Oct 11, 2009 - scripts which originated from the ancient Indian Brahmi script and makes up almost all of the scripts of India and. Southeast Asia. The northern ...
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REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < distinguishing characteristic between Japanese and Han scripts. 3) Alphabetic System. The most important scripts in the alphabetic system are Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, and Armenian. The Greeks were the first Europeans to learn to write with an alphabet and from this system alphabetic writing spread to the rest of Europe, eventually leading to creation of all modern European alphabets. Latin script is used in many languages throughout the world such as Latin, Cyrillic, and Armenian, as well as many European languages like English, Italian, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Austronesia, Modern Malay, Vietnamese, and Indonesian. Cyrillic script is used in some Eastern European, Asian, and Slavic languages such as Bulgarian, Russian, Macedonian, and Ukrainian. Some characters in the Cyrillic alphabet are borrowed from Latin and Greek and modified with cedillas, crosshatches, or diacritical marks. 4) Abjads. In this system, each symbol represents a consonantal sound. It includes Arabic and Hebrew scripts. The characteristic that clearly identifies Abjad-based scripts in pen computing systems is the right to left writing direction. 5) Abugidas. This system includes the Brahmic family of scripts which originated from the ancient Indian Brahmi script and makes up almost all of the scripts of India and Southeast Asia. The northern group of Brahmic scripts is used in the Devnagari, Bangla, Manipuri, Gurumukhi, Gujrati, and Oriya languages; the scripts in south India and southeast Asia are used in the Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam Thai, Lao, Burmese, Javanese, Balinese languages. One important characteristic of Devnagari, Bangla, Gurumukhi, and Manipuri is that words are written together without spaces. The large number of horizontal lines in the textual portions of a document can distinguish these scripts from others. 6) Featural system. This system includes features that make up phonemes and includes the Korean Hangul script. In this system a script is formed by mixing logographic Hanja with featural Hangul. The Korean script is less complex and less dense compared to Chinese and Japanese scripts and it contains more circles and ellipses. The six writing systems mentioned above include many scripts with similar shaped characters: similar shaped characters are the major source of confusion in script identification. Usually, each script has several spatial characters, diacritics, multi graphs (include digraphs) or ligatures that differ with other scripts in a same writing system. They are significant in identifying scripts with similar shaped characters each other. For instance, the 11 languages such as, Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, English, French, German, Indonesian, Luxembourgish, Malay, Portuguese, Spanish alphabets consisted of Latin alphabet based 26 characters, and they are distinguish together with spatial characters, diacritics, multi graphs and ligatures. In particular, the 26 Latin characters are included in all language alphabets and only three of them (English, Indonesian and Malay) are without diacritics. Other 8 types of language alphabets (Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, French, German, Luxembourgish, Portuguese,
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Spanish) contain several diacritics. These diacritics can be used to distinguish the 8 kinds of scripts in character level script identification. On the other hand, some diacritics are common for a number of scripts. For example, the diacritic ”é” is not useful for character level script identification since it is common for Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, French, Luxembourgish, Portuguese and Spanish. In this case, other factors of these languages should be considered, such as multigraphs and ligatures. TABLE I SCRIPT WRITING SYSTEMS
Writing Scripts Languages system
Sample writings
Chinese Logographi c system
Han
Japanese (Kanji) Korean (Hanja)
Syllabic system
Kanas Greek
Japanese Greek Afrikaans Catalan Dutch English French
Alphabetic system
Latin
German Italian Luxembourgis h Portuguese Spanish Vietnamese
Cyrillic
Russian
American
English
Hebrew
Hebrew Arabic
Abjads
Arabic
Farsi Urdu Uyghur
Abugidas
Featural system
Brahmi scripts
Hangul
Devanagari Bangla Manipuri Gurumukhi Gujrati Oriya Tamil Telugu Kannada Malayalam Thai Lao Burmese Javanese Balinese Korean
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> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < A comparison of multigraphs and ligatures in the 11 Latin alphabet based scripts shows that Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, and Luxembourgish alphabets have no multigraphs and ligatures. English, French, German, Indonesian, Malay, Portuguese and Spanish alphabets contain several multigraphs. Ligatures are present in English, French and German alphabets. Therefore, these multigraphs and ligatures can be used as significant factors to identify these types of scripts in character level script identification. It is worth noting that some diacritics are not useful since they are common for several scripts. For example, the digraph ”ch” is common for English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish alphabets. Arabic, Persian and Uyghur characters are similar to each other: they have 18 common characters. Moreover, Arabic and Persian alphabets have 8 common characters, Arabic and Uyghur have 2 common characters, Persian and Uyghur have 6 common characters. There are 6 Uyghur characters different from Arabic and Persian. Thus, character level script identification is not efficient to the 3 scripts and word/connected component level script identification should be considered.
Hyb.
HandPrinted
Printed
III. SCRIPT IDENTIFICATION METHODS Most research in the field of script identification concerns documents either printed or handwritten scripts. However, since several documents may contain text blocks with both printed and handwritten scripts, some research is now addressing hybrid documents. Hence, on the basis of content type, documents can be classified into three categories: printed, handwritten and hybrid. Furthermore, document acquisition can be performed not only through optical scanners but also via cameras and camcorders. Of course, the device used for document acquisition can affect document image quality and therefore specific script identification methods have recently been proposed for video and camera-based acquisitions. TABLE II SCRIPT IDENTIFICATION: DOCUMENTS TYPES VS ACQUISITION Scanner Video and Camera Chanda et al. [13, 14, 15, 16], Chaudhuri and Gllavata et al. [42], Pal [21], Dhanya et al. [33], Ding et al. [34], Linlin Li and Tan Dhandra et al. [28, 29], Ghosh and Chaudhuri [54], Sharma et al. [41], Hochberg et al. [46], Jaeger et al. [48], [104], Trung et al. Padma et al. [68], Pal et al. [71, 72, 73], Peake [123], Zhou et al. et al. [85], Prakash et al. [90], Rani et al. [91], [134] Spitz [119] Chaudhuri [22], Dhandra and Hangarge [30], Ghosh et al. [39, 40], Hiremath et al. [44], Hochberg et al. [46], Namboodiri and Jain [64], Obaidullah et al. [67], Pal et al. [75], Razzak et al. [93], Roy et al. [96, 97, 98, 99], Zhou et al.[133] Ben Moussa et al. [6], Benjelil et al. [7], Kanoun et al. [50], Saidani et al. [101]
Table II summarizes some of the most relevant research in the field of script identification, categorized by document type and acquisition device. Earlier research on script identification of printed, handwritten and hybrid documents is discussed in
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the following. For each document type, different methods presented in the literature are introduced according to the kind of data they use to perform script identification: Page / Paragraph / Text-block, Text line, Word, or Character. A. Script identification in printed documents Most script identification research was carried out on printed documents. The main sources of printed documents include books, magazines, journals, dictionaries, etc.. Some researcher prepared multi script texts using automatic translating software [36] or other software [5] firstly, then multi script documents are obtained as computer printouts. Since the diversity of scripts and the deficiency of available public databases, most of the researcher built their own databases/datasets, as Table III summarizes. 1) Page/Paragraph/Text block Level Script Identification Most research on printed document script identification has been carried out at the page level. Hochberg et al. [46] used cluster-based templates for discriminating 13 different scripts. Spitz [119] proposed a language identification scheme where the words of 26 different languages were first classified into Han-based and Latin-based scripts. Successively, the actual languages were identified using projection profiles of words and character shapes. Jie Ding et al. [34] presented a method which uses a combined analysis of several discriminating statistical features to categorize European and Oriental language scripts. Pal and Chaudhuri [21] developed a system for identifying Bangla and Devnagari (Hindi) scripts using a classification tree. Research on printed document script identification was also conducted at text block level. For instance, Peake and Tan [85] proposed a method based on Multiple Gabor filters and grey level co-occurrence matrices to extract the texture features of five major scripts. 2) Text-line Level Script Identification. In text-line level script identification, a text block is firstly divided into lines. Pal and Chaudhuri [71] developed an automatic technique for separating text lines using script characteristics and shape based features. They also proposed a system for the identification of printed Roman, Chinese, Arabic, Devnaguri and Bangla text lines from a single document [72] and a method of identifying text lines of different Indian scripts from a document [73]. An automatic technique for the identification of Japanese and English script portions from a single line of a printed document was proposed by Chanda et al. [13]. Padma et al. [68] developed a monothetic algorithmic model to identify and separate Telugu, Hindi and English text lines from a printed multilingual document. A simple and efficient technique of script identification for Kannada, Hindi and English text lines was presented by Prakash et al. [90]. Ferrer et al. [36] proposed a LBP-based line-wise script identification system to identify ten different scripts. 3) Word Level Script Identification. Dhanya et al. [33] presented a successful method for identifying script at word level in a bilingual document containing Roman and Tamil scripts. Jaeger et al. [48] used a Gabor filter analysis of textures and a multiple classifier system with four different classifiers to identify Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, and Korean scripts at word-level. Dhandra et al. [28, 29] proposed an automatic technique for script identification at word level based on the morphological reconstruction of two printed
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> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < scripts: Telugu and Devnagari. A SVM based method was proposed by Chanda et al. [14] for the identification of printed English and Thai scripts at word level from a single line of a document page. Chanda [15] proposed a SVM based technique for word-level identification of Sinhala, Tamil and English scripts from a single document page, and a SVM based scheme for the identification of printed word-level English, Devnagari and Bangla scripts [16]. 4) Character Level Script Identification. Pal and Sarkar [74] used a combination of topological, contour and water reservoir concept based features to identify printed Urdu script. Rani et al. [91] carried out experiments on multi-font and multi-sized characters with Gabor features and Gradient features to identify Gurumukhi and English scripts at character or numeral level. B. Script identification in handwritten documents Handwritten documents are another important area of application for script identification systems. Of course, script identification of handwritten documents is more challenging than script identification of printed documents. In fact, there are some relevant differences between printed and handwritten script identification. For example, some scripts resemble each other much more in handwritten documents than in printed ones. Moreover, handwriting styles can be very variable. The experimental documents, which are written by different individuals at different times, enlarge the inventory of possible character and word shapes in handwritten documents. In addition, ruling lines and character fragmentation are common in handwritten documents due to the variety of papers and writing instruments used. All these differences can create huge challenges for script identification in handwritten documents. 1) Page/Paragraph/Text block Level Script Identification. The first study conducted on handwritten script identification was carried out by Chaudhuri [22] and was similar to that proposed by Hochberg et al. [46] for printed documents. However, the resulting classification accuracy was lower than that for the printed documents. An online handwritten script recognition system was proposed by Namboodiri and Jain [64] for classifying six major scripts at word level. Eleven different features and six types of classifiers were considered. A method based on the texture features for script identification in a handwritten document image was proposed by Hiremath et al. [44]. Ghosh and Shivaprasad [39] proposed an handwritten script identification method in which a “possibilistic” approach was used for cluster analysis. 2) Text-line Level Script Identification. Namboodiri and Jain [64] proposed a method to classify words and lines into one of the six major scripts: Arabic, Cyrillic, Devnagari, Han, Hebrew or Roman. The classification is based on eleven different spatial and temporal features extracted from strokes of the words. 3) Word Level Script Identification. Roy et al. [96] proposed a word-wise handwritten script identification method for Indian postal automation regarding Bangla and English script identification at word-level. The method mainly uses water reservoir concept based features, fractal-based features and a Neural Network classifier. Roy et al. [97] also developed a technique for script separation of handwritten postal documents in Bangla, Roman and Devanagri scripts.
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Run Length Smoothing Algorithm (RLSA) was used to segment the document pages into lines and then into words. Fractal-based, busy-zone and topological features were used along with a Neural Network (NN) classifier for script identification. A script separation technique of Roman and Oriya scripts for Indian Postal automation was proposed by Zhou et al. [133]. They presented a script identification method based on water reservoir concept based features, fractal dimension based features and topological features with an NN classifier. Sarkar et al. [103] presented an automatic separation system for word-level script identification from Bangla or Devanagri mixed with Roman scripts. Dhandra et al. [30] used a two-stage approach. In the first stage, some global and local features were applied to identify the text words. In the second stage, the numeral written in different scripts was identified. To test the system, Kanada, Devanagri and Roman scripted handwritten documents were considered. A word-wise handwritten script identification system for biscript documents written in Persian and Roman scripts was proposed by Roy et al. [99]. The system used a simple and fast computable sets of twelve features based on fractal dimension, position of small components and topology. A scheme for document level handwritten script identification from six popular Indian script documents was presented by Roy et al. [98]. In the proposed scheme, a small set of features based also on fractal dimension are computed using an MLP classifier. Obaidullah et al. [67] proposed a scheme to identify the six popular Bangla, Devnagari, Malayalam, Urdu, Oriya and Roman scripts in Indian documents, and compared performance using different well-known classifiers. 4) Character Level Script Identification. Pal et al. [75] proposed a modified quadratic classifier based scheme for the recognition of off-line handwritten numerals of six popular Indian scripts: Devnagari, Bangla, Telugu, Oriya, Kannada and Tamil. Razzak et al. [93] presented a fuzzy rule based approach for the recognition of both Urdu and Arabic numerals in an unconstrained environment. C. Script identification in hybrid documents. Hybrid documents include printed and handwritten texts. A multi-lingual automatic identification of Arabic and Latin in both handwritten and printed script was proposed by Ben Moussa et al [6]. A method for Arabic and Latin text block differentiation for both printed and handwritten scripts is discussed by Kanoun et al. [50]. The method is based on a morphological analysis for each script at the text-block level and a geometrical analysis at line and connected component levels. Benjelil et al. [3] proposed an accurate system based on a steerable pyramid transform for Arabic and Latin script identification at word level. By using new structural features, a successful attempt was made by Saidani et al. [101] to identify the Arabic or Latin script of a machine printed or handwritten document at word level.
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REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < (MQDF) Bayes Quadratic classifier Rule-based classifier Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Polynomial/Gau ssian radial basis functions (RBFs)
Namboodiri and Jain [64] Prakash et al. [90], Razzak et al. [93] Chanda et al.[14], Dhanya and Ramakrishnan [33], Ghosh and Chaudhuri [41], Sharma et al. [104], Wang et al. [127] Ben Moussa [6], Chanada et al. [14, 15, 16, 18, 19], Ferrer. et al. [36], Ghosh and Chaudhuri [41], Jaeger et al. [48], Namboodiri and Jain [64], Pan and Tang [79], Rani et al. [92], Sharma et al. [104], Wang et al. [127], Zhou et al. [134]
VI. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Performance of some of the most significant systems presented in the recent literature are reported in Table VI. More precisely, Table VI shows that different kinds of features, e.g., statistical features, structural features, symbols matching features and texture features, were generally used for script identification. Indeed, these features express only some characteristics of scripts that are generally not sufficient for script identification. Conversely, texture features are generally more efficient than others, but they cannot be applied reliably at word and character level within a document. Furthermore, to achieve better results, different kinds of features and classifiers were used. Experimental results show that a particular feature, that is generally efficient within a set of scripts, is not necessarily useful for other scripts. In English, Kannada, Hindi multi-script documents [32, 69, 81], texture features with a K-NN classifier were more useful than other features. For identifying different scripts in Indian documents, whatever classifier was used, both Global and Local features demonstrated to be efficient. Moreover, results obtained using a single feature (either local or global) were generally worse than those obtained using both features [31, 83]. In Han, Roman and some alphabet multi script identification methods, an SVM classifier with different extracted features achieved higher identification results than K-NN and NN classifiers [19, 55, 127]. For Arabic and Latin scripts, an RBF classifier was more efficient than a K-NN classifier [6].
References
Angadi and Kodabagi [3] Bashir and Quadri [5] Ben Moussa et al. [6] Benjelil et al. [7] Chanda et al. [13] Chanda et al. [14]
TABLE VI COMPARISON RESULTS Methods Script Feature Classifier Hindi, Kannada, Wavelet English, NA feature Malayalam, Tamil English, Project profile NA Kashmiri feature KNN, Arabic, Latin Fractal feature RBF Steerable Arabic, Latin pyramid KNN transform Statistical and Japanese, Tree structural English Classifier feature Statistical and English, Tail SVM structural
Accuracy (%)
94.33
96.2 96.64 98.72 97.5
98.79 99.36
Sinhala, Chanda et al. Tamil and [15] English English, Chanda et al. Devnagari, [16] Bangla English, Chanda et al. Devnagari, [17] Urdu
feature Statistical and structural feature Chain code histogram feature Statistical and structural feature
SVM
96.4
SVM
98.51
Tree classifier
97.51
Chain code histogram feature
SVM
98.39 (character ) 99.85 (word)
Morphological feature
KNN
97
Global and Local feature
KNN
99.96
Dhanya and Roman and Ramakrushnan Tamil [33]
Gabor filter
SVM NN KNN
96.03 91.86 90.02
Kanoun et al. Arabic, Latin [50]
Morphological and geometrical feature
KNN
96.1
Chanda et al. [18]
Dhandra et al. [28] Dhandra et al. [30]
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Roman English, Kannada, Hindi Kannada, Roman, Devnagari
Chinese, NA SVM English Arabic, Cyrillic, Namboodiri KNN, NN, Devnagari, Stroke feature and Jain [64] SVM Han, Hebrew, Roman English, Padma and Kannada, Texture feature KNN Vijaya [69] Hindi Pal and English, Shape based Chaudhuri Devnagari NA feature [71] etc. Roman, Chinese, Statistical Pal et al. [72] Arabic, NA feature Devnagari, Bengla Statistical Pal et al. [74] Indian NA feature Chinese, Japanese, Pan et al. [80] Gabor filter NN Korean, English Patil and English, KNN Subbareddy Kannada, NA PNN [84] Hindi Pati and Gabor filter Ramakrishnan Indian NN, SVM and DTC [83] Chinese, English, Gabor filter, Greek, Peake and Tan Grey level coKorean, KNN [85] occurrence Malayalam, matrix Persian, Russian Philip and English, Gabor filter NA Samuel [88] Malayalam Gabor filter, English, Rani et al. [91] Gradient SVM Gurumukhi feature Structure, English, SVM, KNN, Rani et al. [92] Gabor, DCT Gurumukhi PNN feature Lin et al. [55]
99.6
95.5
99.33
98.5
97.33
97.52
98.5
98.0 98.89 99.6
95
96.5 98.9 99.45 99.402
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Indian
Roy et al. [97]
Indian
Saidani et al. Arabic, Latin [101] Arabic, Shijian Lu and Chinese, Tan [56] Hebrew, Roman Roman, Singhal et al. Devanagari, [116] Bangla, Telugu Roman, Waked et al. Ideographic, [126] Arabic Chinese, Wang et al. Japanese, [127] Korean, English Arabic, Chinese, Zhou et al. English, [134] Japanese, Korean, Thailand
Statistical and shape based feature Statistical feature Statistical and structural feature Structure feature
NA
96.05
NN
97.62
NN
96.79
NA
98.4
Statistical feature
KNN
95.36
Gabor filter
NA
91.6
Statistical feature Template based method
NA
SVM
Texture feature SVM, RBF
TABLE VII PUBLIC DATABASES
DB
Script Lang.
IAM
English
APTI
Arabic
APTID/ MF
Arabic
99.1
KAFD
Arabic
97.59
RIMES
French
91
It is worth noting that approaches in Table VI are difficult to be compared since performance have been estimated using databases collected in laboratory environments. In fact, although there existed several public datasets containing natural images with texts, they are mainly related to the text recognition task [109, 128]. Some datasets specifically devoted to script identification have been also realized [46, 87, 132]. Among the others, the SIW-10 dataset was developed for script identification [110]. The SIW-10 dataset contains more than 13,000 multi-scripts images including textual components from 10 languages. Therefore, to date, it can be considered as one of the most valuable benchmarking dataset for research in script recognition. VII. FUTURE WORK AND TRENDS Although in the last twenty years there have been many advances in the field of script identification, a great deal of work is still necessary to improve accuracy and efficiency of script identification systems. Some of the most valuable directions of research are here addressed. The first point is that, as Table III shows, many researchers constructed database/datasets by themselves collecting data in laboratory according to the requirement of their research work. These datasets are different in type, size, scanning resolution and image format. Besides, these datasets are not publicly available. Therefore, specific work is necessary to define some standard data formats and to realize and release public datasets for script identification.
Data type and size Handwritten, 1539 page of text images written by 657 different writers Printed, 113284 words, 10 fonts, 10 sizes, 4 styles Printed,1845 text-blocks images, 27402 characters images Printed,40 Arabic fonts, 115068 page images, 2576024 line images Handwritten mails, 1300 individuals, 12723 pages of 5605 letters
KHATT
Arabic
Handwritten, 1000 writers 4000 image pages
QUWI
English, Arabic
Handwritten, 1017 writers image pages
LAMIS- French, MSHD Arabic
Maurdor
English, Arabic, French
Special field
ReferenceYear
writer identification
U. Marti et. al [61]
2002
evaluation of screen-based OCR systems
F. Slimane et. al [117]
2009
text recog., OCR systems
F.K. Jaiem et. al [49]
2013
multi-font text recog.
H. Luqman et. al [58]
2014
writer identification, handwriting recog.
E. Augustin et. al [4]
2006
text recog., writer S.A identification, Mahmoud forms et. al [60] analysis, segmentation writer identification S.Aland gender, Maadeed age and et. al [2] handedness classification
2012
2012
Handwritten 600 Arabic, 600 Writer recog. French writer C. Djeddi handwritten, classification, 2014 et. al [35] 1300 signature signatures, verification 21000 digits Printed and S. handwritten, script Brunessau 2014 2500 document identification x et. al images [10]
Arabic, Chinese, English, Greek, Hebrew, SIW-10 Japanese, Korean, Russian, Thai and Tibetan
13045 word images, cropped from 7700, full images from 10 languages
script identification
Baoguang Shi et. al [110]
2015
APTID/ English, MF Arabic,
1. Printed Text images, English: 2328 Arabic: 1845; 2. Handwritten Text images, English: 582, Arabic: 460
script identification
I. Chtourou, A. Cheikh et. al [49]
2013
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> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < Table VII summarizes some of the public datasets that have been considered by the script identification research community. Most of these databases are referred to research in the field of OCR [117, 49], handwriting recognition [58, 4, 60], document analyzing [60], writer identification and classification [61, 4, 60, 2], signature recognition and verification [35]. Only few public databases are specifically devoted to script identification [110, 10, 49]. Moreover, databases for script identification are limited in terms of script/language type, font types and sizes, lack degraded/noisy images, etc.. In particular, many databases are devoted to specific scripts, such as English, Chinese, Arabic, German, French, Japanese, Korean, Devanagari, Bangla, whereas no databases are available for research on other scripts. Of course, along with the expansion of research on script identification, the blank of some scripts in this area will be amended in the future work. Furthermore, most of researches is based on offline script identification technology, but there are only few reports about online script identification technology. With the spreading of PDAs and smartphones, the demand of online script identification technology is increasing. At the same time, for everyday useful aims, also automatic translation should be considered. Just think to a tourist needing for a fast automatic translation of a signboard. Of course the development of online script identification systems will require a great amount of work and it is an extraordinary challenge for the research community. VIII. CONCLUSION Script identification is an important task in an OCR system for multi-lingual, multi-script documents. Many script identification methods have been proposed for written scripts at different levels within a document— page/paragraph level, text-line level, word level, and even character level. Compared to the field of document analysis and optical character recognition, research on script identification is still limited. In fact, studies were focused so far on identifying the major scripts in the world such as English, Arabic, Indian, Chinese and Japanese. Indeed, many other scripts exist that have received no apparent attention. The identification of video and camera based images is another research area for which more research is necessary, since mobile and cheap devices become more and more widespread. Concerning features and classification methods, although it is quite difficult to obtain conclusive results, Gabor filter and statistical features are certainly some of the most effective characteristics for script identification as well as kNN and SVM are the most valuable classifiers. It can be concluded that although many advancements have been made, additional research is necessary the field of script identification. A crucial step is certainly the creation of new standard databases for multi-lingual, multi-script identification, to evaluate comparatively different script recognition systems and support the research community active in the field. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61163028,61363064, 61563052),
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Special Training Plan Project of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region’s Minority Science and Technological Talents (No. 201323121), College Scientific Research Plan Project of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (No. XJEDU2013I11), and the Open Projects Program of National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (No. 201306321). This work is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) within the PRIN2015HAND project (No. H96J16000820001).
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2689159, IEEE Access
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