Securing Embedded Systems: Cyberattacks ...

Chapter 11

Securing Embedded Systems: Cyberattacks, Countermeasures, and Challenges Mohamed Amine Ferrag Guelma University

Nassira Chekkai

Université Abdelhamid Mehri de Constantine

Mehdi Nafa

Badji Mokhtar University

Contents 11.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 280 11.2 Embedded Communication System................................................................................ 283 11.2.1 Network Model................................................................................................... 283 11.2.2 Threat Model....................................................................................................... 285 11.2.3 Contextual Confidentiality.................................................................................. 286 11.3 Security Challenges in Embedded Systems..................................................................... 287 11.4 Attacks against Embedded Systems................................................................................. 288 11.5 Cryptographic Countermeasures for Embedded Systems................................................ 289 11.5.1 Symmetric Ciphers.............................................................................................. 290 11.5.2 Asymmetric Ciphers.............................................................................................291 11.5.3 Hash Functions................................................................................................... 292 11.5.3.1 Message Authentication Code (MAC)....................................................293 11.5.3.2 Digital Signatures.................................................................................. 294 279

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11.5.3.3 Groups of Signatures............................................................................. 294 11.5.3.4 Derivation of Symmetric Keys............................................................... 295 11.5.4 Security Protocols................................................................................................ 295 11.5.4.1 The SSL/TLS Protocol........................................................................... 295 11.5.4.2 The IPSec Protocol................................................................................ 296 11.5.4.3 The SSH Protocol.................................................................................. 297 11.6 Biometrics and Embedded Systems................................................................................. 297 11.7 Future Research Directions............................................................................................. 299 11.8 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 299 Author Biographies.................................................................................................................. 299 References................................................................................................................................ 300 Abstract: Embedded systems are continuously adopted in a wide range of application areas. These systems are based on the use of low-energy-consumption microprocessors or microcontrollers. The main characteristic of embedded systems is that they perform specific tasks, and they are often integrated into devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and smart cards, which they control. According to these characteristics, security threats target embedded systems because they are physically accessible. Following a brief discussion about major challenges in embedded system development, we introduce an example of an embedded communication system, called vehicular peer-to-peer social network (VP2PSN). Based on the internal architecture and external interfaces of embedded systems, we define a taxonomy of basic cyberattacks: physical side-channel attacks and software attacks. We then focus on reviewing and discussing security requirements, cryptographic countermeasures, security protocols, and biometric systems in embedded systems. We conclude with future research directions for embedded systems security.

11.1 Introduction A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system of computer components that collaborate to monitor and control the physical entities. In other words, a CPS is a system in which people interact with technology ecosystem–based smart objects through complex processes. The interactions of these four components (people, smart objects, technological ecosystem, and processes) lead to the emergence of a systemic dimension within security in the CPS [1]. Furthermore, CPSs have applications in several fields including aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, health care, manufacturing, and transportation. The design of a CPS is a complex activity that requires the use of several methods and tools during the development process. However, this generation of CPSs is frequently related to embedded systems. These are bringing forward automatic control mechanisms in industrial and transportation areas. In fact, embedded systems are autonomous electronic and computer systems that contain at least one microprocessor and software designed to carry out specific tasks. Nowadays, embedded systems are pervading our daily lives more and more, being present everywhere: in mobile phones, health, home automation, assistance to people, electronic banking, gaming, and so on (as shown in Figure 11.1). Embedded systems may be classified according to their energy source into two categories: embedded systems connected to an external power source, such as printers, and others that depend

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Department of Computer Science and Its Applications, Constantine 2 University, Algeria. Her current research interests include graph theory, information filtering systems, and social networks. Mehdi Nafa is an associate professor at the Computer Science Department of Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. He received his PhD in computer science in 2009 at University Evry, France, following a master’s degree in computer science at Poitiers, France, in 2005 and an engineer’s degree in computer science in 2003 from the University of Badji Mokhtar. His main research and teaching interests are networks, security, and cloud computing. He currently teaches computer science at the University of Badji Mokhtar and is head of the MobiMADD research team at the Network and Systems Lab (Laboratoire Réseau & Systèmes).

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