EAGLESON, J. S. & BOWIE, J. Y. (1986) Veterinary Record 119, 604. GEERTS, S., BRANDT, J., KUMAR, V. & BIESEMANS, L. (1987) Veterinary. Parasitology 23 ...
Downloaded from veterinaryrecord.bmj.com on July 21, 2011 - Published by group.bmj.com
68 Acknowledgements. - We thank A. P. Oakley, R. J. Davies and M. J. Russell for their assistance in completing the trials. Our thanks are also extended to A. M. Day for advice offered throughout the course of the study. S. A. Bisset and A. Vlassoff are thanked for their comments during preparation of the manuscript. References ANDERSON, N. & LORD, V. (1979) Australian Veterinary Journal 55, 158 ARMOUR, J., DUNCAN, J. L. & REID, J. F. S. (1978) Veterinary Record 102, 263 BERGER, J. & TOMA, B. 0. (1982) Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 53, 189 BORGSTEEDE, F. H. M. (1991) International Journalfor Parasitology 21, 867 BRUNSDON, R. V. (1972) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 20, 183 DOWNEY, N. E. (1976) Veterinary Record 99, 267 DOWNEY, N. E. (1981) In Epidemiology and Control of Nematodiasis in Cattle. Eds P. Nansen, R. J. Jorgenson and E. J. L. Soulsby. European Coal and Steel Community, EEC, European Atomic Energy Community, Brussels, Luxembourg. p 69 EAGLESON, J. S. & BOWIE, J. Y. (1986) Veterinary Record 119, 604 GEERTS, S., BRANDT, J., KUMAR, V. & BIESEMANS, L. (1987) Veterinary Parasitology 23, 77 JACKSON, R. A., TOWNSEND, K. G., PYKE, C. & LANCE, D. M. (1987) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 35, 187 McKENNA, P. B. (1991) New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, 154 PINHEIRO, A. C. & ECHEVARRIA, F. A. M. (1990) Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 10, 19 SAS (1987) Statistical Analysis System Institute. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Release 6.04 Edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina
Serological evidence for the presence of A/equine- I influenza virus in unvaccinated horses in Croatia J. Madic, S. Martinovic, T. NagliLc, D. Hajsig, S. Cvetnic Veterinary Record (1996) 138, 68
EQUINE influenza is caused by two types of influenza A viruses with prototype strains A/equine-l/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine2/Miami/63 (H3N8). The disease is of worldwide distribution causing severe economic losses to the equine industry. The antigenic drift of Aiequine-2 from prototype strain Miami/63 has been frequently demonstrated and epizootics of A/equine-2 often occur. However, A/equine- 1 no longer seems to be an important cause of respiratory disease in horses and this could have serious implications on the equine influenza vaccine production strategy (Mumford and Wood 1993). The presence of antibodies to A/equine-I in unvaccinated horses was reported as recently as 1990 from Switzerland, Belgium, Russia and the USA (Webster 1992, 1993, Mumford and Wood 1993). These data would suggest that equine influenza virus type 1 may still be circulating subclinically. Moreover, equine- I (H7N7) influenza virus was isolated in 1989 in Egypt (Ismail and others 1990). As the most recent European strain of A/equine-I was isolated in Croatia in 1980 (Webster 1992, Mumford and Wood 1993) this study was conducted to determine if equine H7N7 influenza virus was still active in this part of Europe. The study population consisted of unvaccinated crossbred horses from three different locations in Croatia. In total, 243 equine serum samples collected at the beginning of 1994 were tested. The sera originated mainly from horses grazing in the fields. According to the owners and veterinarians, a number of the tested horses were affected during the summer period in 1993 with acute respiratory disease manifested by severe cough, nasal discharge, fever, dullness and lost condition. J. Madic, S. Martinovic, T. Naglic, D. Hajsig, S. Cvetnic, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
fEA
The Veterinary Record, January 20, 1996 TABLE 1: Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies to equine influenza viruses in 243 unvaccinated horses in Croatia in 1994 Virus
Hi antibody titres
