Shea Cake Waste : Gateway to Bio-economy in Africa ...

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Shea Cake Waste : Gateway to Bio-economy in Africa A.K.A �SHEA BIOECONOMY CLIMATE SMART TECHNOLOGY Conference Paper · March 2018 CITATIONS

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Shea Cake Waste : Gateway to Bio-economy in Africa Shea SCOPE : Shea Standard , Conservation, Operations Procedure and Economy A.K.A SHEA BIO-ECONOMY CLIMATE SMART TECHNOLOGY University of Port Harcourt Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social science, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers states, Nigeria Mobile: +234 803 3721 219 Email: [email protected] Skype @AyodeleOtaiku

Ayodele A. OTAIKU Doctoral student, Uniport, Nigeria

Contents: Abstract 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Challenge ‐ Africa Sub‐Sahara Shea Biowaste 1.3 Rationale ‐ Africa Sub‐Sahara Shea Gap Analysis 1.4 Conceptual and Theoretical framework 2.0 What is Bioeconomy 3.0 Methodological Approach 3.1 Shea Production Technology 3.2 Shea Biowaste Management / Anaerobic Digestion 3.3 Shea Protection & Conservation 4.0 The Shea Bio‐Based Economy Strategy 5.0 Bioeconomy and Knowledge economy 6.0 Case studies: Field application using Shea based biofertilizer Agriculture 7.0 External Validation of Biofertilizer Field Application and Evaluation on Selected Crops: Publications 8.0 Research Findings and Recommendations : Shea Bio‐economy Climate Smart Production 9.0 Exhibitors & Award 10.0 Conclusions Questions & Answers References

Abstract Beconomy describes the use of biological feedstocks, or processes involving biotechnology, to generate economic outputs in the form of energy, materials or chemicals and waste as a resource. The objective was ‘new’ trajectory of ‘sustainable capitalism’ from shea biowaste in the Sahel sub-Sahara Africa. Shea tree zone in Sub-Saharan Africa in 23 countries and population 112 million people with women 18 million farmers and 1.8 Billion Shea trees generates biowaste that can create bioeconomy that can reduce climate change mitigate and integrated soil nutrients and improve agro-ecology practice in the shea zone in Africa. The growth of a bioeconomy is underpinned by new technologies. The case studies of the shea industry (2010-2017), where biowaste improved recycling techniques developed with biotechnology bio-based products for soil fertility management and conservation with external validity from institutions and certification cum publication in peer-reviewed journal. The shea bio-economy strategy acronym Shea SCOPE (Shea Standard Operation Procedure and Economy) was developed to help transform shea biowaste into sustainable capital and powered by shea climate smart technology and strategy into bioeconomy. Shea productivity is the only sustainable source of long-term economic growth for shea bioeconomy that encapsulate multi-factor productivity accentuated by the bioeconomy framework developed called knowledgeprenuer ecosystem. The modus operandi of global shea alliance encapsulate knowledgeprenuer ecosystem. Bioeconomy development is driven by changing consumer behaviour and a need to secure the preconditions for human well-being and sustainability. The new business opportunities arising alongside with these will rely on the smart exploitation of biomasses and high added value products and services powered by Shea bio-economy climate smart technology (a.k.a SHEA SCOPE).Ecological services are considered to have a significant and growing role in the new bioeconomy value chains. Bioeconomy is the crux of the natural resource management in 21st century driven by knowledge management, technologies and economy. SHEA SCOPE focused attention to the linkages between agriculture and natural resource management that will help greatly in solving the problems of poverty, food insecurity, post-harvest techniques and climate change management. Keywords:

Shea Scope, Shea bioeconomy, biowaste, biofertilizer, biopesticide, framework, bio-based products , knowledgeprenuer ecosystem , post-harvest, climate change management

strategy,

1.0 Bioeconomy - Opportunity for the 21st century The bioeconomy is resource-efficient recycling materials biomass in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture, but also the biotechnological use and conversion of biomass, in addition to biogenic waste materials and residual materials: these are the central starting points for the bioeconomy‘s value chains and value adding networks, which are interlinked in a multitude of ways. The “knowledge- based bioeconomy”, also referred to as a “bio-based economy”, offers the opportunity both to make an important contribution to mastering these challenges and simultaneously to advance the transition from an economy mainly using fossilbased raw materials to an economy based on renewable resources and efficient in terms of raw materials. The ‘green economy ’ emerged during the 2012 Rio+20 summit and is being promoted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Although they are packaged as a ‘greening’ strategy, bioeconomies are part of an industrial development trajectory that seeks energy and natural resource security by establishing new ‘green’, ‘ biological ’, and ‘ sustainable’ products, see Figure 1. Goals and guiding principles: Bioeconomy development is driven by changing consumer behaviour and a need to secure the preconditions for human well-being (Figure 1). As a result of the concern over the environment and scarcity of non-renewable raw materials, including metals and oil, the use of biomasses in the economy and across society will increase. Biomasses from the forests, fields and water systems will offer solutions for more diverse needs as the prices of non-renewable raw materials go up:

i. Food security takes priority over the production of raw materials for industry and energy internationally; ii. Paths of use with a higher value-adding potential must be given preference in the remainder of the work on structuring the bio economy's framework conditions; iii. Where possible and purposeful, cascading use and coupled use of biomass should be applied; iv. The aim to secure and strengthen the competitiveness of the bioeconomy in Africa especially shea zone in Africa. v. For the competitiveness of the bioeconomy , it is imperative to have well-trained and well-in-formed specialist personnel. vi. The opportunities and framework conditions for using key technologies and for effecting their transfer into commercial use need to be improved. vii. The bioeconomy needs to satisfy increasingly challenging requirements from society in terms of the way in which goods are produced. This applies to the protection of the environment, the climate, nature and animals, and also to compliance with standards of social responsibility. viii. The use of sustainability standards in the producer countries, especially in those with weak government leadership and weak institutions, must be expanded and appropriate efforts made to check compliance with them, see Figure 4. ix. In developing the bioeconomy there is a need for close cooperation between all those involved, from the political, economic, scientific, and environmental spheres and from society at large, see Figures 2 and 3

1.1 Objectives i. Develop framework for commercialisation of research outcome Shea bioeconomy. ii. Design efficient biowaste recycling machine for climate smart agriculture application. iii. To recycle Shea biowaste material in Sahel of Africa into biofertilizer. iv. Evaluate impacts of Biofertilizer with Imported Biofertilizer in Nigeria. v. The biofertilizer products should function as integrated pest management solution for agriculture. vi. Knowledge diffusion of research outcome to farmers and children (by Cartoon). vii External validity of the Shea bio-based products produced. viii. Field Application and Evaluation of Impacts on selected crops. ix. Develop Strategy for Shea bioeconony called SHEA SCOPE. x. Design an icon for internet of things (IoTs) .

Disclaimer: The products brands mentioned in the presentation was used as case studies for the research commercialization framework developed by Ayodele A. Otaiku for SHEA CLIMATE SMART TECHNOLOGY and all right reserved.

1.2 Challenge : Africa Sub-Sahara Shea Biowaste The Case Study of Shea Butter in Sub-Saharan Africa Challenges  Shea butter production is still human and material energy intensive, requiring substantial amounts of firewood to heat and dry the shea nuts and the shea tree distribution and associated shea butter production and role in African livelihoods is under threat from the increasing effects of globalization and climate change (Naughton, 2016).  Shea trees are located over a wide expanse stretching more than 5,000 kilometres across over 23 countries in sub-Saharan Africa with sheabutter_tree, insect (Cirina_butyrospermi) larva (caterpillar) that affects tree crop yield (Chimsah Francis A, 2016).

Traditional Shea Handcraft Butter Techniques across Sahel Africa 23 countries

Shea butter_tree, lavae insect (Cirina_butyrospermi)

Plates 1 .Production of Shea nut Processing : Global Shea Alliance Conference Ghana, Accra 2010

Senyo Kpelly (2016)

Source: Abdul-Mumeen , 2013

Shea butter processing; from fresh fruits to dried kernels

Source: Abdul-Mumeen , 2013

Hand craft Shea butter processing; milled nuts to skimming

Source: Abdul‐Mumeen , 2013

Traditional Production of Shea butter and shea cake

1.3 Rationale ‐ Africa Sub‐Sahara Shea Gap Analysis Climate change acts as a “threat multiplier” by exacerbating existing vulnerabilities, and must be analysed in relation to the adaptive capacity of those affected (individuals, communities and states), taking account of the wider political, socio-economic and demographic context. However, while soil erosion and over-exploitation of resources are undoubtedly problems in some areas, the evidence for anthropogenically-driven land degradation leading to drought throughout the Sahelian region is lacking. It is now well established that, rather than being a consequence the abuse of the land by humans and animals, the late twentieth century Sahelian desiccation was a product of long-term climate variability driven by changes in patterns of global surface temperature. Dry conditions in the Sahel occur during periods in which the southern hemisphere oceans and northern Indian Ocean are warmer than the remaining northern hemisphere oceans, and it is a shift to such a pattern of global temperature distributions that is now widely accepted as being responsible for the turn towards aridity in the Sahel from the late 1960s (Giannini et al., 2003). The development of the Bio-economy of Sahel Sub Sahara Africa will reduce climate vulnerabilities in the region.

Naughton, C.C, Lovett, P.N., & Mihelcic, J.R. (2015)

Figure 1. Shea zone in Sahel Sub Sahara Africa

The Shea tree

Shea Biowaste : Cake & Nuts shell Even under conservative estimates, the model produced an extensive shea tree suitability area of 3.4 million square kilometers with 1.8 billion trees in 23 countries and over 18 million women collectors, encompassing a total population of 112 million. Methodology applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). (Naughton ,2016). The Green Shea Model Challenges by Senyo Kpelly SeKaf Ltd, Ghana

Shea Biowaste : Cake & Nuts shell 1.Average dry shea kernel yield = 5kg (GSA, 2012) 2. Shea zone in Sub-Saharan Africa = 23 countries (Naughton, 2016) a. Shea zone population =112 million people b. Shea women farmers = 18 million c. Shea trees in 23 countries = 1.8 Billion Therefore, a.1.8 Billion trees will generates 9,000,000 MT of shea kernel yearly b.The factor of shea butter production is ratio 3:1 c.9,000,000 MT will generates 3,000,000MT of shea butter yearly in 23 countries of shea zones. d. 6,000,000 MT of biowaste (shea cake + nut shell) will be generated yearly. e. 3,000,000MT of shea butter will generate 18,696,000,000.00 waste water litters of water. Energy demand during shea butter production: a.900 MT of firewood =200 MT shea butter (Senyo Kpelly ,2016) b. 13,500,000MT= 3,000,000MT shea butter

2.0 What is Bioeconomy Challenges Problems with the dominant view of the bioeconomy The bioeconomy agenda emerged in response to the need to find alternatives to fossil fuels. However, it ignores the necessity of reducing high levels of consumption, which is the primary cause of resource depletion worldwide ( Hall and Zacune, 2012). i. Bioeconomy policy documents highlight the need to accommodate the ever-increasing call for bio-products and biomass, rather than suggesting alternatives that could decrease demand. ii. This trend - creating new biologically ‘enhanced’ products as well as new ways for humans to take control over resource production - leads to the commodification of nature, see Figure 4. iii. Modern economy perpetuates structures that prioritise market growth over environmental health and human wellbeing leading to the further degradation of lands by chemicals, fertilisers and machinery.

Figure 2. Bioeconomy Opportunity for the 21st century

Source: Elsadig Ahmed, 2018

Source: MINA-raad and SALV (2013)

Figure 3 . Distinction between the bio-economy and the bio-based economy

Source: German Bioeconomy Council, June 2015.

Figures 4 . Bioeconomy Strategies Around the World

Significance of the bioeconomy The Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) is an important factor in understanding the current bioeconomy agenda (Elsadig Ahmed, 2018 in Figure 2). The KBBE can be understood as a new political-economic strategy, and plays a role in shaping policies, institutional practices and societal changes with the aim of creating ‘ sustainable capital ’. The KBBE perspective equates ‘renewable’ with ‘sustainable.’ With this viewpoint, anything that can be regrown is considered to have an infinite supply, and technology that can manipulate organisms should therefore be used to create these renewable products (Figure 5). In short, this requires the commodification of nature. The goal becomes ‘sustainable capital’, which drives a ‘new’ trajectory of ‘sustainable capitalism’ that is essentially no more than an expansion of the corporate-driven market system. The two contending visions of the KBBE: Life sciences perspective This perspective, agricultural goods are viewed as raw materials that can be broken down into smaller parts for further processing. Life sciences proponents claim that the genetic modification of plants enhances their nutritional components and productivity, particularly under harsh conditions such as drought, infers tile soil and pest infestations. Agroecology perspective Agroecology takes greater advantage of natural processes and beneficial on-farm interactions in order to reduce off-farm input use and to improve the efficiency of farming systems (Altieri, et al., 1998). Technologies emphasized tend to enhance the functional biodiversity of agro-ecosystems as well as the conservation of existing on-farm resources.

Philosophy of Bioeconomy Green Economy: Driven by the 3F crisis (Food-Feed-Fibres), the green economy is a part of an integrated bioeconomy agenda. Greening the economy means restructuring businesses and infrastructure to provide better returns on investments in natural, human and economic capital .

It includes the production, efficiency and conservation of renewable energy, and is based on the following six sectors: renewable energy, green buildings, sustainable transport, water, waste, and land management. In order for these sectors to be sustainable, the following three main pillars must be harmonised: economy , society and environment. Most bio-economy strategies make reference to the use of technology as a fundamental component of the transition towards a more bio-based economy and see Figures 3 and 4. Commercialisation and adoption of new bioeconomy products and their supporting technologies is observed as challenging both in a business to business context due to issues such as high switching costs or a lack of existing quality standards, as well as towards final consumers (McCormick and Kautto 2013; Golembiewski et al 2015). As observed by Frewer et al (1997) and confirmed in later studies, it has been shown that final consumers have been hesitant to embrace products generated from side or waste streams.

Source: Paul O’Reilly (2017) Figure 5. Framework for Developing the Bioeconomy

Changes in the supply and demand of bio-based goods and services in individual countries and regions have an effect on demand for production on factors such as land or workers in other parts of the world via the global trade system. [t]he growth of a bioeconomy is underpinned by new technologies. This enables the use of a wider range of feedstocks, reducing dependence on nonrenewable feedstocks, including fossil fuels’ (HoL, 2014).

Across the different national strategies a range of motivations for development of the bioeconomy are put forward. These include economic motivations including enhancing competitiveness of domestic industries, create new jobs, and contributing to the revitalising of rural areas (Staffas et al 2013; Vandermeulen et al 2012). De Besi and McCormick (2015) identify that national bioeconomy strategies can typically be separated into five development areas: (i) research and innovation, (ii) biomass and land use, (iii) economy and finance, (iv) governance; and (v) social change. Social change represents the need identified by strategy authors for a “transformation in the mind-sets of society, industries and governments”. In this context they observe a theme which explains “a transition to an economy predominately based on biomass will require cooperation of all sectors of society and a change toward sustainable consumption and production patterns, both on the demand side and on the supply side of the economy”, see Figure 5.

3.0 Methodological Approach

Availability of Sustainably Produced Biomass Another important and contested issue is the question of if or to what extent the attainable potential of sustainably produced biomass will be sufficient to substitute the global demand for fossil fuels. Reliable information about the quantities of biogenic feedstock currently available, their spatial distribution, and their availability over time is still lacking. In recent years numerous studies that estimate the possible global supply of biomass for energetic and material use have been carried out (e.g., O’Brien et al., 2015; .Goh, et al., 2014 ; Sanders, et al., 2013). However, due to the use of different methods of calculation and a broad variety of underlying assumptions, they come to quite divergent results, ranging from less than 50 to several hundred exajoules (EJ) per year on a global level ( Hennig, et al., 2016).  From Figure 1. Shea tree zone in Sub-Saharan Africa in 23 countries and population 112 million people (Naughton, 2016) with women 18 million farmers and 1.8 Billion Shea trees generates 9,000,000 MT of shea kernel yearly.  3,000,000MT of shea butter yearly in 23 countries of shea zones with a biomass 6,000,000 MT of biowaste (shea cake + nut shell) will be generated yearly.  18,696,000,000.00 waste water litters of water with energy demand during production ( Senyo Kpelly, 2016)  13,500,000 MT of firewood for shea production yearly  The goal becomes ‘sustainable capital ’, which drives a ‘new’ trajectory of ‘sustainable capitalism’.

3.1 Shea Production Technology PhD Thesis Progress Report One: Biowaste Recycling Machine

For detail Shea Production Feasibility Report Google search : Otaiku A. A (2016 b). Feasibility Report : Sustainable Shea Production & Management, Wasagare Shea Butter Factory , Saki West, Oyo State, Nigeria USAID’s Nigeria Expanded Trade and Transport (NEXTT) Program. Subcontract No. 1785-FPC-AL-01 USAID NEXTT Project

3.2 Shea Biowaste Management Biowaste Recycling Machine – Model One

Prof .P.C Mmom ( with white shirt) supervise finished biofertilizer from the open drying machine Biofertilizers are carrier based preparations containing efficient strain of nitrogen fixing or phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. Biofertilizers are formulated usually as carrier based inoculants. The organic carrier materials are more effective for the preparation of bacterial inoculants. The solid inoculants carry more number of bacterial cells and support the survival of cells for longer periods of time. i. The mass production of carrier based bacterial biofertilizers involves three stages. ii. Culturing of microorganisms iii. Processing of carrier material iv. Mixing the carrier and the broth culture and packing.

Biowaste Recycling Machine – Model Two

Design OTAIKU –Y2K13 Model : Biogas capture from anaerobic digester designed by Ayodele Otaiku , 20122013, NESREA Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Biofertilizer from Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic digestion During the anaerobic digestion process, organic compounds are broken down, firstly via acetogenic bacteria to methane precursors, largely volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and then to methane and other products via methanogenic bacteria. Under anaerobic conditions, organic forms of nitrogen (N) are converted into ammonium-N (NH-N), i.e. readily available nitrogen. The readily available nitrogen (RAN) content of cattle slurry is typically 50% and pig slurry c. 60% of total-N (Anon, 2000). It might be anticipated that a measurable increase in the proportion of readily available N would occur in these materials, as a result of the digestion process (See Figure 1 and 2 ). In addition to nutrient impacts, a number of benefits are claimed to accrue as a result of AD, including a reduced risk of odour nuisance and a reduction in viable pathogenic organisms (Sood, 2006).

National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)

The readily available nitrogen (RAN) content of cattle slurry is typically 50% and pig slurry c. 60% of total-N (Anon, 2000). It might be anticipated that a measurable increase in the proportion of readily available N would occur in these materials, as a result of the digestion process (See Figure 1 and 2 ). In addition to nutrient impacts, a number of benefits are claimed to accrue as a result of AD, including a reduced risk of odour nuisance and a reduction in viable pathogenic organisms (Sood, 2006).

Figure 6. Anaerobic digestion is a multi-stage process of OBD-Biofertilizer. Schematics of biofertiliser production from biowaste feedstock

3.3 Shea Protection & Conservation Methodology- Shea cake wastes fermented with plant extracts inoculated with broad base spectrum microbes for thirty (30) days at room temperature and stirred continuously within ten (10) intervals. The resultant products is organic acid. Organic Acids called Peracids. and Pheromones ( to control insect damage through mating disruption).Peracids are highly effective sanitizing agents used for controlling algae and pathogens. Peracids can be used as a bacterial or fungicidal application to plant foliage or roots. A further advantage is that when peracids degrade, the byproduct is oxygen, which is safe and beneficial. Case study: Sesamum indicum (sesame) Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria for the treatment of Blight of sesame crop .The causal organism. Alternaria sesame. Although considered an important fungal disease of sesame, cause yield losses of 20-40%. This yield loss is caused by the premature defoliation of the plants leading to smaller capsules and loss of capsules due to infection. Finding: Biochemical – The pesticides are occurring substances that control pesticide by non-toxic mechanisms. Biochemical pesticides include such insect sex pheromones that interfere with mating as well as various scented plant extract that attract insect pests to traps. Biochemical products also include hormones growth regulators and enzymes. Moth Cirina Forda larvae pathology trait can be managed by Peracids. and Pheromones mechanism of bio-protection without pesticide foot print on the shea trea. Sesamum indicum (sesame) as case study show great impact on improve the crop productivity.

Conclusion: The most common and identified parasitic plant of Shea in west Africa include; Tapinanthus bangwensis; Tapinanthus globiferus ;Tapinanthus ophiodes and Agelanthus dodoneifolius etcs can be treated with ARATI Biopesticide and sample available for trials on request across the Shea zone in West Africa. There is need to incorporate disease and pest prevention and control in tree management practices within the GSA Shea industry and regional field trials of biopesticide for management of Parasitic or Invasive plants to achieve best practice to improve the Shea tree and yield potential. The ARATI biopesticide is an alternative to the chemical control of Shea tree parkland management and good field sanitation.

4.0 The Shea Bio‐Based Economy Strategy The European Union identifies the bio-based economy as one that ‘…integrates the full range of natural and renewable biological resources, land and sea resources, biodiversity and biological materials (plant, animal and microbial), through to the processing and the consumption of these bio-resources’, concept focuses on the raw material rather than the conversion processes (BOR, 2011; Luoma et al, 2011; FORMAS, 2012; Schmid et al (2012); Birch and Tyfield (2013), and Staffas et al (2013). The Shea Bio-Based Economy Strategy encapsulate shea zones in 23 countries of Africa, which includes (Figures 1 and 7) : 1. Anticipating the global demand for bioeconomy solutions and preparing roadmaps Measures: i. Creating a bioeconomy foresight and scenario system and an international network that supports it to identify global trends and sustainability challenges , opportunities for generating business from solving these challenges. ii. Implementing the health sector growth strategy and food export programme using shea based biofertilizer for crops cultivation.

Jan Börner et al., 2017 Figure 7. Mechanisms of biobased transformation

2. Providing incentives for the replacement of non-renewable natural resources by renewable ones in public procurement Measures: i. Developing the criteria for sustainable public procurement so that the competitiveness of bio-based products in awarding public contracts can be improved. ii. Funding programme for eco-innovation. 4. Promoting demand for bioeconomy products and services Measures: i. Influencing consumer choices by highlighting the sustainability of bioeconomy products. ii. By means of active communication, emphasising the material and immaterial consumption alternatives offered by the bioeconomy and supporting the replication of good practices. 3. Promoting the standardisation and certification of bioeconomy solutions Measures: Making international efforts for bioeconomy standardisation a priority area like biofertilizer and biopesticides production from biowaste. 4. Shea Smart Production for bioeconomy solutions Measures: Supporting long-term development environments structured upon the large investments of urban regions, in which we can experiment with, test and develop resource-effective solutions of the new generation of renewable energy and water supply and waste management as well as models for ecologically sustainable transport.

5. Shea Smart Production for bioeconomy solutions Measures: Supporting long-term development environments structured upon the large investments of urban regions, in which we can experiment with, test and develop resource-effective solutions of the new generation of renewable energy and water supply and waste management as well as models for ecologically sustainable transport. 6. Increasing equity financing and innovation inputs in the bioeconomy Measures: i. Ensuring the availability of risk financing for bioeconomy growth companies as part of government funding solutions aiming to increase growth enterprising. 7. Human capital development for bioeconomy Developing education content to train bioeconomy experts Measures: i. Increasing awareness of the bioeconomy among young people. ii. Offering further education, updating of qualifications and re-training based on the need identified by employers. Supporting re-training of life science experts to reinforce their innovation, product development and business skills. iii. Deepening cooperation between universities/ academia/ government/industry in innovation activities. 8. Knowledge Accessibility and Sustainability of Biomasses resources Measures: i. Improving the availability of biomasses and the operating conditions of the production chain for shea butter development, production methods and land use planning and by enhancing logistics and the infrastructure. ii. Launching the collection of information on biomass resources and ecosystem services as part of a national system for natural resource management. iii. Improving information collected by means of public funding on biomass reserves and waste streams. iv. Collecting information in up-to-date geographical information systems and facilitating their availability and use. v. Developing the statistics system on the bioeconomy.

Shea Biomass Bio‐based Products Exemplar Shea Biomass Bio-based Products researched, developed and certified with journal peered viewed publications from agro-ecology field application and evaluation on crops from various institutions in Nigeria (2010 -2017) .

Post -Harvest Grains Storage Biotechnology called ARATI ZETVA ®

Shea Biowaste Based OBD-Biofertilizer (25kg)

Visits:

ARATI Yaranta® Bioherbicide

ARATI Biopesticide ®

Shea Biowaste ARATI OMF ( Organo-Mineral Fertilizer) 25kg

www.aratibiotech.com www.aratishea.com

5.0 Bioeconomy and Knowledge economy

This is the symbol

of internet of Things collaboration symbol by ( Ayodele Otaiku, 2016)

A back loop - Market to Laboratory Mechanisms: i. Contract R&D ii. Joint R&D iii. Consultancy Service iv. R&D and Joint R&D v. Provision of Facilities e g . INNOAF business incubators

A fore loop - Laboratory to Market Mechanisms: i. Carry out applied R&D ii. IP Protection iii. Technology Licensing iv. Spin-off Researchers v. Joint Venture Company vi. Financial Assistance

Source: Otaiku A. A (2016 b). Figure 8 . Bioeconomy framework for natural resource management and knowledgeprenuer ecosystem

A simplified representation of the adaptive cycle shows these two phases in a more recognizable form. The fore-loop a slow accumulation of disciplinary knowledge laboratory to Market. The back-loop is the time of greatest potential for the initiation of either destructive or creative change in the system from market to laboratory like internet (internet of things) i.e Machine-to-human interface (the icon designed by Ayodele A. Otaiku is the @ sign with an arrow).

Table 1. Knowledgeprenue ecosystem Participants interactions crate value and collective intelligence

Interactions of knowledgeprenuer ecosystem by build the right technology to ease interactions for thematic analysis to create collective intelligence. Global Shea Alliance (GSA) is a model for Knowledgeprenue ecosystem where participants composition comprise of Table 1

Knowledgeprenuer ecosystem Key Partnerships for my PhD Thesis ‐ Universities /Institutions Research / Government Link

i.Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. ii.University of Ibadan, Nigeria. iii. Federal Ministry of Agriculture National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCI) Umudike iv. National Cereals Research Institutes (NCRI), Badeggi - Niger state v. Institute of Agriculture Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, Federal Ministry of Agriculture. vi. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria vii. Federal Fertilizer Department, Abuja, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. viii. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria ix. Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria. x. Global Shea Alliance (www.globalsheaalliance.com) xi. Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja xii National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Abuja. xiii. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) xiv. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Federal Fertilizer Department), Abuja (Permit) Human intelligence evolution by interactions creates solutions demand research powered by research-to-products value creation called innovation co-evolution modelled by adaptable ecology of natural systems that embrace their logic, to build systems of masterly complexity without a master plan [bottom up-approach] called nourishment by community of practice or knowledgeprenuer ecosystem (a word that describes by key partnerships listed above was the synergy powered my PhD thesis resulting to Patents and bio-based products now certified in Nigeria,

6.0 Case studies: Field application using Shea based biofertilizer Agriculture Routes to Increase Agricultural Yields

In order to achieve the indispensable increase in agricultural yield, many experts advocate a new and different management of agricultural ecosystems. This includes reducing harmful external inputs, promoting nutrient recycling, optimizing energy flows, using natural mechanisms of pest control, and thus creating structures that improve the resilience of the system and maintain its long-term productivity ( Pretty, 2008; Bommarco et al., 2013; Halberg, et al. 2015; Azadi et al., 2015).

Crop Cassava Field Application and Evaluation of OBD‐Biofertilizer : Cassava , Igbariam, Anambra State , Nigeria Collaborator: Dr. A.A Ano, +234 803 545 8051 NRCRI, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria Researcher: Ayodele Otaiku +234 803 3721219 Farm Seasons : 2012‐2013 Table 2. Showing treatment for Cassava crop

SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) PRODUCTION Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) is one of the root crops grown in Nigeria. Its production has continuously being on the increase. One of the challenges in sweet potato production is low yield arising from declining soil fertility. In 2011, an experiment was conducted at National Root Crops Research farm, Umudike, Nigeria to determine the effect of OBD-Biofertilizer applied alone and in combination with inorganic fertilizer on the yield of sweet potato. Application of either OBD-Biofertilizer alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer gave significantly higher root yield (P < 0.05) than the control. Inorganic fertilizer applied at the recommended rate [300 kg NPK (20:10:10)/ha] also gave higher yield than the control. Application of 5.0 t/ha OBD-Biofertilizer + 150 kg NPK/ha gave sweet potato root yield that was significantly higher than the yield obtained with either inorganic fertilizer or OBD- Biofertilizer alone. It was therefore concluded that for optimum root yield of sweet potato application of 5.0 t/ha OBD-Biofertilizer + 150 kg NPK/ha is required.

Sugarcane

Plate 1. Late Prof. A. Abayomi and Ayodele Otaiku Table 3. Showing treatment for Sugar cane crop N/S Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0g/Plot 864gOBD/Plot 1727g OBD/Plot 2591gOBD/Plot 432gOBD + 25gNPK/Plot 864g OBD + 50g NPK/ Plot 1720gOBD +75gNPK/Plot 50g NPK/ Plot 100g NPK/ Plot 150g NPK/ Plot

Total Cane Weight (tha-1)

BRIX (%)

39.1 35.4 35.6 35.2 33.3 51.1 45.6 1. 42.8 42.6 31.6

19.33 20.33 20.83 21.5 20.83 20.17 19 19.67 20.5 20.17

Millable Stalks (no ha-1) 57407 60000 61111 65926 67778 62222 70000 67037 68889 58148

7.0 External Validation of Biofertilizer Field Application and Evaluation on Selected Crops: Publications

Maize External Validity: Biofertilizer 1.AYANFEOLUWA O.E , ADEOLUWA O.O AND ADURAMIGBA-MODUPE V.O (2015). Residual Fertilizer Value of OBD-plus Compost for Maize (Zea mays) Production. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 6(3): 162-167, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.107 ISSN: 2320-7035 2. AYANFEOLUWA O. E., ADEOLUWA O.O , OSHUNSANYA S.O AND ADURAMIGBA-MODUPE V.O (2015). Effect of Accelerated Compost on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of an Alfisol . Rahmann G., OlabiyI T. I. & Olowe V.I.O. (Eds.) (2015) Scientific Track Proceedings of the 3rd African Organic Conference. “Achieving Social and Economic Development through Ecological and Organic Agricultural Alternatives”, October 5-9, 2015, Lagos, Nigeria OLUFEMI EMMANUEL AYANFEOLUWA , OLUGBENGA OLUSEYI ADEOLUWA , VINCENT OLUWATOMISIN ADURAMIGBA-MODUPE (2017). Nutrient release dynamics of an accelerated compost: A case study in an Alfisol and Ultisol Eurasian J Soil Sci 2017, 6 (4) 350 – 356 Internal Validity: Biofertilizer ADERIBIGBE, S.G., SAKARIYAWO, O.S SORETIRE, A.A ., SOREMI, P.A.S AND OTAIKU, A.A (2017). Response of hybrid maize (ZEA MAYS L.) to application rates and sources of organic fertilizer in the humid rainforest. Journal of organic agriculture and environment vol.5, no 1, june

Soya Bean

ONYENALI C.T and OLOWE V.I (2015). Agronomic Performance and Seed Quality of Advanced Breeding Lines of Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as Influenced by Organic Fertilizer Application. Rahmann G., OlabiyI T. I. & Olowe V.I.O. (Eds.) (2015). Scientific Track Proceedings of the 3rd African Organic Conference. “Achieving Social and Economic Development through Ecological and Organic Agricultural Alternatives”, October 5-9, 2015, Lagos, Nigeria. SORETIRE, A. A , SAKARIYAWO, O.S, SOREMI, P.A.S ., ADERIGBE,S.G., OLOWOKERE, F.A.1, FAGBEMI, A.O., OTAIKU, A.A. AND DURE, M.O (2013). Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean [ Glycine Max (l.) Merrill] as influenced by different sources and rates of commercially produced organic fertilizers. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Volume 1.,December, SAKARIYAWO,O.S , SORETIRE, A.A, ADERIBIGBE,S.G, OTAIKU, A.A , OYEKANMI,A.A, LAWAL,I.O , ADEBAYO,A.G , SHOKALU,A.O (2011). Agro-Ecological Sustainability Of Organic Manure Application In Soybean Production In Alfisols Of Rain-Forest Transitory Zone Of Nigeria , Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Organic Agriculture, 13-17th November, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Vegetables

JOSEPH-ADEKUNLE, T.T. AND BABALOLA W.A (2015). Plantain (Musa AAB. cv Agbagba) Setts Growth in Response to Growing Media and Organic Fertilizers in South Western Nigeria. Rahmann G., OlabiyI T. I. & Olowe V.I.O. (Eds.) (2015) Scientific Track Proceedings of the 3rd African Organic Conference. “Achieving Social and Economic Development through Ecological and Organic Agricultural Alternatives”, October 5-9, 2015, Lagos, Nigeria. SENJOBI, B.A, ANDE, O.T, ADEMOYE, O.A (2013). Sandy Soil Improvement Using Organic Materials and Mineral Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Jute Plant (Corchorus Olitorius) Journal of Biology and Life Science ISSN 21576076 Vol. 4, No. 1 OLOWOKERE, F. A., 1AJUFO, C. A. AND 1OJOWA, F. D. (2014) .Chemical Properties Of Soil, Yield And N, P, K Uptake By Okra As Affected By Commercially Produced Organic Based Fertilizers.

Weblink: soilsnigeria.net/.../Olowokere%20full%20paper,%20SSSN%20Lafia%202013%201.d. http://www.globalshea.com/uploads/files/conference_presentations/envirosustainability_aratishea_shea_zero_waste_mgt_43.pdf https://www.battelle.org/docs/.../bioremediation-symposium-preliminary-program.pdf http://aratibiotech.com/bio-agriculture/ http://aratibiotech.com/consulting/ http://aratibiotech.com/pc3r-technology/

8.0 Research Findings and Recommendations Shea Bio‐economy SCOPE : Shea Standard , Conservation, Operations Procedure and Economy a.k.a. Shea Bio‐economy Climate Smart Production A - Diffusion of Research Knowledge

Agricultural Value Chain Training ‐ Farmers Community Centres For the application of the Aratibiotech fertilizer brand soil nutrient use efficiency or supplied to farmers farm and other inputs. We will disseminate latest agricultural technology and the use of organic fertilizer via the farmer’s field school.

Plates 1. Model of Farmers Field School in Minna, 2012 for 100 farmers by Ayodele A. Otaiku Visit: YOU Tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG2ODAx3ICY Waste -to-wealth Technology Gateway fertilizer Plant, Abeokuta, Nigeria

Source : Otaiku. A.A (2018)

For more detail Google search : Otaiku. A.A (2018).PhD Thesis Outcome Between Research and Society: Concept Cartoon, University of Port Harcourt , Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social science, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers states, Nigeria

Source :Otaiku. A.A (2018)

Impacts of Poor Shea Standard Operations Procedure in Sahel Sub-Sahara Africa: 23 countries, 2018

Source : Otaiku. A.A (2018) The Shea Climate smart Production Solution Google search : Otaiku A. A (2016 b). Feasibility Report : Sustainable Shea Production & Management

B - Biowaste Converted to Biofertilizer and Biopesticide For Detail Google search for the following Publication : Otaiku A. A (2017). Shea Cake Waste Conversion to Biopesticide: Environmental Protection of Diseases and Pest of the Shea Tree Seeds of Change, Global Shea Alliance (GSA) Conference, Cotonou, Benin March 13.

Otaiku A.A (2014) . Biofertilizer Products: Evaluation of OBD-Biofertilizer Beneficial Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture Wesley University of Science and Technology, (Wusto) Ondo, Nigeria. 3rd National Technical Workshop on Organic Agriculture mainstreaming organic Agriculture into the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of Nigeria PhD thesis : Progress report. Otaiku. A.A (2016). Shea Based Organic Fertiliser’s Impact on Crop Cultivation by, Global Shea Alliance Conference , Ghana, Shea 2016 Enhancing Farm Value Accra, March 22,

Gateway Organic fertilizer ( Biofertilizer)

Shea Tree Pest Management for Sustainability: Shea Biopesticide with Aerial Application (See Figure 8)

© Francis A. Chimsah, Shea 2016 GSA, Ghana

Insect and Parasitic Larvae; Cirina butyrospermi Application rate: ratio 1:4 Litres ARATI Shea Biopesticide® is a broad based spectrum

They control pests in a number of ways: by producing toxins outcompeting the damaging pathogen, producing anti‐fungal compounds and by promoting root and top growth. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which targets larvae and Pseudomonas syringae, which controls bacterial spot are examples of microbial.

Shea Tree Pest Management for Sustainability using Internet of Things: Execution Model (see Figure 8)

See Figure 8 : Drone technology networked with the internet of things (IoT) with physical objects: devices, vehicles and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and promote smart farming or natural resource management.

Source: Gubbi, et al., 2013 Figure 9. Drone technology, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for pest control management for shea trees in the Africa Sahel

C‐ Environmental Management & Restoration

Bioremediation Restoration Ecology (Post-Remediation) Phyto-remediation and cultivation of bio-energy crops of polluted ecosystems

OTAIKU PC3R Technology (Pollution Construct, Remediation, Restoration and Reuse) Remediation-to-Biofuel Technology for Niger Delta, Nigeria

Source : Ayodele A. Otaiku

OTAIKU Biorestore PC3R Methodology

Energy crops (cassava, sugar cane, maize) amended with biofertilizer grown on post remediated soil and converted to ethanol visit: www.aratibiotech.com

Environmental Management & Restoration Oil Spill Management And Environmental remediation Training (OSMERT)

OSMERT training session , May5 -17, 2014, Ondo state, Nigeria Visit: www.aratibiotech.com / human capital development

D ‐ Shea Butter Waste water Treatment Technologies

Source: Otaiku A. A (2016 b).

E - Shea Butter Production Currently in 23 countries (Shea Industry, 2018) With High Carbon Footprint (Naughton, 2016)

Shea climate smart production : Shea SCOPE by Ayodele A. Otaiku

Source: Otaiku A. A (2016 b)

Instead of adapting industrial material flows to natural metabolic cycles, nature should be manipulated and optimized to fit economic purposes. Critics regard today’s bioeconomy as “economization of ecology”, “neo-liberalisation of nature”, or “biocapitalism” ( Lettow, 2015; Levidow, 2015; Gottwald, 2015; Hamilton,2008; Birch et al., 2010; Birch et al., 2010; Kitchen and Marsden, 2011).

The Shea Climate smart Production Solution Google search : Otaiku A. A (2016 b). Feasibility Report : Sustainable Shea Production & Management

Shea butter warehouse left, administrative building, right and storage area with loading bay


Toilet and shea nut store


Administrative building , shea loading bay and shea store +extension



Handcraft Shea Butter Production and Roasting Area



Handcraft Shea Butter Production and Shea packaging area


Shea Processing and Shea Handcraft Area


Shea sorting , processing and handcraft butter area


Shea loading bay from the entrance area

Review of Bioeconomy Related Consumer Studies Knowledge on the part of the consumer about the existence of a product is fundamental. a. Blackwell et al (2002) explain that consumers must be aware of the new or innovative products before they become clients and that one is unlikely to acquire any new product if there is insufficient information about it or how to use it. b. Wilson and Dowlatabadi (2007) social communication processes are essential, with the mass media known to influence the decisions relating to the adoption of individual technology. Mass media communications create awareness and knowledge about new products such as bio-based products, c. Mahapatara and Gustavsson (2008) explain that personal channels are more effective in forming and modifying attitudes toward it and are likely to be more influential in decisions to adopt new products and need to educate people (Savvanidou et al., 2010). d.Consumers were willing to pay for biobased products Marra (2010); Anderson (2012) and Petrolia et al. 2010) both found consumers willing to pay a premium for ethanol and blended ethanol, e.Consumers’ uncertain opinions of bio-products are likely the result of a lack of exposure to information about bio-products (Hartmann et al ., 2012).

Stimulating Investment Green Investment Bank has made a promising start in helping to reduce the risk of high capital intensive projects. To this end, we recommend that Shea tree zone 23 countries support its mission. The approach to the taxation and incentive structure should focus on providing policy stability, ameliorating market distortions and not inhibiting the extraction of high value from waste.

Business-to-Business Marketing of Bio-Based Products The Open-Bio Project (Peuckert and Quitzow, 2015) carried out a Delphi survey involving 320 business-tobusiness buyers from 17 EU countries on the market acceptance of bio-based products. The most important market drivers observed among business-to-business buyers included: i. a positive public image related to environmentally friendly; ii. independence from fossil sources; iii. savings in CO2 emissions; and iv. compliance with environmental regulation. The most important market barriers observed among business-to-business buyers included: i. higher cost of production; ii. uncertainty about future regulation; iii. uncertainty regarding volatility of feedstock prices; and an unsupportive regulatory environment. Global agrofuel production EU’s biofuels agenda has led to the corporate grabbing of more than 17 million hectares of land in countries worldwide, with the possibility that this figure could increase to over 40 million hectares by 2020 (Paul , 2013) Agrofuel production should be on bioremediation and restored landmass which can be used for cultivation of bio-energy crops globally.

9.0 Exhibitors & Award Exhibition: Third African Organic Conference, Nigeria October 5-9, 2015 The only Nigeria company at the event ( seven countries in East Africa requested for Partnership).Aratibiotech fertilizer brand reviewed by three Professors within Africa and published papers. Sample of Aratibiotech fertilizer brand taken to 40 countries in Africa including Israel for trails.

International Society for Horticultural Sciences (ISHS) Conferences and Exhibition 7 -12 August, 2016 Institute of International Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan – Nigeria

Shell Nigerian Content Development (NCD) Exhibition, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria, 2013: Ninety-eight (98) companies was invited for the 3rd Shell Nigerian Content Development, 8-9th Oct., 2013 exhibition. ARATI won the Best Exhibitor at the 3rd Shell NCD event – Bioremediation, soil restoration and growth of exotics crops in the tropics technologies.

10.0 Conclusions The urgent need to combat rural poverty and to conserve and regenerate the deteriorated resource base of small farms requires an active search for new kinds of agricultural research and resource management strategies. NGOs have long argued that a sustainable agricultural development strategy that is environmentally enhancing must be based on agro-ecological principles and on a more participatory approach for technology development and dissemination (Altieri et al. 1998). Focused attention to the linkages between agriculture and natural resource management will help greatly in solving the problems of poverty, food insecurity, and environmental degradation. It must also seriously take into consideration, through participatory approaches, the needs, aspirations and circumstances of smallholders (Richards 1995). This means that from the standpoint of poor farmers, innovations must be: i. Input saving and cost reducing ii. Risk reducing iii. Expanding toward marginal-fragile lands iv. Congruent with peasant farming systems v. Nutrition, health and environment improving. The Challenges of a Pro-Poor Natural Resources Management (NRM) Strategy The most significant realization at the end of the 20th century is the fact that areas characterized by traditional agriculture remain poorly served by the transfer-of-technology approach, due to its bias in favour if modern scientific knowledge and its neglect of local participation and traditional knowledge (Lappe et al.,1998).

Questions & Answers

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME Ayodele A. OTAIKU [email protected] [email protected] +234803-3721-219 | +234 807 8603 471 © 2018 Ayodele A. Otaiku , Nigeria www.aratishea.com www.aratibiotech.com

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