aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia. Abstract. An experimental study of the shear and ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
6KHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\RIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWK FLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ 5HQG\7KDPULQD 5XGG\.XUQLDZDQD$QQLVD3ULWD0HOLQGDD a
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016. Keywords:6KHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\ VROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH FLUFXODUKRRSV
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:UHQG\WKDPULQ#JPDLOFRP
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.400
958
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
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¶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i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
1RPHQFODWXUH a VKHDUVSDQOHQJWK Av HIIHFWLYHDUHDRIFRQILQHPHQWOHJV bw ZLGWKRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFURVVVHFWLRQ QHXWUDOD[LVGHSWK c HIIHFWLYHGHSWK d GLDPHWHURIVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ Dc UHVXOWDQWVWUHVVRIFRQFUHWHLQFRPSUHVVLRQ fc' \LHOGVWUHQJWKRIFRQILQHPHQW fyt QXPEHURIWHQVLOHORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW N VSDFLQJRIVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQW s VKHDUVWUHQJWKSURYLGHGE\FRQFUHWH Vc H[SHULPHQWDOVKHDUFUDFNLQJORDG Vce
Vf Vm Vn Vs yi
Hcm Hi Ho Ib Is M O
FDOFXODWHGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\ PD[LPXPIOH[XUDOH[SHULPHQWDOORDG QRPLQDOVKHDUVWUHQJWK VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQILQHPHQW PRPHQWDUPIRUiWKHOHPHQW PD[LPXPFRPSUHVVLYHVWUDLQRIFRQFUHWH VWUDLQLQiWKHOHPHQW D[LDOVWUDLQ GLDPHWHURIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW GLDPHWHURIVWLUUXS FXUYDWXUH PRGLILFDWLRQIDFWRUIRUFRQFUHWH
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
959
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
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
D
E
)LJ7\SHVRIVSHFLPHQ D ZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW E ZLWKFRQILQHPHQW
)LJ6FKHPDWLFYLHZRIWHVWDUUDQJHPHQWGLPHQVLRQDQGHTXLSPHQWXVHG
960
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964 7DEOH6SHFLPHQGDWDDQGFDSDFLW\ /RQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW
6SHFLPHQV'DWD a/d
Ib
%6
PP
%6
%6
%)
%)
6SHFLPHQV ,'
%)
fc'
Dc
d
a
03D PP PP PP
N
7UDQVYHUVDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW
Is
s
PP
PP
&DOFXODWHG6KHDU &DSDFLW\$&, 0 Vc
Vs
Vn
N1 N1 N1
([SHULPHQWDO &DOFXODWHG )OH[XUDO )LUVW 'LDJRQDO 0D[ &DSDFLW\ &UDFN &UDFN /RDG Vf
V ce
Vm
N1
N1
N1
N1
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
)LJ6ROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKHOHPHQWVDQGVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQ
)LJ7KHLQWHUIDFHSDJHRI5&&6$VRIWZDUH
961
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
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
%6
%6
%6
)LJ&UDFNSDWWHUQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW
%)
%)
%)
)LJ&UDFNSDWWHUQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQW
7ZR IDLOXUH PRGHV ZHUH REVHUYHG )LUVW VKHDU IDLOXUH GLDJRQDO WHQVLRQ IDLOXUH GXH WR WKH SURSDJDWLRQ RI WKH VKHDUFUDFNXSWRWKHORDGSRLQWDQGGRZQWRWKH]RQHQHDUWKHVXSSRUWSRLQW7KLVW\SHRIIDLOXUHZDVREVHUYHGLQ VSHFLPHQV ZLWKRXW FRQILQHPHQW 6HFRQG IOH[XUDO IDLOXUH LQ VSHFLPHQV ZLWK FRQILQHPHQW LQGLFDWHG E\ FRQFUHWH
962
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
6KHDU)RUFH N1
6KHDU)RUFH N1
FUXVKLQJLQWKHWRSRIFRQFUHWHFRPSUHVVLRQ]RQHEHWZHHQWZRSRLQWORDGV,QWKLVW\SHRIIDLOXUHWKHFUDFNVZHUH GRPLQDWHGE\WKHIOH[XUDOFUDFNGLVWULEXWHGDORQJWKHWHQVLRQVLGHRIWKHVSHFLPHQV /RDGGHIOHFWLRQ FXUYHV VKRZLQJ PD[LPXP FDSDFLWLHV RI VSHFLPHQV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ 7KH YDOXH RI GHIOHFWLRQV SORWWHG LQ WKLV ILJXUH ZDV REWDLQHG IURP GDWD PHDVXUHG E\ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW WUDQVGXFHU ORFDWHG LQ WKH PLGVSDQRIWKHVSHFLPHQV$V)LJ D VKRZVORDGGHIOHFWLRQFXUYHVRIVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW %6DQG %6 VXGGHQO\GURSGXHWRVKHDUIDLOXUH$OOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQWH[KLELW\LHOGLQJRIORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQWEHIRUHFUXVKLQJRIFRQFUHWHLQWKHFRPSUHVVLRQ]RQH+RZHYHULQFDVHRI%6WKHVSHFLPHQIDLOHG LQ VKHDU DIWHU WKH \LHOGLQJ RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW 7KLV ZDV LQGLFDWHG E\ D GHFUHDVH RI IOH[XUDO ULJLGLW\ IROORZHGE\WKHUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQGHIOHFWLRQXQWLOWKHVSHFLPHQUHDFKHGPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\DWDERXWN1 )LJVKRZVWKDWVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKDKLJKHUDPRXQWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW %6%6 %) DQG %) LV VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ VWLIIQHVV RI WKH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK D ORZHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW %6DQG%) ,WLVDOVRFOHDUIURP)LJ E WKDWWKHIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\RIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKD KLJKHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK D ORZHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQWEXWWKHGXFWLOLW\LVUHGXFHG
'HIOHFWLRQ PP %6
%6
'HIOHFWLRQ PP %6
D 6SHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW
%)
%)
%)
E 6SHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQW
)LJ/RDGGHIOHFWLRQFXUYHVRIHDFKVSHFLPHQ
4.1. Shear Strength ,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQVWKHRUHWLFDOO\VHOHFWHGH[LVWLQJHTXDWLRQIRUQRPLQDOVKHDU VWUHQJWKSURYLGHGE\$&,0>@ZHUHXVHGDV Vn
Vc V s
ZKHUH Vc LV VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH FDOFXODWHG ZLWK (T DQG V s LV VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ VKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWFDOFXODWHGZLWK(T Vc
Vs
O f c bw d
Av f yt d s
963
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
$&, 0 DOVR SURYLGHV D JXLGHOLQH IRU FDOFXODWLRQ RI Vc DQG V s LQ VROLG FLUFXODU VHFWLRQV ,W VWDWHV WKDW d VKRXOG EH WDNHQ DV WLPHV WKH GLDPHWHU DQG bw VKRXOG EH WDNHQ DV WKH GLDPHWHU &DOFXODWHG WKHRUHWLFDO VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH Vc DQG PD[LPXP ORDG Vm IRU HDFK WHVWHG VSHFLPHQ DUH OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH 7KH FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWZRYDOXHVVKRZVWKDWWKHRUHWLFDOQRPLQDOVKHDUVWUHQJWKFRQVHUYDWLYHO\SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWV VHH)LJ
([SHULPHQWDO N1
$&,0 N1
)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHRUHWLFDOVKHDUFDSDFLW\VcDQGWHVWUHVXOWV
4.2. Flexural Strength
6KHDU)RUFH N1
6KHDU)RUFH N1
6KHDU)RUFH N1
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
'HIOHFWLRQ PP %6
%)
D
'HIOHFWLRQ PP $Q
%6
%)
E
'HIOHFWLRQ PP $Q
)LJ &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQDQDO\WLFDOSUHGLFWLRQDQGWHVWUHVXOWV
%6
%)
F
$Q
964
Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964
&RQFOXVLRQV 6L[ UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ FRQVLVWLQJ RI WKUHH VSHFLPHQV ZLWKRXW FRQILQHPHQWDQGWKUHHVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQWZHUHWHVWHGWRREWDLQVKHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\7KHIROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQVDUHGUDZQ x 6KHDU DQG IOH[XUDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKH WHVWHG VSHFLPHQV LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW x 7KHRUHWLFDO QRPLQDO VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH Vc DGRSWHG IURP $&, 0 FRQVHUYDWLYHO\ SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWV x 7KHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ5&&6$FORVHO\SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWVRIDOOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQVDSDUWIURP WKHVSHFLPHQZLWKWKHKLJKHUDPRXQWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KLVH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\ZDVILQDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\0LQLVWU\RI5HVHDUFK7HFKQRORJ\DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQRI WKH5HSXEOLFRI,QGRQHVLDWKURXJKUHVHDUFKJUDQW3HQHOLWLDQ8QJJXODQ3HUJXUXDQ7LQJJL 3837 ZLWKFRQWUDFWQXPEHU 63+3/',7/,7$%0$6,, 5HIHUHQFHV >@ -HQVHQ8*+RDQJ/&-RHUJHQVHQ+%DQG)DEULQ/66KHDUVWUHQJWKRIKHDYLO\UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKFLUFXODUFURVV VHFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV >@ $QJ%*3ULHVWOH\0-1DQG3DXOD\76HLVPLFVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIFLUFXODUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFROXPQV$&,6WUXFWXUDO-RXUQDO >@ 3ULHVWOH\ 0-1 9HUPD 5 DQG ;LDR @ :RQJ @ .LP-+DQG0DQGHU-%7KHRUHWLFDO6KHDU6WUHQJWKRI&RQFUHWH&ROXPQV'XHWR7UDQVYHUVH6WHHO-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ $6&( ± > @ 7XUPR75DPRV*DQG$SDULFLR$&6KHDUWUXVVDQDORJ\IRUFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVRIVROLGDQGKROORZFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ 6WUXFWXUHV >@&RVHQ]D ( *DODVVR & DQG 0DGGDORQLE * $ VLPSOLILHG PHWKRG IRU IOH[XUDO FDSDFLW\ DVVHVVPHQW RI FLUFXODU 5& FURVVVHFWLRQV (QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV ± >@5RVVL3DQG5HFXSHUR$8OWLPDWH6WUHQJWKRI5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH&LUFXODU0HPEHUV6XEMHFWHGWR$[LDO)RUFH%HQGLQJ0RPHQWDQG 6KHDU)RUFH-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ >@&DUERQHOO0iUTXH] -) *LO0DUWtQ /0 )HUQiQGH]5Xt] 0$ DQG +HUQiQGH]0RQWHV ( (IIHFWLYH DUHD LQ WHQVLRQ VWLIIHQLQJ RI UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHSLOHVVXEMHFWHGWRIOH[XUHDFFRUGLQJWR(XURFRGH(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV ± >@&DL * 6XQ @3DUN5DQG3DXOD\75HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV-RKQ:LOH\1HZ@7KDPULQ55HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH&URVV6HFWLRQ$QDO\VLV 5&&6$ 9-XUXVDQ7HNQLN6LSLO)DNXOWDV7HNQLN8QLYHUVLWDV$QGDODV >@0DQGHU - % 3ULHVWOH\ 0 - 1 DQG 3DUN 5 7KHRUHWLFDO 6WUHVV6WUDLQ 0RGHO IRU &RQILQHG &RQFUHWH -RXUQDO RI 6WUXFW (QJLQHHULQJ $6&( >@$PHULFDQ&RQFUHWH,QVWLWXWH $&, %XLOGLQJ&RGH5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU6WUXFWXUDO&RQFUHWH $&, DQG&RPPHQWDU\ $&,5 )DUPLQJWRQ+LOOV0,
