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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: DEMOGRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL PROFILE of the FORT HALL INDIAN RESERVATION and the SHOSHONE-BANNOCK TRIBES
September 17, 2010
Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Planning Department September 17, 2010 This document may be updated in response to demographic changes or as new demographic material becomes available
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Chapter Table of Contents
I.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 Census Tracts and Block Groups .........................................................................................1
II
Historic Population Trends at Fort Hall ..........................................................................4 Population growth and decline.............................................................................................4 Where did they all go? .........................................................................................................5 Current Population Growth Rates ........................................................................................8 Some U.S. Census figures for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. ......................................10 Median Age ........................................................................................................................11 Formation of New Families ...............................................................................................11 The Elders .........................................................................................................................13
III.
Income and Employment at Fort Hall.............................................................................16 Employment and Unemployment ......................................................................................16 Unemployment Rates .........................................................................................................17 Underemployment ..............................................................................................................18 Labor Force Participation...................................................................................................19 Family and Household Income ..........................................................................................20 Poverty ...............................................................................................................................21 Aggregate Income ..............................................................................................................22
IV.
Veteran Status ..................................................................................................................23
V.
Social Indicators ..........................................................................................................24 Who is Raising the Children? What kinds of Families are Children living in?.................24 Grandparents Raising Grandchildren .................................................................................27 Doubling Up in Housing: Native American “Subfamilies” ...............................................29 Families in Poverty ............................................................................................................30 Native American Children Living in Poverty ....................................................................32
VI.
Health Indicators ..........................................................................................................35 Physical Disability .............................................................................................................35 Elders with Disabilities ....................................................................................................35 Disability and the Need for Assisted Living Services........................................................37 Children with Disabilities ..................................................................................................37 Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension ..................................................................................39
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics VII
Demographics and
Action Plan for Tribal Statistics ................................................................................... 41
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics I.
Demographics and
Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to provide answers to basic questions such as, how many tribal members do we have? How many children will be eligible for headstart next year? How many elderlies will there be in five years? What is the real unemployment rate? What is the poverty rate? ... and so on. Government statistics often don’t tell the story. For instance many of the statistics published by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Fort Hall Reservation are not broken down by race. Because of the large number of non-Indians living on the Reservation this skews the statistics. Furthermore, when statistics are broken down by race, the numbers are for all Native Americans and include results for non-member Indians. In general, Tribal departments and programs need to get statistics for Tribal members. The U.S. Census is available in raw data format. This data is broken down by smaller subdivisions and is often specific to race or ethnicity. The information here is from published sources and from tribal enrollment figures. In some cases we have used census or enrollment information as an indicator or surrogate for information we do not have. In other cases we have estimated population characteristics by calculating from published data. We have tried to note these instances. Census Tracts and Block Groups There is no U.S. Census for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation per se. What the census does is compile data by small areas called blocks and larger areas called block groups. The next level of data is by census tract, tracts being made up of block groups. Data for cities, counties, school districts, states, and Native American homelands (Indian Reservations) is based on census tract and block group data. Census data files are available for block groups and tracts, and are combined to provide statistics for many other jurisdictions, areas, and types of place. The Fort Hall Indian Reservation contains six block groups within its borders. It contains parts of four census tracts, but census tract-level; data have been refined to separate out areas on-reservation. These areas are indicated on the maps on the following pages. The 2000 Census block groups did not exactly coincide with Reservation district boundaries, reducing the usefulness of the data. For 2010, the Census has realigned the block groups so that each district is represented by its own block group, with a separate block group for the Fort Hall townsite and tribal housing areas. Unfortunately the 2010 Census will not use the “long form” questionnaire, so it will be impossible to compare and to identify trends in most of the Tribes’ statistics over the 10-year period.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
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Demographics and
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
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Demographics and
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Historic Population Trends at Fort Hall
Historic population figures should be read with an understanding of the effect of enrollment policies on tribal population. Throughout the period in which records have been kept, there has been an unknown but significant number of descendants of tribal members who have lost their membership. A major concern for the Tribes is what kind of demands will population growth place on the Reservation and on Tribal government. We have tried to use standard methods and available data to shed some light on the subject. Population growth and decline. The graph below shows Tribal membership since 1873, when the BIA began keeping records. It is interesting that, in spite of the additions to the Reservation population from the Weiser and Lemhi Bands, the Shoshone-Bannock population drops steadily until 1921, and only recovers to the numbers of the 1873 count after 1950. 1
1
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes. Draft Fort Hall Indian Reservation Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Prepared by Kenneth M. Timbana, Land Use Director, Dec. 25, 1985, esp. Chap. VIII. Timbana cites BIA reports and Tribal enrollment statistics. There has been no explanation for this decline, although Timbana suggests undercounting, disease, accidents and killings of Indians by white people. During the period of the decline, the percentage of minors under age 18 ranged from 37 to 39 percent. This is an age profile consistent with an annual population growth rate between 1.5 and 2 percent, similar to that prevailing today. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Where did they all go? The old census figures from the period of decline do not show what the age-sex structure of the population was. In 1902, there were only 290 minors counted in a population of 1,389. By 1917, however, the figures show that the population was young and healthy, with an age-sex structure similar to today’s. Based on those figures, the population growth rate should have been in the same range - somewhere between 1.23 and 1.97 percent per year. There should have been a steady increase in the numbers of Tribal members over that period, instead of a decline.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Based on the 1875 counts, and current growth rates, the Tribal membership could have been expected to somewhere between 12,000 and 32,000 today. The early Tribal census counts are not broken down by age, so we are left with no clues as to what the real rate of growth might have been.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
In the year 1905, after thirty years of decline, the Shoshone-Bannock Tribal population reached is lowest level and began to slowly grow. Based on the 1905 Tribal census, Tribal member population should have grown to between six and thirteen thousand by now. There may be no single cause. The 1902 count is statistically isolated. There is no way to check whether it is an undercount or a valid statistic. If it is valid, it indicates very low fertility, high child mortality or both during the decline period.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Current Population Growth Rates To calculate a growth rate you need to have two comparable population figures taken at two different times. We have calculated population growth rates using Tribal enrollment numbers, the Land Use Policy Commission’s 1980 Reservation census, and U.S. census figures from 1990, 1996 and 2000. 2 We regard the Tribes’ enrollment figures as being more accurate than U.S. Census data, which are not based on a 100-percent survey and in which Native American totals are not broken down by tribal affiliation. 3 We do not have enough data points to develop a high and low range of on-reservation population growth. The growth rate of on-reservation population is probably a low-range estimate.
Annual Population Growth Rates for Fort Hall Indian Reservation Low range total enrollment rate
Tribal enrollment 1959-2003
1.23%
High range total enrollment rate
Tribal enrollment 1985-2003
1.97%
On-reservation tribal member rate
LUPC 1980, Enrollment 2003
1.68%
All Native Americans on-reservation
U.S. Census 1990-2000
1.57%
2
The standard method for calculating annual growth rates is r = 1/T ln (P1/P0) where T is the time period in years, P1 is the population at the end of the time period and P0 is the beginning population. Population projections developed here are based on a constant rate compounded annually. 3
The exception to this is recent counts of young people and children. Because enrollment is delayed for many young children, census figures give a more accurate picture of these population age groups. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
The total enrollment growth shows a high range of doubling Tribal membership every twenty years, with the low-growth scenario showing a doubling every 35 years. The single data set for on-reservation membership indicates a doubling every 40 years. By contrast the Reservation’s non-Indian population increased by a meager 141 between 1990 and 2000.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Some U.S. Census figures for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. These figures are taken from the .sf3 files for Idaho and from the 1996 Community Census for the Reservation. The Census 2000 files include figures for each of seven census block groups which roughly correspond with the Reservation’s districts. As in the 1990 census, the reservation appears to be undercounted. The 1996 Community Census is at block level, but could be aggregated for block group comparisons. According to the year 2000 U.S. Census
According to1996 Community Census
Total reservation population
5759
5893
Total white
1792
African-American
0
0
Total Indian
3609
3705
Latino
369
2072
521
Shoshone-Bannock Tribal members
3019
Other Indian Tribes
686
Asian-American
15
14 4
Other race
147
91
2 or more races
151
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
9
White, not Hispanic
1729
Total Tribal enrollment, including 4
3,487
4852
1996 figures combined Asian and Pacific islanders.
September 17, 2010
According to Tribal Enrollment Year 2005
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
off-reservation
Median Age Median age for Fort Hall Indian Reservation residents, Year 2000 U.S. Census 5: All Residents: male female
27 years, 9 months 27 years, 10 months 27 years, 9 months
Native Americans: male female
21 years, 11 months 21 years, 6 months 22 years, 4 months
White male female
37 years, 5 months 38 years, 3 months 37 years, 3 months
Formation of New Families Population growth, and the resulting formation of new households, is the factor driving future housing need for land, housing jobs and many tribal services. If the Tribes are to prosper, there should be housing on-reservation for the next generation of families. We look at the age-sex pyramid for Shoshone-Bannock tribal members living on-reservation, basing housing needs on projected new families.
5
Median Age calculations derived from Year 2000 U.S, sf3 series, P145 A, P145C, and P008, Census block group level data aggregated for the Reservation as a whole. Calculated values differ from the value listed in General Demographic Characteristics for the Fort Hall Reservation. That median age value is 29.1 years. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
The key statistic, we believe, is the number of women moving into the 18-22 year age group in each five-year period. This number, we feel, approximates the number of new tribal-member households. Some women in this age group will not form households or will move off-reservation, while some men will become single parents or set up housekeeping on their own. These numbers are shown below for the current and future 5-year periods. The 158 girls aged 10-15 in the 1996 Community Census are now moving through their
late teens and early twenties, the time of their lives when they form households. Starting in 2006, the next group of about 160 will begin the move into that same stage of life. The group after that, the class of 2011-15, are the girls aged 0-4 years in the 1996 census. The numbers for the groups after that (2021-25 and 2026-30) are estimated based on vital statistics for Native American births in the four-county Fort Hall area, adjusted based on the proportion of tribal members to all Indians in the 1996 Census 6. Both these groups appear to be over 200 individuals.
6
This is an approximation. The total number of female live births for each year was adjusted downward by a factor equal to the 1996 Test Census’ ratio of tribal members to all Indians among females aged 0-9 years. The numerical value of this adjustment was .8705. The Year 2000 Census suggests that the age group under five years is considerably smaller than what we have estimated based on live births. We are hoping for clarification of this matter from Tribal enrollment statistics. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
What this means is that the Tribes can count on 35 to 40 new households forming each year over the next twelve years, with that number increasing to 45-50 per year after 2015. The Elders The situation at Fort Hall with regard to the elderly is similar to that of the United States, where the elderly are the fastest-growing age group. The 1996 Fort Hall Test Census showed a total of 173 Native Americans age 65 and over living on the Reservation, 62 men and 111 women. By the Year 2000 these numbers had increased to 82 men and 125 women, an increase of almost twenty percent. The age group 55 to 64, the next group of elderly, included 83 men and 108 women, most of whom will survive to swell the ranks of the elderly7. Based on enrollment figures, there are currently (2005) 189 tribal members age 65 and over living on-reservation, with an additional 102 listed as off-reservation. 8 The group aged 60 to 64 years includes 109 reservation residents and 43 off-reservation. The age group from 55 to 59 years includes 134 on-reservation and 75 living elsewhere. Younger, pre-elder age groups increase in numbers. With lower mortality rates, most of these individuals will live to become elders with housing needs. A rough estimate, taking into account that many elders are married to or in the same household with other elders, is twelve to twenty new elder households every year.
7
Neither census broke down age-sex statistics by tribal membership. It is very likely that most elderly Native Americans on-reservation are tribal members, with perhaps a few surviving non-member Indian spouses of deceased members. 8
Membership tabulation by age, sex and residence provided by the Tribal Enrollment Department, February 24, 2005. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
How many elders will we have to serve in the coming years? A reasonable estimate can be reached by applying 5-year survival rates to each of the five-year age groups. 9 The number of elders 60 years and above will double in fifteen years, with the most dramatic increases in the age groups between 60 and 75. These are estimates based on old data, but they give us a rough estimate of the demographic situation. The only certain thing is that the numbers of the elderly, both able-bodied and those needing some degree of care, will continue to increase. Total Membership, on and off-Reservation, both sexes: Estimated Age Group
2005
2010
2015
2020
45 to 49
358
375
344
388
50 to 54
278
343
359
329
55 to 59
209
266
328
344
60 to 64
152
193
245
303
9
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service. “Trends in Indian Health, 1998-99" part 4, general mortality statistics, age-specific death rates. A publication of the Division of Program Statistics. These are the latest age-specific statistics on Native American survival rates. They are ten years out of date and are for a ten-year age interval, rather than the five-year groupings used by the U.S. Census. They are not broken down by sex. We have used them because, poor as they are, they are the best we have. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
65 to 69
96
140
178
226
70 to 74
70
82
119
151
75 to 79
65
60
69
101
80 to 84
33
48
44
51
85 and over
27
36
53
59
We can look forward fifteen years and make some predictions about the numbers of Tribal members that will be in a given age group. The numbers in the age groups over60 and under 75 September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
will increase the greatest percentage, all more than doubling. This chart was developed by dividing total enrollment numbers into five-year age groups, called cohorts, then applying estimated five year survival rates to forecast how many of each group would be alive in five, ten and fifteen years. This is referred to as the “cohort survival” method for predicting future population changes.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: III.
Demographics and Statistics
Income and Employment at Fort Hall.
The statistics below are from the Year 2000 U.S. Census. Much of this data is broken down by “block groups.” A block group is a geographic unit made up of census blocks. AT Fort Hall the block groups correspond roughly with the District communities and Buffalo Lodge. This allows the census figures to be broken down showing differences among communities. The Census gives figures for all Native Americans, without breaking out Tribal members vs. non-members Employment and Unemployment Tribal members over age 16 and in Labor Force: Total
in Labor Force Labor force
participation rate
Male
1104
640
60.0%
Female
1230
701
56.0%
Total
2334
1341
57.5%
The standard unemployment rate is calculated on the basis of the labor force, by dividing the number of individuals who are in the labor force and unemployed by the total labor force. Most people who are not working are not in the labor force. Overall, the numbers of people over age 16 who are not working - not in the labor force or unemployed, are significantly greater than the number working. Tribal members over age 16 and in Labor Force: in Labor Force
Employed
Unemployed
Not in Labor force
Male
640
466
174
464
Female
701
584
117
529
Total
1341
1050
291
993
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
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Unemployment Rates We have derived overall, male and female unemployment rates for the Reservation as a whole and in an approximate fashion for the communities. Overall
Female
Male
Fort Hall IR
21.7%
16.7%
27.2%
Bannock Creek
12.2%
19.4%
6.5%
Buffalo Lodge
34.8%
31.6%
37.3%
Fort Hall community
24.1%
10.4%
42.9%
Gibson
20.9%
15.9%
26.5%
Lincoln Creek
18.0%
9.7%
28.4%
Ross Fork
26.1%
26.2%
26.0%
Source: Year 2000 US Census P150C Underemployment
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
There is no standard definition for underemployment. In general it means wanting full time work but not being able to get it; working full time but getting laid off part of the year or working part time. The tables below are at best a rough measurement based on census tract-level data from the Year 2000 Census. The census tracts on the reservation correspond to those areas in Bannock, Bingham, Caribou and Power Counties, respectively. We are counting as underemployed all those who worked full time (35 or more hours per week) but 39 or fewer weeks per year, plus all those working34 or fewer hours per week. The figures are broken down for male and female workers. The percentage underemployment is derived by dividing the number of underemployed workers in 1999 by the number of people who actually worked in that year. 10 Underemployment on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation 11 Male
Male %
Female
Female%
Total, M&F
Total%
in Bannock Co.
108
48.7%
108
47.4%
216
48.0%
In Bingham Co.
271
54.3%
232
43.7%
503
48.8%
In Power Co.
36
61.0%
36
75.0%
72
62.3%
RESERVATION TOTAL
415
53.2%
376
46.6%
791
49.8%
SOURCE: Year 2000 US Census PCT071C
10
This latter number is larger than the number of workers meeting the census definition of participating in the work force! For the Reservation as a whole, 1,587 Indians worked in 1999, while only 1,341 are listed as “participating in the labor force.” 11
Bannock Co includes the block groups identified with Fort Hall community, Buffalo Lodge and Ross Fork District; Bingham Co. includes the block groups identified with Gibson and Lincoln Creek Districts; Power Co. corresponds to the census block group identified with Bannock Creek. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
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Labor Force Participation Labor force participation measures the number of people who are working or trying to find work. It provides an estimate of the number of workers that would actually be available for businesses locating on the Reservation. There are a large number of adults living on the Reservation who are not working but who are not counted in standard measures of unemployment because they are not part of the labor force. The questions asked in the census are structured in such a way that they leave out of the work force a lot of working people. 12 Labor force participation rates are mainly above sixty percent for the working age population, peaking for women in their early twenties and for men in their early thirties. From age sixty on, women’s participation exceeds that of men, probably due to women’s overall better health and greater life expectancy. Working age Population, Labor force, and Participation Rates, Fort Hall Indian Reservation All age 16 and over
In Labor Force
Participation Rate
Women
1230
701
57.0%
Men
1104
640
58%
Total
2334
1341
57.5%
Labor Force Participation Rates at the Census Tract Level 000100/Bannock Co.
950800/Bingham Co.
980100/Power CO.
Women
57.9%
57.9%
44.4%
Men
57.5%
57.6%
63.9%
57.8%
53.6%
Total Source:
57.7% Year 2000 US Census PCT079
12
Full-time homemakers, people engaged in subsistence hunting or farming, medicine people and arts/crafts workers would probably answer “no” to the question “are you now employed or actively seeking work?” September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
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Family and Household Income The census records some information by family and some by household. The difference is that some households are “non-family”, for instance an individual living alone. The figures below are for both and are clearly identified. “Median income” is different from average income. The median is found where half the families, individuals, households or whatever are above the median and half are below the median. The average is calculated by simple division, say total income by the number of families gives average family income. Typically the average of a series of values will be different from the median. We are using the median here, even though it is harder to calculate, because it gives us results that are comparable -“apples to apples” - with census data for other communities and for the nation as a whole. Here again, the figures are for all Native Americans and Alaska Natives on the Reservation. Native American Per-capita and Median Family and Household Income on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation Income
Reservatio n Total
9508001
9508002
9801002
5000100 1
5000100 2
5000100 3
Per Capita
$11,309
$10,424
$7,594
$8,554
$8,176
$6.758
$9,529
$32,995
$28,571
$30,000
$26,136
$17,321
$24,688
$29,886
$26,184
$30,250
$27,386
$16,964
$28,929
Median Family Median Househ old
$28,194
Source: U.S. Census sf3 P152C, P155C, P157C
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
Poverty
The following are drawn from census figures and reflect the income definition of poverty used in the year 2000 decennial census. Figures were available broken down by race for families and individuals, and for age groups. Native American Poverty Rates on Fort Hall Indian Reservation Reserv ation Total
1950800 1
1950800 2
05000100 1
05000100 2
0500010 03
7798010 02
Individuals
31.5%
13.9%
38.9%
4.2%
35.4%
36.2%
35.3%
Families
26.7%
21.7%
32.1%
5.2%
30.8%
39.6%
38.5%
Source:
US year 2000 Census, P159C and P160C
Indian families in poverty by district (approximate) Bannock Creek Lincoln Creek Gibson 32.1% Fort Hall Buffalo Lodge Ross Fork
September 17, 2010
38.5% 13.9% 5.2% 30.8% 39.6%
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan:
Demographics and Statistics
Aggregate Income
Even with the relative low incomes, the Reservation has a lot of spending power. The census gathered information on the total income of all households on the Fort Hall Reservation. This measurement, “aggregate income” was broken down by race at the census tract level. The figures provided by the census are for all Native Americans.
Aggregate Income for all Native American households on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation
Aggregate Native American Household Income
$33,852,500
Aggregate NA Household Income from Wages and Salaries
$27,003,100
Aggregate NA Household Income from self-employment
$
Aggregate NA Household Income from interest, dividends, and rents
$ 1,319,800
Aggregate NA Household Income from Social Security
$ 1,794,900
Aggregate NA Household Income from SSI
$
487,800
Aggregate NA Household Income from public assistance
$
309,800
Aggregate NA Household Income from retirement
$ 1,362,800
Aggregate NA Household Income, other sources
$ 1,134,600
Aggregate Fort Hall IR Household Income, all races
$64,843,600
September 17, 2010
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439,900
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: IV.
Demographics and Statistics
Veteran Status
The year 2000 census breaks down veteran status by sex, race and age at the census tract level. As with other census numbers, these figures are for all Native Americans and Alaska Natives, rather than tribal members. The census counts active duty military service personnel where they are based. Thus the census lists no active military personnel at all in the Fort Hall census tracts, and active duty servicemembers are not listed as veterans.
Male age 18 to 64
Male Veterans age 18 to 64
Male 65 and over
Male Veterans age 65 and over
in Bannock Co.
299
16
44
18
in Bingham Co.
589
106
38
24
in Power Co.
67
9
0
0
Reservation Total
955
131
82
42
Female age 18 to 64
Female Veterans age 18 to 64
Female 65 and over
Female Veterans age 65 and over
in Bannock Co.
329
0
33
0
in Bingham Co.
642
4
89
7
in Power Co.
69
0
3
0
Reservation Total
1040
4
125
7
Reservation Total Veterans
Men 173
Women 11
Total 184
SOURCE: Year 2000 US Census PCT066C September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: V.
Demographics and Statistics
Social and Health Indicators
Who is Raising the Children? What kinds of Families are Children living in? The Census counted 1407 Native American children living on the Reservation. This is considerably more than the 1,151 children registered with Tribal enrollment. 13 Most of the non-enrolled children are in the process of becoming enrolled or if they are ineligible are living in a household headed by a Tribal member parent or relative. Almost all Native children (96.8 %) on the reservation are living in a household situation, in a family home headed by their parent or a relative. Close to half (43.5%) of the children are living with their own parents in traditional, married couple families. About a fourth (24.8%) of them are living in a single-mother home; counting the additional children living with a single father, almost a third (30.7%) of Reservation children are living in single-parent homes. That leaves the rest: over one Native child in four lives in a home headed by someone other than his or her parent. Most often this will be the home of a relative, usually a grandparent. Nearly one in four Native children on the reservation are being raised by relatives, mostly (18.6%) by grandparents or (4.0%) other relatives. Some children on the Reservation are living with one or both parents, but have no home to call their own. They are living doubled or tripled up in the homes of related families. The Census counted 111 under 18 living this way, most (106) of them with a single parent. 14 One in twelve (7.9%) Reservation children are living in such precarious situations.
13
Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Enrollment department, February 24, 2005; U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT12. 14
U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT33. The Census calls a family living doubled up a “subfamily.” September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Total Native American Children NA children living in households NA Children in household headed by a parent or relative NA children in household head by a parent NA children in a married-couple household NA children in a single mother household
1407 1403 1362 1044 612 349
NA children in a single father household
83
NA children in household headed by persons other than a parent
359
NA children in household headed by grandparent(s) Child living in household headed by other relatives NA children living in households headed by non-relatives
262 56 41
NA children living in “subfamilies (“doubled up”)
111
NA children living in group quarters/non-HH
4
The most interesting cases are the children living in households headed by someone other than the child’s parent. Since “subfamilies” are defined as families living in a household headed by a person not a family member, the 111 children living in subfamilies are part of this number. The census illustrates a single point in time and does not follow individuals. Some of the subfamilies may stay together and get housing of their own. Others may break up completely, with the parent or parents dropping out of the picture entirely and grandparents, other relatives, or non-relatives taking over responsibility for the children. Other possibilities include: “subfamilies” may be moving off-reservation to find housing; some may be moving from shared quarters to homelessness; some children being raised by persons other than their parents are perhaps being retrieved by the parent(s) when the mother and/or father’s living conditions improve. The data raise more questions than they answer. These are questions the Census is not structured to answer. The answers will come from “longitudinal studies” that track individual children and families, and individual households over time.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren The Year 2000 Census included questions designed to find out how many grandparents are September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
raising their grandchildren. This information is available at the census tract level broken down by race and ethnicity. 15 There are 1027 Native American households on the Reservation, 620 of them with children under age 18. The Census found 260 Native Americans over age thirty who had grandchildren under age18 in the household. Of these grandparents the great majority, 233, were heads of household. Of these, 151 grandparents had primary responsibility for raising the child or children. In other words, 25.3 percent of Native American Reservation households include three or more generations, with the grandparent present; in most such cases, the grandparent is the head of the household. Twenty two percent of all households, and 37.6 percent of households with children are headed by grandparents. If the grandchildren are in the same household with the grandparent, the grandparent will usually (58.5% of the time) have full parental responsibilities for them. In almost one fourth (24.4 %) of all Native American households with children on the Reservation, it is the grandparent who is raising his or her grandchildren. When a grandparent has responsibility for grandchildren, it is usually a permanent arrangement. Out of 152 grandparents raising grandchildren, only 33 had been doing so less than a year. One hundred nineteen grandparents had been parenting their grandchildren for a year or more; 61 for three or four years, and 42 for five years or more. Counting children 16, the Census found that 262 children were living in households headed by a grandparent. This is a little different from saying that they were being cared for by the grandparent, and a survey would be needed to get this number - a responsible parent may be living in the household, but not heading it. The actual number of children being raised by grandparents is somewhere between 152 and 262.
15
Year 2000 US Census, sf4 files, PCT 36 and PCT 37
16
Year 2000 US Census, sf4 files, PCT 12
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
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Demographics and
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Doubling Up in Housing: Native American “Subfamilies” on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. The year 2000 census counted households with more than one family in full-time residence. This is a measure of families doubling or tripling up. Multiple families in one house is usually a sign of crowding and can indicate stressful living conditions. It also indicates a situation in which the housing stock is near saturation point, and in which new families are increasingly forced to seek housing elsewhere. When is a Family not a Family? In 1999 there were 1,027 Native American households on the Fort Hall Reservation, 78 with one subfamily and 5 with two subfamilies. 17 Of the 1027 total, 864 are considered “family households - households with at least one family living in residence. In other words, there are 864 families, as defined by the Census, along with 95 “subfamilies,” for a total of 959 Native families living on-Reservation. A subfamily is a family that hasn’t a home of its own In other words one in ten native families (9.9%) on the Reservation have no home of their own and are permanently doubled or tripled up. The commonest type of subfamily is the single parent with child or children: Out of 95 subfamilies there were 48 mother and child/children subfamilies and 32 father and child/children subfamilies, the remainder being couples with or without children. 18 The number of Native people counted as living in subfamilies was 220, 111 of them children under 18. Of these children, 106 were living in single-parent subfamilies. 19 Based on 432 children living in single-parent households, nearly one in four of children of a single parent is living in this situation. .
17
U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT34. As is often the case, Census numbers don’t add up. Calculating from PCT34 indicates a total of 88 subfamilies, while PCT32 lists the count of subfamilies as 95. We are using the larger figure here. 18
U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT32
19
U.S. Census, year 2000. Form .sf4 files: PCT33.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Families in Poverty: Everyone is aware that a lot of Reservation families struggle, some more than others, just to make it. To make ends meet, as they say. The census can put numbers to what everyone knows already - that a lot of people are having a tough time, that it is especially tough for single mothers and that there are single fathers out there too. The census broke down families by type, whether they were “ married couple” families or whether they were headed by a man or woman “with no spouse present.” They included any man and woman living together as a married couple, whether they were parents, grandparents, uncles or no relation at all to the children they were raising. Native American Families in Poverty on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation Rate for Families of that type Total number of families
864
All families in poverty
231
Married Couple Families
460
Married Poverty
Couple
Families
in
20.2% with children under age 18 with children under age 5 with children under age 5 and between ages 5 and 17 with children between ages 5 and 17 only with no children under age 18
Families headed by an unmarried male (single father, grandfather, or other)
93 65 8 31 26 28
102
Families headed by an unmarried male in Poverty
18.6% with children under age 18 with children under age 5 with children under age 5 and between ages 5 and 17 with children between ages 5 and 17 only
September 17, 2010
26.7%
31
19 12 3 3 6
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
with no children under age 18 7 Families headed by an unmarried female (single mother, grandmother, or other)
302
Families headed by an unmarried female in Poverty
39.4% with children under age 18 with children under age 5 with children under age 5 and between ages 5 and 17 with children between ages 5 and 17 only with no children under age 18
119 108 0 48 60 11
Source: U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT157.
The census probably is undercounting poverty. The 864 Native American families are in “family households.” In other words, the count does not include all the families on the Reservation. There are a number of households on the reservation in which more than one family lives. The census counts any additional families as “subfamilies.” The census identified 95 subfamilies on the Reservation, 48 of them being single mother and child families, 32 being single father and child families and the rest married couples with or without children. If we surveyed these families we would probably find that all of them were “in poverty.”
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Native American Children Living in Poverty What are the life chances of Shoshone and Bannock young people? It is thought that children who are raised in poverty suffer diminished life chances. They are said to do worse in school, suffer from worse health, be more likely to commit crimes or abuse drugs and alcohol, and to have fewer opportunities in life than children whose families had incomes above poverty level. There is some evidence that people poor children become poor adults and raise their children in turn to be poor. Poverty Status of Native American Children Living in Family Households on Fort Hall Indian Reservation
Total NA children living in poverty
Percent
Living in households with income below poverty level
Living in households at or above poverty level income
All children
36.0%
490
672
1362
What kinds of poverty-income families are children living in? Children in poverty, married-couple family household
37.8%
185
Children in poverty living in other type of family household
62.2%
305
Children in poverty living in family headed by father or other male relative
10.0%
49
Children in poverty living in family headed by mother or other female relative
52.2%
256
What are the poverty rates for children in various living situations? Children living in married-couple families
24.8%
185
561
746
Children living in family headed by father or other male relative
34.5%
49
93
142
54.0%
256
218
474
Children living in family headed by mother or other
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
female relative
There were 490 Native children counted as living in poverty by the year 2000 Census. 20 The census counted only children living in “family households” for this purpose, leaving out 41children who were living in households not headed by the child’s parent or relative (foster homes, for instance) and 4 children who were in “group quarters,” some kind of institutional setting.
Of the children counted, 37 percent overall were living in poverty. Looking only at the 490 children in poverty, 185 (37.8%) were living in married couple families; 49 (10.0%) were living with their father or another male relative, and 256 (52.2%) were living in a family headed by their mother or another female relative. Another way to look at the numbers is to ask, “what are the chances of a child being poor, given his ir her living situation? There are 746 children living in “married couple” family households - that is with both parents or with married couple relatives. Of these children, 185 or 24.8 percent, were living in poverty. Of the 142 children living with their father or other male relative, 93 or 34.5 percent were in poverty. The worst situation was that of children being raised by single mothers, or by grandmothers or other female relatives with no spouse in the house. The census counted 474 children in this household situation. Of these children 256, or 54 percent, 20
U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT150.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
were living in poverty. Do children’s prospects improve as they get older? Perhaps as the parents get older, their incomes and living situations improve. This seems logical, and is true for the United States as a whole, but the census indicates otherwise for Shoshone and Bannock children. The 2000 census counted 413 children aged five and under living in ‘family households.” Of these younger children, 116, or 28.1 percent were living in poverty. The census counted 949 children aged 6 through 17 years, 374 of whom (39.4 %) were living in poverty. The most pessimistic interpretation of these figures is that families are falling apart as the children get older, or that the responsible adult is earning less as he or she gets older. An alternative explanation is the results
are influenced by the relatively large number of younger people who have found employment at gaming. Again, this is an area where the Census raises more questions than it answers.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics VI
Demographics and
Health Indicators
Physical Disability The year 2000 Census asked questions about physical disability defining it as blindness, deafness, impaired vision or hearing, or a condition that substantially limits physical activities such as walking, reaching, lifting, carrying things or climbing stairs. Information about this basic level of physical disability was broken down by race and ethnicity at the census tract level. There are other questions related to physical disability but the results have not been broken down by race. The information below is for all native Americans living on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. Disability Status, Native Americans over 5 years of age
All Native Americans MALE Native Americans age 5-15 Native Americans age 16-20 Native Americans age 21-64 Native Americans age 65-74 Native Americans 75 and over Male Total FEMALE Native Americans age 5-15 Native Americans age 16-20 Native Americans age 21-64 Native Americans age 65-74 Native Americans 75 and over Female Total
Total Population 3169
Number Disabled 361
percent disabled 11.4%
419 167 824 60 22 1492
18 8 103 32 15 176
4.3% 4.8% 12.5% 53.3% 68.2% 11.8%
475 137 956 78 31 1675
6 2 100 53 24 185
1.3% 1.5% 10.5% 67.9% 77.4% 11.0%
employed percent employed
0 21
0.0% 20.4%
0 24
0.0% 24.0%
Source: U.S. Census for the year 2000, PCT072, taken from the .sf4 files. The data are for persons claiming only Native American race/ethnicity.
Elders with Disabilities: The Census breaks down disability by types including, sensory, mental, physical, single or multiple disabilities, and whether the individual is able to work or get outside of this or her home unassisted. We have taken these figures for Native Americans living on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, to see what they reveal about the needs of the elderly for services and assisted living arrangements.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Disability Status and Type of Disability, Native Americans Age 65 and Over Male
Female
Total
Percentage of Total
Age 65 and over
82
125
207
100.0%
Age 65 and over with disability
62
112
174
84.1%
With one type of disability
15
37
52
25.1%
w/sensory disability
11
3
14
6.8%
w/physical disability
3
22
25
12.1%
w/mental disability
0
8
8
3.9%
w/self-care disability
0
4
4
1.9%
w/ go outside home disability
1
0
1
0.5%
w/2 or more types of disability
47
75
122
58.9%
17
31
48
23.2%
w/ disabilities but not including self-care disability
30
44
74
35.7%
No disability
20
13
33
15.9%
w/ disabilities disability
including
self-care
Source: U.S. Census for the year 2000, PCT069, taken from the .sf4 files:. The census found the vast majority of Native Americans age 65 and over suffered from some type of disability, a majority having multiple disabilities. There were 52 individuals counted who were required some form of assistance in their day-to-day lives. At least one individual was unable to go outside his home. In other words, at this time there are at least 52 elders in need of living assistance who could be accommodated in an assisted living center. As with the overall numbers of the elderly, there is no certain forecast that can be made of the numbers of disabled elderly, and especially those in need of living assistance. The numbers of elderly will increase rapidly, unless there is a drastic rise in mortality. The percentage of September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
those requiring living assistance could remain as it is now, at around 25%; it could increase because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes among the age groups moving into elder status; it could decrease if there are unforeseen improvements in the general health of Tribal members. The number of elders age 65 and over could easily double in ten years as the 350 Tribal members between the ages of 55 and 65 age, especially if those living off-reservation move back to access medical care. It would be reasonable to expect the need for elderly living assistance to double during this period as well, to around 100 individuals.
Disability and the Need for Assisted Living Services The basic need for living assistance is fairly well documented. The census indicates that around 85 percent of all native Americans age 65 and over have disabilities, with 25 percent, about 50 individuals, severely enough disabled to limit their ability to care for themselves. This is the core group requiring assisted living services at this time. Because of the expense and because so many elders are poorly housed, it is not feasible to provide in-home services to most of these individuals. We estimate the current need for assisted living services at around 30 rooms or suites for individuals or couples. The future will undoubtedly see an increase in the need for assisted living services. Our best estimate is a doubling of the need to about 60 rooms by the 2010-2015 time frame.
Children with Disabilities
Some Reservation children are challenged by their physical or mental condition. This in turn presents issues for Tribal health and social services, and for the schools. The year 2000 Census has data broken down for Native American children on the Fort Hall reservation. The census is not focused on very young children and only covers young people older than five years. It also aggregates young people aged 18-20 with children 16 to 18. Out of 914 Native children aged 5-15 counted by the 2000 Census , 78 had disabilities, 16 of them having multiple disabilities. Among the 322 children and young adults aged 16 through 20 years, 34 were disabled, 11 with multiple disabilities. The most common challenge for both age groups is mental disability, some of which may be related to fetal alcohol syndrome. To the extent that maternal substance abuse is a causal or contributing factor, it may be possible to reduce the disability rates in Native children through education and intervention with the parents.
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Disabled Native American Children and Young Adults, by Type of Disability Disabled Children
Male
Female
Total
Percent of Total
Age 5-15 With any disability With one type of disability w/sensory disability w/physical disability w/mental disability w/self-care disability w/2 or more types of disability w/ disabilities including self-care disability w/ disabilities but not including self-care disability No disability
419 43 32 0 12 16 4 11 4
495 35 30 0 6 24 0 5 5
914 78 62 0 18 40 4 16 9
7 376
0 460
7 836
Age 16-20 With any disability With one type of disability w/sensory disability w/physical disability w/mental disability w/self-care disability Go outside home disability Employment disability w/2 or more types of disability w/ disabilities including self-care disability w/ disabilities but not including self-care disability go outside home & employment disability other combination disability No disability
167 24 13 0 0 4 0 0 9 11 0
141 10 10 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0
308 34 23 2 2 10 0 0 9 11 0
11 0 11 143
0 0 0 131
11 0 11 274
Source: U.S. Census, year 2000. From .sf4 files: PCT069.
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100.0% 8.5% 6.8%
1.8%
91.5% 100.0% 11.0% 7.5%
3.6%
89.0%
Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension During the community and Working Group meetings developing the Comprehensive Plan, concerns were raised about the general health of the Shoshone and Bannock people. In particular, people identified diabetes, obesity and alcohol abuse as causes of medical problems, disability in young adults as well as the elderly, and as a cause of early death. There is a critical lack of information about community health and social service needs, one which should be addressed through a community needs assessment. The best available information comes from the Tribal Health Department’s behavioral risk factor study, 21 and from IHS service unit records. The risk assessment survey relied on individuals to evaluate their own conditions. Among the 329 respondents to the survey the following were reported: Risk Factor
Fort Hall 2003 Percent reporting 22
U.S. rate 23 2004
Report high blood pressure
27.2
25.5%
Report high cholesterol
27.9
17.0
Report diabetes
15.3
8.6
Are Overweight
83.8
65.0
Are Obese
54.8
31.1
Use tobacco regularly
43.6
29.8
Smoke cigarettes daily
38.8
23
Report chronic drinking (2 or more drinks per day)
15.6
8.1
21
Romero, FC; Hasty, F, Rose, R;.Charles, K; Jimmicum, C; Seth, L; Jones, T; Alvarez, S; Keegan, E; Becker, T; Ramsey, K; Smith, N; King, J; and McDavid, kK Northwest Tribal Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Project: Shoshone-Bannock tribes Final Report Portland OR: Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, 2003 22
A review of the study indicates that the rates are normalized, that is, the percentage given for the occurrence of a condition is based on the number who have been screened for that condition, not on the total sample population. 23
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, Maryland: 2004. September 17, 2010
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
Report acute drinking (5 or more drinks at one time in last month)
34.7
22.6
Usually drink enough to get drunk or black out
6.7
NA
Report having driven after “having too much to drink” in the last month
11.6
2.2
U.S. rates from National Center for Health Statistics.
There is a sense in the community overall of a Shoshone-Bannock Tribal population that
has a significantly lower level of health than the general population of the United States, and that this general level of health is worsening. For the conditions monitored by the Behavioral Risk Assessment, this impression is borne out by the numbers. The goal set out at the beginning of this Comprehensive Plan is in many ways farther away than it would have been even ten years ago. (1996 data from data sheet provided by Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Health Department)
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Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Comprehensive Plan: Statistics
Demographics and
There are other conditions and considerations. The health of children and young adults is a concern. There is a sense on the Reservation that children are increasingly suffering from allergies and respiratory diseases, and are more often being treated with behavior-modifying drugs. These statistics outline major causes of poor health and early mortality among Tribal members. Statistics for drug use are not available, however it is a common perception in the community that drug use, especially methamphetamine is prevalent and a root cause of much violence and social problems in the community. These are all problems that can be addressed through prevention. The Tribes and the community can choose to improve their health and well-being at any time. Much of our assessment of the situation is based on anecdote and sense. Community health can and should be measured for critical conditions, with extended recordkeeping to monitor trends. VII.
Action Plan for Tribal Statistics
The Tribal Planning Department is tasked with the job of tracking and verifying Tribal statistics. This is a task that will be easier if other programs and departments keep better records and share them. Tribal privacy rules forbid sharing information about individuals; the Tribes are interested in information about Tribal members as a whole, about districts, about classes of people such as veterans, children, elders or women. Not all information is important. The programs and departments can help by identifying the kinds of information they need. Sometimes it may be possible to get the required answers from existing data; sometimes it is necessary to perform surveys or research to get the information. Because the long from is not being used in the 2010 Census, the next ten-year period is going to be marked by a shortage of data. Once Tribal data needs are identified, it will be up to Tribal government to develop the data. At this time (2010) the Tribes have a Complete Count Census working group. This group should not disband, but should instead work to get the US Census Bureau to address the shortcomings of the 2010 Census through follow-up investigations.
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