Serosurvey of Selected Viral and Bacterial Diseases in Wild ... - BioOne

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J. A. COMER,. AND. V. F.. NETTLES. 1993. Feral swine as a potential am- plifying host for vesicular stomatitis virus. New. Jersey serotype on. Ossabaw. Island,.
Journal

Serosurvey of Selected from Oklahoma Jeremiah

T. Saliki,13 Oklahoma Boulevard,

Laboratory, N.

Lincoln

Sandra

State

Viral and Bacterial

J. Rodgers,1

University,

Oklahoma

Diseases, © \Vildlife

Diseases

and

Gene Eskew,2 Oklahoma 74078, Oklahoma 73105, USA;

.34)4).

1995. pp. Asuxiation

Disease

1998

in Wild Swine

Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic USA; 2 Department of Agriculture, 2800 and Corresponding author (e.mail:

1

Stillwater,

City,

of %Vildltfe

[email protected]).

Blood

ABSTRACT:

collected

samples

from

wild swine (Sus scrofa) in thirteen (USA) counties during 1996 were tibodies against six viral and two eases.

No

antibodies

to

120

mission

Oklahoma

tially

tested for anbacterial disbrucellosis, pseu-

swine

swine the

dorabies, sicular to one in 44% serovars

transmissible gastroententis, and yestomatitis were detected. Antibody titers or more leptospiral serovars were found of the samples, the two most frequent being Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava (29%) and pomona (27%). Antibody against

porcine

part’ovirus

was detected respectively.

virus

swine, positive

for

porcine

reproductive

and

in

17%

Two

antibody

to

and

(2%)

recently

from

porcine

Although

syninfluenza,

dated

time

eases. survey

suis), porcine ra interrogans

exposed

to

Brucella

suis

parvovirus (PPV), (L. interrogans),

Leptospi-

and

(Clark

and 94#{176}58’ to chosen because

Corn

et a!.,

1986;

area

New

et a!., 1994; Pirtle et a!., 1989; Stallknecht et a!., 1993; van der Leek et a!., 1993a, b; Zygmont et a!., 1982). The domestic swine population in 595% between Cole, has

1997). been

operations, number

While due

of

operations contact

Oklahoma 1991 and most

to

feral

of

this

large-scale

Oklahoma small-scale that

with

has increased 1996 (Bloyd

could swine.

by and

Between

potentially A two-way

No

get

in

trans834

Coal,

and

Roger

was

and

(PRRS).

The

restudy

33#{176}48’to 36#{176}05’N

100#{176}00’W. This area was most of the recent expanoperations

occurred

and

serum

was

separated

until

used.

The

of these and

sera

from feral

regarding

county

1996,

tubes

(7-mo-old)

collected per

there

of obtaining region.

December

in clot

adult

data

to

Kiowa,

reproductive

January

distribution

diswas

Oklahoma

Pontotoc,

collected

apparently

a large swine

emerged

Choctaw,

between

swine

was

the most

study

because of the possibility from feral swine in that

blood

increase

commercial

still harbors “backyard”

in

and sera

and,

thirteen

syndrome is located

sion

expand

Jefferson,

porcine

spiratory

1983;

it up-

1) for evidence of exposure to diseases, including the recent-

ular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey serotype in various parts of the United States et a!.,

to

this

Hughes,

Oklahoma, (Fig. swine

ly emerged

vesic-

in

disparts be

base newly

Caddo,

Grady,

Mills) eight

(B.

time

of

(Bryan,

Custer,

pseu-

to

swine

swine

in various documented,

etiologic

objective

feral

Logan,

been

been

destroy(Stevens,

information

to include

The

of

swine is well this

and

importantly,

populations

(PRV),

have for

occurrence

that

from

counties

have

presum-

transmission

swine

in feral states

is important

homa (USA), with two high-density areas in the southcentral and southeastern regions (Stevens, 1996). Some wild swine virus

disease

domestic

the

ease agents of the United

swine (Sus scrofa) are widely disin the southern one-half of Okla-

dorabies

for

is and

(Stevens, and,

as part of the justification feral swine in Oklahoma

geographic Feral tributed

contacts

of

1996).

parvovi-

swine

to

poten-

domestic the size

frequently

such

potential

wild

used ing

syndrome

respiratory

the

might and

swine population between feral

occur

Indeed,

ably,

were

feral contacts

swine

1996).

virus.

Key words: Leptospirosis, rus, porcine reproductive drome, serosurvey, Sits scrofa, vesicular stomatitis.

feral Although

domestic

emerged

respiratory

diseases

Oklahoma unknown,

still

swine influenza and 11% of the

samples the

of infectious occur between populations.

stored were

120 swine.

the

sex

swine. at -20 tested

or

The C for

SHORT

done

using

lysis

test

the

microscopic

(MALT)

agglutination-

(Cole

et a!.

terial seed stocks for the serovars were obtained (Ames,

Iowa,

835

COMMUNICATIONS

USA)

1973).

,

Bac-

six L. interrogans from the NVSL

and

cultured

in

our

laboratory prior to use in the MALT. Samples giving titers of 100 against one or more serovars were considered positive for 1.

FIGURE

sera

swine

Oklahoma

were

counties

from

leptospiral which

feral

antibody.

Pseudorabies antibody was detected ing the commercial semi-automated

collected.

agglutination

antibodies productive

against B. suis, respiratory PRy, swine

(PRRSV), (SIV),

transmissible

(TGEV),

PPV, porcine resyndrome virus influenza virus

gastroenteritis

VSV New Jersey and L. interrogans

rotypes, tislava,

canicola,

and

Indiana serovars

and

or

pomona.

and

negative

ommended

sebra-

hardjo, Seven

grippotyphosa,

terohernorrhagiae,

Tennessee,

a!., 1996)

virus

(Viral

test

Memphis,

sera based

cutoff

USA)

icof

1996)

serotype

Ames,

index

value

H1N1

et

test

(Cher-

SIV A!swine/Iowa/31

(obtained

USA)

Inc.,

of 8. A hem-

(HI)

utilizing

Iowa,

Antigens, (Rodgers

were scored as positive on a manufacturer-rec-

agglutination-inhibition nesky,

uslatex

from

was

used

the

NVSL,

to detect

SIV

the disease agents were chosen because of their importance in domestic swine populations in Oklahoma as indicated by the frequency of requests for diagnostic ser-

antibody at a screening dilution of 1:5. Detection of PRRSV antibody was done using a commercial ELISA kit (Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) according to

vice, and VSV if feral swine

the sults

disease swine. The

was included to determine might be a reservoir for

that

is

standard

tech,

Inc.,

not

present

card

agglutination

Pomona,

in

domestic

(S/P)

test

California,

(V-

USA)

used for B. suis, with sera being positive or negative. An indirect

a

was

scored as fluores-

cent antibody test (IFAT) was used for PPV and TGEV at a screening dilution of 1:5. The PPV reagent slides were prepared

0.4) (SP (Yoon

manufacturer’s being expressed ratio.

All

instructions, with as a sample/positive

ELISA-positive

as well borderline ratio 0.2-0.39) were et

a!.,

1992),

in

determining the antibody animal. Testing for VSV

sey,

body

described staining vovirus

following

a method

for bovine viral diarrhea (Corapi et a!., 1990). Porcine seed stock and PK-15 cells

obtained

from

the

National

Services Iowa,

USA).

Laboratories The TGEV

tained

from

a commercial

tive.

at

1:5

Leptospira

dilution

(NVSL) slides

(Ames, were ob-

source

were interrogans

IFAT parwere

Veterinary

Inc., Pullman, Washington, showing a distinct intracellular cence

previously

(VMRD, USA).

scored testing

Sera fluoresas posiwas

ratio

reaction re-tested

samples by IFAT

a titration

format

starting at 1:20 dilution, using spot slides (Corapi et a!., 1990) containing MARC145 cells (NVSL, Ames, Iowa, USA) infected with the VR-2332 strain of PRRSV (ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA). The

using PPV-infected porcine kidney (PK15) cells spotted onto teflon-coated slides (Gel-Line associates, Newfield, New JerUSA)

(S/P

re-

IFAT

result

was

was

considered

performed

Iowa, USA) using (Katz et a!., 1995). Table 1 summarizes

definitive NJ

status and

of IN

at the NVSL

each anti-

(Ames,

a competitive the

in

ELISA

results

obtained

for the eight disease agents. All 120 samples could not be tested for antibodies against all eight infectious agents because of insufficient quantities samples. Evidence of the

eight

infectious

the

most

prevalent

gans

(44%)

followed

of sera exposure agents

agent by

for a few to four of

was was PPV

detected; L.

interro-

(17%),

SIV

836

JOURNAL

I.

TABLE

OF WILDLIFE

Serologic

test

DISEASES,

results

for

VOL. 34, NO. 4, OCTOBER

antibodies

against

selected

1998

diseases

in Oklahoma

feral

swine.

Positive I)isease

Bntcella

Test

agent

Card

sp.

Leptospira

tirus

tested

Number

%

120

0

0

117

52

44

117

20

17

117

2

1.7

Autolex

120

0

0

ELISA,

virus

Pseudorabies

test

IFAT

parvovirus

PHHS

agglutination

MALT

interrogans

Porcine

Sera

method(s)’

IFAT

HI

117

13

11

TCEviriis

IFAT

117

0

0

VSV

c-ELISA

109

0

0

Swine

See

influenza

text

hr

virus

abbreviated

(11%) and of occurrence

PRRSV of

scending

order: hardjo,

from Of

17%;

suis,

none

The to

tested

to 6,400. 120 sera were

frequencies the six

were,

tested

when

de-

swine

for

and

B.

of the

two

agents. Similarly, none of the 117 and 109 tested for TGEV and VSV, respectively, were positive. These results are surprising, especially for B. snis, and PRV for which antibody prevalence rates varying from 3% to 23% and from 8% to 36%, respectively, have been found in some feral swine populations in other parts of the United States (Corn et a!. 1986; Pirtle et a!., 1989; van ,

der Leek et a!., 1993a, 1982). Our failure to Brucella-positive wild from and

(1) efforts brucellosis

ing,

as evidenced

b; Zygmont et a!., detect any PRVor swine may result

to eradicate in Oklahoma by

pseudorabies are succeed-

the

state’s

recent

re-

classification from stage IV to stage V in the national PRV eradication campaign; (2) the sera tested were not from a random sample and may thus not be representative of the feral swine population, or (3) a corollary might

to the currently

tion

that

that sure

used in to detect

Indeed,

above be

a sample

in the

is that so rare size

much

both in the

larger

this study is required at least one positive past

we

have

diseases popula-

detected

than to be animal. PRV-

has the

data).

is important nation test for for

ranged

PRV any

ic-

1%.

canicola, titers

PRV from

unpubl.

7%;

for

positive

L.

pomona,

grippotyphosa,

feral

positive

in

29%;

3% and antibody

leptospiral 100 the

tests.

bratislava,

terohemorrhagiae,

Positive

of

(2%). antibodies

serovars

interrogans

23%;

names

pigs

in

been same

detected in domestic study area (J.T. Saliki,

In

regard

to

studies

B. suis,

it also

to note that the card agglutiused in this study was designed

B. abortus and B. suis antibody Regarding TGEV,

mation

follow-up

on

its

might be problematic detection. no published infor-

seroprevalence

in the USA same caveats

in

was available. listed above

and its possible occurrence in Oklahoma may not be basis of this is different

study. since

The VSV

wild

swine

However, the apply to TGEV in feral excluded

situation has not

swine on the

with been

VSV ob-

served in Oklahoma for over 20 yr. Hence, its absence in the feral swine population is not surprising. The recent recrudescence in VSV has included two states bordering Oklahoma (New Mexico and Colorado) but

results

of

intensive

monitoring

domestic swine, horse tions indicate that this

and latest

not

(G.

involve

Oklahoma

data). Previous ous serovars distributed parts lence mals firm the

sampled

against

those 117

the

Eskew,

unpubl.

studies have shown that variof L. interrogans are widely among feral swine in different

of the USA, rates ranging

a!., 1986;

of

cattle populaflare-up does

(Clark

with from et

antibody 22-87% a!.,

New et a!., 1994). results by finding feral

at least

hogs one

tested serovar

prevaof ani-

1983;

Corn

et

Our data conthat 44% of had

antibodies

of L.

interro-

SHORT

gaits.

Interestingly,

bratislava frequently

interrogans

pomona

are

detected

mestic

swine

ratory L.

L.

and

serovars

samples

(J.T. titers

44% (:s5)

a single

ers, swine

that

might

have

one serovar cross-reactive

been

populations

in

Park (USA), of 14% (New of

of SIV

antibody

only

Oklahoma.

wild mined.

health

In

and

SIV

it is not known

ELISA

tance tion. has

PRRSV

and

IFAT,

of of

the PRRSV

Indeed, been

in

found

report

population. of

tion

in wild

swine.

for PRRSV there

that these could swine

J.

the

is

this two

might

is the infec-

tests

were

detection be

80

a size-

PRRSV

Although

a slim

in this chance

be false positive reactions.

isolation

specimens

L.,

of PRRSV can

definitively

from

wild

confirm

AND

Stratc

\V

L.

J.

Taylor

(eds.).

C.,

K.

survey

L.

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agglutination

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deter-

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cause

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In this study, two

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Manual,

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The

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However,

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Oklahoma

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B. L., AND

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while

2 or more of samples

infected test

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recently

Our

56%

of

been

but the antibodies.

Serological has

most

PRRS

LITERATURE

52

latter group had a very high against one serovar than the indicating

of

do-

serovar

against (61%)

occurrence populations.

swine

labo-

Of the

samples,

against

the

most

our

data).

had positive titers serovars. A majority

in the (4-fold)

in

unpubl.

Saliki,

the among

tested

interrogans-positive

positive

serovars

also

837

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