c. 35 Ma

c. 15 Ma

c. 5 Ma

after Zachos et al., 2001

NB: Global Cooling & Tectonic Uplift Events ? c.f. Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change Ed. William F. Ruddiman, 2014

http://www.alpineanalytics.com/Climate/DeepTime/WebDownloadImages/CenozoicTsGlobal-7.5w.600ppi.png

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

Origin, Mechanism & Climate Implications | page 26

Conclusions: + Aegir Ridge abandonment & Plate reorganization with c. 150 km left-lateral displacements c. 35 Ma are mainly Responsible for c. 1-3 km Barents Sea Tectonic Uplift via Isostatic crustal shortening and/underplating/subduction + Uplift the Barents Sea has reduced the Giant Oil prospectivity of the Norwegian Barents Sea by c. 80% + Consequent climate cooling & glacial erosion responsible for c. 100’s m of erosion/missing section

Thanks/Questions | page 27

Thanks to: Maersk Oil Norway + Doha Technology Centre Lothar Schulte, Schlumberger Carmen Gaina, UiO Peter Japsen, DGU Snorre Olaussen, UNIS Arkadia GeoScience AS

P.H. Nadeau, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1819.6246 @einnerby

Title of presentation | page 28

The bigger picture . . .

http://www.cliffshade.com/colorado/tectonics.htm

6,353 km to 6,384 km Earth sphere mean radius of 6,371 km

Title of presentation | page 29

EARTH CIRCUMFERENCE KM VS. LATITUDE° 6378 km

45000

y = -4.5772x2 - 32.494x + 40000 R² = 1

40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

6353 km

-10

0

ARCTIC NB: Axial Component > exp vs. latitude 10

30

50

70

90

http://www.oc.nps.edu/oc2902w/geodesy/radiigeo.pdf

Eq. Circ. = 40000 km

1770 Arctic Circle

0 km

Title of presentation | page 30

http://theazollafoundation.org/azolla/the-arctic-azolla-event-2/

Azolla Plants Cover Arctic Ocean !

Excellent

Good

Fair

RQ Porosity Depth -

Poor

page 31

Barents Sea Reservoir Quality: Present Day Burial Depths Estimated Base Golden Zone 120°C Present Day Depth

Res. Qual.

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor Estimated Base Golden Zone 120°C

?

Restored Maximum Burial After Henriksen et al., 2011

Max Burial Depth

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

Eroded Intervals | page 32

NB: Eroded Section is Smectite rich shales

Paleogene most likely. Smectite rich shales Resistant to erosion !!!

After Henriksen et al., 2011

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

Title of presentation | page 33

https://www.google.no/search?q=yellow+duck+image'&biw=1680&bih=955&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl4ILSr-DKAhWGiCwKHb5-CfgQsAQIGg#tbm=isch&q=EARTH+FROM+SPACE+ICE+AGE+image%27&imgrc=yQ9CDk92J_LihM%3A

Earth 10k Mean Surface Temp. 10°C

ARCTIC OCEAN

EURASIA

NORTH AMERICA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

WE ARE LIVING IN AN INTERGLACIAL CLIMATE PERIOD

Title of presentation | page 34

U&E Rock Mechanics | page 35

Barents Sea Margins Geodynamic Model : Uplift related to insufficient continental drift accommodation for N-S axial opening of Arctic Ocean basins, Late Cretaceous & Cenozoic, Due to predominant E-W equatorial opening of Atlantic Ocean. Mechanism(s): Crustal Shortening, Under-plating, Incipient Subduction. Henriksen et al. 2011: Magnitude of uplift and erosion. Anell et al., 2009: Timing / tectonic uplift: Eurekan/Pyrenaen etc. Conrad/Zachos et al., 2001: Rate oceanic openning/spreading & Climate coolong over periods of interest. Turcotte & Schubert, 3rd edition: Uplift related to “Epsilon shortening”.

UiS Seminar – Stavanger December 22nd, 2015

Caledonian Orogeny | page 36

Barents Sea Caledonian* Orogenic Basement Terrains: PRE-COLISSION

Magnetics: Gernigon, 2012

NORWAY

* Paleozoic/Silurian

PRESENT

NORWAY

Uplift and Topography | page 37

NB: Impact Uplift on Climate http://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/hypsometric/index.html

7% Earth surface > 1km

(36 106 km2)

Earth = 510.1 million km² 7%

18%

8%

Title of presentation | page 38

Overview| page 39

Abstract Advanced modal analysis methods are integrated with seismic reconstructions, gravity/magnetic, and well/core data, revealing the complex geo-history of Pangean organization, and its consequent tectonic break-up, mainly during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic 1,2. Sediment transport systems from orogenic Caledonian and Uralian terrains, as well as Fenno-Skandinavian shield areas, provide a wide variety of provenance signatures, as well clastic wedge basin fill sequences, recording the tectonic evolution of convergent margins creating the super-continent Pangea in this region. These sequences, are followed by rifting events related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean basins3. Pronounced uplift and erosion episodes of Arctic Greenland-Norwegian continental margins also occur during these times of rifting. Such episodes are related to the lack of accommodation for Arctic sea-floor spreading rates, where the coupled continental margin drift rate is < ½ of the total ridge spreading rates, resulting in inversion displacement along pre-existing fault systems (inverse Beta motions). In more extreme cases, under-plating of the lithosphere, subduction and regional uplift can be realized over broad areas4, which would have significant implications for energy exploration in prospective basin areas, particularly where uplift/erosion exceeds c. 1.5 km 5,6. These tectonically uplifted terrains may also contribute to the Earth’s long-term climate shift from greenhouse to icehouse environmental conditions during the Cenozoic7. The lack of accommodation for mainly North-South opening of the Arctic Ocean may be a global consequence of the predominant equatorial East-West spreading creating the Atlantic Ocean further South, including that of the Icelandic ridge system. This appears to be a common feature of Arctic continental margins, and possibly passive margins in general 8. Ultimately, this lack of accommodation may herald termination of the prevailing Wilson cycle 9, where initiation of oceanic subduction below the uplifted continental margin followed by the transformation of passive continental margins into a convergent margin with thrust fault deformations, subduction, and volcanism, which begins the next super-continental cycle.

@einnerby

Overview| page 40

References 1.

Nadeau, P.H., Petersen, T.W., Solling, T., Marquez, X., Schulte, L., 2015. Finding Arctic Oil Giants: How to risk Barents Sea uplift and erosion ? NPF Exploration Revived 2015, 16-18 March, 2015, Bergen, Norway.

2.

Nadeau, P.H., Straaso, T., Solling, T., Marquez, X., Schulte, L., 2015. Reconstructing basin burial and thermal history using shale seismic properties, reservoir fluid inclusions, and advanced modal analysis methods in the Arctic Barents Sea. EUROCLAY- Edinburgh 2015, University of Edinburgh, July 5-10.

3.

Gaina, C., L. Gernigon, and P. Ball 2009. Palaeocene-Recent plate boundaries in the NE Atlantic and the formation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent, Journal of the Geological Society, 166, 601-616.

4.

Henriksen, E., H. M. Bjørnseth, Hals, T. K. Heide, T., Kiryukhina, T., Kløvjan, O. S., Larssen, G. B., Ryseth, A. E., Rønning, K., Sollid, K,. Stoupakova, A., 2011: Uplift and erosion of the greater Barents Sea: impact on prospectivity and petroleum systems. In: pencer, A. M., Embry, A. F., Gautier, D. L., Stoupakova, A. V. & Sørensen, K. (eds) Arctic Petroleum Geology. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 35, 271-281.

5.

Buller, A.T., Bjørkum, P.A., Nadeau, P.H. & Walderhaug, O., 2005, Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Sedimentary Basins. Research & Technology Memoir No. 7, Statoil ASA, Stavanger, 15 pp.

6.

Nadeau, P.H., Bjørkum, P.A. & Walderhaug, O., 2005. Petroleum system analysis: Impact of shale diagenesis on reservoir fluid pressure, hydrocarbon migration and biodegradation risks. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives – Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference, 1267-1274. Petroleum Geology Conferences Ltd., Published by the Geological Society, London.

7.

Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., 2001. Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686-693. DOI: 10.1126/science.1059412.

8.

Japsen, P., Chalmers, J.A., Green, P.F. & Bonow, J.M., 2012. Elevated, passive continental margins: Not rift shoulders, but expressions of episodic, post-rift burial and exhumation. Global and Planetary Change, 90–91, 73–86.

9.

Wilson, J.T. 1966. Did the Atlantic close and then re-open? Nature 211, 676-681.

@einnerby

US Shale Oil + Gas Plays | page 41

The US Shale Oil & Gas Revolution North American Craton

Europe ?

https://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/northamer_gas.jpg

Western Canadian Rockies August 2007 phn | page 42

US Oil Reserves, Production & Imports | page 43

US 2015 Prod. Est: 14.5 MBO/day + 25 TCF gas/year

US Oil+Shale Oil Reserves Sept. 2015 est. = 121 BBO

US Oil+Shale Oil+NGL Production 2015 est. = 5.5 BBO

+

US Oil Imports 2015 est. < 2 BBO

+

BIG Picture | page 44

EIA: US Oil Production/Reserves

(yearly)

Pay Down the US Dept !

$ U.S. Balance of Trade (monthly) EIA: US Oil Imports KBO/day

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

Changing Geopolitics !

Canada Saudi Arabia+Venezuela

Total

OPEC

NON-OPEC

?

?