Science Diplomacy and SESAME

Science Diplomacy and SESAME Presentation at the Young Scholars Forum Cyprus December 6-9, 2012 Herman Winick SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University [email protected] final

OUTLINE • A few words about Science Diplomacy

• SESAME; An international synchrotron radiation research facility in the Middle East, and an outstanding example of cooperation - Science Across Borders

Science Diplomacy; different aspects • “Science in diplomacy”: Science can provide advice to inform and support foreign policy objectives. • “Diplomacy for science”: Diplomacy can facilitate international scientific cooperation. • "Science for diplomacy”: Scientific cooperation can improve international relations.

New AAAS journal; Science & Diplomacy Vaughan Turekian, editor 1. New Partnerships to Sustain the Middle East and the World By Sumaya bint El Hassan – September, 2012 http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/new-partnerships-sustainmiddle-east-and-world 2. Synchrotron Light and the Middle East: Bringing the Region’s Scientific Communities Together through SESAME By Chris Llewellyn Smith – November 2012 www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/synchrotron-light-and-middle-east 3. Science and Development By William Colglazier and Alex Dehgan – December 2012 www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/development-science-and-sciencediplomacy

Science Diplomacy References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_diplomacy Royal Society;UK New frontiers in science diplomacy http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2010/4294969468.pdf http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/atlas-islamic-world/ New York Academy of Sciences Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 866, SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION, STATE CONFLICT: THE ROLES OF SCIENTISTS IN MITIGATING INTERNATIONAL DISCORD pages 1–54, December 1998 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.1998.866.issue-1/issuetoc http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09146.x/full US State Department Global Dialogues on Emerging Science and Technology (GDEST) Geospatial Sciences for Sustainable Development in Africa http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/stas/events/c26700.htm http://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/110790.pdf

Report of the Royal Society (January 2010)

New frontiers in science diplomacy http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2010/4294969468.pdf

The report outlines the main conclusions to come out of the two-day meeting. 'Science diplomacy’ is still a fluid concept that can usefully be applied to the role of science, technology and innovation in three dimensions of policy:

• informing foreign policy objectives with scientific advice (science in diplomacy); • facilitating international science cooperation (diplomacy for science); • using science cooperation to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy).

Case study 1 Using science to strengthen relations with the Islamic world

Obama’s speech in Cairo, June 2009 ‘On science and technology, we will launch a new fund to support technological development in Muslim-majority countries, and to help transfer ideas to the marketplace so they can create jobs. We will open centres of scientific excellence in Africa, the Middle East and south-east Asia, and appoint new science envoys to collaborate on programmes that develop new sources of energy, create green jobs, digitise records, clean water and grow new crops.’ ----------------------This speech marked a fresh start in US relations with the Islamic world. It also highlighted science as a key tool with which to strengthen relationships.

Case study 2 The governance of international spaces

‘The [Antarctic] Treaty is a blueprint for the kind of international cooperation that will be needed more and more to address the challenges of the 21st century ... Governments coming together around a common interest and citizens, scientists, and institutions from different countries joined in scientific collaboration to advance peace and understanding.’ Hilary Clinton, US Secretary of State

Knowledge, Networks and Nations Royal Society, UK, 2011 http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/knowledge-networks-nations/report/ Knowledge, Networks and Nations surveys the global scientific landscape in 2011, noting the shift to an increasingly multipolar world underpinned by the rise of new scientific powers such as China, India and Brazil; as well as the emergence of scientific nations in the Middle East, South-East Asia and North Africa. The scientific world is also becoming more interconnected, with international collaboration on the rise. Over a third of all articles published in international journals are internationally collaborative, up from a quarter 15 years ago. Collaboration is increasing for a variety of reasons. Enabling factors such as advances in communication technology and cheaper travel have played a part, but the primary driver of most collaboration is individual scientists. In seeking to work with the best of their peers and to gain access to complementary resources, equipment and knowledge, researchers fundamentally enhance the quality and improve the efficiency of their work. Today collaboration has never been more important. With human society facing a number of wide-ranging and interlinked ‘global challenges’ such as climate change, food security, energy security and infectious disease, international scientific collaboration is essential if we are to have any chance of addressing the causes, or dealing with the impacts, of these problems. Through a few selected case studies, we examine the achievements of some of the current efforts to tackle these challenges, discuss problems they have faced, and highlight important lessons their experience has to offer similar initiatives.

Advancing Science, Serving Society

Science Diplomacy at AAAS Norman P. Neureiter, Ph.D. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) COMSTECH--GKI--AAAS Training Course Islamabad, Pakistan

March 14-19, 2011


WHAT IS SCIENCE DIPLOMACY ? AAAS believes that the global science community must cooperate to address the great challenges facing humanity: climate change, environmental protection, natural disasters, food, water, health, energy, etc. Science provides a medium for easy communication and dialogue between countries, even where serious strains exist in overall relations. Science diplomacy uses science as a means of peaceful engagement to develop mutually beneficial cooperation in science and technology.

President Obama’s Cairo Speech 6/4/09 Reaching out with science to Muslim world First step was sending science envoys to discuss interests and opportunities—centers of excellence, S&T partnerships, etc. Intention is to move toward a serious, longterm program on a partnership basis. AAAS may have a role in this program.


Lessons Learned - 1 Science is an area where communication is easier and understanding more likely Can open doors to influential people Shares awareness of common problems Can lead to real, mutually beneficial cooperation in non-sensitive areas


Lessons Learned - 2 Inevitably there is domestic opposition to engagement with hostile countries Arguments that all S&T will be stolen, with no domestic benefits Often compromise necessary—dropping topic areas Can end up with wrong counterparts Can evolve perhaps into Track II meetings


Key Challenges Carry on meaningful follow-on to initial visits Face down criticism of helping “the enemy” Must find good cooperators on U.S. side Funding for U.S. side can be difficult Project always subject to political winds Must persevere to be successful

International Scientific Collaboration Chris Llewellyn Smith Chair ITER Council President SESAME Council Chair Consultative Committee for Euratom on Fusion Theoretical Physics, Oxford For a related, earlier talk on ‘Regional and Global Collaboration in Big Science’ see http://www.feast.org/conference2006/documents/FEAST_Conference2006_transcri pts.pdf + www.feast.org/conference2006/presentations.html

La science n’a pas de patrie - Louis Pasteur

There is no national science, just as there is no national multiplication table; what is national is not science - A P Chekhov The laws of nature are the same everywhere in the world* (indeed everywhere in the Universe as far as we can tell from light reaching us from distant galaxies) International collaboration in science and technology is therefore natural, especially as many problems that need scientific/technological solutions (e.g. pollution, spread of disease, climate change) do not respect national frontiers *However - social and political factors influence what science gets done (agenda set in industrialised countries), and may bias conclusions when understanding is incomplete

Case Studies from Big Science - CERN - Aside on SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East): example of role of science in building political bridges - Superconducting Super Collider - Large Hadron Collider - Attacama Large Millimetre Array - International Tokamak Experimental Reactor Note: not a comprehensive list (International Space Sataion, Auger…. missing) Won’t discuss lab-lab-groups collaborations in individual experiments

CERN – the scale and cost obviously make international collaboration necessary

ATLAS Detector 45 m ATLAS superimposed to the 5 floors of building 40

24 m

7000 Tons

Split, 29-Sep-2008, P Jenni

Status of ATLAS

21

CERN Conceived late 1940s (formally born 1954) when two ideas came together – Physicists realised that no single European country could compete with the US in constructing large accelerators – collaborating therefore necessary for participation – A far sighted group of diplomats and scientific administrators conceived the idea of a joint European Laboratory as a contribution to rebuilding bridges between nations recently at war It worked scientifically. What about bridge building?

A Global Adventure: over 9000 Scientists from Around the World

Bridge building through CERN Participation in pluri-national collaborations at CERN enriches the scientists and engineers involved, especially students many of whom move to other careers, taking an enhanced knowledge of other cultures and other societies, and excellent international networks of contacts. Generally CERN has done much more than science (and inventing www): • First inter-Governmental organisation to which Germany was admitted (as an experiment) after the war • Other European Scientific organisations modelled on CERN – EMBL, ESRF, ESO, . . . • First post-war contacts between German and Israeli scientists (outside International Conferences) on the neutral territory of CERN • Kept open scientific relations with Russia and other East block countries during the Cold War (not only Russians coming to CERN, but in the late 1960s – early 1970s CERN physicists working at Protvino) • Joint Russian CERN summer school started 1970, continues today • Russian particle physicists did not join the Diaspora after the end of communism, knowing they could work at CERN while based in Russia • CERN closely involved with INTAS and ISTC • Spread international standards across Europe

Conclusions on CERN It has worked scientifically – scientists with diverse backgrounds can work together on a ‘spiders web’ model - it had to work, or world-class particle physics impossible in Europe - stuck to one site - few intellectual property issues and politically - model for EMBL, ESRF, ESO,… - helped build bridges in post-war Europe, and with eastern block and rest of the world: model for SESAME

Final Conclusions International collaboration in S&T works - speeds up science, saves costs, whole> sum of parts, can help build political bridges There are some problems and questions -scale at which European or global collaboration is desirable, possible loss of diversity, complexity of decisions, access, juste retour, host contribution, choice of site, USA as partner. Danger that time needed for decisions may become longer than the time scale on which technology and needs change! Going global -takes time, but many lessons learned (start early, common costing, Europe needs to speak with a common voice..), and common confidence is building Final remarks: best scientific collaborations driven bottom-up: need to balance getting projects on political radar screens vs. premature politicisation, and optimise for science. Big need for technological collaborations on energy issues, many involving industry with IPR etc. issues: how best to share work & results?

Global Approaches to Global Problems • Problems with global impacts (climate change, global health, food security, bio-diversity, water security, energy security…) need global approaches • Science crucial: measure and predict impacts, identify solutions, evaluate pathways for adaptation and mitigation • How can governments, scientists, NGOs, industry, … best address these issues, combining scientific, social, political and economic perspectives?

World’s Track Record 1 Ozone hole: Serendipitous discovery in 1970s

• Montreal Protocol banned CFCs in 1987 • Solution: simple and inexpensive Based on international, transparent, open, credible, peer reviewed science

World’s Track Record 2 Smallpox • Breakthrough 1798 • Large-scale immunisation/isolation programme led by WHO → eradication, confirmed 1979

World’s Track Record 3 2004 Tsunami • Scientific warnings ignored • Early warning systems could have saved lives – but only installed 18 months after the event Better hazard horizon scanning? General: UK Natural Hazards Warning Group (2005) Specific: Spaceguard Foundation (1996), FluNet (1996), Geo Net (2004)

International Panel on Climate Change • Set up 1987 by WMO and UNEP • Demand from directors of national meteorological services, responding to governments’ request for briefings on climate change • Synthesises research from around the world → landmark global assessment reports, accessible to policymakers • Instrumental in informing national and international climate policy • Comprehensive geographic representation and ownership But... • Owned by all countries, yet governed by none • Small number of high profile errors in its reports

‘Science for Peace’ Two organisations created under the umbrella of UNESCO:

CERN Conceived late 1940s - two aims: • Enable construction of a facility beyond means of individual members • Foster cooperation between peoples recently in conflict

SESAME Conceived late 1990s with the same aims • Members: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey ‘A parallel universe’ • Hope commissioning 2015 It will work politically provided science is first class M

UNESCO Executive Board 164th session, May 2002 “a quintessential UNESCO project combining capacity building with vital peace-building through science” “a model project for other regions”

SESAME: A DREAM COMING TRUE Zehra Sayers Sabanci University, Turkey Chair, SESAME Scientific Advisory Committee

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

BBC Programs on Sesame November 2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p0bn9

half-hour radio documentary

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20447422

with 2 minute video


follow-up blog (+ comments)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20446971 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20465431 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20492294

with 2 minute video


with 2 minute video

Link to BBC on Symmetry home page, under "Trending on the Web" http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electrons accelerating by running up and down in a radio antenna emit radio waves

Radio waves are nothing more than Long Wavelength Light

Radiation Fundamentals

• When electrons are accelerated (e.g. linear acceleration in a radio transmitter antenna) they emit electromagnetic radiation (i.e., radio waves) in a rather nondirectional pattern

• Electrons in circular motion are also undergoing acceleration (centripetal)

Opening angle

Θ = mc2/E = γ-1

At low electron velocity (nonrelativistic case) the radiation is emitted in a non-directional pattern

When the electron velocity approaches the velocity of light, the emission pattern is folded sharply forward. Also the radiated power goes up dramatically

X-Ray Brightness vs. Time

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION BASIC PROPERTIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

HIGH FLUX, BRIGHTNESS, STABILITY BROAD SPECTRAL RANGE - Tunability POLARIZATION (linear, elliptical, circular) PULSED TIME STRUCTURE (0.01 - 1 nsec) SMALL SOURCE SIZE (< mm) PARTIAL COHERENCE HIGH VACUUM ENVIRONMENT Flux = No. of Photons at given λ within a given Δλ/λ s, mrad Θ

Brightness = No. of Photons at given λ within a given ∆λ/λ s, mrad Θ, mrad φ, mm² (a measure of the concentration of the radiation)

Focused x-ray beam from the Cambridge Electron Accelerator – 1972 (Paul Horowitz, Harvard University)

Electromagnetic Radiation - How It Relates to the World We Know

Synchrotron radiation is used for experiments typically over this region

Some uses of Synchrotrons • • • • • • • •

Structural molecular biology Molecular environmental science Surface and interface science Nano mechanical devices X-ray imaging Archaeological microanalysis Material characterization Medical applications

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Around the World • >60 in operation in 20 countries used by more than 30,000 scientists In many technologically advanced countries plus Brazil, China, India, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand • Several recently completed or in construction Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Jordan, Korea, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, US… • More in design/planning Armenia, Mexico, S. Africa… For a list of SR facilities around the world see

www.lightsources.org

X-rays Have Enabled Seminal Scientific Discoveries

20 Nobel Prizes Based on X-ray Work Chemistry 1936: PETER DEBYE 1962: MAX PERUTZ and SIR JOHN KENDREW 1964: DOROTHY HODGKIN 1976: WILLIAM LIPSCOMB 1985: HERBERT HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE

Physics 1901: WILHELM RÖNTGEN 1914: MAX VON LAUE 1915: SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG 1917: CHARLES BARKLA 1924: KARL MANNE SIEGBAHN 1927: ARTHUR COMPTON 1981: KAI SIEGBAHN

1988: JOHANN DEISENHOFER, ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL 1997: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER 2003: PETER AGRE and RODERICK MACKINNON

Medicine 1946: HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER

2006: ROGER KORNBERG

1962: FRANCIS CRICK, JAMES WATSON and MAURICE WILKINS

2009: VENTKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN, THOMAS STEITZ, ADA YONATH

1979: ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD

Why a Synchrotron Radiation Facility in the Developing World? • World-class basic & applied research • Train graduate students who will no longer have to go abroad • Attract scientists working abroad to return (reverse the brain drain) • Address regional biomedical & environmental issues/concerns • Promote development of high-tech industry (capacity building)

Use scientific cooperation to promote peace & understanding between people from different traditions, religions, races, & political systems.

•

A Holiday Card from Alba, Spain; 2008-9

Shanghai light source; 3.5 GeV, 432 m

SESAME Members Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey. Observers: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Portugal, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA.

Objectives: •Foster excellence in science and technology in the Middle East. •Reverse brain drain in the region. •Enhance regional science and technology infrastructure. •Contribute to improved understanding among peoples of diverse backgrounds through peaceful scientific cooperation.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME: Synchrotron Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East

A 3rd generation light source located near Amman, Jordan Modeled on CERN, under the auspices of UNESCO

www.sesame.org.jo

There are more than 60 light sources around the world; none in the Middle East. CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Gus Voss (DESY) watching the boat leave Hamburg harbor on its way to Aqaba, Jordan with BESSY I on board; June 7, 2002

UNESCO Executive Board Endorsed SESAME 164th session, May 2002

“a quintessential UNESCO project combining capacity building with vital peace-building through science” “a model project for other regions”

Endorsements of SESAME UNESCO Executive Board 164th session, May 2002 “a quintessential UNESCO project combining capacity building with vital peace-building through science” and “a model project for other regions”

Nobel Laureates: 45 Nobel laureates signed a joint statement in June 2008 “SESAME, as well as producing educational and economic benefits, will serve as a beacon, demonstrating how shared scientific initiatives can help light the way towards peace.”

IUPAP (International Union for Pure and Applied Physics) October 2008 resolution “The IUPAP strongly endorses SESAME and urges its national committees and Commissions to identify opportunities for continued and expanded assistance to the project, including identifying opportunities for broadening participation by scientists from the region, and raising the visibility of its “science for peace” objectives throughout scientific and policy-making communities.”

US Liaison Committee of IUPAP 12 June 2009 resolution “We enthusiastically welcome the new international S&T initiatives announced by President Barack Obama in his address in Cairo on 4 June 2009. As noted by the President, the economic, diplomatic and health drivers for these initiatives are compelling. Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia will provide fertile ground for establishing scientific centers to meet the stated goal, and the U.S.A. should play a significant role in establishing such centers. We cite the SESAME project as an initiative that is designed to build bridges between diverse societies and to contribute to the culture of peace through international scientific cooperation.”

Chief Executive IOP (Institute of Physics, U.K.) 27 August 2009 letter of support “I am writing to express the strong support of the Institute of Physics for the SESEAME project. We share the perspective of the US Liaison Committee of IUPAP and of IUPAP itself, that this is an excellent example of an initiative that should build bridges between diverse societies and contribute to the welfare of people through international scientific co-operation.”

IUBMB (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) September 2009 resolution “The IUMBM strongly endorses SESAME and urges its National Committees and Commissions to identify opportunities for continued and expanded assistance to the project, including identifying mechanisms for increased participation by scientists from the region, and raising the visibility of its “science for peace” objectives at the level of scientific and policy-making communities.”

A Brief History of SESAME (I) 1995: CERN-based Middle East Scientific Cooperation (S. Fubini et al.) efforts for regional cooperation. 1997: Decommissioning the 0.8 GeV BESSY 1 storage ring and the injector system in Berlin. Possibility of its offer as a gift from Germany to a Middle Eastern country. (H. Winick, SLAC, USA; G. A. Voss, DESY. Germany, S. Fubini and H. Schopper, CERN, Switzerland). Involvement of UNESCO (F. Mayor). 1999: SESAME project launched under the auspices of UNESCO. Interim Council of SESAME. President: H. Schopper. 2002: UNESCO Executive Board approval and establishment of SESAME as an independent lab under the auspices of UNESCO (2004). Design of the 2.5 GeV upgraded SESAME ring. .

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

A Brief History of SESAME (II) 2008: Inauguration of the building. 2009: Test operation of BESSY 1 microtron at 5.4 MeV. 2011: Completion of the shielding wall and operation of the microtron at~ 22 MeV.

Expected to be operational in 2015.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME Building designed and constructed by engineers from Al Balqa’ University. Completed in 2008. Support from His Majesty King Abdullah II.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Organizational Structure of SESAME SESAME Council Chair: Chris Llewellyn Smith

Delegates of member countries UNESCO Advisory Committees

Scientific Beamline Technical** Technical Training Finance

Director: Director: K. Toukan (Jordan), Scientific Director: H. Hoorani (Pakistan), Technical Director: E. Huttel (Germany), Administrative Director: M.Y. Khalil (Egypt)

SESAME Director

Scientific Director Technical Director Administrative Director

Scientists: M. Harfouche (Algeria), I. Yousef (Jordan) Technical Staff: T.Abu-Hanieh, A.Amro, M.Alnajdawi, M.Attal, D.Foudeh, A. Homoud, A.Hamad, A.Kaftoosian, T.Kahn, Y. Momani, F.Makahleh, S.Matalgah, M.Shehab, S.Varnasseri *Chair of 1st Technical Advisory Committee , 1999; Costas Papanicolas CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Energy; 2.5 GeV Circumference; 133m Emittance; 26 nm-rad 12 Insertion Devices 13 Bending Magnet beam lines Maximum beam line length; 37m Space for future full energy injector in main ring tunnel

SESAME; in construction in Jordan www.sesame.org.jo

Day-One Beamlines No Beamline

1.

Protein Crystallography

2.

X-ray Absorption Fine Structure/Xray Fluorescence(XAFS/ XRF)

3.

Infrared Spectromicroscopy

4. Powder Diffraction

Energy Range

Source Type

Comments

Wiggler (ALS) (?)

•Daresbury 14.1/2 •New Double Crystal Mono, liq N2 cooled •New Hutch

Bending Magnet

•Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf/ESRF •New focussing optics •New Hutch

0.01-1 eV

Bending Magnet

•Mod to storage vacuum chamber •New beamline •SLS XO4SA

3-25 keV

2.1 T MPW(SLS)

4-14 keV

3-30 keV

Remaining Phase I Beamlines

No

Beamline

5

Soft X-rays

6

Small- and Wide-Angle Xray Scattering SAXS/WAXS

7

Extreme Ultraviolet

Energy Range

Source Type

Comments New BL

0.05-2 keV

Elliptically Polarizing Undulator Bending Magnet

Daresbury 14.2

Bending Magnet

Daresbury 4.1 & Lure

8-12 keV

10-200 eV

Beamlines chosen by the users community.

Day-One Beamlines* • PX Beamline – IMCAN – International Macromolecular CrystAllography Nexus

• XRF Beamline – BASEMA – Beamline for Absorption Spectroscopy for Environment and Material Applications

• IR Beamline – EMIRA – ElectroMagnetic Infrared Radiation

• PD Beamline – SUSAM – SESAME USers Application for Material Science CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME Accelerator Group, August 14, 2007 First row left to right: Yara Zreikat, Mechanical Designer (Jordan), Adel Amro, Vacuum Assistant Engineer (Jordan), Adli Hamad, Radiation Officer (Jordan) Second row Left to Right; Darweesh Foudeh, RF Engineer (Jordan), Firas Makahleh, Mechanical Engineer (Jordan), Mohammad Alnajdawi, Mechanical Designer (Jordan), Maher Shehab, Mechanical Engineer (Jordan), Hamed Tarawneh, Accelerator Physicist (Jordan), Maher Attal, Accelerator Physicist (Palestine), Ahed Aladwan, Control Engineer (Jordan), Arash Kaftoosian, RF Engineer (Iran) Seadat Varnasseri, Diagnostics Engineer (Iran)

Tests of the MICROTRON Subsystems

62

Accelerator complex: BESSY I Microtron

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

BESSY I 0.8 GeV Booster Synchrotron set up in SESAME building for “soft” inauguration on November 3, 2008 Mayor of Salt, Mr. Salameh, and Herman Winick

Booster 800 MeV BESSY I Booster magnets are installed on girders. Cooling system is being installed. New vacuum chambers have been designed and are being produced.

Booster ring is scheduled to be functional in 2013. CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Science Programme at SESAME

• • • • • • •

Structural Molecular Biology and Medical Applications Atomic and Molecular Sciences Surface and Interface Science Environmental Science Material Science Archaeological Science Medical Applications (demanded by the users community at the 3rd Users Meeting)

SR sources are ideal for broad range of research areas and interdisciplinary science.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Environmental Science with Synchrotron Radiation

Speciation of Contaminants

The movie Erin Brockovich was about chromium in water; was it trivalent (no problem) or hexavalent (deadly) chromium? Synchrotron radiation answers questions like this with ease.

Absorbance

1

Cr3+

0.8 0.6

2.0 Å

0.4 0.2 0

Absorbance

1 0.8

Cr6+

0.6 0.4

1.6 Å

0.2 0 5980

6000 6020 6040 X-ray Energy (eV)

Research Areas -Structural Molecular Biology (I) Molecular structure of proteins, DNA, RNA and viruses. Drug design. Tissue characterization. Beamlines; MX, SAXS/WAXS, XAFS/XRF/IR. Infrared imaging of disease conditions in liver. (Le Naour, F. et al., Inserm

U602 Villejuif and SOLEIL synchrotron, France).

Development evelopment of drugs for motor neuron disease. (Antonyuk, S. et al., 2010). CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Structural Molecular Biology (II) Investigation of molecular structures of proteins involved in metal homeostasis in wheat. XRF analyses for enhancement of Zn content of seeds. I. Cakmak

SAXS analysis of proteins involved in Cd tolerance. Control 2µM

5µM

10µM

20µM

(Aydin, M. et al.,2012). (Bilecen et al., 2005)

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Archaeology and cultural heritage; Noninvasive investigation of material composition Palimpsest analyses Beamlines; PD, SAXS/WAXS, XAFS/XRF.

Ancient pigment technology revealed by synchrotron XX-rays. Opaque colored glass18th Egyptian dynasty; new technology for obtaining opaque glass (Lahlil, S. et al.,2010)

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Surface and Interface Science

Characterization of Pt/CZ catalysers used in exhaust gas retention in cars. CZ: ceria (CeO2) and zirconia ZrO2 based composite material characterization using Xray diffraction and X-ray absorption. (Spring8, Japan) Toyota Motor Corp. & Toyota Central R &D Labs.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

150 Million Year Old Fossil of Arhaeopteryx (dinosaur/bird?) Studied at SSRL by X-ray flourscence

Users of SESAME

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Building SR Users Community: Training National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) Mehmet Aslantas (Turkey) won the prestigious Margaret C. Etter Student Lecturer Award for a talk on his recent work: how to reduce the effects of radiation damage to protein crystals during synchrotron x-ray studies

Advanced Light Source Users' Meeting 2009: Haiku. Funda Aksoy wins a prize for student poster.

NSLS: Gulgun Cakmak (Turkey) is working on the IR beamline investigating early detection of cancer cells. CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Israeli-Arab students from Ben-Gurion University at NSLS (Brookhaven Lab) for one month, summer 2005. Funded by the US Department of Energy

Lisa Miller, Vivian Stojanoff, Zhong Zhong, Avraham Dilmanian, Mahmoud Simri, Herman Winick, Brenda Laster, Ebrahim Mahajna, Sami Khoury-Salameh

Specialized Workshops -First Workshop on Structural Molecular Biology (SMB) at SESAME, Athens, Greece, 1999. (Costas Papanicolas) Papanicolas) -SESAME WorkShop on Accelerator Science, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al- Salt, Jordan, 9-19 September, 2000. -Workshop on Materials Science, Hacettepe University,Ankara, Turkey, 21-22 September, 2000. -Second Workshop on Structural Molecular Biology (SMB) at SESAME, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, 66-7 December, 2000.

(Georgios Archontis )

-SESAME Workshop Bioinformatics and Structural Modeling, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey, 3-8 September, 2001. -SESAME Workshop on Synchrotron Applications in Macromolecular Crystallography, Cairo, Egypt 30 November-2 December, 2006. -SESAME-JSPS Synchrotron Radiation School Antalya, Turkey. 1-5, March 2010. - SESAME-JSPS Synchrotron Radiation School Amman, Jordan. 17-22, March 2011 ….

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Users Meetings

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Machine Technical Staff Training 20022002-2003 Name

Area

Country

Host

B.Kalantari

Control System

Iranian

SLS, Switzerland

H. Hassanzadegan

Power Supply

Iranian

DESY, Germany

S. Varnasseri

Beam Diagnostics

Iranian

SRS, England

K. Tavakoli

Vacuum System

Iranian

Lure, France

H. DelsimHashemi

Injection

Iranian

DESY, Germany

E. Dmour

Vacuum System

Jordan

SRS, England

A. Elsisi

Beam Diagnostics

Jordan

ESRF, France

M. Attal*

Beam Physics

Jordan

Lure, France

H. Tarawneh*

Magnets

Jordan

Maxlab, Sweden

A. Amro*

Vacuum system

Jordan

Elettra, Italy

A. Adwan*

Control System

Jordan

SLS, Switzerland

11 trainees *Back at SESAME

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

National Synchrotron RadiationCenter of Taiwan 2004 Name

Area

2006 Country

Name

Area

Country

O. Ozgen

PD

Turkey

W. A. Hatemleh

PES

Jordan

F. Elmi

PX

Iran

Y. Ozcan

SAXS

Turkey

T. Ali Khan

Instr.

Pakistan

J. Alikhajeh

PX

Iran

LNLS Brazilian Light Source Laboratory 2008 Name

Area

Country

J. Khoshman

XAS

Iran

H. Farrokhpour

UV-X-ray

Jordan

J.A. Suleiman

UV-X-ray

Palestinian Authority

ALS, USA 2008 Name

Area

Country

F. Aksoy

XAS

Turkey

s. Gul

UV-X-ray

Pakistan

2004-2006 M. Farooq

UV-X-ray

Pakistan CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME/IAEA Fellowships 1. 20052005-2006 National project on human capacity building in accelerator physics and synchrotron radiation JOR/0/007, in the context of inter-regional projects (INT/0/081). 8 X 1 month fellowships awarded to Jordanians to work in synchrotron radiation laboratories in Switzerland, France, UK and USA. Discontinued. 2. 20072007-2011 Project INT/1/055 in the context of MoU signed between IAEA and SESAME signed in December 2006. This project provides 4X 6 month support for beamline users. 2X1 month support for machine operators. 1X6 month support for radiation protection training. Within the constraints of the total budget flexibility is allowed to use the funds according to the requirements in the most efficient way. 3. 20112011-: New project is accepted. CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME/IAEA Fellowships

2006-2007 Name

Area

Country

SESAME/IAEA Fellowships

Host

Z. El-bayyari

IR

Jordan

USA

A. Baig

PX

Pakistan

Daresbury,/UK

I. Ozen

Mat. Sci.

Turkey

Withdrawn

F. Abd-Allah

Str. Biol.

Egypt

EMBL/Germany

M. Attal

Mach.

Jordan

SOLEIL/France

A. M. Hamad

Mach.

Jordan

SOLEIL/France

A. Amro

Mach.

Jordan

Elettra/Italy

R. Sarraf

Build.

Jordan

SOLEIL/France

2007-20011 Name

Area

Country

Host

M. Al-Hussein

Nanos tr.

Jordan

DESY/Germany

F. Afaneh

AMS

Jordan

BESSY/Germany

T. Abuelfadl

Mach.

Egypt

SLAC/United States

M. Nadeem

Mat. Sci

Pakistan

Elettra/Italy

M. Abu-Samak

Mat. Sci

Jordan

CLS/Canada

S.A. Matalgah

Mach.

Jordan

SLS/Switzerland

W. Saleh

Optics

Jordan

SRS/Great Britain

M. Gharaibeh

XAS

Jordan

SRS/Great Britain

Ö. Seckin

PD

Turkey

Elettra/Italy

A. Hamdi

Optics

Turkey

APS, USA

A.Akkaya

PD

Turkey

SLS/Switzerland

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS) Grenoble

2005 Name

2006 Country

Name

2007 Country

Name

Country

I. Y. Jumha

Jordan

S. Pirvadili

Turkey

R. R. Yousef

Palestine

E. Aydin

Turkey

M. El-Abeid

Jordan

F.Abd-Allah-

Egypt

M. Mostajeran

Iran

A. H. Fegghi

Iran

R. Ajaj

Syria

S. H. Shaker

Iran

P. Vahdani

Iran

A. M.Taha

Egypt

G. Kaştaş

Turkey

M. Ghorbani

Iran

Ercan Turan

Turkey

H. Ghasem

Iran

A.Mehdizahde

Iran

M. Mirzaei

Iran

Y. Jamil

Pakistan

R. Taleei

Iran

H. Azizi

Jordan

M. M. Ahadian

Iran

A.Kaftoosian

Jordan

M. Eshragi

Iran

A. El Hemiely

Egypt

H.Golinassab

Iran

V.Forouzesh

Iran

L. Amin

Iran

M. Shafaii

Iran

S. Esmaili

Iran

F. Ebrahimi

Iran

R. Tarkeshian

Iran

A. Moeeni

Iran

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

International Support

ANKA, Germany Brazilian Light Source, Brazil Elettra Sincrotrone, Italy ESRF, France Daresbury Laboratory, UK DESY, Germany LURE, FRance MAX-Lab, Sweden Swiss Light Sourse, Switzerland ALBA-Cells, Spain Diamond, UK Taiwan Light Source, Taiwan SOLEIL, France

UNESCO DoE, USA IAEA ICTP APSAPS-EPSEPS-IoPIoP-DPG JSPS Portugal Canon Foundation Lounsbery Foundation

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

SESAME Scientific Collaborations Human Histone Deacetylases are flexible enzymes: insights from solution structural analysis of human apo-histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8 ) Authors: Tzvia Selzer1, Brian Vash2, Said Ali3, Rotem Sertchook1, Guenter Grossmann4, Peter Atadja2, Travis Stams2, Dalia Cohen2, and Irit Sagi1 * 1. Dept of Structural Biology, the Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot, Israel. 2. Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA USA. 3. Department of Biophysics, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 4. Molecular Biophysics Group, CCLRC Daresbury Lab, Warrington, UK *Corresponding author Ph: 972 8 9342130 Fax: 972 8 9344154

[email protected]

Photodynamic Therapy of Human Melanoma Cells by Indocyanine Green Induced Rapid Apoptosis through Activation of Caspases & Cytochrome C & Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases & NF-KB P65 Amira M. Gamal–Eldeen (a), Meghan E. Ruppel (b), Randy J. Smith (c), Thomas Tsang (d), Lisa M. Miller (b,c), and AbdelMegid Mamoon (e) (a) Cancer Biology Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt (b) Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA (c) National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, 11973 USA (d) Instrumentation Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, 11973 USA (e) Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

Rapid Assessment of Resource Partitioning in Algae with IR Microspectroscopy Z. El-Bayyari (1,2,3), M. J. Nasse (2,3), A. Norici (4), S. Ratti (4), C. Hirschmugl (2), and M. Giordano (4) 1 Dept of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia Univ, Amman, Jordan. 2 Department of Physics, Univ of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,USA. 3 Synchrotron Radiation Center, Univ of Wisconsin–Madison, USA. 4 Dipartimento Scienze del Mare, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131 Italy. We use an IR synchrotron based microscope to address a central problem in cell biology: the strategies adopted by cells (in this case algal cells) to allocate and partition their resources in response to changes in environmental availability. Using FTIR spectroscopy for this scientific problem facilitates an understanding of the related physiological responses in an unperturbed cell environment.

Major Challenges (I) Continued/increased financial support Income EU-CERN: 5.00 M€ Jordan: 4 x 1.25 M$ Turkey: 4 x 1.25 M$ Israel: 4 x 1.25 M$ Iran: 4 x 1.25 M$ ? Pakistan: in kind contribution? USA? Norway?

Machine: 4 Beamlines upgrade: Guesthouse+

25.6 M$ 8.7 M$ 1.3 M$

Sum

35.6 M$

Injector-upgrade 0.9 M€ Magnets and PS:5.0 M€ Girder: 0.8 M€ Vacuum: 3.0 M€ RF: 3.0 M€ Diagnostics: 1.5 M€ SR-Cooling: 0.5 M€ Cabling: 0.5 M€ Commissioning: 1.5 M€ Control-System 1.1 M€ Safety P+A 0.8 M€ Front-Ends: 0.5 M€ Sum [€] Sum [$] 10%

19.0 M€ 23.3 M$ 25.6 M$

New members are welcome!. CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Major Challenges (II)

Political and social stability in the region! Can science win? Can we build lines of communication through the language of science? CERN Model worked. Dream came true! SESAME; Dream coming true!

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

ANOTHER WORLD? “As a string theorist, I work on parallel universes. I was always curious about what a parallel universe was like, and now I know. I’m living in one when I go to SESAME meetings” Eliezer Rabinovici; Hebrew University and Israeli representative to the SESAME Council

SESAME is Happening!! www.sesame.org.jo

Thank You!!

Human Rights Issues in Physics Spring, 2012 Newsletter of the Forum on International Physics of the American Physical Society Herman Winick http://www.aps.org/units/fip/newsletters/201202/winick.cfm "There is no national science, just as there is no national multiplication table. Science that is national is not science." Anton Chekov This is particularly true in physics, with the premier example of the thousands of scientists from dozens of countries working together at the LHC at CERN. In addition to working together at such central facilities (high energy physics, neutron sources, synchrotron light sources, telescopes, etc.), in all scientific fields scientists from many countries gather periodically at international conferences, group meetings, schools, and symposia. Getting to know each other personally from these contacts, and communicating regularly via email or Skype, provides opportunities for the rapid spread of information about human rights issues, including cases in countries with repressive governments where such information is not readily available. In some situations it is possible for persecuted scientists, and other academics and scholars, to leave their home countries to escape danger. Two organizations that help in such cases are Scholars at Risk (SAR), based at NYU (www.scholarsatrisk.org) which helps arrange positions at participating universities in the network, and the Scholar Rescue Fund which provides up to $25K of matching funds to any university in the world that will invite an endangered scholar. These effective organizations have saved the careers, and sometimes the lives, of hundreds of endangered scholars. I have worked with them for more than 10 years. I highly recommend these organizations to you, and especially invite scientists to urge their institutions to join Scholars at Risk’s network. There are other ways in which each of us can promote human rights, particularly when traveling abroad to countries with repressive governments. In addition to dedicating a talk to an imprisoned scientist or academic and expressing interest in meeting them or visiting with his/her family, human rights can be promoted by talking about relevant topics to everyone. For example, in addition to talking to scientist colleagues in countries such as Egypt, Iran, Jordan and Turkey, I have had such conversations with store clerks and taxi drivers about honor killings, women’s rights, genital mutilation, homophobia, human trafficking, and stoning. Invariably all with whom I spoke are against human rights abuses. They often put the blame for these abuses on their government, or on a small fraction of the population, or on tribal customs. The conversation can then lead to tactfully asking how they think that these conditions can be improved and what they are doing in this regard. This can also be followed up by emailing a relevant article to them. As scientists we are privileged to travel and meet with colleagues around the world. Please consider this as an opportunity to promote human rights.

Scholars at Risk Network •

An international network – –

Over 270 institutions in 34 countries Secretariat in New York, coordinating activities and vetting casework

•

Two-part mission: To protect endangered intellectuals and to promote academic freedom and human rights of higher education communities.

•

Protection activities: – –

•

Emergency interventions (e.g. protective relocation & “hosting”) Monitoring & advocacy (e.g. Writing Scholars-in-Prison alerts & lobbying)

Promotion activities: – – –

SAR Speaker Series & conferences Conducting workshops and trainings Leading and organizing research & advocacy projects

93

Why are scholars attacked? • To silence dissent and control the quality and flow of information in society, as a means to controlling the society itself. – Content-based attacks • When ideas, information and opinions are perceived by authorities as threatening, individual scholars are particularly vulnerable. Such scholars are labeled-explicitly or implicitly--as 'suspect,' 'disloyal,' 'dissident,' 'dangerous,' or 'enemy' of the state, society, faith, family, culture, etc.

– Status-based attacks • Because of their education, frequent travel and social status, scholars also often suffer exemplar attacks -- as a means of sending a message to other members of the society.

• Source of attacks may be political, governmental, military, police, paramilitary, terrorist, criminal, business, religious and more

Types of Threats Life/liberty threats • Harassment –

• • • • • •

Including surveillance, physical or sexual intimidation

Censorship/silencing Risk of death/disappearance Abuse/violence Arrest/imprisonment Death/disappearance Exile (internal/external)

Career/quality threats • Obstruction in hiring/promotion –

Including professional or personal slander and defamation

• Interference in research –

Including denial of accesses or permissions, confiscation of notes and computer files

• Resource limitations • Restrictions on travel/collaboration

Countering threats: An invitation to get involved • Help in our work to create academic sanctuaries—host a scholar at your university • Invite your university to join the SAR network • Participate in advocacy and letter-writing campaigns on behalf of imprisoned scholars and scientists • Invite a SAR scholar to campus for a speaking engagement • Sign up for SAR’s listserv to learn more about opportunities to help

Learn more: www.scholarsatrisk.org

Training Programme One of the essential objectives of SESAME • Users meetings, Workshops, Individual training (visits, Fellowships,…) • Funding from International organisations: IAEA, UNESCO, ICTP, ESRF External National organisations & synchrotron labs in: Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, USA (DoE) Organisations in Members: Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Turkey Scientific bodies: APS + EPS + IOP + DPG + ACS Companies: Gentech, Ox Diffraction, PANanalytical, Jordanian Phosphate Mining co. Foundations: Canon, Lounsbery LinkSCEEM project (Cyprus): high performance computing (HPC) eco-system in the Eastern Mediterranean region

www.sesame.org.jo

Speech by President Obama at Cairo University; June 4, 2009

"On science and technology, we will launch a new fund to support technological development in Muslim-majority countries, and to help transfer ideas to the marketplace so they can create jobs. We will open centers of scientific excellence in Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia, and appoint new Science Envoys to collaborate on programs that develop new sources of energy, create green jobs, digitize records, clean water, and grow new crops. And today I am announcing a new global effort with the Organization of the Islamic Conference to eradicate polio. And we will also expand partnerships with Muslim communities to promote child and maternal health."

Article about SESAME by Sir Chris Llewellyn-Smith, President of the SESAME Council, in November 2012 issue of Science and Diplomacy, AAAS quarterly magazine www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/synchrotron-light-andmiddle-east BBC Programs on SESAME; November 2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20465431 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p0bn9 (half-hour radio documentary) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20447422 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20446971 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20492294 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20465428 Link to BBC on Symmetry home page, under "Trending on the Web" http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/

Brookhaven Women in Science Lecture, Berkner Hall Auditorium, BNL, Upton, NY, May 20, 2009

Archimedes’ Oldest Writings Under XX-ray Vision

Uwe Bergmann SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory [email protected]

X-ray Fluorescence Imaging detector

X-ray beam

Molecular Environmental Science and Synchrotron Light Sources Who cares about the distances between atoms?

• A new multidisciplinary field that has evolved over the past ten years in response to the growing need to understand chemical and biological processes affecting environmental contaminants. • Main objective is to provide information on the types, spatial distribution, and reactivity of contaminant species.

Synchrotron Light Sources Now play a very important role in environmental science because the extremely intense x-rays from these sources are needed to characterize the chemical speciation and physical distributions of environmental contaminants at very low concentration levels in highly complex materials.

Absorbance

Molecular Environmental Science

1

Cr3+

0.8 0.6

2.0 Å

0.4 0.2 0 1

Absorbance

Just about everyone should, including your next door neighbor, because such distances define molecular structure which in turn defines function or properties in natural materials, including those occurring in the environment and in living cells. The molecular form or speciation of environmental contaminants, such as chromium, arsenic, lead, uranium, or plutonium, determines their toxicity and availability to organisms.

0.8 0.6

Cr6+ 1.6 Å

0.4 0.2 0 5980

6000 6020 6040 X-ray Energy (eV)

MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (MES) Objective: Provide information on natural and man-made waste forms. • Chemical & Physical Forms (Speciation). • Spatial Distribution. • Reactivity. Fundamental understanding of the complex molecular-scale environmental processes, both chemical& biological, that affect the stability, transformations, mobility and toxicity of contaminant species.

Approaching global problems Many very complex + solutions not clear cut & expensive • Many players: scientists, government, industry, NGOs, philanthropy • Many different forms of partnership • Various bodies with relevant mandates: UNESCO, UN-CBTD, ICSU, COST • Various global and regional initiatives – not necessarily optimised to address the global problems of the 21st century

Carbon Capture and Storage • CCS could be crucial if the world is not going to stop burning coal • Shared programmes promoted at 2005 G8 summit (under IEA and GSLF) • Brings resources and expertise of industry to address major global challenge But... • Scale of challenge, and time required → further international agreements and funding essential • Government – industry collaboration requires resolution of a number of liability/regulation issues • Incentives crucial to encourage industry

Growth of Molecular Environmental Science Activities at SSRL

Physics Today, September 2006

Phase I Beamlines IR

EUV

MX

SAXS-WAXS

VUV XRF-XAFS

MAT. SCI.

Space around the hall is allocated for preparation and technical support labs.

BESEMA (X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) Beamline

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Possible Phase II Beamlines* 8) Photon in/photon out Spectroscopy; Spectroscopy inin-situ, energy/water problem 9) Nanoprobe; Nanoprobe Soft and/or hard xx-ray Microscopy, nanoscience 10) Coherent Scattering/Imaging; Scattering/Imaging biology, strongly correlated systems system 11) Soft xx-ray Spectroscopy and Scattering;MCD Scattering MCD (magnetism), soft matter 12) MX X; Biology (In In Vacuum Undulator) 13) MicroProbe/diffraction; MicroProbe/diffraction materials, archeology 14) High Pressure; Pressure materials * suggestion based on vision to meet needs of region and challenges

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Medical Applications

Diffraction enhanced high resolution imaging and tomography using coherent Xrays. (Diamond, SLS)

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

Examples of Bridge Building Through Scientific Collaboration – CERN – Some cases considered in Scientific Co-operation, State Conflict – The Roles of Scientists in Mitigating International Discord, New York Academy of Sciences, 1998 Note: “Diplomatic Science” does not work. Excellent science must be a major driving force and is a necessary condition for building sound bridges.

Examples from the NY Academy Conference/book Government-initiated activities – nuclear arms control negotiations; – US-Soviet cooperation in space (launched with rhetoric concerning cooperation as a means of increasing mutual understanding, promoting global security and diminishing conflict); – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; – South American Nuclear Cooperation; . .

Scientist initiated activities – scientific cooperation between the USA and China (started by individuals 1964; institutionalised 1973); – Pugwash movement (especially conception and promotion of the International Treaty on Chemical and Biological Weapons); – unofficial Palestinian and Israeli academic contacts that preceded the Oslo Agreement; role of scientific cooperation in normalising IsraeliEgyptian relations (built on congressional initiative that provided funding: marine sciences, medicine and agriculture – only the latter judged exceptionally successful politically as well as scientifically)

SESAME Users’ Meetings -11th SESAME Users Meeting November 7-9, 2012 Amman, Jordan. -10th SESAME Users Meeting November 8-12, 2011 Amman, Jordan. -9th SESAME Users Meeting November 12-14, 2010 Amman, Jordan. (Together with SESAME-JSPS School) -8th SESAME Users Meeting November 19-21, 2009 Petra, Jordan. (Together with SESAME-JSPS School) -7th SESAME Users Meeting November 17-21, 2008 Cairo, Egypt. (Together with SESAME-JSPS School) -6th SESAME User Meeting November 17-19, 2007 Amman, Jordan. -5th SESAME User Meeting December 27-29, 2006 Alexandria, Egypt. -4th SESAME Users Meeting December 6-8, 2005 Amman, Jordan. -3rd SESAME Users Meeting October 11 - 13, 2004 Antalya, Turkey. -2nd SESAME Users Meeting November 29 - December 1, 2003 Esfahan, Iran. 1st SESAME User's Meeting October 19-28, 2002 Amman, Jordan. About 200 scientists from the Middle East region and observer countries come together.

CLS, CERN Nov 2012

The report makes 5 major recommendations: • Support for international science should be maintained and strengthened • Internationally collaborative science should be encouraged, supported and facilitated • National and international strategies for science are required to address global challenges • International capacity building is crucial to ensure that the impacts of scientific research are shared globally • Better indicators are required in order to properly evaluate global science.

International scientific collaboration has some obvious Advantages - progress fastest when it draws on all/the best sources of knowledge, wherever located - may be needed to reach “critical mass” of expertise (especially for multi-disciplinary work) and/or resources - sharing costs releases resources for other purposes - whole > sum of parts

Disadvantages - reduces diversity + spur of scientific competition - tension between (commercial) competition and collaboration - added complexity of decision making - ...