Sediment transport modeling in hydrological ...

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE

Sediment transport modeling in hydrological watersheds and rivers Modélisation du transport de sédiments dans les bassins-versants et dans les rivières Conference Proceedings Actes de conférence

IN NTERNATIIONAL CO ONFERENCE CO ONFERENC CE INTER RNATIONA ALE

Sedimeent transpo ort mo odelin ng iin hyd drolog gical w waterrshedss and riverss M Modéliisation du ttransp port de d séd diments dan ns les bassin b ns-verrsantss et da ans less rivièères

Con nferrencce Prroceeediings A s dee con Acte nférrencce

Editorss Hafzuullah AK KSOY G Gil MAH HE Baarış ÖZE EN Beninna TOUA AIBIA Onnur AKA AY Aysuun KÖRO OĞLU

14 4 – 16 Noveember / No ovembre 2012 Istanbul, T TURKEY / TURQUIE E

Advisory Board / Conseil consultatif Prof. Muhammed Şahin Prof. Gordon Young Mr. Cemal Gökçe

Former Rector Istanbul Technical University (ITU) President International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Head Istanbul Branch, Chamber of Civil Engineers (IMO)

Scientific Committee / Comité scientifique (in alphabetical order by their first name) Ahmad Bilal (Syria) Ali Aytek (Turkey) Anas Emran (Morocco) Arash Malekian (Iran) Atıl Bulu (Turkey) Axel Bronstert (Germany) Bellie Sivakumar (Australia) Benina Touaibia (Algeria) Celso A G Santos (Brazil) Christophe Cudennec (France) Elias Symeonakis (Greece) Ennio Ferrari (Italy) Eric Servat (France) Gaston Lienou (Cameroon) Gil Mahe (France / Morocco) Gökmen Tayfur (Turkey) Günter Blöschl (Austria) Hafzullah Aksoy (Turkey) Harouna Karambiri (Burkina Faso)

Hartmut Wittenberg (Germany) Henny van Lanen (Netherland) Hızır Önsoy (Turkey) İlhan Avcı (Turkey) Jaeyoung Yoon (Korea) Mahmud Güngör (Turkey) Mehmetçik Bayazıt (Turkey) Mehmet İshak Yüce (Turkey) Mohamed Meddi (Algeria) Nanée Chahinian (France) Necati Ağıralioğlu (Turkey) Onur Akay (Turkey) Saeed Morid (Iran) Salvatore Grimaldi (Italy) Serwan M J Baban (Iraq) Siegfried Demuth (UNESCO) Şevket Çokgör (Turkey) Valentin Golosov (Russia) Z. Fuat Toprak (Turkey / Saudi Arabia)

v

Organization Committee / Comité d'organisation Hafzullah AKSOY Gil MAHE Benina TOUAIBIA Onur AKAY Aysun KÖROĞLU Barış ÖZEN

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey IRD, Hydro Sciences Montpellier Laboratory, France University Mohamed V-Agdal, Morocco National Superior School of Hydraulics, Algeria Okan University, Turkey Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Conference Secretariat / Secrétariat de la conférence Sevgi ÖĞÜN

vi

Istanbul Technical University Department of Civil Engineering Hydraulics Laboratory 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, TURKEY

Foreword from FRIEND

Understanding sediment erosion, transport and deposition: key issue for sustainable land and water management Erosion and sedimentation processes and management in catchments, river systems and reservoirs have reached global importance. The socio-economic and environmental impacts of erosion and sedimentation processes in river basins are significant. Regrettably, it is estimated that over 50% of the world’s reservoir storage capacity could be lost due to sedimentation within the next few decades. The situation is particularly severe in most of the developing countries. Sharing recent achievements in scientific knowledge on soil erosion from hillslopes in river basins, sedimentation downstream and disseminating this to policy-makers and stakeholders (e.g. agriculture, hydropower, navigation, ecosystems, water supply) is of uttermost importance for sustainable land and water policy and management. Important impacts are: (i) lost land resources (fertile plough layer), which in some cases even leads to desertification, (ii) filling-up of the dead volume of surface water reservoirs, reducing its life time and (iii) hampering of water-born transport, which requires costly dredging. Another challenge to be investigated is how land and water management affects stream hydromorphology and how measures can be designed to influence morphology to create a healthy environment that support aquatic ecosystems and riparian areas (i.e. ensuring adequate environmental flows), but that in the same time does not increase flood risk. A sound scientific knowledge base on sediment erosion and deposition that is well integrated in the whole scope of river basin processes is paramount to support the dialogue among the regularly conflicting interests of economic activities (e.g. food and energy production, transport) and vital, resilient ecosystems. These conference proceedings show that the knowledge base has enhanced through modelling of erosion, transport and sedimentation, which often is supported by good targeted experimental field, laboratory work or good real world data. Good data to feed the models are a necessity to understand the comprehensive and interlinked land use, hydrological, hydraulic and morphological processes. Conference contributions also make clear that modelling and observing past events is the key to adequately assess the potential impact of the manifold projected measures that possibly will affect erosion and deposition. UNESCO IHP very warmly welcomes the publication of the Proceedings. There is no doubt that the Proceedings will be essential reading to all those concerned with sediment-related issues within the larger frame of Integrated River Basin Management. We would like therefore to express our warmest thanks to Prof Hafzullah Aksoy and his team to organize this conference, special thanks goes to TUBITAK, Turkey, for providing funds for publishing the proceedings. We would also like to thank all authors and all those who have provided the necessary support to guarantee the success of this publication. UNESCO IHP, for its part, shall do its best to facilitate and promote its dissemination among the widest audience possible.

vii

And finally the global FRIEND community highly appreciates that the MED-FRIEND group has identified sediment transport as a key issue and that it shares the increased knowledge through the 2012 Sediment Transport Modelling Conference in Istanbul and the proceedings.

Henny A.J. van Lanen

Siegfried Demuth

Chair of the Global UNESCO FRIEND

Global Secretariat of FRIEND

Intergroup Coordination Committee (FIGCC)

Division of Water Sciences

[email protected]

[email protected]

Wageningen University, Netherlands

UNESCO, Paris, France

viii

Foreword from MEDFRIEND

MEDFRIEND: global perspectives for the UNESCO research network in Hydrology for the Mediterranean In the frame of the International Hydrological Program (IHP), FRIEND is an international collaborative program developing, through the mutual exchange of data, knowledge and techniques at a regional level and a better understanding of hydrological variability and similarity through time and space. The advanced knowledge of hydrological processes and flow regimes gained through FRIEND helps to improve methods applicable in water resources planning and management. MEDFRIEND is one of the eight FRIEND programs of UNESCO. The research themes developed in MEDFRIEND are: Erosion and Solid Transport, Coastal Ecohydrology, Karst Hydrogeology, Extreme Events, Flow Regimes and Water Resources: Assessment of Global Changes. A common database is available for members on our website. The new MEDFRIEND program started in January 2009, following the FRIEND-AMHY program started in 1991. There are for now 18 countries in the MEDFRIEND group. Activities coordinated by FRIEND are: scientific workshops, international conferences, training courses, scientific exchanges. This Istanbul conference is the 5th event since the beginning of the new MEDFRIEND. The first workshop was held in Rabat-Morocco in 2009 on the topic “Flow Regimes and Water Resources: Assessment of Global Changes”. A special issue of the Journal “Secheresse” (scopus indexed) was released in 2010. The second meeting was held in 2011 in Tipaza, Algeria, jointly with the ENSH School of Engineers of Blida in the frame of the SIGMED research program, on the topic of “A spatial approach of the man-environment relationships”, and jointly with the research theme “Erosion and Solid Transport” coordinated by ENSH Blida; and papers are released in 3 Journals: “Le Journal de l’Eau et de l’Environnement/ENSH-Blida/Algeria”, special issue released in dec-2010, and 2 sets of papers still under preparation for “Journal of Water Sciences” (Scopus), and Hydrological Sciences Journal (ISI). The third meeting was held in Cosenza-Italia, organized by the University of Calabria in the frame of the topic “Extreme Events”. The proceeding book is under press. The fourth meeting was organized in Bizerte, Tunisia, in 2012 by the MaghLag network of the Maghrebian Lagoons network, under the frame of a START funded program, on the theme of “Coastal Ecohydrology”. This conference is dedicated to the research theme “Erosion and solid transport”. This is a very hot topic in many countries around the Mediterranean borders, which combine three elements of vulnerability: a Mediterranean to semi-arid climate to which are associated: a sparse vegetation, and frequent extreme precipitations and temperatures; and a high population density and a high percentage of cultivated land, which lead to over-exploitation and weakening of soils. Erosion and solid transport measurements and modelling, from the basin’s slopes to the river, is a key research theme for the future of sediment transport prediction in the Mediterranean ix

area. The very high number of dams in the region is also a major feature to take into account both for the impact on the transport conditions, and for the consequences downstream to the sea. It is our pleasure to be hosted by our colleagues in Turkey who are developing skills on this topic since long, and we thank them for this opportunity to meet with all the researchers and professionals gathered by the event. It is also a pleasure to warmly thank Prof. Ms Benina Touaibia and the “Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique” of Blida in Algeria, for having assumed during more than ten years the coordination of the “Erosion and solid transport” theme. We finally thank very much Prof. Hafzullah Aksoy, from Technical University of Istanbul, first for leading the organization of this meeting, in the frame of MEDFRIEND, and then to accept to take the lead of the “Erosion and Solid Transport” theme from now on.

Gil Mahé General Coordinator of MEDFRIEND [email protected] IRD, HydroSciences Montpellier Laboratory, France in host in University Mohamed V-Agdal, Morocco

x

Foreword from MEDFRIEND2012

MEDFRIEND2012: Sediment Transport Modeling in Hydrological Watersheds and Rivers Due to the great importance of soil erosion from hillslopes in hydrological watersheds and rivers it has been decided to organize MEDFRIEND2012: International Conference Sediment Transport Modeling in Hydrological Watersheds and Rivers from November 14th to 16th, 2012 in Istanbul, Turkey. The general topic of the conference has been sediment transport modeling in hydrological watersheds and rivers knowing that erosion and sediment transport is a major problem in Mediterranean countries. This is a widely studied area, but modeling sediment transport is a domain with less specific and largely used knowledge. Thus the general objective of the MEDFRIEND2012 is to gather not only regional but also worldwide researchers and practitioners working on this topic at different scales of time and space, in order to identify and compare tools and methodologies, and to edit the main contributions as a set of papers to give future studies a good overview. MEFRIEND2012 with such an important topic has attracted a great interest from all around the world and ended up with 103 contributions, finally programmed and published in the Conference Proceedings, from 32 countries all over 5 continents: Asia, Europe, Africa, North America and South America. Hosting the FRIEND initiative since decades, Division of Water Sciences in UNESCO financially supported MEDFRIEND2012. IRD and HSM, France, and French Missions in Morocco and Tunisia provided considerable financial and logistic supports to allow participants from these countries to attend the Conference. Istanbul Technical University has been very generous in providing both finance and logistics among which a domain for the Conference website can be mentioned. TUBITAK (the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) financed the printing materials and participation of young researchers from Turkey. The Istanbul Branch of Chamber of Civil Engineers of Turkey (TMMOB-IMO) contributed to the social events. IAHS (International Association of Hydrological Sciences) advertised the Conference in their website and SKATMK (Turkish National Committee on Water Pollution Research and Control) helped us in using their logistics for financial issues. Prof. Siegfried Demuth, Division of Water Sciences at UNESCO, and Prof. Henny van Lanen, Chair of the global UNESCO FRIEND Intergroup Coordination Committee (FIGCC), Wageningen University, Netherlands, encouraged us from the most beginning. The International Scientific Committee composed of 38 distinguished scientists from 20 countries, and members of the International Advisory Board have spent important efforts to keep the Conference at the highest scientific and technical levels. After all these encouragements and supports, organization of MEFRIEND2012 with such an important topic has been a great pleasure and a joyful task for us. I am thankful to Dr. Gil Mahé, France / Morocco and Prof. Benina Touaibia, Algeria, who coordinated the event from distance. I should mention, with thanks, great efforts spent by members of the Local Organization Committee, Asst. Prof. Onur Akay, Okan University, Dr. Aysun Koroglu, ITU,

xi

Mr. Baris Ozen, ITU and Ms. Sevgi Ogun, ITU. Finally, the great contribution by all participants should be mentioned without which this event would not be possible. On behalf of the Organization Committee, I wish you all the best and hope that you enjoy your stay with us in Istanbul during the MEDFRIEND2012 Conference.

Hafzullah Aksoy Chair – Organization Committee [email protected] Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

xii

CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIERES Manuscript Number Numéro du manuscrit

Title of the Manuscript and Author(s) / Titre du manuscrit et auteur(s)

Page

ORAL PRESENTATIONS 001 (514045)

Process-based Modeling of Erosion and Sediment Transport in Meso-scale Mediterranean Catchments: from the Hillslopes via the River System to Reservoirs

1

A. Bronstert, J. C. de Araújo, R. J. Batalla, T. Francke, A. Güntner, J. López-Tarazón, P. Medeiros, E. N. Müller, D. Vericat

002 (514069)

Estimate of Sediment Yield in Small Alpine Basins: Some Issues on Empirical versus Physically Based Approach

9

Giovanna Grossi, Elisa Ravizzola, Francesca Berteni, Paolo Caronna, Matteo Balistrocchi

003 (314007)

Numerical Simulation of the Hydro-Sedimentary Phenomena in the Reservoirs of Côte d’Ivoire: The Case of Lake Taabo Kouakou Lazare Kouassi, Kouassi Innocent Kouame, Kouakou Martin Sanchez Angulo, Moussa Deme, N’diaye Hermann Edvige Meledje

004 (402011)

Séraphin

11

Konan,

Areally Averaged Sediment Transport Equations for Predicting Sediment from Bare Rilled Hillslopes

21

Gokmen Tayfur

005 (513049)

Spatially Distributed Modeling of Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Sediment Yield on Catchment and Regional Scale

31

Marcus Schindewolf, Jürgen Schmidt, Michael von Werner

006 (513051)

Contribution à la modélisation des écoulements et des transports solides dans le haut cours de la Medjerda (Confins Algéro-Tunisiens)

43

Hadda Dridi, Mahdi Kalla, Moufida Belloula

007 (514054)

Isotope and Geochemical Sediment Source Fingerprinting to Identify Suspended Sediment Inputs in the Semi Arid Kharaa Catchment, Mongolia

45

P. Theuring, M. Rode

008 (509034)

Evaluation of the Rate and Source of Land Degradation in a MicroCatchment, Rabat Region, Morocco

47

Laouina Abdellah, Chaker Miloud, Machouri Nadia

009 (911156)

Interactions between River Flow and Streambed Sediments in the Tafna River, Algeria

57

N. Belaidi, A. Taleb

010 (706151)

Sediment Yield Formulation by Dimensional Analysis in Wadis

011 (503024)

Suspended Sediments Transport in Hydrological Northern Wadi Araba Basin and Assessment of Water Quality

59

Zekai Şen, Khalid Al-Suba’i

61

Omar Ali Al-Khashman, Ahmad M. Dahamsheh

xiii

Manuscript Number Numéro du manuscrit


012 (514071)

Modélisation statistique des flux de sédiments en suspension sur le bassin versant de l’oued el hammam (Algérie du Nord)

Page

79

Aicha El Mahi, Mohamed Meddi

013 (515083)

Determining Amount of Sediment Transport of Mojen River by Artificial Neural Network and Mathematical Method

89

A. Malekian, M. Rahimian, A. Ghaneh

014 (515084)

Reconstruction of Sedigraphs from Intermittent Samples – a Comparison of Multiple Data-Based Methods

91

Till Francke, Alexander Zimmermann

015 (516107)

Modélisation neurofloue du transport solide par clustérisation mensuelle des données d’apprentissage

93

Abdelouahab Lefkir, Abdelmalek Bermad, Noureddine Dechemi

016 (604118)

Uncertainty Analysis of Sedimentation Measurement in Complex Floodplains: 103 A Case Study in the Mekong Delta Nguyen Van Manh, Bruno Merz, Heiko Appel

017 (629149)

Wavelet Decomposition and De-Noising in Predicting Suspended Sediment 105 Load Yousef Hassanzadeh, Mohammad Amir Rahmani, Peyman Yousefi

113

018 (515080)

Monitoring of Stream Sediment Deposition Using Sediment Traps

019 (509039)

Modelling and Mapping of Soil Erosion on the Oued El Malleh Catchment 115 Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Sergey Chalov, Ekaterina Belozerova

O. El Aroussi, A. El Garouani, R. Jabrane

020 (516105)

Evaluation de l’envasement dans une région semi-aride à l’aide d’un S.I.G

021 (615135)

Finding Eroding Areas and Patterns with GIS and Community Knowledge in 125 the Ethiopian Highlands

123

Chenaoui Bakhta, Remini Boualem, Benjamin Dewals, Marc Binard

Christian D. Guzman, Seifu A. Tilahun, Assefa D. Zegeye, Birru Yitaferu, Robert W. Kay, Greg Nagle, Tammo S. Steenhuis

022 (614127)

Impact des aménagements hydro-forestiers sur l’envasement des lacs 135 collinaires Taoufik Hermassi, Hamadi Habaieb, Ali Debebria, Mohamed Boufaroua, Jean Marie Lamachere

023 (515082)

Use of GIS and Remote Sensing to Assess Soil Erosion in Arid to Semiarid 145 Basin in Jordan Ibrahim A. Farhan, Jawad T. Al-Bakri

024 (515092)

xiv

High Resolution Modeling of Sediment-Loaded Runoff into Urban Areas Sarah Annika Arévalo, Jürgen Schmidt

153


025 (515093)


Page

Semi-quantitative Analysis of Transient Sediment Storage in a Mediterranean 159 River System S. Werb, T. Francke, D. Vericat, A. Bronstert

026 (514058)

Climate Change and Soil Erosion – a High-Resolution Projection on 167 Catchment Scale Until 2100 A. Routschek, F. Kreienkamp

027 (425016)

Evaluation des facteurs et processus de l'érosion et de la déposition des sols 177 dans un environnement de montagne méditerranéen, Maroc Abdelkader El Garouani, Abdellatif Tribak, Mohamed Abahrour

028 (621122)

Etude et cartographie des risques liés à l’érosion des sols dans le bassin versant 185 d’Oued Sra, Maroc Ouidiane El Badaoui, Abderrahim Lahrach, Abdel-Ali Chaouni, Hanane El Behali, Faïza Benjelloun

029 (514072)

Assessment of Soil Erosion Hazard, Using MPSIAC Model and Geographical 195 Information System (GIS), (Case study: Baghan Watershed in Boshehr- Iran) A. Moeini, A. Alizade, M. Amiri Hezaveh

030 (514053)

Monitoring and Modeling of Sediment Transport in Selenga Transboundary 205 River System Sergey R. Chalov, Nikolay I. Alexeevsky, Ekaterina V. Belozerova, Phillip Theuring, Daniel Karthe, Endon Garmaev

213

031 (321008)

Study of Sediment Transport in Ten Basins in the West of Algeria

032 (515091)

Combined Application of Soil-Morphological Method, Radionuclide 225 Technique and Empirically-Based Modeling for Assessing Soil Redistribution Rates (The Kursk Study Site, Central European Russia)

Mohamed Meddi

E. N. Shamshurina, V. N. Golosov, V. R. Belyaev

033 (514067)

Spatial Features of Erosion and Soil Properties on Slopes with Different 231 Exposure (Assessment by Magnetic Tracer Method) A. P. Zhidkin, A. N. Gennadiev, T. S. Koshovskii

034 (514063)

L’Evaluation de l’erosion du sol à l’aide du Cesium 137 à l’échelle du bassin 237 versant de l’Oued Mina, Algérie S. Toumi, M. Meddi, G. Mahé

035 (515095)

Laboratory Flume Experiments to Study the Influence of Initial Conditions 239 and Rock Fragment Cover on Soil Erosion Dynamics S. Jomaa, D. A. Barry, A. Brovelli, B. C. P. Heng, G.C. Sander, J.-Y. Parlange

036 (515096)

Sediment Settling Properties of Freshly Eroded Aggregates

241

V. Wendling, N. Gratiot, C. Legout, H. Michallet, A. J. Manning

xv


037 (515102)


Page

Sediment Dynamics in the Mekong Basin - Model Development and Multi- 243 Objective Calibration Stefan Lüdtke, Heiko Apel, Bruno Merz, Dung-Viet Nguyen

038 (510040)

Estimation du débit solide journalier dans le bassin versant de l’Oued Mina 245 sur l’Oued Cheliff (nord-ouest d’Algérie) F. Hallouz, M. Meddi, G. Mahé

039 (516109)

Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrologique et de l’érosion sur le petit bassin 255 versant Sahelien de Tougou (Burkina Faso) à l’aide du modèle Kineros H. Karambiri, H. Yacouba, B. Barbier, L. A. Mounirou, H. Tidjani Ousmane, M. L. W. Somda

261

040 (514065)

Sediment Yield Assessment in Greece

041 (613124)

Determination of Sedimentary Flux of Denuded in the Watershed of 269 Hydrosystem Mono-Couffo in West Africa

Demetris Zarris, Evdoxia Lykoudi, Dionysia Panagoulia

Ernest Amoussou, V. S. Henri Totin, Constant Houndénou, Gil Mahé, Pierre Camberlin, Michel Boko

042 (615131)

Consequences of Large Hydropower Dams on Erosion Budget within Hilly 271 Agricultural Catchments in Northern Vietnam by RUSLE modeling Nguyen Van Thiet, Orange Didier, Laffly Dominique, Pham Van Cu

043 (627147)

Suivi des dynamiques urbaines dans le bassin versant Bouregreg (Maroc) : 279 Essai sur une approche diachronique en relation avec l’évolution démographique Anas Emran, Mohamed Aderghal, Télésphore Brou Yao, Miloud Chaker, Sylvie Coupleux, Claudine Dieulin, Mustapha Hakdaoui, Gil Mahé

044 (515098)

The Effect of Reservoir Sedimentation on Coastal Erosion: the Case of Nestos 281 River, Greece M. Andredaki, A. Georgoulas, V. Hrissanthou, N. Kotsovinos

045 (514073)

Suspended Sediment Yield in Mediterranean Environments and the 289 Importance of Sediment Sources Abdesselam Megnounif, Abderrahmane Nekkache Ghénim

046 (629150)

Combining Multi Source Data to Estimate a Suspended Sediment Budget for a 299 Mediterranean Deltaic Hydro-System (Rhone Delta, France) P. Chauvelon, O. Boutron, A. Loubet, M. Pichaud, P. Höhener

047 (514066)

Evaluation of the Storm Event Model "DWSM" on a Medium-Sized 301 Watershed in Central New York, USA Peng Gao, Deva K. Borah, Maria Josefson

048 (615130)

Evaluation of Erosion-Sediment Transport Model for a Hillslope Using 309 Laboratory Flume Data Anya Catherine C. Arguelles, Hafzullah Aksoy, M. Levent Kavvas, Minjae Jung, Gijung Pak, Jaeyoung Yoon

xvi



Page

049 (515076)

A Combined Model of Sediment Production and Sediment Runoff

050 (515081)

Modelling Soil Erosion and Sediment Transport on Mine Sites

051 (515088)

Determining the Effective Parameters and their Optimal Combination in 333 Order to Model the Rill Erosion

317

Masaharu Fujita, Daizo Tsutsumi, Hiroshi Takebayashi, Kazuki Yamanoi, Hiroaki Izumiyama, Yoshiaki Kawata

325

Franziska Kunth, Jürgen Schmidt

Abolfazl Mosaedi, Seyyedeh Motahareh Hosseini

052 (523112)

Transport de matières en zone subsahéliènne camerounaise et les conséquences 343 sur les aménagements Gaston Liénou, Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha, Gil Mahé

053 (504027)

UV Filters, Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Octocrylene and Ethylhexyl 345 Dimethyl PABA from Untreated Wastewater in Sediment from Eastern Mediterranean River Transition and Coastal Zones Helmieh Aminea, Elena Gomez, Jalal Halwani, Claude Casellas, Hélène Fenet

054 (930159)

Monthly Variations of Sediment Graph in Educational and Research Forest 347 Watershed of Tarbiat Modares University in Iran S. H. R. Sadeghi, P. Saeidi, M. Kiani Harchegani

055 (911157)

Sediment Transport in Semi-arid Tafna Wadi (West Algeria)

353

A. Taleb, N. Belaidi

POSTER PRESENTATIONS 056 (228006)

Les systèmes d’informations géographiques (SIG) dans l’évaluation du risque 355 potentiel d’érosion hydrique: cas du sous bassin versant de l’oued Azerou (Soummam) en Algérie septentrionale Lila Fares, Bénina Touaibia

057 (512047)

GIS – based Modeling and Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Potential, 363 A Case Study M. Ghanbari, R. Mostafavi

058 (614128)

Etude du transport solide au niveau du bassin versant de Merguellil, Tunisie 365 Centrale: Cas des bassins versants d’Ettiour et de Rajela Mohamed Amine Cherif, Taoufik Hermassi, Zohra Lili Chabaane, Hamadi Habaieb

373

059 (503021)

Bilan des apports solides dans quelques bassins du nord-ouest Algérien

060 (503022)

Quantification et modélisation du transport solide dans le bassin versant 381 d’Oued Saida (Hauts - Plateaux - Algériens)

Abderrazak Bouanani, Kamila Baba-Hamed, Rahima Bouanani

Bouanani Abderrazak, Yles Fouad

xvii



061 (506029)

Study of the Solid Transport in the Kebir Rhumel Bassin - East of Algeria

062 (614126)

Application of Ruin Theory Quantification in Algerian Dams

Page

393

Hind Meddi, F. Tahri

for

Erosion

and

Sediment

Transport 401

Zeroual Ayoub, Meddi Mohamed, Rassoul Abdelaziz

063 (619141)

Etude du transport solide en suspension en zone semi aride de l’Algérie du 403 nord: une approche statistique M. Achite, C. Lamrani, F. Senouci

411

064 (625145)

Erosion and Sediment Control Works in Tributaries at DSI

065 (625146)

Suspended Sediment Studies at General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works

066 (503023)

Evolution de la concentration des sédiments en suspension et des débits 431 liquides durant les crues : Cas de l’oued Isser – Tafna, NW-Algérie

Yaşar Dinçsoy

421

Salih Uludağ

Baba Hamed Kamila, Bouanani Abderrazak, Bouanani Rahima

067 (509033)

Estimation du flux sédimentaire à l’aide de la relation entre le débit et la 437 concentration des sédiments en suspension. Cas de l’Oued Isser à Remchi (nord-ouest de l’Algérie) Abderrahmane Nekkache Ghenim, Abdesselam Megnounif

068 (513052)

Etude des crues et estimation des charges solides associées Cas du bassin de Meskiana (Algérie)

445

Kamel Belkhiri, Mahdi Kalla, Hadda Dridi

069 (514075)

Application of Principal Component Analysis for Extracting Effective 447 Dimensionless Parameters in Sediment Transport Yashar Karimi, Gokmen Tayfur

070 (515085)

Disaggregation of River Sediment Load Using a Nonlinear Deterministic 459 Method Peyman Yousefi, Yousef Hassanzadeh, Mohammad Ali Ghorbani

071 (930160)

Regression Analysis of Factors Controlling Sediment Yield in Northeastern 467 Region of Turkey Ebru Eris, Hafzullah Aksoy, Aysun Koroglu

469

072 (515090)

Modeling of Sediment Transport in the Watershed of Oued El Ardjem

073 (515100)

Etude du transport solide en suspension dans les régions semi arides 477 méditerranéennes: cas du bassin versant de l'Oued Mekerra (nord-ouest Algérien)

Chenaoui Bakhta, Remini Boualem

M’hamed Atallah, Abdelkrim Hazzab, Khaled Kourichi

xviii


074 (521111)


Page

Modélisation statistique et quantification du transport solide en suspension 485 dans le bassin versant de l’Oued Mina au droit de la station hydrométrique de l’Oued El-Abtal (NO Algérie) Redhouane Ghernaout, Boualem Remini

075 (619142)

Dégradation spécifique et transport solide en zone semi aride. Cas du bassin 487 versant de l’Oued Ouahrane, Algérie M. Achite, F. Senouci

076 (411012)

Frequency Analysis of Annual Maximum Suspended Sediment Concentrations 495 in Abiod Wadi, Biskra (Algeria) A. Benkhaled, H. Higgins, F. Chebana, A. Necir

077 (513050)

Modélisation de l’érosion et de la charge solide dans le bassin de Oued Rebôa 503 et son impact sur le barrage de Koudiet M’douar (Est Algerien) Mahdi Kalla, Hadda Dridi

078 (220004)

Etude hydro-sédimentaire par model numérique de la circulation des masses 505 d'eau dans l'embouchure d’Oued El–Harrach Mustapha Kamel Mihoubi, Taha El-Guizi, Rabah Belkessa

079 (504025)

Indexation de la sensibilité combinée à l’évaluation du risque de dégradation 515 de la qualité des eaux souterraines à la pollution: cas de la nappe alluviale de la Mitidja Hallal Dahbia Djoudar, Ahmed Chérif Toubal

080 (508031)

Critical of the Dams Implantation Strategy in Terms of Water Resources and 523 Silting Risks in the Coastal Algiers Watershed (North Algeria) Ammari Abdelhadi, Remini Boualem

531

081 (511044)

Changes in River Stability as an Effect of Channel Regulation

082 (515087)

Investigation of Suspended Sedimentation Load in Azerbaijan

083 (515089)

Numerical and Experimental Modeling of Sediment Transport in a 90 degree 537 Channel Bend

A. Czajka

533

R. F. Rajabov, A. A. Nuriyev

M. Kohandel, B. A. Mohammadnezhad, J. Behmanesh

084 (724154)

Performance of Sediment Control Structures near the Hydropower Water 545 Intake: A Model Study Şevket Çokgör, Özgür Durmuş, Barış Özen, İlhan Avcı

085 (515099)

The Effect of Pile Group Arrangements on Local Scour Using Numerical 547 Models Bayram Ali Mohammadnezhad, Yousef Khalaj Amirhosseini

xix



Page

086 (515101)

Numerical Modeling of Scouring Around Bridge Piers by FLUENT Model

087 (516108)

Determining the Downstream Channel Geometry Parameters of Tigris River

088 (516106)

Modeling Soil Loss and Sediment Yield for Tapacurá Catchment (Brazil) 563 Using EPM Model

549

Banafsheh Mahjoob, Bayramali Mohamadnezhad, Javad Behmanesh, Yousef Khalaj Amirhosseini

557

Mehmet İshak Yüce, Abdullah Muratoğlu

Richarde Marques da Silva, Celso A. Guimarães Santos, Suzana M. Lima G. Montenegro

089 (528115)

Numerical Simulation of Turbidity Currents Movement in Sefid-Rud Dam 573 Reservoir Bayram Ali Mohammadnezhad, Hossein Ardalan, Yousef Khalaj Amirhosseini

090 (614125)

Integrating Ground Surveys and GIS for Modeling Soil Erosion by Wind in a 581 Semiarid to Arid Basin in Jordan Laura Brown, Jawad T. Al-Bakri, William Nickling, Tarek Kandakji, Mohammad Salahat, Ayman Suleiman, Saeb Khresat

589

091 (615134)

Developing Model to Predict Curve Dynamics in River Meandering Process

092 (615136)

Morphological Effect of Flood Water Pathway in Reservoirs on the 597 Distribution of Sedimentation

Dwinanti Rika Marthanty, Herr Soeryantono, Erick Carlier, Dwita Sutjiningsih

Nsiri Ines, Tarhouni Jamila, Irie Mitseturu, Ben Ali Hassen

093 (617140)

Effects of Bridge Piers Located at Meandered Streams on Sediment 605 Transportation and Local Scour Mahmud Güngör, Mahmut Fırat

094 (517110)

Analysis of Incipient Deposition of Sediment Particles in Rigid Boundary 607 Channels Based on the Critical Velocity Approach Mir Jafar Sadegh Safari, Mirali Mohammadi, Hadi Khoubkerdar Rezaei

095 (617139)

A field Application of Physically-Based Erosion and Sediment Transport 615 Model for Hillslope Response Jaeyoung Yoon, Hafzullah Aksoy, M. Levent Kavvas, Anya Catherine C. Arguelles

096 (619143)

Adaptation du modèle de Tixeront au calcul de l'érosion hydrique en zone 623 semi – aride: Cas du bassin versant de l'Oued Haddad (Nord Ouest Algérien) M. Achite, C. Lamrani, F. Senouci

097 (627148)

Investigating the Effects of Low Impact Development (LID) on Surface Runoff 629 and TSS in a Calibrated Hydrodynamic Model Sezar Gülbaz, Cevza Melek Kazezyilmaz-Alhan

098 (930161)

Use of Collar as Countermeasure against Local Scour around Circular Bridge 637 Pier Tanıl Arkış, Ayşegül Özgenç Aksoy, Mehmet Şükrü Güney, Gökçen Bombar

xx


099 (930162)


Page

The Effect of Course Sediment on the Scour Development around Submerged 639 Pipes Vahid Abdi, Mustafa Doğan, Yalçın Arısoy

641

100 (930163)

Etude du transport solide dans le bassin versant de l’Oued Ebda - Algérie

101 (515103)

Analysis of River Dynamics in Fiumara Streams of Calabria (Southern Italy)

102 (510041)

Ecoulement superficiel et transport solide dans le bassin versant d’Oued El 657 Maleh dans le nordouest Algérien

Hind Meddi, Mohamed Meddi

649

Tommaso Caloiero, Ennio Ferrari, Pasquale Versace

Zahra Benkhamallah, Mohamed Mazour

103 (719153)

Estimation du transport solide par les formules empiriques sur l’Oued 665 Mékerra (Nord Ouest Algérien) El-Amine Cherif

xxi

Use of GIS and Remote Sensing to Assess Soil Erosion in Arid to Semiarid Basin in Jordan Ibrahim A. Farhan1 and Jawad T. Al-Bakri Department of Land, Water and Environment, University of Jordan, Jordan

Abstract Land degradation will remain an important global issue for both developed and developing countries. In Jordan, soil erosion is an important land degradation process that results in loosing fertile soils. The aim of this study is to implement a GIS-based approach to map and assess land degradation by incorporating soil, water, land use/cover, climate and remote sensing data for assessing the potential for soil erosion by water. Organic matter content, soil texture, rainfall data, and the digital elevation model (DEM) were combined with land use/cover map to produce a map of soil erosion by water. Potential soil loss by water was assessed using Universal Soil Loss Erosion (USLE). Results from USLE showed high soil loss rate that reached 5 ton/ha/yr for 60% of the study area, 5-25 ton/ha/yr for 34% of the study area and more than 25 ton/ha/yr for 4% of the study area. Also the USLE map showed that the study area was suffering from high degradation and facing a high risk of soil erosion, which implied the need for proper land management. In terms of methodology, the study recommends the adoption of the GIS based approach for mapping soil erosion in the study area and similar environments. Keywords: Land degradation, USLE, Land use/cover, DEM, Soil potential 1 . INTRODUCTION Land degradation has adverse impacts on agricultural productivity and on the environment, in addition to its effects on food security as well as the quality of life. Productivity impacts of land degradation are attributed to a decline in land quality and its resources (Eswaran et al., 2001). Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas is resulting from a series of natural, anthropogenic processes leading to gradual environmental deterioration of the surface cover, adverse changes in soil physical properties, and loss of the lands biological or economic productivity (UNEP, 1984). In arid and semi-arid areas of Jordan, land recourses are fragile and land degradation is prominent. Jordan’s arid lands are under the threat of high rates of degradation. The process of land degradation has been accelerated by poor management and land use practices such as improper cultivation, overgrazing, and plowing of marginal soils (MoEnv, 2006). Quantification and assessment of land degradation, in these areas, therefore, are urgently needed to set plans for actions and to initiate programs of sustainable use of land resource. This will require effective methods for mapping and monitoring. Land degradation is a composite term that describes how one or more of the complex aspects of land resources has changed for the worse over time. It includes physical degradation and chemical degradation. The main anthropogenic causes of land degradation in Jordan are the unsupervised management practices of wood cutting and deforestation, intensive agriculture which depletes nutrients through poor farming practices, overgrazing of the open rangelands and quarrying and mining (FAO, 1991). The root causes of land degradation are the population growth, lack of knowledge and "know how" and the weak financial capacities (MoEnv., 2006). The most important process of land degradation in arid and semiarid areas is soil erosion (UNCCD, 2007), which is determined by rainfall patterns, soil morphological and pedological properties,

145

vegetation and land use. In the northwestern Jordan the most important factors of land degradation are improper farming practices, overgrazing and the conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal areas where rainfall is not enough to support cropping in the long-term, and uncontrolled expansion of urban and rural settlements at the cost of cultivable land (Khresat et al., 1998). Therefore, soil erosion is one of the major land degradation problems in Yarmouk basin resulting from the removal of soil particles by water or wind, transporting them elsewhere, while some human activities can significantly increase erosion rates. Erosion is triggered by a combination of factors such as steep slopes, climate (e.g. long dry periods followed by heavy rainfall), inappropriate land use, land cover patterns (e.g. sparse vegetation) and ecological disasters (e.g. forest fires). Moreover, some intrinsic features of a soil can make it more prone to erosion (e.g. a thin layer of topsoil, silty texture or low organic matter content). The Mediterranean region is particularly prone to water erosion due to its physical factors: climate, topography and soil characteristics. The erosion process is also a major transport mechanism for agricultural chemicals, making it important to reduce soil erosion and characterize its effects (Prosser and Rustomji, 2000). Precipitation in semi-arid areas is also an important factor that accelerates the problem as it is characterized by short-duration showers of high intensity. The universal soil loss equation (USLE) is the most common tool used for prediction and measuring soil loss erosion by water (Sharpley and Williams, 1990) as it combines and considers all the above-mentioned factors. This study aims to assess the potential of soil erosion by water in the northwestern Jordan. The study implements a GIS-based approach to map and soil erosion by incorporating factors of soil, water, land use/cover and climate. The study integrates data from remote sensing images to prepare layers of information needed for running USLE. 2 . METHODOLOGY 2.1 . Study Area The study was carried out in Jordan’s part of the Yarmouk River Basin (Figure 1) which covers the areas of Ramtha and Irbid in the north, and Mafraq in the east. Detailed description of the area and its characteristics is given by Al-Bakri et al. (2011). The total area of the basin included in this study was 1012 km2. The climate of this Mediterranean study area is characterized by cool rainy winters and hot dry summers. Annual rainfall varies between 600 mm in the western parts of the basin to less than 150 mm in the east. The rainy season starts in November and ends by early May. The annual potential evaporation ranges from 1400 to 2200 mm/year. The average temperature range is 22-31 C in summer and 8.0-15 C in winter. The prevailing wind direction is mainly northwestern in summer while it becomes southwestern in winter with speed ranges from 5 to 15 km/hr. The mean annual potential evaporation ranges between 1500 mm in Irbid to 2160 mm in Mafraq. The basin has a wide range of soil types, reflecting the wide range of its physical characteristics. In the western half of the basin, the dominant soil subgroup is typic xerochrepts with low content of carbonates and high content of clay. In eastern parts of the basin, calcixerollic and lithic subgroups are dominant, with high contents of carbonates and silt fraction. Deep vertisols are dominating the area between Irbid and Ramtha cities on the undulating plateau and in some wadi floors (MoA, 1994). Rainfed and irrigated agriculture is practiced in this basin. The western parts of Yarmouk basin are mainly rainfed areas of wheat, olives and vegetables. The eastern parts of the study area are cultivated with barley and used as an open rangeland for grazing. Irrigation is also practiced in the study area, with ground water as the main irrigation water source.

146

Figure 1. Location of the study area within Yarmouk Basin. 2.2 . Modeling of soil erosion by water The most commonly used mathematical model for predicting soil loss by water is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The USLE was developed by American statistician Whichmeier in the 1960s (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu, 2002; USDA/NSERL, 2010). The USLE is an empirical model that describes average annual soil loss rates based on estimated and measured input data. The input data is divided into five different factors; rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (S), crop management (C) and conservation practice (P). The USLE equation is usually written as following: (1) The model was applied using GIS interface to derive the following spatiall layers using different GIS functions. The following subsections summarize the steps followed to derive each parameter used in the model. 2.2.1 Rainfall- Runoff Erosivity Factor (R) The rainfall - runoff erosivity factor is defined as the mean annual sum of individual storm erosion index values, EI30, where E is the total storm kinetic energy and I30 is the maximum rainfall intensity in 30 minutes (Wischmeier, 1959). The equation of El Taif et al. (2010) was used to calculate this factor as follows: (2)

147

The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method in GIS was used to create a raster map for R factor. The R values in this study were in the range (48.4- 98) MJ mm ha-1 h-1 year -1 (Figure 2). 2.2.2

Soil Erodibility Factor (K)

The erodibility of a soil is an expression of its inherent resistance to particle detachment and transport by rainfall (erosion). The K factor was computed using the following equation (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978):

(3) where; K = soil erodibility factor (t.hr/ha.MJ.mm) m = (silt (%) + sand (%)) (100-clay (%)) a = organic matter (%) b = structure code: (1) very structured or particulate, (2) fairly structured, (3) slightly structured and (4) solid. c = profile permeability code: (1) rapid, (2) moderate to rapid, (3) moderate, (4) moderate to slow, (5) slow and (6) very slow. A total of 134 soil samples were collected from ground surveys. Physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were analyzed using standard soil analysis methods. The output from this stage was entered in spreadsheets and was imported in ArcGIS software to generate maps of soil surface properties using IDW method. K factor map (Figure 2) was then generated by applying equation 3 on the produced soil maps. 2.2.3

Slope length and Steepness Factor (LS)

The Slope in USLE factor reflects the effect of topography on soil erosion, and it combines the effect of slope length factor L and a slope steepness factor S. The slope length and slope steepness (S) were derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a resolution of 30m to calculate the LS factors. The DEM was originally derived from ASTER images and was downloaded from the web (https://wist.echo.nasa.gov/wist-bin/api/). The following equation was used to calculate LS (Mitasova et. al., 1996): (4) Where A[r] is upslope contributing area per unit contour width, b [r] is the slope, m=0.6 and n=1.3 are parameters, and a0 = 22.1 m = 72.6ft is the length and b0 = 0.09 = 9% = 5.16 deg is the slope of the standard USLE plot. To derive this layer by using GIS we used Raster Calculator to compose the following expression based on the (Mitasova et al., 1996) equation: (5) 2.2.4

Crop management Factor(C) and Support Practice Factor (P)

Crop management factor (C) and support practice factor (P) were derived from an existing land use/cover map of the study area. The Look Up tool in ArcGIS was used to reclassify the classes of land use/cover map according to its C and P values. The slope length maps and each value (P) were assigned to each land use/cover type and slope.

148

2.2.5

Application of USLE model

The derived map components of USLE were incorporated in ArcGIS to produce the map of soil erosion. The raster calculator (ArcGIS, Spatial Analyst) was used to multiply the maps of R, LS, K, C, and P and to generate the map of soil erosion by water.

Figure 2. Maps of the USLE parameters and the output soil loss map. 3 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result showed that R values were modified to account for water ponding so it took into account the relationship between R values and slope. In the study area, regions with higher elevations were receiving low rainfall amount and therefore low R values were obtained for these areas. It is well known that vegetation cover protects the soil by reducing the amount of energy released from rainfall in dispersing soil particles. Therefore, forests in the study area were given low values (0.05) of R since their canopy would protect soils from erosion. On the other hand, grazed rangelands were exposed to erosive impacts of rainfall and were given a high C-value (0.6). The bare soils (protected areas) had been given a C-value of (0.5), while mixed rainfed areas had a C-value of (0.35). The model showed

149

logical results after applying the assumed C values for each land cover class, with a trend of increasing erosion in the areas with low vegetation cover. In order to utilize the map for the purpose of desertification assessment, the output soil loss map was reclassified into four intervals that could indicate desertification risk based on the criteria proposed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1984). Results showed that the average soil loss was 2.1 t/ha/yr (Slight desertification risk). Most of the study area (60 %) had an erosion rate of less than 5 t/ha/yr (Figure 3). About 26 % of the study area had a moderate risk of desertification, while 12% of the study area had extreme values of potential soil erosion that exceeded 25 t/ha/yr and would be classified with severe risk of desertification. These high values could be attributed to the combination of sleep slopes in some areas, high rainfall intensity and the sparse vegetation with low cover in the eastern parts of the study area.

Figure 3. Potential soil loss erosion in the study area (ton/ha/yr). A visual interpretation of the different factors showed that topography seemed to be the dominant driver for explaining the variation in erosion rate. The results and particularly the high values seem to be overestimated. The LS values would be over weighted in this analysis. The soil loss maps showed that the area of the Yarmouk basin had a relatively low soil loss rates is some parts where vegetation cover is relatively moderate to dense, particularly in the west, where rainfall amounts are relatively high. Taking into consideration that the eastern parts of the study area were characterized by arid soils that had low clay and organic matter contents, one would expect high erosion rates in these areas. Results, however, showed that these areas were not suffering from high erosion rates. This could be attributed to the low rainfall, the presence of basalt gravels in some parts, and the flat topography in these areas. These areas, however, were suffering from soil erosion by wind, as observed during ground surveys and field visits. One important contribution from the model was its contribution to assess the impact of scale and resolution on the modeled soil erosion. This was achieved by comparing the values of soil erosion by water using USLE model and those reported by Qaryouti (2011) who used RUSLE model with a spatial resolution of 1km. Our results showed that the severe soil erosion was occurring in 4% of the study area with a maximum rate of 25 ton/ha/yr. For the same area, results of Qaryouti (2011) showed that soil loss rate was in the range of 10- 50 ton/ha/yr for the same area. These differences could

150

indicate the effect of resolution on the modeled value of soil erosion. At regional level, outputs were compared with results in similar environment in Syria using the Revised Morgan-Morgan-Finney (RMMF) model. The maximum rates of erosion were in the range of 25-50 ton/ha/yr (Zanden, 2011). These results showed that the USLE might provide more conservative outputs and lower erosion rates than other models with similar inputs. 4 . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Soil loss mapping using GIS/USLE Model, along with satellite images and GIS techniques, provided useful tools to assess rates of erosion that could be further utilized to predict sedimentation and desertification risk. The advantage that USLE could provide over other estimates was the ability to use the advent of GIS technology and remote sensing data to estimate soil loss as a function of land use, soil type, and slope gradient of the watershed. On a sub-watershed basis, soil losses could be also mapped and temporal changes could be estimated from satellite image data. In terms of land degradation, results showed that most of the study area was exposed to moderate rates of erosion. Also, about 12% of the area was exposed to sever and very severe erosion risks. The cause of this particular problem could be the weak vegetation cover and the steep slopes in some areas. The study, therefore, recommend the application of the method to map soil erosion in other parts of Jordan to assess risk for soil degradation and to contribute to the national efforts of land degradation and desertification mapping. Regarding the improvement of mapping approach for soil erosion, the study recommends the calibration of rainfall readings from more weather stations before implementing USLE to other parts. In terms of farming and land management practices, the study recommends the adoption of proper soil management in the study area to reduce land degradation and desertification. REFERENCES Al-Bakri J.T., Suleiman A., Abdulla F. and Ayad J. 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on the rainfed agriculture of a semi-arid basin in Jordan. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36(5-6):125134. El-Taif, N.I., Gharaibeh, M.A., Al-zaitawi, F. and Alhamad, M.N. (2010), Approximation of Rainfall Erosivity Factors in North Jordan. Journal of Pedosphere, 20 (6), 711-717. Eswaran, H., Lal, R. and Reich, P.F. (2001), Land degradation: Responses to Land Degradation. International Conference on Land Degradation and Desertification, (pp. 1-17), New Delhi, India. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), (1991), Sustainable Development and Management of Land and Water Resources. Background document No.1 FAO/Netherlands Conference on Agriculture and the Environment, (pp. 22), S-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands 15-19 April. Rome, FAO. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), (1984), A provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of desertification. (pp.30-35), Rome, FAO. Fistikogli, O. and Harmancioglu, N.B. (2002), Integration of GIS with USLE in Assessment of Soil Erosion, Faculty of Engineering. Journal of Water Resources Management, 16, 447-467. Khresat, S.A., Rawajfih, Z. and Mohammad, M. (1998), Land degradation in north-western Jordan: causes and processes. Journal of Arid Environments, 39, 623-629. Mitasova, H., Hofierka, J., Zlocha, M. and Iverson, R.L. (1996), Modeling topographic potential for erosion and deposition using GIS. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 10, 629641.

151

MoEnv. (Ministry Of Environment, Jordan), (2006), National Action Plan and Strategy to Combat Desertification. Amman, Jordan. Prosser, I.P. and Rustomji, P. (2000), Sediment transport capacity relations for overland flow. Journal of Progress in Physical Geography, 24,179-193. Qaryouti, L.A. (2011), GIS Modeling of Water Erosion in Jordan Using RUSLE. Unpublished Master Thesis, The University of Arizona,USA. Sharpley, A.N. and Williams, J. R. (1990), Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC): Model Documentation. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1768, USDA. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries), (2007), Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, UNCCD. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), (1984), Map of Desertification Hazards, Explanatory note, (pp.13), Rome, UNEP. USDA/NSERL (United States Department of Agriculture /National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory), (2010), USLE Database, Agriculture Handbook 537, (pp. 18-40), Washington, DC, USDA. Wischmeier, W.H. (1959), A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil-loss equation. Journal of Soil Science Society of America, 23, 246-249. Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. (1978), Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning. Agriculture Handbook 537, (pp.58), Washington, DC, USDA. Zanden, E.H. (2011), Soil Erosion Control on Sloping Olive Fields in Northwest Syria. Unpublished Master Thesis, Utrecht University, Netherlands.

152

Integrating Ground Surveys and GIS for Modeling Soil Erosion by Wind in a Semiarid to Arid Basin in Jordan Laura Brown1, Jawad T. Al-Bakri2, William Nickling1, Tarek Kandakji2, Mohammad Salahat3, Ayman Suleiman2, Saeb Khresat4 1 Wind Erosion Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Canada 2 Department of Land, Water and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Jordan 3 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Hashemite University, Jordan 4 Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan Abstract Soil erosion by wind is considered as one of the major factors causing land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas. This study was carried out to assess the potential of soil to erode by wind in Yarmouk basin in Jordan. The basin is subjected to continuous wind events during summer, and losing its vegetation cover due to continuous overgrazing which resulted in exposing the soil to wind erosion both in vertical and horizontal dimensions. Therefore, the study employed DUST_EM model, a GIS based model, to assess the potential for soil erosion by wind. Basically, the model used the concept of wind threshold shear velocity (u*t). The final result from the model was a soil erosion map that showed a high risk for wind erosion in the central and eastern part of the study area during the most frequent medium wind speeds (5 – 10.9 m s-1), while the high wind speeds (>10.9 m s-1) would result in less erosion since its frequency was less than 1% of the total wind events over the study area. The model showed that the main factors that controlled the vertical and horizontal soil movement were mainly the land use/cover and soil texture. Keywords: Soil erosion, GIS, remote sensing, modeling, Jordan. 1.INTRODUCTION Jordan is dominated by arid and semiarid Mediterranean climates. The environment of the country is characterized by low rainfall amounts and high potential of evaporation. These conditions increase the risk of land degradation in the area, which is also accelerated by the poor land management and overgrazing. Under these conditions, the most important process of land degradation in these arid and semiarid areas is soil erosion (UNCCD, 2007). Soil erosion is a natural process, and it becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions. Land degradation on the form of soil erosion by wind is a very critical issue in dry areas. Wind will cause transportation and deposition of materials, decreasing the fertility of the land, and adversely affects rangelands and the vegetation cover, leading eventually to desertification (Dregne, 2002). Consequently, mapping of soil erosion by wind will contribute to the national, regional and international efforts to combat desertification by identifying the levels of the problem and the hotspots where the risk of erosion is high. Also, it will provide means that support rehabilitation and restoration of the areas subjected to desertification. Soil erosion by wind and the risk of erosion are difficult to measure directly. However, factors of soil, climate and management can be used to predict the levels of erosion, among the soil properties that affect erosion and can change with management are the soil surface stability, aggregate stability, and content of organic matter. Measuring these properties can shed light on the susceptibility of a site to erosion. Merging soil factors with other information of land use/cover, wind and management practices formed the basis for developing models to predict the extent of soil erosion by wind in

581

vertical and horizontal dimensions. The use of geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data in these models improved the capabilities of modeling and enabled many applications of these models. This study uses a GIS based model that needs less input data and considers the spatial variability of the study area. The study aims to map soil erosion in areas under high risks of desertification in Jordan and to identify the times of year when wind erosion is dominant. 2.METHODOLOGY 2.1.Study area The study was carried out in the north of Jordan in an area that comprises the upstream parts of the Zarqa and Yarmouk Rivers basins (Figure 1). The study area covers 1012 km2, and is classified as arid to semiarid Mediterranean climate. The area is characterized by a cool rainy summer and a hot dry summer, and an annual rainfall varies from 450 mm in the west to 150 mm in the east (Al-Bakri et al., 2011). The study area is subjected to continuous wind events during summer, mainly known as the Khamaseen wind, and at the same time the area is losing its vegetation cover due to continuous overgrazing which resulted in exposing the soil to wind erosion both in vertical and horizontal dimensions.

Figure 1. Location of the study area.

582

A wide range of soil types exists in the study area. In the western parts, the dominant soil subgroup is typic xerochrepts with low content of carbonates and high content of clay. In eastern parts, calcixerollic and lithic subgroups are dominant, with high contents of carbonates and silt fraction. Rainfed and irrigated agriculture are practiced in this basin. In the western parts, rainfed field crops, olives and vegetables are grown. The eastern parts of the study area are cultivated with barley and are used as open rangelands for grazing. Irrigation is also practiced in the study area, with ground water as the main irrigation water source. The dominant aspects of land degradation in the eastern parts of the study area are the high rates of erosion by wind and water, the substantial accumulation of calcareous silt on the soil surface, degradation of natural vegetation and the low density of plant cover caused by overgrazing and poor rainfall distribution. 2.2.Concept and inputs of the wind erosion model The wind erosion model used in this study is the DUST_EM. The model, developed at University of Guelph-Canada, is a GIS-based model with a linking code in FORTRAN programing language. The model requires a combination of several factors and processes including weather data, soil attributes, surface features, and land use/cover. Basically, DUST_EM uses the concept of wind threshold shear velocity (u*t) which is the minimum wind force needed to initiate particle movement, thus wind erosion. Accordingly, the model processes many calculations using the inputs from soil, rocks and wind field data to eventually determine, for each grid cell, whether the wind shear velocity (u*) exceeds the threshold wind shear velocity modified by the presence of roughness elements (rocks in this project) (u*tveg). If the condition is satisfied, then soil erosion is taking place and the model will calculate the total vertical flux (Ftot) and the total horizontal flux (qtot) for sand, and the output will be a value of Ftot and qtot in kg.m-1.s-1 for each grid cell. If the shear velocity (u*) for any grid cell does not exceed the threshold u*tveg this means no soil erosion occurs, and the output value for this grid cell will be zero (Brown, 2007). The model uses three types of data: soil, rocks, and wind (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Components of DUST_EM wind erosion model. 2.3.Preparation of required data Although the DUST_EM model is simple in structure, it is very demanding in terms of data requirements and preparation. In order to apply the model, the study area was divided into a grid of 45×45 cells; each cell covered an area of 1.0 km2. The input data used by the model were: soil texture, land use/cover (LULC) type classified according to USGS LULC classes, surface roughness (Z0) that were assigned for each LULC, values of sigma (σ) and lambda (λ) obtained from rock data and the percentage of bare soil. Data of soil texture was obtained from digital soil maps that were generated from interpolated data of soil samples. Data on rock size and distribution were collected by ground surveys, in which measurements were made to the cover and dimensions of the rocks along 100-m transects. Results from rock measurements were used to calculate Lambda value (λ) as follows:

583

Where: n represents number of rocks, b is width of the rock (m), h is rock height (m), and S is the area (m2) over which the rocks were distributed. The basal area index (σ) represents the basal area divided by the frontal area of the rock. The wind speed data for each grid cell were generated from the California Meteorological Model (CALMET), the metrological component of the California Puff Model (CALPUFF). This model would eventually produce an hourly wind field grid after processing certain weather data and combining them with data related to surface cover. Data from both surface stations and upper air stations were fed to CALMET, which went through three stages (preprocessing, simulation, and postprocessing) to produce the wind field. Due to the lack of weather data and since wind erosion occurs only during spring and summer, the processed data were selected to be from April-October for Mafraq and Irbed weather stations for each year from year 2000 to 2010. The wind speed was classified into three classes depending on the histograms for the wind data generated by CALMET. The histograms were also used to evaluate the performance of CALMET in generating wind field for the study area. 2.4.Running the wind erosion model Outputs from previous stages were used to run DUST_EM model using wind speed classes and frequencies. The most important outputs from the model were the two files representing the total sand vertical flux and the total sand horizontal flux for each grid cell. The data of both fluxes were expressed in kg m-1 s-1 and were exported in txt format and read by GIS to create maps for the spatial distribution of wind erosion. 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The CALMET and weather stations histograms (Figure 3) showed that wind speed exhibited a normal distribution and occurred more frequently at 5 m s-1. Accordingly, three classes of wind speed could be derived from the histograms. These were: Low (10.9 m s-1). Based on these results, year 2008 was chosen as a representative year since it contained enough days that were within all suggested wind classes. Therefore, daily wind erosion maps were generated for the representative days in different months of 2008. The selected days were 1st of August, 27th of July and the 14th of August for the high, medium and low wind classes, respectively. The frequency percentages for wind classes (Table 1) were used in generating the wind erosion maps. Wind erosion maps (Figure 4) were generated for each wind speed class by taking the summation of the fluxes for each wind class for each grid cell from the maps of the representative days, then dividing the summation by 3, which are corresponding for 3 representative days, one day for each wind class. The map shows that the long term horizontal flux (q) during the medium wind speed class (5 – 10.9 m s-1) would represent the long term soil erosion by wind in the study area. This result was based on wind frequency analysis. The map shows a high risk for wind erosion in the central and eastern part of the study during the most frequent medium wind speeds, while the high wind speeds would result in less erosion since frequency was less than 1% of the total wind events over the study area. In terms of spatial pattern of wind erosion, results showed that the high levels of wind erosion were occurring in the middle parts of the study area. This could be attributed to the high content of silt in this area. Also, the area was dominated by open rangelands with sparse vegetation and bare soils. These conditions would accelerate the process of wind erosion. The low risk of wind erosion in the western parts was mainly attributed to the presence of heavy clayey soils (Vertisols) and the presence of high vegetation cover of field crops, olive and fruit trees.

584

27% of the available data are calm wind



Figure 3. The wind histograms for Irbid (a) and Mafraq (b) weather stations and the CALMET generated wind field (c) Table 1. Frequency for each wind class for the wind field generated from CALMET Wind Speed Class Calm wind (no wind erosion occurs) Low wind Speed Medium Wind Speed

High Wind Speed

Wind Speed Frequency (%) (m/s) 0.0 18.57 0.1 8.58 2.5 13.35 5.0 44.03 7.5 12.72 10.0 2.05 12.5 0.35 15.0 0.11 17.5 0.13 20.0 0.03 22.5 0.08 25.0 0.00

Frequency used for the final map (= Frequency (%)/100) NA 0.13 0.59

0.01

Results also showed that one of the factors for wind erosion in the basin was the high wind speed, which reached slightly over 20 m s-1, particularly during the period between April and October. The dominant wind in early April is known as Khamasin wind, while the wind during summer is known as Shamali. Results showed that the high wind speed was dominant in during August when air temperature was high and soil was dry. The model, however, predicted low levels of wind erosion near the southeastern parts of the study area, although field visits showed that wind erosion was prevailing in the area. The low modeled values could be attributed to the dominancy of large rock in some parts of this area.

585

Since there was no dust emission data collected during the storms that caused wind erosion, the values obtained from DUST_EM model were compared to the values obtained from research results reported in literature (Table 2), in which the range for the horizontal flux (q) was 10-6 to 10-1 kg m-1 s-1.

Legend: kg m-1 s-1 0.000 0.001 - 0.157 0.158 - 0.313 0.314 - 0.469 0.470 - 0.625

Figure 4. Long term horizontal flux during high (a), medium (b), and low (c) wind speed classes in the study area In this study, the average minimum q was 10-3 kg m-1 s-1 and the average maximum value was 0.63 kg m-1 s-1. These results showed that soil erosion by wind in the study area was higher than values obtained from the DUST_EM inside an experimental range (Table 2). The differences could be attributed to the variations in the characteristics of the study area and climatic conditions. However, the relatively high values would be alarming and should be considered in managing land resources of the study area and in national efforts of combating desertification.

586

Table 2. Comparison between the range of q calculated by DUST_EM, and q values found in literature Horizontal flux (q) (kg m-1 s-1) Minimum 10-3 Maximum 0.63 Minimum 10-6 Maximum 10-1 Minimum 10-6 Maximum 10-2

Study

Site

Method

Current study (Brown, 2007) (Gillette, 1977)

Jordan, Yarmouk Basin

DUST_EM model

New Mexico, The Jornada Experimental Range Texas, flat agricultural fields

DUST_EM model

Minimum Maximum

10-5 10-3

(Gomes et al., 2003)

Spain, bare flat agricultural field

Minimum Maximum

10-5 10-3

(Rajot et al., 2003)

Niger, bare flat agricultural field

Minimum Maximum

10-4 10-1

(Brown et al., 2006)

New Mexico, rangeland, intershrub, interdune, lag cover, playa

Met Tower, sediment catcher isokinetic sampler Met. Tower sediment catchers, aerosol sampler Met. Tower sediment catchers, aerosol sampler Field wind, tunnel, aerosol samplers, sediment trap

4.CONCLUSIONS Results showed that the DUST_EM wind erosion model performed well in predicting spatial distribution of wind erosion in the study area. The effect of wind was obvious in the north and the eastern parts of the study area, while the impact was reduced in the western parts due to the presence of heavy clay soils and the type of vegetation cover in this relatively high rainfall zone. The outputs from the model could be explained by variations in soil, land cover and wind speed. Although no ground data was used for calibrating the model to the conditions in Jordan, the model would be useful to assess the risk of soil erosion as a key process for desertification. The strength of the model would be its outputs in the form of grids that could be used in GIS interfaces for mapping the extent of desertification. Since the study analyzed the frequency of wind speed and identified its different classes for the use in DUST_EM, it would be recommended to apply the model to similar study areas in Jordan for assessing the risk of desertification in the country. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research and publication were supported by the NATO’s Science for Peace Program; project SfP983368 (2009-2012) “Assessment and monitoring of desertification in Jordan using remote sensing and bioindicators” at the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, jointly with University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. REFERENCES Al-Bakri, J.T., Suleiman, A., Berg, A. (2011) Application of RADARSAT II for monitoring soil moisture in Yarmouk basin in Jordan. In: Zafar M. Khan (Ed.), Proceedings of the ISNET / RJGC Workshop on Applications of Satellite Technology in Water Resources Management, 18 - 22 Sep 2011, Amman, Jordan, ISNET publication, ISBN 978-969-9081-01-9, pp. 46-50. Brown, L. J., Nickling, W. G., Gillies, J. A. (2006) Wind erosion from a semi-arid rangeland in the Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments. 587

Brown, L.J. (2007) Wind erosion in sparsely vegetated rangelands, PhD dissertation, University of Guelph. Dregne, H. E. (2002) Land degradation in the drylands. Arid Land Research and Management 16, 99132. Gillette, D. A. (1977) Fine particulate emissions due to wind erosion. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 20, 890-897. Gomes, L., Rajot, L. J., Alfaro, S. C., Gaudichet, A. (2003) Validation of a dust production model from measurements performed in semi-arid agricultural area of Spain and Niger. Catena 52(3-4), 257271. Rajot, J. L., Alfaro, S. C., Gomes, L., Gaudichet, A. (2003) Soil crusting on sandy soils and its influence on wind erosion. Catena 53(1), 1-16. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries) (2007) Experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, UNCCD.

588