Science HS Intro to Earth Science CED.pdf - Boulder Valley School ...

High School Introduction to Earth Science Curriculum Essentials Document

Boulder Valley School District Department of Curriculum and Instruction May 2012

Introduction Science Curriculum Essentials in BVSD In 2009, the Colorado Department of Education published the most recent version of the Colorado Academic Standards. This revision of the Boulder Valley School District Science Curriculum had three main goals:  align with the revised Colorado Academic Standards  maintain unique elements of our BVSD curriculum that reach beyond the standards  maintain a viable list of concepts and skills that students should master in each grade level or course Inquiry A new organizational feature of the Colorado Academic Standards is the integration of science inquiry skills with specific scientific concepts. Instead of having a separate standard for inquiry, the skills associated with the process of scientific inquiry are embedded in the Evidence Outcomes for each Grade Level Expectation. In addition, the nature and history of science has been integrated into the Grade Level Expectations under “Nature of the Discipline”. This approach is echoed by the Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas which states that the skills or practices of inquiry and the core ideas “must be woven together in standards, curricula, instruction, and assessments.” Scientific inquiry remains a central focus of the revised BVSD Science Curriculum Essentials Documents. The following definition from the National Science Education Standards serves as the basis for our common understanding of how scientific inquiry is defined. Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work. Inquiry also refers to the activities of students in which they develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world. The following points serve to clarify the vision of what inquiry means in BVSD. Inquiry involves five essential features, which are heavily integrated into the wording of Evidence Outcomes in the Colorado Academic Standards. Students engaged in scientific inquiry should:  ask or respond to scientifically oriented questions  give priority to evidence  formulate explanations based on evidence  connect explanations to scientific knowledge  communicate and justify explanations (Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards) Inquiry based science instruction involves a continuum of learning experiences from teacher-led to learner self-directed activities, including but not limited to hand-on labs. Hence, both a structured assignment involving reading and written reflection and an open-ended, hands-on investigation could be considered inquiry as long as they involve the five essential features identified above. The ultimate goals of inquiry-based instruction are to engage learners, develop their conceptual understanding of the natural world around them, and to overcome misconceptions in science. Inquiry-based activities should balance students’ application of content knowledge, creativity and critical thinking in order to analyze data, solve a problem or address a unique question.

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BVSD Curriculum Essentials

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High School Introduction to Earth Science Overview

Course Description This laboratory‐based course is designed for students who would like to extend their knowledge in the areas of geology, astronomy and meteorology. The curriculum is guided by the state and district standards in Earth Science.

      

Topics at a Glance Geologic History Earth Climate Plate Tectonics Earth Resources Natural Hazards and Their Effects Earth Interactions in the Solar System Changes in Earth’s Surface

Assessments

Standard 3. Earth Systems Science

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Big Ideas in Introduction to Earth Science (Grade Level Expectations) 1. The history of the universe, Solar System and Earth can be inferred from evidence left from past events. 2. As part of the Solar System, Earth interacts with various extraterrestrial forces and energies such as gravity, solar phenomena, electromagnetic radiation, and impact events that influence the planet’s geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere in a variety of ways. 3. The theory of plate tectonics helps to explain geological, physical, and geographical features of Earth. 4. Climate is the result of energy transfer among interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 5. There are costs, benefits, and consequences of exploration, development, and consumption of renewable and nonrenewable resources. 6. The interaction of Earth's surface with water, air, gravity, and biological activity causes physical and chemical changes. 7. Natural hazards have local, national and global impacts such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and thunderstorms.


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1. Physical Science

Students know and understand common properties, forms and changes in matter and energy. Prepared Graduates The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting.

Prepared Graduate Competencies in the Physical Science standard:

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Observe, explain, and predict natural phenomena governed by Newton's laws of motion, acknowledging the limitations of their application to very small or very fast objects

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Apply an understanding of atomic and molecular structure to explain the properties of matter, and predict outcomes of chemical and nuclear reactions

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Apply an understanding that energy exists in various forms, and its transformation and conservation occur in processes that are predictable and measurable


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2. Life Science Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life and how living things interact with each other and their environment. Prepared Graduates The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Graduate Competencies in the Life Science standard: 

Analyze the relationship between structure and function in living systems at a variety of organizational levels, and recognize living systems’ dependence on natural selection

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Explain and illustrate with examples how living systems interact with the biotic and abiotic environment

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Analyze how various organisms grow, develop, and differentiate during their lifetimes based on an interplay between genetics and their environment

 Explain how biological evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of living organisms

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3. Earth Systems Science Students know and understand the processes and interactions of Earth's systems and the structure and dynamics of Earth and other objects in space. Prepared Graduates: The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Graduate Competencies in the Earth Systems Science standard:

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Describe and interpret how Earth's geologic history and place in space are relevant to our understanding of the processes that have shaped our planet

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Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system

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Describe how humans are dependent on the diversity of resources provided by Earth and Sun


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Describe and interpret how Earth's geologic history and place in space are relevant to our understanding of the processes that have shaped our planet GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 1. The history of the universe, Solar System and Earth can be inferred from evidence left from past events Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation addressing questions about Earth’s history b. Analyze and interpret data regarding Earth’s history using direct and indirect evidence c. Analyze and interpret data regarding the history of the universe using direct and indirect evidence d. Seek, evaluate, and use a variety of specialized resources available from libraries, the Internet, and the community to find scientific information on Earth’s history e. Examine, evaluate, question, and ethically use information from a variety of sources and media to investigate the history of the universe, Solar System and Earth

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Inquiry Questions: 1. How do we know the age of Earth, Sun and universe? 2. How did the formation of Earth help shape its features today? 3. How can we interpret the geologic history of an area? Relevance and Application: 1. Geologic principles such as original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, unconformities, and index fossils allow us to accurately interpret geologic history. 2. Employ data-collection technology such as geographic mapping systems and visualization tools to gather and analyze data and scientific information about Earth’s history. Nature of Discipline: 1. Understand that all scientific knowledge is subject to new evidence and that the presence of reproducible results yields a scientific theory. 2. Critically evaluate scientific claims in popular media and by peers regarding Earth’s history, and determine if evidence presented is appropriate and sufficient to support the claims.


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Describe and interpret how Earth’s geologic history and place in space are relevant to our understanding of the processes that have shaped our planet GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 2. As part of the Solar System, Earth interacts with various extraterrestrial forces and energies such as gravity, solar phenomena, electromagnetic radiation, and impact events that influence the planet’s geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere in a variety of ways Evidence Outcomes

21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies

Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation addressing questions around the extraterrestrial forces and energies that influence Earth b. Analyze and interpret data regarding extraterrestrial forces and energies c. Clearly identify assumptions behind conclusions regarding extraterrestrial forces and energies and provide feedback on the validity of alternative explanations d. Use specific equipment, technology, and resources such as satellite imagery, global positioning systems (GPS), global information systems (GIS), telescopes, video and image libraries, and computers to explore the universe)

Inquiry Questions: 1. What influences Earth’s position in the universe? 2. How does Earth get its energy? 3. How does the electromagnetic spectrum positively and negatively impact Earth’s systems? Relevance and Application: 1. Fusion is the most common source of energy in the universe, and it provides the basis of Earth’s energy through fusion reactions in the Sun. 2. Different types of telescopes have given us data about the universe, galaxy, and Solar System. Nature of Discipline: 1. Understand the physical laws that govern Earth are the same physical laws that govern the rest of the universe. 2. Critically evaluate strengths and weaknesses of a model which represents complex natural phenomena.

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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 3. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain geological, physical, and geographical features of Earth Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation about the theory of plate tectonics and how it can be used to understand geological, physical, and geographical features of Earth b. Analyze and interpret data on plate tectonics and the geological, physical, and geographical features of Earth c. Understand the role plate tectonics has had with respect to long-term global changes in Earth’s systems such as continental buildup, glaciations, sea-level fluctuations, and climate change d. Investigate and explain how new conceptual interpretations of data and innovative geophysical technologies led to the current theory of plate tectonics

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Inquiry Questions: 1. How do the different types of plate boundaries create different landforms on Earth? 2. How have scientists “discovered” the layers of Earth? 3. What drives plate motion? 4. What might happen to Earth’s landforms in the future? Relevance and Application: 1. New conceptual interpretations of data and innovative geophysical technologies led to the current theory of plate tectonics. Nature of Discipline: 1. Understand that all scientific knowledge is subject to new findings and that the presence of reproducible results yields a scientific theory. 2. Ask testable questions and make a falsifiable hypothesis about plate tectonics and design a method to find an answer. 3. Share experimental data, and respectfully discuss conflicting results. 4. Recognize that the current understanding of plate tectonics has developed over time and become more sophisticated as new technologies have lead to new evidence.


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 4. Climate is the result of energy transfer among interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation that shows climate is a result of energy transfer among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere b. Analyze and interpret data on Earth’s climate c. Explain how a combination of factors such as Earth’s tilt, seasons, geophysical location, proximity to oceans, landmass location, latitude, and elevation determine a location’s climate d. Identify mechanisms in the past and present that have changed Earth’s climate e. Analyze the evidence and assumptions regarding climate change f. Interpret evidence from weather stations, buoys, satellites, radars, ice and ocean sediment cores, tree rings, cave deposits, native knowledge, and other sources in relation to climate change

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Inquiry Questions: 1. How can changes in the ocean create climate change? 2. How is climate influenced by changes in Earth’s energy balance? 3. How have climates changed over Earth’s history? 4. How does climate change impact all of Earth’s systems? 5. How have climate changes impacted human society? Relevance and Application: 1. Much of the data we receive about the ocean and the atmosphere is from satellites. 2. Human actions such as burning fossil fuels might impact Earth’s climate. 3. Technological solutions and personal choices such as driving higher mileage cars and using less electricity could reduce the human impact on climate. Nature of Discipline: 1. Understand how observations, experiments, and theory are used to construct and refine computer models. 2. Examine how computer models are used in predicting the impacts of climate change. 3. Critically evaluate scientific claims in popular media and by peers regarding climate and climate change, and determine if the evidence presented is appropriate and sufficient to support the claims.


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Describe how humans are dependent on the diversity of resources provided by Earth and Sun GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 5. There are costs, benefits, and consequences of exploration, development, and consumption of renewable and nonrenewable resources Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation regarding the costs and benefits of exploration, development, and consumption of renewable and nonrenewable resources b. Evaluate positive and negative impacts on the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere in regards to resource use c. Create a plan to reduce environmental impacts due to resource consumption d. Analyze and interpret data about the effect of resource consumption and development on resource reserves to draw conclusions about sustainable use

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Inquiry Questions: 1. How do humans use resources? 2. How can humans reduce the impact of resource use? 3. How are resources used in our community? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of energy? Relevance and Application: 1. Technologies have had a variety of impacts on how resources are located, extracted, and consumed. 2. Technology development has reduced the pollution, waste, and ecosystem degradation caused by extraction and use. Nature of Discipline: 1. Infer assumptions behind emotional, political, and data-driven conclusions about renewable and nonrenewable resource use. 2. Critically evaluate scientific claims in popular media and by peers, and determine if evidence presented is appropriate and sufficient to support the claims.


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 6. The interaction of Earth's surface with water, air, gravity, and biological activity causes physical and chemical changes Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation addressing questions regarding the interaction of Earth’s surface with water, air, gravity, and biological activity b. Analyze and interpret data, maps, and models concerning the direct and indirect evidence produced by physical and chemical changes that water, air, gravity, and biological activity create c. Evaluate negative and positive consequences of physical and chemical changes on the geosphere d. Use remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) data to interpret landforms and landform impact on human activity

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Inquiry Questions: 1. How do Earth’s systems interact to create new landforms? 2. What are positive changes on Earth’s geosphere due to water, air, gravity, and biological activity? 3. What are negative changes on Earth’s geosphere due to water, air, gravity, and biological activity? Relevance and Application: 1. Geologic, physical, and topographic maps can be used to interpret surface features. 2. Recognize that landform models help us understand the interaction among Earth’s systems. 3. Human activities such as agricultural practices have impacts on soil formation and soil loss. Nature of Discipline: 1. Ask testable questions and make a falsifiable hypothesis about physical and chemical changes on the geosphere and use an inquiry based approach to find an answer. 2. Share experimental data, and respectfully discuss conflicting results. 3. Use appropriate technology to help gather and analyze data, find background information, and communicate scientific information on physical and chemical changes.


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Content Area: Science - High School Introduction to Earth Science Standard: 3. Earth Systems Science Prepared Graduates: Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system GRADE LEVEL EXPECTATION Concepts and skills students master: 7. Natural hazards such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and thunderstorms have local, national and global impacts Evidence Outcomes 21st Century Skills and Readiness Competencies Students can: a. Develop, communicate, and justify an evidence-based scientific explanation regarding natural hazards, and explain their potential local and global impacts b. Analyze and interpret data about natural hazards using direct and indirect evidence c. Make predictions and draw conclusions about the impact of natural hazards on human activity – locally and globally

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Inquiry Questions: 1. Why are some natural hazards difficult to predict, while others are easier to predict? 2. How are humans impacted by natural hazards? 3. How can we prepare for natural hazards? 4. How is climate change expected to change the incidence of natural hazards? Relevance and Application: 1. Engineers must know the hazards of a local area and design for it such as building safe structures in zones prone to earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, or tornadoes. 2. Differing technologies are used to study different types of natural hazards. 3. Natural hazard zones affect construction or explain why monitoring natural hazards through air traffic safety, evacuations, and protecting property is important. 4. Science is used by disaster planners who work with the scientific community to develop diverse ways to mitigate the impacts of natural hazards on the human population and on a given ecosystem. Nature of Discipline: 1. Collaborate with local, national, and global organizations to report and review natural disaster data, and compare their conclusions to alternate explanations.


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Prepared Graduate Competencies in Science The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Graduates: 

Observe, explain, and predict natural phenomena governed by Newton's laws of motion, acknowledging the limitations of their application to very small or very fast objects



Apply an understanding of atomic and molecular structure to explain the properties of matter, and predict outcomes of chemical and nuclear reactions



Apply an understanding that energy exists in various forms, and its transformation and conservation occur in processes that are predictable and measurable



Analyze the relationship between structure and function in living systems at a variety of organizational levels, and recognize living systems’ dependence on natural selection



Explain and illustrate with examples how living systems interact with the biotic and abiotic environment



Analyze how various organisms grow, develop, and differentiate during their lifetimes based on an interplay between genetics and their environment



Explain how biological evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of living organisms



Describe and interpret how Earth's geologic history and place in space are relevant to our understanding of the processes that have shaped our planet



Evaluate evidence that Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact as a complex system



Describe how humans are dependent on the diversity of resources provided by Earth and Sun

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Engage in scientific inquiry by asking or responding to scientifically oriented questions, collecting and analyzing data, giving priority to evidence, formulating explanations based on evidence, connecting explanations to scientific knowledge, and communicating and justifying explanations.

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Standard High School 1. Physical Science

Grade Level Expectation 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

2. Life Science

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

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Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe the relationships among forces acting on and between objects, their masses, and changes in their motion – but have limitations Matter has definite structure that determines characteristic physical and chemical properties Matter can change form through chemical or nuclear reactions abiding by the laws of conservation of mass and energy Atoms bond in different ways to form molecules and compounds that have definite properties Energy exists in many forms such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, radiant, thermal, and nuclear, that can be quantified and experimentally determined When energy changes form, it is neither created not destroyed; however, because some is necessarily lost as heat, the amount of energy available to do work decreases Matter tends to be cycled within an ecosystem, while energy is transformed and eventually exits an ecosystem The size and persistence of populations depend on their interactions with each other and on the abiotic factors in an ecosystem Cellular metabolic activities are carried out by biomolecules produced by organisms The energy for life primarily derives from the interrelated processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis transforms the sun’s light energy into the chemical energy of molecular bonds. Cellular respiration allows cells to utilize chemical energy when these bonds are broken. Cells use the passive and active transport of substances across membranes to maintain relatively stable intracellular environments Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems maintain relatively stable internal environments, even in the face of changing external environments Physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism are influenced to varying degrees by heritable genes, many of which encode instructions for the production of proteins Multicellularity makes possible a division of labor at the cellular level through the expression of select genes, but not the entire genome Evolution occurs as the heritable characteristics of populations change across generations and can lead populations to become better adapted to their environment


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Standard Grade Level Expectation High School (continued) 3. Earth Systems 1. The history of the universe, solar system and Earth can be inferred Science from evidence left from past events 2. As part of the solar system, Earth interacts with various extraterrestrial forces and energies such as gravity, solar phenomena, electromagnetic radiation, and impact events that influence the planet’s geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere in a variety of ways 3. The theory of plate tectonics helps to explain geological, physical, and geographical features of Earth 4. Climate is the result of energy transfer among interactions of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere 5. There are costs, benefits, and consequences of exploration, development, and consumption of renewable and nonrenewable resources 6. The interaction of Earth's surface with water, air, gravity, and biological activity causes physical and chemical changes 7. Natural hazards have local, national and global impacts such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and thunderstorms Eighth Grade 3. Earth Systems 1. Weather is a result of complex interactions of Earth's atmosphere, land Science and water, that are driven by energy from the sun, and can be predicted and described through complex models 2. Earth has a variety of climates defined by average temperature, precipitation, humidity, air pressure, and wind that have changed over time in a particular location 3. The solar system is comprised of various objects that orbit the Sun and are classified based on their characteristics 4. The relative positions and motions of Earth, Moon, and Sun can be used to explain observable effects such as seasons, eclipses, and Moon phases 5. Major geologic events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, midocean ridges, and mountain formation are associated with plate boundaries and attributed to plate motions 6. Geologic time, history, and changing life forms are indicated by fossils and successive sedimentation, folding, faulting, and uplifting of layers of sedimentary rock 7. Complex interrelationships exist between Earth’s structure and natural processes that over time are both constructive and destructive 8. Water on Earth is distributed and circulated through oceans, glaciers, rivers, ground water, and the atmosphere 9. Earth’s natural resources provide the foundation for human society’s physical needs. Many natural resources are nonrenewable on human timescales, while others can be renewed or recycled

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Standard Seventh Grade 2. Life Science

Grade Level Expectation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sixth Grade 1. Physical Science

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

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Individual organisms with certain traits are more likely than others to survive and have offspring in a specific environment The human body is composed of atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that have specific functions and interactions Cells are the smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary functions of life Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important processes by which energy is acquired and utilized by organisms Multiple lines of evidence show the evolution of organisms over geologic time Human activities can deliberately or inadvertently alter ecosystems and their resiliency Organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information (genes) to offspring, which influences individuals’ traits in the next generation Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms, populations, and entire species Organisms interact with each other and their environment in various ways that create a flow of energy and cycling of matter in an ecosystem Identify and calculate the direction and magnitude of forces that act on an object, and explain the results in the object’s change of motion There are different forms of energy, and those forms of energy can be changed from one form to another – but total energy is conserved Distinguish between physical and chemical changes, noting that mass is conserved during any change Recognize that waves such as electromagnetic, sound, seismic, and water have common characteristics and unique properties Mixtures of substances can be separated based on their properties such as solubility, boiling points, magnetic properties, and densities All matter is made of atoms, which are far too small to see directly through a light microscope. Elements have unique atoms and thus, unique properties. Atoms themselves are made of even smaller particles Atoms may stick together in well-defined molecules or be packed together in large arrangements. Different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances. The physical characteristics and changes of solid, liquid, and gas states can be explained using the particulate model Distinguish among, explain, and apply the relationships among mass, weight, volume, and density


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Standard Fifth Grade 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science 3. Earth Systems Science


1. 2. 1. 2. 3.

Fourth Grade 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science

1. 1. 2.

3. 3. Earth Systems Science Third Grade 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science 3. Earth Systems Science Second Grade 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science

1.

1. 1. 1.

1. 1. 2.

3. Earth Systems Science

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1.

Mixtures of matter can be separated regardless of how they were created; all weight and mass of the mixture are the same as the sum of weight and mass of its parts All organisms have structures and systems with separate functions Human body systems have basic structures, functions, and needs Earth and sun provide a diversity of renewable and nonrenewable resources Earth’s surface changes constantly through a variety of processes and forces Weather conditions change because of the uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the Sun’s energy. Weather changes are measured by differences in temperature, air pressure, wind and water in the atmosphere and type of precipitation Energy comes in many forms such as light, heat, sound, magnetic, chemical, and electrical All living things share similar characteristics, but they also have differences that can be described and classified Comparing fossils to each other or to living organisms reveals features of prehistoric environments and provides information about organisms today There is interaction and interdependence between and among living and nonliving components of systems Earth is part of the solar system, which includes the Sun, Moon, and other bodies that orbit the Sun in predictable patterns that lead to observable paths of objects in the sky as seen from Earth Matter exists in different states such as solids, liquids, and gases and can change from one state to another by heating and cooling The duration and timing of life cycle events such as reproduction and longevity vary across organisms and species Earth’s materials can be broken down and/or combined into different materials such as rocks, minerals, rock cycle, formation of soil, and sand – some of which are usable resources for human activity Changes in speed or direction of motion are caused by forces such as pushes and pulls. Organisms depend on their habitat’s nonliving parts to satisfy their needs Each plant or animal has different structures or behaviors that serve different functions Weather and the changing seasons impact the environment and organisms such as humans, plants, and other animals


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Standard First Grade 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science


Solids and liquids have unique properties that distinguish them

1.

Offspring have characteristics that are similar to but not exactly like their parents’ characteristics An organism is a living thing that has physical characteristics to help it survive Earth’s materials can be compared and classified based on their properties

2. 3. Earth Systems Science Kindergarten 1. Physical Science

1.

1. 2.

2. Life Science

1.

3. Earth Systems Science Preschool 1. Physical Science 2. Life Science

1.

3. Earth Systems Science

1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2.

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Objects can move in a variety of ways that can be described by speed and direction Objects can be sorted by physical properties, which can be observed and measured Organisms can be described and sorted by their physical characteristics The sun provides heat and light to Earth

Objects have properties and characteristics There are cause-and-effect relationships in everyday experiences Living things have characteristics and basic needs Living things develop in predictable patterns Earth’s materials have properties and characteristics that affect how we use those materials Events such as night, day, the movement of objects in the sky, weather, and seasons have patterns


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Academic Vocabulary air, air mass, air pressure, astronomy, atmosphere, atom, attract, axis, bar graph, benefits, bias, biological activity, biosphere, buoy, capacity, causation, cave deposits, Celsius, centimeter, characteristic, chemical change, chemical formula, Chemistry, circulation, climate, climate change, cloud, component, composition, compound, computer, conclusion, condensation, conduction, consequences, conservation of energy, conservation of mass, conservation of matter, constant, consumption, continental build-up, controlled experiment, convection, Coriolis effect, costs, cross-cutting relationships, crust, data, data interpretation, density, dependent variable, deposition, development, Earth, Earth layers, Earth’s material, Earth’s tilt, earthquake, eclipse, ecosystem degradation, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic spectrum, electron, element, elevation, energy, energy balance, energy transfer, environmental impact, equator, erosion, error, evaporation, evidence, evolution, experiment, explanation, exploration, extraterrestrial forces, falsifiable hypothesis, fault, fossil, fossil fuel, front, fusion, galaxy, gas, geographic information systems (GIS), geographic information systems (GIS) data, geographic mapping systems, geologic history, geologic map, geologic, geology, geophysical location, geophysical technologies, geosphere, glaciation, glacier, global impact, global positioning systems (GPS), global information systems (GLIS), gram, gravity, greenhouse effect, greenhouse gas, ground water, heat, humidity, hurricane, hydrologic cycle, hydrosphere, hypothesis, ice sediment core, igneous, impact events, implication, independent variable, index fossil, infrared, invertebrate, investigation, kilogram, kinetic energy, landform, landform models, landmass location, latitude, law, length, line graph, liquid, liter, lithosphere, local impact, macroscopic, magnetism, magnitude, map, mass, matter, measure, mechanical, metamorphic, meteorology, meter, metric, microscopic, milliliter, millimeter, mineral, mixture, model, molecule, Moon, moon (lunar) phases, national impact, native knowledge, natural hazard, natural resources, neutron, non-renewable, nuclear, observation, ocean sediment core, oceanography, opinion, orbit, original horizontality, Pangaea, particulate model, periodic table, pH, phase change, physical change, physical map, planet, plasma, plate boundary, plate motion, plate tectonics, plateau, polarity, pole, pollution, position, precipitation, prediction, pressure, prevailing wind, property, proton, proximity to oceans, qualitative, quantitative radar, radiation, radiometric dating, ratio, remote sensing, renewable, resource, resource consumption, resource extraction, resource location, revolution, rock, rock cycle, rotation, salinity, satellite, satellite imagery, science, scientific law, scientific theory, sea-level fluctuations, season, sediment, sedimentary, soil, soil formation, soil loss, solar phenomena, solar system, solid, solubility, soluble, solution, sort, space, spectroscope, speed, star, state of matter, stratosphere, substance, Sun, superposition, surface, surface features, sustainable use, system, t-chart, table, telescope, temperature, testable, testable question, theory, thermometer, thunderstorm, tide, topographic map, transfer, transform, tree rings, troposphere, tsunami, ultraviolet, unconformity, unit, universe, uplift, variable, verify, video/image libraries, visible light, volcanic eruption, volcano, volume, waste, water cycle, wavelength, weather, weather station, weathering, weight, white light, work, year Word Air Air mass

Air pressure Astronomy Atmosphere Atom Attract Axis

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Definition the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth, a mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen a body of air extending hundreds or thousands of miles horizontally and sometimes as high as the stratosphere and maintaining as it travels nearly uniform conditions the pressure exerted by the atmosphere the science of celestial objects, space, and the physical universe the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet the smallest particle of a chemical element, consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons to cause to draw near or adhere by physical force an imaginary line through a body, about which it rotates


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Bar graph Benefits Bias Biological activity biosphere buoy Capacity Cave deposits Celsius

Centimeter Characteristic Chemical change Chemical formula Chemistry Circulation Climate Climate change Cloud Component Composition Compound

Computer Conclusion Condensation Conduction Consequences Conversation of energy

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a graph consisting of parallel, usually vertical bars or rectangles with lengths proportional to the frequency with which specified quantities occur in a set of data In reference to resources, what benefits are gained by extracting a given commodity? statistical sampling or testing error caused by systematically favoring some outcomes over others how do earth systems processes affect life on Earth? the part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life an instrument that collects weather and ocean data within Earth’s oceans the maximum amount that can be contained minerals deposited in caves that are used for interpreting climate change of or relating to a temperature scale that registers the freezing point of water as 0° and the boiling point as 100° under normal atmospheric pressure metric unit of length equal to 1/100 of a meter a feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing trait a change in which the substances present at the beginning of the change are not present at the end; new substances are formed. The change cannot be “undone” A representation of a substance using symbols to represent constituent elements the branch of science concerned with the properties and interactions of the substances of which matter is composed movement in a circle or circuit meteorological conditions including temperature, precipitation, and wind, which characteristically prevail in a particular region long term (hundreds to thousands of years) change in weather patterns; includes global warming, global cooling, sea-level fluctuations, etc. a visible body of very fine water droplets or ice particles suspended in the atmosphere at altitudes ranging up to several miles above sea level a single part of a larger system the combining of distinct parts or elements to form a whole a pure, macroscopically homogeneous substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements in definite proportions that cannot be separated by physical means. A compound usually has properties unlike those of its constituent elements a programmable machine designed to accomplish complex mathematical operations a judgment or decision reached by reasoning the process by which a gas or vapor changes to a liquid the transmission or conveying of something through a medium or passage, especially the transmission of electric charge or heat through a conducting medium without perceptible motion of the medium itself the results of intended or unintended action or inaction a principle stating that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant regardless of changes within the system


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Conservation of mass Conservation of matter Constant Consumption Continental buildup Controlled experiment Convection Coriolis effect

Costs Cross-cutting relationships Crust Data Data interpretation Density Dependent variable

Deposition Development Earth Earthquake Earth layers Earth’s material Earth’s tilt Eclipse Ecosystem degradation Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic spectrum Electron

5/8/2012

a principle in classical physics stating that the total mass of an isolated system is unchanged by interaction of its parts a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system an experimental or theoretical condition, factor, or quantity that does not vary or that is regarded as invariant in specified circumstances use of natural resources, either renewable or nonrenewable formation of new, or addition to old, continental masses by plate tectonic mechanisms an experiment that isolates the effect of one variable on a system by holding constant all variables but the one under observation heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another result of an apparent force that as a result of earth's rotation deflects moving objects (as projectiles or air currents) to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere In reference to resources, what is the ultimate cost of extracting a resource from Earth? a basic geologic principle that states that any geologic event that cuts across a pre-existing geologic feature is younger than the pre-existing feature solid, outermost layer of the Earth, lying above the mantle factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation the use of a variety of techniques to understand complex sets of data the mass of a substance per unit volume the observed or measured variable in an experiment or study whose changes are determined by the presence of one or more independent variables the laying down of matter by a natural process the processes involved in presenting natural resources for human consumption the third planet from the sun a sudden movement of the Earth's crust caused by the release of stress accumulated within the Earth’s crust crust, mantle, and core; sedimentary strata any substance occurring naturally on Earth, such as water, soil, rocks, etc inclination of Earth’s axis toward or away from the sun and its effect on climate the partial or complete obscuring, relative to a designated observer, of one celestial body by another the breakdown of an ecosystem by exploration for and development and consumption of Earth resources a kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X‐rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation an elementary particle in all atoms that has a negative charge


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Element Elevation Energy Energy balance Energy transfer Environmental impact Equator Erosion

Error Evaporation Evidence Evolution Experiment Explanation Exploration Extraterrestrial forces Falsifiable hypothesis Fault Fossil Fossil fuel Front Fusion Galaxy Gas

Geographic information systems (GIS) Geographic information systems (GIS) data

5/8/2012

a substance composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in each nucleus; elements cannot be reduced to simpler substances by normal chemical means height above a given level, especially sea level the capacity of a physical system to do work earth’s input and output of energy and how it affects climate the movement of energy among the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere and how it affects climate the effects that exploration for and development and consumption of Earth resources have on the environment the imaginary great circle around the Earth's surface, equidistant from the poles and perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation; it divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere the group of natural processes, including weathering, dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and transportation, by which material is worn away from the earth's surface difference between a computed or measured value and a true or theoretically correct value to convert or change into a vapor information acquired through objective experience a gradual process in which something changes into a different form a test under controlled conditions that is made to examine the validity of a hypothesis or determine the efficacy of something previously untried a statement based on scientific evidence and logical argument about causes and effects or relationships between variables the process of searching for and finding Earth resources gravity, solar phenomena, electromagnetic radiation, and impact events that influence Earth systems a scientific hypothesis must have some feature about it that would allow an experimenter to prove the hypothesis false a break in a rock volume along which there has been evidence of displacement a remnant or trace of an organism of a past geologic age, such as a skeleton or leaf imprint, embedded and preserved in the Earth's crust a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel the interface between air masses of different temperatures or densities thermonuclear reaction, usually in a star’s interior any of numerous large‐scale aggregates of stars, gas, and dust that constitute the universe the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container a system designed to manipulate geographic data data collected and manipulated from using a GIS


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Geographic mapping systems Geologic history Geologic map Geologic time Geology Geophysical location Geophysical technologies Geosphere Glaciations Glacier Global impact Global positioning systems (GPS) Global information systems (GLIS) Gram Gravity Greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gas Groundwater Heat

Humidity Hurricane Hydrologic cycle

Hydrosphere Hypothesis Ice sediment core Igneous Impact events

5/8/2012

part of a GIS that creates multiple theme maps for use in planning the study of geologic time and associated events the two dimensional representation of the three dimensional geologic features in an area the period of time covering the physical formation and development of Earth, especially the period prior to human history the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth The location of an area based on its geophysical characteristics and its effect on climate; such features might include magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties instruments that measure magnetic, gravitational, electrical, and seismic properties of Earth the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle periods of time where the climate has cooled and glaciers have advanced a huge mass of ice slowly flowing over a land mass, formed from compacted snow in an area where snow accumulation exceeds melting and sublimation The effect of a natural or man-made event felt over the entire globe a space-based satellite navigation system that provides weather information anywhere on Earth a system that uses GIS to study global problems the basic unit of mass in the metric system the force that attracts a body towards the center of the Earth, or towards any other physical body having mass the phenomenon whereby Earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but absorb heat radiated back from Earth's surface a gas, such as carbon dioxide, that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation water beneath the Earth's surface, often between saturated soil and rock, which supplies wells and springs a form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation the amount of water suspended in the air in tiny droplets a tropical storm with sustained wind speeds greater than 117 kph (74 mph) the cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of Earth's water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water the watery layer of the Earth's surface; includes water vapor a tentative explanation for an observation A drilling sample taken from ice to study climate change rocks or minerals formed by the cooling and hardening of magma or molten lava Earth collisions with solar system debris


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Implication Independent variable Index fossil Infrared Invertebrate Investigation Kilogram Kinetic energy Landform

Landform models Landmass location Latitude Length Light Line graph Liquid

Liter Lithosphere Local impact Macroscopic Magnetism Magnitude Map Mass Matter Measure Mechanical Metamorphic Meteorology Meter Metric

5/8/2012

a probable consequence a manipulated variable in an experiment or study whose presence or degree determines the change in the dependent variable a fossil used to define and identify a geologic time period electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength just greater than that of red light but less than that of microwaves, emitted particularly by heated objects an animal, such as an insect or mollusk, which lacks a backbone or spinal column a detailed inquiry or systematic examination metric unit equaling 1000 grams energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion a recognizable, naturally formed feature on Earth's surface. Landforms have a characteristic shape and can include such large features as plains, plateaus, mountains, and valleys, as well as smaller features such as hills, eskers, and canyons models that depict landforms the effect of landmass location on a given location’s climate A location’s angular distance north or south of the Equator and its effect on climate the distance of something from end to end, usually the longest dimension electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation a diagram that exhibits a relationship, often functional, between two sets of numbers as a set of points having coordinates determined by the relationship the state of matter in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse, and relatively high incompressibility basic unit of fluid volume in the metric system the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle the effect of a natural or man-made event on a city or community large enough to be perceived or examined by the unaided eye the property displayed by magnets and produced by the motion of electric charges, which results in attraction or repulsion between objects relative size or extent two dimensional representation of a three dimensional surface the quantity of matter which a body contains, as measured by its acceleration under a given force or by the force exerted on it by a gravitational field physical substance or material in general; that which occupies space and possesses mass to ascertain the dimensions, quantity, or capacity of relating to the action of forces on material objects rocks altered considerably from the original structure and composition by pressure and heat the science that deals with the phenomena of the atmosphere, especially weather and weather conditions metric unit of length system of weights and measures based on multiples of ten


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Microscopic Milliliter Millimeter Mineral Mixture Model Molecule Moon Moon (lunar) phases Motion National impact Native knowledge Natural hazard Natural resources Neutron Nonrenewable resource Nuclear Observation Ocean sediment core Oceanography Opinion Orbit Original horizontality

Pangaea

Particulate model

5/8/2012

too small to be seen by the unaided eye but large enough to be studied under a microscope one one‐thousandth of a liter; 1000 milliliters equal 1 liter one one‐thousandth of a meter; 1000 millimeters equal 1 meter a naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness a composition of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated an explanation or representation of an object, system, or process that cannot be easily studied the simplest unit of a chemical compound that can exist, consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds the natural satellite of Earth, orbiting it every 28 days and shining by reflected light from the sun one of the cyclically recurring apparent forms of the moon a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of something the effect of a natural or man-made event on a national level knowledge which is acquired and preserved through generations in an original or local society, and is based on experience in working to secure subsistence from nature a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on humanity and/or our surroundings a material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value a neutral elementary particle of about the same mass as a proton of or relating to an energy source, such as oil or natural gas, or a natural resource, such as a metallic ore, that is not replaceable after it has been used relating to atomic nuclei; derived from the energy of atomic nuclei the act of making and recording a measurement a drilling sample taken from deep ocean sediment to aid our understanding of past climate changes the branch of science concerned with the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the sea a belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or evidence the path of a celestial body or an artificial satellite as it revolves around another body a geologic principle that states that most sediments were originally laid down horizontally; if the rocks are found in an inclined position, then some force must have been applied after they were deposited. (plate tectonics) a hypothetical super‐continent that included all the landmasses of the earth before the Triassic Period. When continental drift began, Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwanaland model of matter describing all matter as composed of particles with space in between them; the relative distance between particles and the motion of the particles can be used to explain the phases of matter (gas, liquid, solid)


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Periodic table

pH

Phase change Physical change Physical map Planet Plasma

Plate boundary Plate motion Plate tectonics

Plateau Polarity Pole Pollution Position Precipitation Prediction Pressure Prevailing wind Property Proton Proximity to oceans Qualitative

Quantitative Radar Radiation Radiometric dating

5/8/2012

a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, with elements having similar atomic structure appearing in vertical columns p(otential of) H(ydrogen); a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions, increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The pH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14 a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition refers to a map that depicts identifiable landmarks like mountains, oceans, rivers, lakes, deserts, etc. a non‐luminous celestial body larger than an asteroid or comet an electrically neutral, highly ionized gas composed of ions, electrons, and neutral particles. It is a phase of matter distinct from solids, liquids, and normal gases the areas along which plate tectonic movement occurs: convergent, divergent, and transform movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates thought to be caused by convection in the mantle and core a theory that explains the global distribution of geological phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, continental drift, and mountain building in terms of the formation, destruction, movement, and interaction of earth's lithospheric plates an elevated, comparatively level expanse of land the state of having poles or opposites either extremity of an axis through a sphere the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment place or location any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, which falls to Earth's surface a statement about what one thinks will happen in an investigation force applied uniformly over a surface, measured as force per unit of area a wind from the predominant or most usual direction something that can be known by looking at or feeling an object; something one can observe an elementary particle in all atoms that has a positive charge nearness to oceans and its effect on a location’s climate involving distinctions, descriptions, or comparisons based on qualities that can be observed without measurement (e.g. color, shape, appearance) involving distinctions, descriptions, or comparisons that can be quantified or measured an object-detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to determine spatial properties of moving or fixed objects; often used to determine the properties of weather systems emission and propagation of energy in the form of rays or waves a method of determining the age of objects or material using the decay rates of radioactive components such as potassium‐argon


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Ratio Remote sensing Renewable resource Resource Resource consumption Resource extraction Resource location Revolution Rock Rock cycle Rotation Salinity Satellite Satellite imagery Science Scientific law Scientific theory

Sea-level fluctuations Season Sediment Sedimentary Soil Soil formation

Soil loss Solar phenomena Solar system Solid Solubility

5/8/2012

the relationship between two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other the acquisition of information about objects or phenomena without actually touching the objects or phenomena in question. any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time available supply of something that can be drawn upon when needed use of resources removal of resources from Earth’s crust exploration for Earth resources movement of an object in space (a planet) around a larger object (a star), held in position by the force of gravity any natural material with a distinctive composition of minerals the process by which rocks are recycled and changed from one form of rock to another the act or process of turning around a center or an axis the relative proportion of salt in a solution any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star photographs of solar system-object surface features taken by artificial satellites the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment a phenomenon of nature that has been shown to invariably occur whenever certain conditions exist or are met a well‐substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena; "scientific theories must be falsifiable" rise and fall of sea-level based on changes in the climate leading to changes in the environment one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions material that has been deposited by water, ice or wind rocks formed when sediment is deposited and becomes tightly compacted the top layer of the Earth's surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter the creation of soil by the interaction of climate, relief, parent material, and living organisms; living organisms include vegetation, fauna, and human activity removal of soil by human activities like logging, farming, and construction and its effect on the formation of landforms physical features that include but are not limited to solar flares, prominences, coronal mass ejections, and sunspots a system of planets or other bodies orbiting a star the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape the quality or condition of being soluble


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Soluble Solution Sort Space Spectroscope Speed Star State of matter Stratosphere Substance Sun Superposition Surface Surface features Sustainable use System T-chart Table Telescope Temperature Testable Testable question Thermometer Thunderstorm Tide Topographic map Transfer Transform Tree rings Troposphere

5/8/2012

that can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these to arrange according to class, kind, or size; classify an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); the expanse in which the solar system, stars, and galaxies exist; the universe an instrument for producing and observing spectra, the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation the rate or a measure of the rate of motion a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior the physical state that matter exists in; solid, liquid or gas the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere a particular kind of matter with uniform properties the star round which earth orbits a geologic principle that states that older sedimentary rocks are deposited beneath younger sedimentary rocks the outer or the topmost boundary of an object a solar-system object’s visible expression of the underlying processes that have operated to create the object resource consumption that does not exhaust the available supply of the resource a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole a graphic organizer with two columns in which the entry in one column is paired with the entry in the other an orderly arrangement of data, especially one in which the data are arranged in columns and rows in an essentially rectangular form a scientific instrument designed to collect and record electromagnetic radiation from cosmic sources a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale able to be tested or investigated by a scientific investigation a question around which an experiment can be designed to produce data (evidence) for answers or further questioning a tool used to measure temperature produced by a cumulonimbus cloud, a weather event that produces thunder, lightning, rain, hail, etc the alternate rising and falling of the sea due to the attraction of the moon and sun a map that shows elevation changes over a given area through the use of contours (lines of equal elevation) to convey or cause to pass from one place or thing to another to convert from one form to another growth rings in trees that are indicators of past climates and climate change the lowest region of the atmosphere between the Earth's surface and the tropopause, characterized by decreasing temperature with increasing altitude


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Tsunami Ultraviolet Unconformity Unit Universe Uplift Variable Verify Video/image libraries Visible light Volcanic eruption Volcano Volume Waste Water cycle

Wavelength Weather Weather station Weathering Weight White light Work Year

5/8/2012

an ocean wave created by underwater earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength just shorter than that of violet light but longer than that of X‐rays a break in rock sequences that can indicate uplift and erosion or nondeposition a standard amount of a physical quantity, such as length or energy, used to express magnitudes of that quantity all matter and energy, including the Earth, the galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space, regarded as a whole upheaval; raising something to a higher level a factor or condition that can change and might affect the outcome of an experiment to determine or test the accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation, or reference data collections of videos and various images that can be accessed to study aspects of earth science electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material an opening in Earth's crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected the amount of 3‐dimensional space occupied by an object material that is not utilized (for whatever reason) during the extraction and consumption of Earth resources the circulation of the Earth's water, in which water from the sea evaporates, forms clouds, falls as rain or snow, and returns to the sea by rivers the distance between one peak or crest of a wave of light, heat, or other energy and the next corresponding peak or crest the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity, and barometric pressure a collection of sensing instruments designed to monitor various climatic conditions any of the chemical or mechanical processes by which rocks exposed to the weather undergo changes in character and break down the force with which a body is attracted to Earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration of gravity apparently colorless light containing all the wavelengths of the visible spectrum at equal intensity (such as ordinary daylight) the transfer of energy from one physical system to another, especially the transfer of energy to a body by the application of a force that moves the body in the direction of the force the time taken by the Earth to make one revolution around the sun


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