will play a big role. nanotechnology will find its application in energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and materialsciences, etc. nanoclay is the most ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ $00(
6WUHQJWK'HJUDGDWLRQRI0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI8QLGLUHFWLRQDO( *ODVV)LEHU(SR[\ 5HVLQ1DQRFOD\&RPSRVLWHVXQGHU+\JURWKHUPDO /RDGLQJ&RQGLWLRQV 6.6LQJKD 66LQJKD66KDUPDD96KDUPDE E
D 'HSDUWPHQW RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ1,7.XUXNVKHWUD.XUXNVKHWUD +DU\DQD,QGLD 'HSDUWPHQW RI0HWDOOXUJLFDODQG0DWHULDOV6FLHQFH,,75RRUNHH5RRUNHH8WWDUDNKDQG,QGLD
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© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00( Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 .H\ZRUGV 8QLGLUHFWLRQDO(*ODVV)LEHU (SR[\5HVLQ 1DQRFOD\ +DUGHQHU
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ (PDLODGGUHVV VDQ LQGLD#JPDLOFRP
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.405
S.K. Singh et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
1115
,QWURGXFWLRQ )LEHU UHLQIRUFHGSRO\PHU )53 LVRQHRIWKHIDVWHVWJURZLQJFODVVHVRIWKHWKHUPRVHWSODVWLFV7KHJURZWKRIJODVV ILEHU LVDWWULEXWHGWRLWVORZFRVWORZGHQVLW\DQGKLJKKHDWGLVWRUWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH7KHVHPDWHULDOVKDYHEHFRPHWKH DOWHUQDWLYHRIFRQYHQWLRQDOVWUXFWXUDOPDWHULDOVVXFKDVVWHHOZRRGRUPHWDOVLQPDQ\DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQ RI JODVV ILEHU UHLQIRUFHG SRO\PHU FRPSRVLWHV DUH FDU LQGXVWU\ PDULQH LQGXVWULHV DLUFUDIW IDEULFDWLRQ ZLQG SRZHU SODQWHWF:HDUHHQWHULQJLQWRWKHJDWHZD\RI QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ³QDQRWHFKDQJH´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
1116
S.K. Singh et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
WKLVWKHPL[WXUHZDVDSSOLHGWRILEUHVKHHWRQRQHVLGHVXVLQJKDQGOD\XSDQGOHIWKIRUGU\LQJDQGWKHQDJDLQDIWHU KWKHPL[WXUHZDVDSSOLHGRQDQRWKHUVLGH7KHODPLQDVZHUHFXUHGE\OHDYLQJWKHPXQGHUDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH IRUVHYHQGD\V$QGDIWHUVHYHQGD\VWKHFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOZLOOUHDG\IRUWHVWLQJPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV
)LJ+DQG/D\8S0HWKRG
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ϭϲϬ
ϭϱϮ
ϭϱϳ
ϯ͘ϭ
ϯ͘ϬϯϮϮϭ
ϯ Ϯ͘ϵ ,ĂƌĚŶĞƐƐsĂůƵĞ;,ǀͿ
&ůĞdžƵƌĂů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
ϭϰϬ
ϭϮϬ
ϭϬϬ
ϴϬ
Ϯ͘ϴ
Ϯ͘ϳϯϰϬϯ
Ϯ͘ϳ Ϯ͘ϲ Ϯ͘ϰϱϴϭϳ
Ϯ͘ϱ Ϯ͘ϰ
ϳϬ
Ϯ͘ϯ
ϲϬ
Ϯ͘Ϯ ϭ
ϯ EĂŶŽĐůĂLJĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ;ǁƚйͿ
D
ϱ
ϭ
ϯ EĂŶŽĐůĂLJĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ;ǁƚйͿ
ϱ
E
)LJ D )OH[XUDOVWUHQJWKRI)53QDQRFRPSRVLWHVDQG E +DUGQHVVYDOXHV
7HQVLOH WHVWV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW RQ D PLQLPXP RI WKUHH VSHFLPHQV FRQWDLQLQJ VDPH DPRXQW RI FOD\ DFFRUGLQJ WR $670' XVLQJ =ZLFN5RHOO XQLYHUVDO WHVWLQJ PDFKLQH :LWK WKH DGGLWLRQ RI QDQRFOD\ WKH YDOXH RI WHQVLOH VWUHQJWKLQFUHDVHGIRUFOD\ORDGLQJXS WRZWDQGWKHQLWGHFUHDVHG)LJXUHD$GHFUHDVHLQSHUFHQWHORQJDWLRQ
1117
S.K. Singh et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
ZDVIRXQGZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHLQFOD\FRQWHQWZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHEULWWOHQHVVRIPDWUL[LQFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVHLQ FOD\ORDGLQJ ϯϬϬ
Ϯ͘ϱ
Ϯ͘ϰϱ
ϮϵϮ Ϯ͘ϰ
ϮϴϬ
WĞƌĐĞŶƚ ůŽŶŐĂƚŝŽŶ
dĞŶƐŝůĞ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
ϮϵϬ
ϮϳϬ ϮϲϬ
Ϯϱϲ͘ϱ
Ϯϱϯ
Ϯ͘ϯ
Ϯ͘Ϯ
Ϯ͘ϭϱ
Ϯ͘ϭ
ϮϱϬ ϮϰϬ
Ϯ͘Ϭϱ
Ϯ ϭ
ϯ EĂŶŽĐůĂLJĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ;ǁƚйͿ
ϱ
ϭ
ϯ EĂŶŽĐůĂLJĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ;ǁƚйͿ
ϱ
D E )LJ D 7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK 03D RI)53QDQRFRPSRVLWHVDWGLIIHUHQWFOD\ORDGLQJV E SHUFHQWDJHHORQJDWLRQ
)RUFDUU\LQJRXWWKHGXUDELOLW\ VWXGLHVVSHFLPHQ ZHUHGLSSHGLQD ZDWHUEDWK PDLQWDLQHGDW &DQGD1D2+ VROXWLRQ EDWK PDLQWDLQHG DW & IRU D SHULRG RI RQH PRQWK 7KH OLTXLG ZKLFK HYDSRUDWHG IURP WKH WDQN ZDV UHSOHQLVKHGRQGDLO\EDVLVGXULQJH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ%HIRUHWHVWLQJWKHVSHFLPHQVZHUHWDNHQRXWDQGGULHGZLWKWKH KHOSRIFORWKDQGNHSWLQDPELHQWHQYLURQPHQW7KHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHWDNHQ WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWRIKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHDQGPRLVWFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHVHSURSHUWLHV ϭǁƚй
ϯϭϬ
ϯϬϬ
ϱǁƚй
ϮϳϬ
dĞŶƐŝůĞ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
dĞŶƐŝůĞ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
ϭǁƚй ϯǁƚй ϱǁƚй
ϯϱϬ
ϯǁƚй
ϮϵϬ
ϮϱϬ ϮϯϬ ϮϭϬ ϭϵϬ
ϮϱϬ ϮϬϬ ϭϱϬ ϭϬϬ ϱϬ
ϭϳϬ
Ϭ
ϭϱϬ Ϭ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
D
ϯϬ
Ϭ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
ϯϬ
E
)LJ7HQVLOH6WUHQJWKGHJUDGDWLRQYHUVXVWLPH D LQZDWHUEDWK E LQ1D2+EDWK
)LJXUH VKRZVWKHHIIHFWRIFOD\ORDGLQJRQWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRIVDPSOHVLPPHUVHGLQZDWHUEDWKDQG1D2+EDWK 7KHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRIDOOVSHFLPHQV GHFUHDVHGZLWKWLPHEXWLQVDPSOHVFRQWDLQLQJFOD\WKHGHFUHDVHZDVOHVVLQ FRPSDULVRQWR VSHFLPHQV ZLWKRXW QDQRFOD\,WFDQEH VHHQWKDW LQ VSHFLPHQ ZLWK ZWQDQRFOD\WKHGHJUDGDWLRQ ZDV OHDVW DV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU VSHFLPHQV ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW LQ VSHFLPHQ LPPHUVHG LQ ZDWHU WKH VWUHQJWK
1118
S.K. Singh et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
GHJUDGDWLRQLVPRUHVHYHUHGXULQJDWLPHSHULRGRIWRGD\VZKHUHDVLQVDPSOHVLPPHUVHGLQ1D2+EDWKWKH GHJUDGDWLRQZDVPRUHLQILUVWGD\V
&ůĞdžƵƌĂů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
ϭϲϬ ϭϰϬ ϭϮϬ ϭϬϬ ϴϬ ϲϬ
ϭǁƚй
ϯϬ
ϯǁƚй WĞƌĐĞŶƚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ&ůĞdžƵƌĂů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ
ϭǁƚй ϯǁƚй ϱǁƚй
ϭϴϬ
ϰϬ
Ϯϱ
ϱǁƚй
ϮϬ ϭϱ ϭϬ ϱ Ϭ Ͳϱ
Ϭ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
Ϭ
ϯϬ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
D
ϯϬ
E
)LJ D )OH[XUDO6WUHQJWKGHJUDGDWLRQ DQG E SHUFHQWGHFUHDVHLQVWUHQJWKLQZDWHUEDWK
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHHIIHFWRILPPHUVLRQRIVSHFLPHQLQZDWHURQIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKRIVSHFLPHQ,WFDQEHVHHQIURP )LJXUHVDDQGEWKDWZWQDQRFOD\VSHFLPHQRXWSHUIRUPHGLQWHUPVWKDWWKHGHJUDGDWLRQLQIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKLQ ZDWHUEDWKZDVOHVVLQFRPSDULVRQWRRWKHUVSHFLPHQV ϭǁƚй
ϭϳϬ
ϭǁƚй
ϯϬ
ϯǁƚй ϱǁƚй
ϭϯϬ ϭϭϬ ϵϬ ϳϬ ϱϬ ϯϬ
ϯǁƚй WĞƌĐĞŶƚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ&ůĞdžƵƌĂů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ
&ůĞdžƵƌĂů^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ;DWĂͿ
ϭϱϬ
Ϯϱ
ϱǁƚй
ϮϬ ϭϱ ϭϬ ϱ Ϭ Ͳϱ
Ϭ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
D
ϯϬ
Ϭ
ϭϱ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĂLJƐ
ϯϬ
E
)LJ D )OH[XUDO6WUHQJWKGHJUDGDWLRQ DQG E SHUFHQWGHFUHDVHLQVWUHQJWKLQLQ1D2+EDWK
+RZHYHULQ1D2+EDWKDVFDQEHVHHQIURP)LJXUHVDDQGEWKHVWUHQJWKGHJUDGDWLRQZDVDSSUR[LPDWHO\VDPH IRUZWDQGZWVSHFLPHQV7KHQHDWHSR[\ ± ILEHUFRPSRVLWHVXIIHUHGDVWHHSGURSLQVWUHQJWKLQERWKZDWHU DQG1D2+EDWK &RQFOXVLRQ )LEHU UHLQIRUFHG QDQRFRPSRVLWHV KDYH EHHQ PDQXIDFWXUHG XVLQJ JODVV ILEHU DV UHLQIRUFHPHQW DQG HSR[\ PL[HG ZLWK&ORVLWH%DVPDWUL[1DQRFOD\ZDVDGGHGWRHSR[\LQGLIIHUHQWZHLJKWSHUFHQWDJH ZWZWDQGZW
S.K. Singh et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1114 – 1119
1119
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
