sibalom ch 1

Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

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2004 © Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this technical report by the copyright hereon may be reproduced and/or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic or mechanical—without the written permission of Haribon Foundation. ISBN 971-93188-2-1 Published by Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc. 4th Floor Fil-Garcia Tower 140 Kalayaan Avenue, Quezon City Philippines 1101 Tels. (02) 433-3474/434-8237/436-4363 Fax. (02) 924-8978 URL: http//www.haribon.org.ph Email: [email protected]

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technical report Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro I N T E G R AT I N G F O R E S T C O N S E R V AT I O N

Haribon Foundation

BirdLife International

WITH

LOCAL GOVERNANCE

European Commission

Royal Netherlands Embassy

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Nature of Organization The Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc. or Haribon is an organization dedicated to environmental protection, conservation of critical habitats, sustainable use of natural resources and the preservation of Filipino indigenous peoples’ culture. History Haribon started in 1972 as a bird-watching society. Eventually, it evolved into a fullfledged conservation foundation under the energetic leadership of Dr. Celso R. Roque and Dr. Colin P. Rees. It was issued a certificate of incorporation as a non-stock, nonprofit foundation on November 20, 1984 by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Haribon, as it stands today, is the biggest Filipino non-government organization (NGO) dedicated to conservation and environmental issues. It is supported and endorsed by both the local and international conservation community. Haribon is a partner of BirdLife International and a member of the World Conservation Union. Name, Logo and Slogan The name “Haribon” was coined from two Filipino words, “Hari” and “Ibon” or “Haring Ibon”, which loosely translates to “King of the Birds” or the Philippine Eagle. The name “Haribon” dramatizes the need to conserve the vanishing Philippine wildlife and their habitat. The stylized logo represents a balanced ecosystem and manifests the interrelatedness of the various ecosystems. Together with the name “Haribon”, they represent the goals of Haribon Foundation. Haribon’s slogan is “Protecting Nature, Preserving Life.” Vision and Mission Haribon takes the lead in caring for nature with the people—for the people. It is a membership organization committed to nature conservation through community empowerment and scientific excellence. Strategies • Strengthen community-based resource management through community organizing, sustainable livelihood development and community empowerment. • Build a constituency for biodiversity conservation through membership development, communication and public awareness raising, alliance building and networking, and advocacy. • Conduct scientific and developmental and participatory research studies using globally-and locally-accepted standards for biodiversity conservation. • Establish an education and training institution on natural resource management with world-class standards. • Strengthen the institution through staff development, upgrading of facilities, establishment of “Pugad” Haribon or Haribon house, and continuous review of policies and procedures. • Develop proactive and responsive policy advocacy mechanisms. • Develop financial sustainability mechanisms. 4


table of contents Preface

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Acknowledgment

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Executive Summary

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Acronyms Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Importance of the Mindoro Faunal Region 1.2 Site Selection Process 1.3 Technical Report Preparation 1.3.1 Objectives 1.3.2 Approach, Scope and Limitations 1.3.3 Methods of Data Collection 1.3.4 Analysis Framework Chapter 2 Project Site Profiles 2.1 Biophysical Features 2.1.1 Location 2.1.2 Topography 2.1.3 Vegetative Cover 2.1.4 General Land Use 2.1.5 Climate 2.1.6 Geology 2.1.7 Soil Types 2.1.8 Hydrology (Watershed Areas) 2.1.9 Natural Attractions and Features 2.2 Socio-Economic and Cultural Features 2.2.1 Population and Settlement 2.2.2 Social Services 2.2.3 Livelihood Activities 2.2.4 Socio-Political Structures 2.2.5 Ethnolinguistic Groups Chapter 3 Status and Distribution of Forest Habitats and Species 3.1 Major Ecosystems, Status and Distribution 3.1.1 Lowland Tropical Rainforest or Dipterocarp Forest

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1 4 4 4 5 6 9

11 11 11 13 13 16 16 16 16 17 21 21 23 25 26 27

29 29 iii 5


3.1.2 Limestone Forests 3.1.3 Lower Montane Forests 3.1.4 Mangrove Forests 3.1.5 Rivers and Lakes 3.1.6 Grasslands 3.2 Flora, Fauna, Status and Distribution 3.2.1 Flora or Plant Species 3.2.2 Birds 3.2.3 Mammals Chapter 4 Human Use of Forest Ecosystems and Resources 4.1 Local Perceptions on Status of Ecosystem 4.1.1 Changes in Land Use 4.1.2 Changes in Resources 4.2 Community Use of Forest Resources 4.2.1 Timber resource 4.2.2 Non-timber reource 4.2.3 Other forest-based resources 4.2.4 Water for agriculture, small industry and household uses Chapter 5 Land Tenure Instruments 5.1 Status of Land Tenure Claims vis-a-vis Forest Cover 5.2 Community-based Forest Management Agreement 5.3 Protected Areas 5.4 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm 5.5 Yapang Settlement 5.6 Ancestral Domain 5.7 Ancestral Domains and Protected Areas Chapter 6 Forest Management Institutional Arrangement and Capacities 6.1 Institutional Arrangements 6.2 Local Government Units 6.2.1 Municipal LGUs of Sablayan 6.2.2 Barangay Local Government Units 6.3 DENR-CENRO 6.4 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm 6.5 Department of Education 6.6 National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 6.7 Community-based Forest Management Association-Sitio Palbong

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31 31 32 32 33 33 34 36 36

39 39 40 41 41 41 41 46

47 49 50 51 52 52 55

57 58 58 61 62 63 64 64 65


Chapter 7 Forest Management Challenges and Possible Interventions 7.1 Ranking of Threats 7.2 Discussion of Threats 7.2.1 Logging/Timber Collection 7.2.2 Firewood Collection 7.2.3 Tenure-related Issues 7.2.4 Kaingin 7.2.5 Gathering of NTFPs 7.2.6 Cutting of natural growth forest in CBFM areas 7.2.7 Hunting and trapping of wildlife 7.2.8 Electro-fishing 7.2.9 Charcoal-making Chapter 8 Recommendations 8.1 Review of existing laws, poliies and regulations to mitigate conflicts in the use of resources 8.2 Promote a co-management scheme in forest protection and conservation 8.3 Adopt land use and watershed planning and zoning 8.4 Diversify livelihood options for local communities 8.5 Provide land security to the IPs and facilitate the development of a Sustainable Development and Protection Plan for their Ancestral Domain 8.6 Sustain awareness and education activities 8.7 Conduct capacity-building activities 8.8 Strengthen law enforcement and regulation 8.9 Implement forest conservation and protection strategies 8.10 Designate areas for tree plantation and woodlands for timber and charcoal sources 8.11 Restrictions on the expansion of agricultural and kaingin areas 8.12 Promote eco-tourism in forest areas

67 68 68 69 69 70 71 72 72 73 74

75 75 75 76

76 76 77 77 77 77 78 78

References

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Annexes

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List of Tables 1 Mindoro Terrestrial Conservation Priorities/IBAs in Mindoro 2 Slope Categories of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 3 General Land Use of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, 1999 4 Land Cover Types of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, 1988 5 Watershed of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Natural Attractions and Ecotourism Sites in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Historical Growth of Population in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Total Number of Recorded Animal Species in Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Forest Covered by Protected Areas in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Details of Executive Orders Excising Areas from SPPF Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Approved Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Overlapping Protected Areas and Ancestral Domains, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro DENR Functions Devolved to the LGUs in Non-NIPAS Areas Environment and Related Projects in the Sablayan Medium-Term Development Plan Sablayan’s Annual Budget Appropriation for the Environment Resolutions and Ordinances Passed by the Sangguniang Bayan of Sablayan Examples of Ordinances in Forest-edge Barangays in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Threat Ranking Matrix of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

List of Figures 1 Map of the Endemic Bird Areas in the Philippines 2 Sequential Flow of Data Collection, Analysis and Report Packaging 3 Barangay Location and Boundary Map of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 4 Forest Cover Types of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 5 Hydrology (Watershed) and River System Map of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 6 Locations of Ecotourism Sites in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 7 Forest Type Map of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 8 Photos of Selected Flagship Species for Conservation in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 9 Community Resource Map of Barangay Batong-buhay 10 Community Resource Map of Barangay Burgos 11 Community Resource Map of Barangay Malisbong 12 Community Resource Map of Barangay Ligaya vi 8

20 22 33 50 51 53 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 67

3 5 12 14 18 19 30 35 42 43 44 45


13 14 15

Pie Chart of Forest Cover Vis-a-vis Tenurial Instruments in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Map of Forest Cover vis-a-vis Tenurial Instruments in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Map of Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

List of Annexes 1 List of Important Bird Areas in the Philippines 2 List of Faunal Species in Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 3 List of Floral Species in Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro 4 Livelihood Matrices in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Selected Communities in Sablayan

47 48 54

87 90 98 102

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preface

H

aribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources has chosen Mt. Siburan in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, as one of the 117 Important Bird Areas in the Philippines. Haribon believes that to conserve Mt. Siburan and the remaining forests in Sablayan, local stakeholders such as the local government units, peoples’ organizations, other government agencies and communities must be able to manage their forests in a sustainable way. They must be given a chance to reflect on and participate in forest resource assessment, planning and management. Mindoro is an island of immense biological wealth, yet it desperately needs protection from destructive activities such as mining and logging. While its remaining forest, Mt. Siburan, continues to provide benefits to the local people, the rate of forest destruction is occurring at a much faster rate than the conservation efforts by concerned agencies in the area. Haribon therefore endeavored to facilitate the assessment of Mt. Siburan’s biophysical, socio-economic and institutional features. The results of such an assessment are contained in this Technical Report. Eight chapters comprise this report. The introductory chapter relates how Mt. Siburan was selected as a Haribon project site. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the biophysical and socio-economic features of Mt. Siburan. How the communities use their forest resources is the focus of Chapter 4. The existing and overlapping land tenure instruments in forest areas is discussed in Chapter 5 while Chapter 6 describes the management capacities and institutional arrangements in managing the forest areas. The last two chapters discuss the threats and provide recommendations for overcoming these problems. Haribon appreciates the efforts of all men and women from Sablayan who made the production of this report possible. All readers are enjoined to critically read this document and share their views on how to advance the protection and conservation of one of the last refuge of biodiversity in the Philippines.

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acknowledgment Haribon Foundationacknowledges the efforts and contributions of the following people in finalizing the Mt. Siburan Technical Report: Writers:

Technical Editors:

Jose Don De Alban, Ronald Allan Altamirano, Luzviminda Alto, Ruth Condeno, Nicholas Berry, Ferdinand Gaerlan, Mithi Laya Gonzales, Baldwin Gutierrez, Ma. Victoria Hilario, Salve Narvadez, Annabel Resueño; (Executive Summary) Mary Ann Leones Myrissa Lepiten-Tabao, Blas Troy Tabaranza Jr., Errol Gatumbato, Cristi Marie Nozawa, Anabelle Plantilla

Publications Coordinator: Mary Ann Barcelona-Leones Proofreader: Joan Katrice Jalbuena Maps Layout: Jose Don De Alban, Ma. Regina Jimenez Photos: Ronald Allan Altamirano, Mary Ann Leones, Blas Troy Tabaranza Jr. Field Researchers: Biophysical Survey: Jose Don De Alban, Ronald Allan Altamirano, Nonito Antoque, Nicholas Berry, Ruth Condeno, Arvin Diesmos, Ma. Victoria Hilario, Renato Fernandez, Ferdinand Gaerlan, Baldwin Gutierrez, Annabel Resueño, Renato Baylomo, Guy Dutson Guides: Marlon and Edgar (from Culasisi); Dodong Carista; Ruben Dalangin; Nonoy Perez Socio-economic Survey: Alexis Lasmarias, Salve Narvadez, Noel Resurreccion, Jose Don De Alban Institutional Management Assessment: Fulton Acosta, Winnie Dumpit, Mithi Laya Gonzales, Je-el Constantino-Ong, Blas Troy Tabaranza Jr., Alfredo R. Ventura Key Respondents/Interviewees: Victorio V. Abeleda, Hernan Alfaro, Nerissa Arellano, Yolando Bambo, Merlie Barrera, Joey Belvis, Edward Cabalbag, Petronila C. Correa, Fernando B. Dalangin, Lorna Española, Ma. Victoria Del Rosario, Rogelio Dilemos, Romeo T. Dimayacyac, Efren M. Dimaculangan, Raquel Girao, Susana Lara, Ofelia V. Mabulay, Cleotilde Malayas, Nomerinao P. Molina Jr., Joel Marco, Wilhelmina V. Marco, Thelma Ordenes, Theresa Poblador, Jose T. Salona, Lani Santos, Rosalinda Sales, Lourdes R. Segudo, Arsenio Sicnao, Ruben Soledad, Leonor Villaroza Project Management: Annabelle Plantilla, Blas Troy Tabaranza Jr., Je-el Ong, Cristi Marie Nozawa, Al Manaloto The production of this Report was made possible through the support of the Local Government of Sablayan, the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm, Birdlife International, the Royal Netherlands Embassy and the European Commission. 11 ix


executive summary

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Mindoro, A Renowned Center of Endemism he Philippines’ immense biological wealth and beauty is fast disappearing. There are many sad tales of unique plants and animals, which have become threatened or extinct. Alarmed over the trend, Haribon Foundation and BirdLife International have moved to identify the last remaining forest frontiers in the country. They call these fragments the Important Bird Areas (IBA) in the Philippines – the key conservation sites for birds, habitats and people. Mindoro Island is one of the 117 key conservation sites in the Philippines recognized as an IBA, renowned center of endemism and one of the world’s most critical biodiversity areas. Many important areas for conservation are found in Mindoro, and one of these is in the municipality of Sablayan. Sablayan in Occidental Mindoro has a total land area of 218,909 hectares mostly devoted to settlements and agriculture. Sablayan has become the focus of Haribon Foundation’s conservation work because it harbors intact lowland forests, which need to be protected from destruction. One such area is Mt. Siburan. Along with other adjacent forests, Mt. Siburan could be the last frontier for the elusive and endemic Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) and many beautiful yet endangered birds. This could also be the last refuge for the highly marginalized Mangyans, the indigenous peoples of Mindoro. Haribon on its Conservation Mission The Haribon Foundation fielded its seasoned biologists, social workers and planners in 2001 to assess the conservation status and actions for Mt. Siburan. The Haribon team used a combination of bio-physical survey methods, participatory rural appraisal techniques, and observations. From the port of Mindoro Occidental, the team’s journey to Siburan was long and arduous. They battled howling typhoons and powerful river currents before the refreshing sight of the lowland forests recharged their aching limbs. The vast array of trees in Siburan contrasts starkly with its surrounding chocolate-colored mountain ranges. Its contiguous forests are patches of green on the limestone ridge that runs north from the Malpalon area. At 1,500 hectares, Siburan is completely covered by lowland forests extending to the southern portions of Sitios Aruyan, Bugsuron and Malate of Barnagay Batong-buhay. Three other barangays (Malisbong, Ligaya and Burgos) in Sablayan exert territorial jurisdiction over Siburan. There are three headwaters in Sablayan, namely: Rayusan River, Mongpong River and Busuanga River. Mongpong, the biggest river, runs in abundance because of the healthy forests of Siburan. Should this forest go bald, water used 12 x


for drinking, household and agricultural purposes will run dry. On that day, the rice and corn fields would no longer yield crops and the already dry land would be even drier. On that day, many natural attraction sites in Sablayan would no longer become a source of education, recreation and income for local communities and island visitors. For now, the remaining forests shield Sablayan from storms, make the summer season bearable, control floods on rainy days and prevent the soil from eroding. The Settlers and Indigenous Peoples of Sablayan Sablayan is a populous municipality with approximately 64,000 households (2000 data, National Statistics Office). Those who reside in the barangays near the forest edges are a mix of ethnolinguistic origins such as the Bicolanos, Ilocanos, Tagalogs and Visayans. The original inhabitants of Sablayan are the Indigenous People called the Mangyan-Alangans and Batangans. They are a clustered group of nomadic forest dwellers in Mindoro who were pushed to the forest interiors when the island was opened to migrating people in search of better lives. This increase in population did not necessarily lead to greater prosperity. Instead, it led to greater dependence on natural resources that were continually being destroyed without being replenished. Despite the advent of development, most people in Sablayan have remained poor with limited access to health facilities and social services. Most of them continue to struggle to meet their daily basic necessities through farming, fishing, raising livestock, buying and selling as well as gathering forest products. Managing the Remaining Lowland Forests of Sablayan The forests of Sablayan are classified as lowland, montane, limestone, mangrove and grasslands. These are home to 21 globally-threatened or near-threatened species of wildlife. Rivers and lakes surround the forests. Among the key species in Mt. Siburan which illustrate the range of concerns in conserving biological diversity are: White Lauan (Shorea contorta), Rattan (Calamus species), Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis), Mindoro Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba platenae), Tamaraw or Mindoro Dwarf Water Buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis), Golden-crowned Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), and Philippine Warty Pig (Sus philippensis). These species have been chosen because they are significant to the local people and/or because the lowland forest of Sablayan is of particular importance for their survival. Keeping the remaining forests in Mt. Siburan and the adjacent forests in Sablayan intact is of outmost importance to support the local people’s need for water, food, shelter and medicine; and to prevent frequent environmental disasters such as drought, landslides and flashfloods that can claim precious lives and properties. The local government of Sablayan has started taking steps toward protecting their environment. Some of the municipal resolutions they have issued deal with solid waste management and the preparation of a local marine 13 xi


code. But these are small steps and no resolution has yet addressed the apparent need for forest conservation. Laws meant to protect the environment and the lives that depend on it have not been effectively implemented. Laws meant to recognize and promote ancestral rights over tribal lands have been met with suspicion and distrust, primarily because of shortcomings in implementation and lack of communication with their supposed beneficiaries. How to protect an area rich in natural wealth and biological diversity is a problem for Sablayan and its people. The challenge is greater with the overlapping or conflicting land uses such as pasture lease agreements within a game refuge sanctuary, ancestral domain claims within protected areas, timber utilization within the remaining forests areas, and a penal institution that occupies portions of the lowland forests. The people’s simple wish for livelihood and the local government units’ desire to prioritize and protect the environment make the management of the remaining forests of Sablayan even more challenging. What remains of the forests of Sablayan is faced with various threats such as (1) logging, (2) unsustainable gathering of forest resource, (3) charcoal making, (4) land tenure conflicts, and (5) kaingin. Should these threats not be addressed, there will be a water shortage because of degraded water source, and food scarcity because of non-irrigated farm lands. On that day, environmental degradation wrought by day-to-day consumption and destruction will take its toll. The results of the threat analysis and ranking activity facilitated by Haribon suggest the need for urgent action to save the forests of Sablayan. After assessing the threats at different angles, Haribon forwards the following recommendations to the Local Government Units (LGUs), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF), and the National Commission for Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). These recommendations are believed to be the most strategic actions to keep the remaining rainforests alive: (1) Policy and legal review of existing laws and regulations that create resource use conflicts (e.g. National Integrated Protected Areas System Act, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act, Fisheries Code, Wildlife Act and Forestry Code), (2) Promote co-management scheme or multi-sectoral involvement in forest protection in conservation, (3) Adopt appropriate forest planning with land-use zoning scheme based on available and well-researched information, (4) Diversify livelihood options for local communities by coordinating with credible enterprise development group in Sablayan and in the province, (5) Provide land security to the marginalized indigenous peoples, (6) Wage a vigorous education and capacity-building campaign aimed at making significant and specific changes among defined target groups, and; (7) Adopt more appropriate forest protection and conservation strategies 14 xii


that make law enforcement effective but also create an impact on restoring the forest’s ecological functions. There is hope for the remaining forests and people of Sablayan. But the key sectors must be able to seize the time and opportunity to work together rather than at cross-purposes in achieving the common goal of sustainable development and equitable use of resources.

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acronyms ADSDPP AIP A&D BC BDC BDP BHW BuCor CADC CBFMA CENRO CLIPVIC CLOA(s) DA DAR DAO DENR DepEd DILG DOJ DPWH EBA FGD FMP GIS IBA ICE-CD IFCLG IP ISF LCE LGC LGU MDC MDRCLUP MENRO

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Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan Annual Investment Plan Alienable and Disposable (Land) Barangay Council Barangay Development Council Barangay Development Plan Barangay Health Workers Bureau of Corrections Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim Community-Based Forest Management Agreement Community Environment and Natural Resources Office Barangays Claudio Salgado, Ilvita, Pag-asa and Victoria Certificate of Land Ownership Agreement(s) Department of Agriculture Department of Agrarian Reform Department Administrative Order Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Education Department of Interior and Local Government Department of Justice Department of Public Works and Highways Endemic Bird Areas Focus Group Discussion Forest Management Plan Mapping and Geographic Information Systems Important Bird Areas Information, Communication, Education-Community Development Integrating Forest Conservation with Local Governance Indigenous Peoples Integrated Social Forestry Local Chief Executive Local Government Code Local Government Unit Municipal Development Council Master Development and Revised Comprehensive Land Use Plan Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Office/ Officer


MPDO NAMRIA NGO NCIP NIA NIPAS NTFP OMA PA(s) PASA PENRO PO PPDO PRA RSA SB SK SP SPPF

Municipal Planning and Development Office National Mapping and Resource Information Authority Non-Government Organization National Commission on Indigenous Peoples National Irrigation Authority National Integrated Protected Areas System Non-Timber Forest Products Office of the Municipal Agriculture Protected Area(s) Protected Area Suitability Assessment Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office/Officer Peoples’ Organization Provincial Planning and Development Office Participatory Rural Appraisal Rapid Site Assessment Sangguniang Bayan Sangguniang Kabataan Sangguniang Panlalawigan Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm

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!

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H A P T E R

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i n t r o d u c t i o n This chapter describes how Mt. Siburan was selected as an important biodiversity conservation area by Haribon Foundation and BirdLife International. The objectives of this report, methods of data collection, approaches, scope and limitation of the study are also discussed in this chapter. he Philippines is endowed with rich tropical forests that harbor a great diversity of plants and animals not found anywhere else on earth. Worldwide, the Philippines is recognized as an important forest conservation area because its highly endemic biodiversity is also threatened by the rapid rate of forest loss.

Despite the efforts of the Philippine government to strengthen the protection and conservation of protected areas, there are still over a hundred forest areas that are vulnerable to destruction. Many of these forest areas include those identified by Haribon Foundation and BirdLife International as vital to the conservation of critical and endangered biodiversity species. Because many of these forest areas are relatively small or fragmented, the concerned local governments may be in a better position to protect them. Innovating on approaches to forest management, Haribon Foundation trailblazed the integration of forest conservation with local governance in these priority sites: Mt. Siburan in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro; Mts. Kambinliw & Redondo, Dinagat Island, Surigao del Norte; and Sibalom Natural Park, Antique. This approach aimed to address key issues affecting forest management in selected priority areas in the country such as centralized forest management strategies, limitations of national-level protected area initiatives, and limited capacity on forest conservation and governance. 1.1 Importance of the Mindoro Faunal Region The Philippines is listed as one of the planet’s most significant “biodiversity hotspots” (Mittermeier 1988). Only recently, it has been regarded by nearly every major international conservation organization as one of the top global priorities for conservation action (Oliver and Heaney 1988). The archipelago is a major center of faunal endemism and ranks as the highest global priority for bird conservation (Collar et al, 1999). Of the 567 species of birds recorded, 59 endemic species are threatened. The same is true for mammals and bats - 52 native species out of the 172 are threatened with extinction (Heaney et al, 1998). Furthermore, 214 of the 293 species of reptiles and amphibians are endemic (Oliver and Heaney, 1997). 1


Mindoro is one of the 7 faunal regions or centers of endemism in the Philippines and rates as one of the world’s 12 most critical “Endemic Bird Areas” or EBA (Figure 1). The Island holds 6 endemic bird species: the Mindoro Bleeding Heart (Gallicolumba platenae), Mindoro Imperial Pigeon (Ducula mindorensis), Black-hooded Coucal (Centropus steerii), Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis), Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker (Dicaeum retrocinctum) and Mindoro Scops Owl (Otus mindorensis). All are globally threatened except for the Mindoro Scops Owl. (Collar et al, 1986) In 2002, the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priority-setting Program (PBCPP) outlined the biological justification and recommendations for prioritizing geographic areas for conservation. Several locations were identified for Mindoro Island under different conservation priorities (Table 1). Table 1. Mindoro Terrestrial Conservation Priorities/IBAs in Mindoro Location

Priority Level Extremely high critical Extremely high critical Extremely high critical Extremely high critical Extremely high critical Very high Very high Insufficient data

Conservation Efforts Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate High High Insufficient data

Iglit and Baco Mountains Mt. Hinunduang Mt. Halcon Puerto Galera Sablayan Naujan Lake National Park Mt. Calavite South Mindoro Islands (Semirara Islands Groups) Malpalon Insufficient data Insufficient data Bogbog, Bongabong, Insufficient data Low and Mt. Hitding (Source: Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priority-setting Program, 2002; Mallari et al., 2001)

Five areas listed above (including Sablayan) were identified as extremely high critical while three areas were deemed to have insufficient data. Conservation efforts show the degree of intervention conducted at the identified locations. Severe habitat destruction threatens the survival of the remaining forests in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Deforestation has heavily hit the island’s commercially-valuable lowland forests. If forest clearing continues unabated, many animal species, particularly birds, will become extinct in the near future (Collar and Andrew 1988). Species restricted to just one or few islands, especially strictly lowland species, are the most severely threatened. 2


Figure 1. Map of the Endemic Bird Areas (EBA) in the Philippines.

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Siburan, which is located in the municipality of Sablayan, has the largest tract of remaining lowland forests known to Mindoro. It is adjacent to the large Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF), which restricts access to the forest and therefore provides some degree of protection to the Siburan forest. The contiguous forests with patches on the limestone ridge run north from Malpalon. In 1991, it was estimated that about 1,500 hectares of lowland forests remain, with a similar area of unvisited montane forest farther east. (Mallari, et al, 2001) Siburan has been identified as among the 117 IBAs in the Philippines. It holds most of the threatened and restricted-range lowland forest birds of the Mindoro EBA. It is certainly the largest and the most important lowland forest in Mindoro. Its protection probably represents the best opportunity to prevent the extinction of the highly-threatened Mindoro Bleeding Heart, the Blackhooded Coucal and the Mindoro Hornbill. The future of Siburan is threatened by slash-and-burn cultivation (kaingin), and small-scale logging both by local people and refugees. The presence of the penal colony has so far kept deforestation to a minimum, but the forest has no formal protection and is likely to come under increasing pressure in the future. Even the prisoners exert some impact on the forest as they use its resources, particularly timber, rattan and bamboo, for both domestic and commercial purposes. 1.2 Site Selection Process 117 Important Bird Areas (IBA) have been identified throughout the Philippines using a set of internationally agreed-upon categories and criteria to identify areas that are of global significance for biodiversity conservation (Mallari, et al, 2001). From the 117 IBAs (Annex 1), 15 sites were included in the project’s list of priority sites, which was further reduced to 9 (3 constituting the first priority sites, and 6, the secondary priority sites). During the site selection stage initiated by Haribon, two nationwide workshops were held to shortlist the project sites and thereafter, Rapid Site Assessments (RSA) were conducted in the 9 sites. The conduct of the RSAs saw the formulation and application of standardized methods using these criteria for site selection: socio-economic, cultural and political importance (30%), biophysical importance (30%), management capacity (10%), and probability of success (30%). A multi-disciplinary team from Haribon lent its expertise and shared its experiences from the field in making the final selection of the priority sites for immediate conservation and protection. 1.3 Technical Report Preparation 1.3.1 Objectives of the Report This Technical Report was put together as a result of extensive research on Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro in August 2001 and May 2002. 4


CHAPTER

The Report contains research-based information on forest conservation status, management challenges and recommendations intended for local planners and decision-makers, local environmental organizations and concerned national agencies. Specifically, this report aims to: ! Help the local government in setting its priorities in forest management; ! Serve as reference for local government (barangay, municipal and provincial) development planning, particularly in integrating site and situation-specific forest conservation measures in local governance; and ! Build awareness among national and local stakeholders about forest conservation issues and possible interventions in managing Mt. Siburan and other remaining lowland forests in Sablayan.

1

1.3.2 Approach, Scope and Limitations This report was prepared after undertaking the following activities: ! Collecting and analyzing published and unpublished information on forest, biodiversity, resource use and local development plans; ! Conducting RSA with focus on socio-economic, biophysical and institutional profiles of the sites, and establishing coordinative mechanisms with local stakeholders; ! Conducting full-blown situational analysis using a combination of various scientific and action research tools; ! Conducting participatory workshops to analyze and integrate the findings of the study as well as to rank the threats to each forest area, and identify doable recommendations for forest management planning; ! Guiding the report-writing process and peer review of outputs. Figure 2. Sequential Flow of Data Collection, Analysis and Report Packaging.

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The report borrowed to some extent from secondary sources, particularly the data on local development initiatives and provincial and municipal development profiles. A multi-disciplinary team from Haribon conducted the study in the field for more than a year to complete the site analysis, in coordination and consultation with local communities and concerned local authorities. The biological work centered on vegetation, habitat, and flora and fauna species assessment. The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) land cover classification dataset of 1988 was used in the entirety of this report. The land cover dataset has proven to be relatively accurate although already obsolete. 1.3.3 Methods of Data Collection Socio-Economic Assessment The survey aims to determine the internal and external situation of the community in terms of social, economic, political, cultural, environmental and institutional dynamics in the context of forest conservation and local governance. In Sablayan, the study focused on representative sitios and barangays surrounding and with jurisdiction over the forests of Mt. Siburan. The Haribon socio-economic team composed of an experienced social worker and community organizers facilitated the gathering of baseline information. They used some of the standard methods of RSA and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), substantiated by secondary information from various stakeholders and concerned line agencies working in Sablayan. The various participatory tools used in the study are the following: seasonal calendar, timeline, community resource mapping, livelihood matrix for agriculture, fishery, forestry and mineral resources, Venn diagram, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KI). These tools were used to produce the following information: ! Perceived changes in the present land use of the area, resource utilization, and cultural practices of the local people; ! Relationships between the natural climatic conditions and socio-economic activities as well as health situation in the area; ! Major economic activities of the people, and extent of local use and marketing of marine, mangrove, forest and freshwater resources; ! Extent of human encroachment and activities in the forests; ! Internal (community-based) and external (municipal, provincial, regional, national-based agencies or outside of the community) groups, organizations or projects that operate in the area and influence the decisions of the local people; and, ! Issues and problems on natural resource use and management. Biological Assessment The biological study was conducted in Mt. Siburan at coordinates 12048"56.9'≤ north latitude and 120056"40.5'≤ east longitude from August 19 6


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to 27, 2001. The survey of flora, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians was undertaken from May 26 to June 14, 2002, in Mt. Siburan, Sitios Malate and Palbong, Brgy. Batong-Buhay, Sablayan.

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! Habitat Assessment In analyzing the vegetation of an area on gradually sloping terrains with lower elevation, the Haribon biological team used the Quadrat Method. A semipermanent 10 by 100 sqm2 plot was divided into ten 10 x 10 sqm. plots to cover areas at lower elevation for each site. All trees equal or greater than (≥) 10 centimers in diameter at breast height (cm/d) were measured and mapped, their local names recorded and field identification noted. Inner plots were established to record woody perennials, smaller trees, herbs and epiphytes. Other species outside the plot were also recorded to complete the floristic composition of the study area. In areas with higher elevations and located on steeper slopes, the Point Center Quarter Method was used. Canopy species with ≥ 10 cm/d or more and were located nearest to the station point were measured and recorded for each quadrant. Under-canopy species were also identified and recorded. The vegetational analysis was supplemented with on-site observation to assess habitat types and the presence of disturbance. Local field guides and local people were interviewed to determine the type and extent of resource utilization. ! Bird surveys To conduct an inventory of birds, combinations of the two-kilometer transect line method and systematic mist netting was employed, supplemented with the encounter rate method and ethno-biology interviews with the local guides. Feathers and fecal droppings and birdcalls were also noted; birdcalls were recorded whenever possible. Identification to the species level was based on Kennedy et al. (2000). ! Mammals Inventory of mammals was conducted using mist nets and cage traps to capture bats and non-volant small mammals. Direct and indirect observations were used to identify the presence of larger mammals and those not easily trapped. Identifications follow Ingle and Heaney (1992) and Heaney et al. (1998). Classification of conservation status, endemicity and habitat follow those stated in Heaney et al. (1998) and IUCN (2000). ! Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetofaunal inventory techniques used in the survey include time-constrained searches, line transect and forest climbing searches, quadrat sampling, opportunistic method of collecting specimens, and bio-acoustics. Biometrics 7


was recorded for each species captured. Species identification was based on Alcala and Brown (1980). All captured and collected species were identified, measured, photographed, recorded and released. Interviews with locals were conducted to gather indigenous information (e.g., local name, local use, and local importance) on faunal and floral diversity of the area. Land Use Assessment This was aimed to analyze the different geographic information, relevant national policies and other ancillary data, provide inputs for the situational analysis of the area, and identify issues pertaining to land use. ! Secondary Data Gathering Secondary data on the physical aspect was gathered to make a preliminary assessment on the existing land use of the area. These include data on topography, climate, soils, geology, land cover, land classification, tenurial instruments, and administrative boundaries. Hard copies and even soft copies of maps were procured to support field activities and build on the Geographic Information System (GIS). Relevant national policies were analyzed to determine their provisions on land use. Available local land use plans were requested from the local government units for the purpose of review and integration in the land use assessment. ! Community Resource Mapping Resource mapping was conducted primarily to obtain information on the current resource use, land cover status and patterns of the area through local knowledge. Key participants from the community were selected and invited to join the activity. The final resource map drawn by the community was digitized and presented again to the community for further revisions, if necessary. ! Surveys and Field Validation Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys were conducted to validate secondary data (i.e., existing land cover maps) and the results of the resource mapping made by the community. The location and elevation of biological sampling methods, habitat types and the transition between types, and disturbed areas within the forest were taken and recorded. GPS readings were obtained using GARMIN GPS 12XL receivers. The receiver was set to the Geographic Coordinate System using the WGS84 datum. Readings were averaged at least twice in order to increase accuracy. Positions and elevations that could not be established (because of lack of satellite signals due to dense forest canopy) were interpolated from available 1:50,000 scale topographic maps. Collected data from field activities was documented daily in a field notebook.

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All thematic data were processed using two different map projections. Computations were done using the Universal Transverse Mercator projection Zone 51 North on the WGS84 datum. Field data and map layouts used the Geographic Coordinate System using the WGS84 datum. ArcView‚ GIS extension tools such as XTools were used extensively for geoprocessing. Conversion between projections was done using the ArcView Projection Utility extension. Technical descriptions were plotted using the Distance and Azimuth Tools extension, when applicable. All spatial data inputs and analyses were done using ArcView‚ GIS software developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).

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Management Capacity Assessment A team of environmental planner and training specialist from Haribon attempted to look into the forest management institutional arrangements, capacities and capabilities of local stakeholders in Sablayan. They used FGD and KI supplemented with secondary data to generate information from the LGU (barangay to provincial), DENR (local offices and concerned bureaus), SPPF, local POs/NGOs and academe. The Task Analysis tool was used for the interviews to identify the basic competencies of targeted organizations and staff in executing their mandates and functions. A total of 31 respondents from key sectors were used as samples for the Task Analysis. Results of the assessment were presented to and validated by concerned stakeholders during the Stakeholders’ Forum in Sablayan in 2002. 1.3.4 Analysis Framework The results of the socio-economic, biophysical, and institutional studies served as the main reference in completing the situational analysis. Using the Threat Ranking Analysis tool, the core and secondary problems affecting local management of forest and wetland habitats and resources in the study site were drawn out. The assessment focused on the impact of human activities on the forest in general, and more specifically on the conservation status of biodiversity, and availability of resources for various uses. Problems, issues and constraints on local forest management were filtered, prioritized and provided with corresponding recommendations. The recommendations emerged from group discussions among Haribon staff and management, and consultations with local stakeholders and concerned individuals.

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site profiles:mt siburan in sablayan, o c c i d e n t a l m i n d o r o The biophysical and socio-economic and political profiles of Sablayan are discussed in this chapter. The biophysical profiles provide hard facts about the vegetative cover, land classification, soil types, watersheds and river system in Sablayan. Population, settlements, livelihood and socio-political structures and dynamics are among the relevant information featured under the socio-economic and political section. 2.1 Biophysical Features 2.1.1 Location Sablayan is located in the center of Mindoro Occidental. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Sta. Cruz; on the east by the province of Mindoro Oriental; on the south by the municipality of Calintaan; and on the west by Mindoro Strait (Figure 3). Sablayan is composed of 22 barangays with a total land area of 218,909 hectares (Municipal Planning and Development Office, 2001). Pag-asa, the largest barangay, occupies roughly 31% of the total land area of the municipality. Mt. Siburan lies within Brgys. Batong-buhay, Ligaya, Malisbong and Burgos in Sablayan and is completely within the boundaries of the SPPF. It is also within the boundaries of the F.B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary. 2.1.2 Topography The terrain of Mt. Siburan is divided into the rugged uplands and the vast flat lowland areas where intricate river networks and drainage patterns crisscross one another.

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Figure 3. Barangay Location and Boundary Map of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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Table 2. Slope Categories of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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Slope Description Area (has) % to Total Category 0 – 3% Level to gently sloping 50,354.46 22.09 3 – 8% Gently sloping to undulating 1,740.33 0.76 8 – 18% Moderately sloping 12,686.18 5.56 18 – 30% Steeply sloping 23,039.75 10.11 30 – 50% Very steeply sloping 51,859.15 22.74 Over 50% Mountainous 88,332.36 38.74 TOTAL 228,012.23 100.00 * Year 1999. Slope data was computed from NAMRIA 1:50,000 topographic maps at 20-meter contour interval.

2.1.3 Vegetative Cover/Land Use Classified as being dominantly forestland, only 18% of Sablayan is actually forested. Its forests, however, comprise almost half (about 47%) of the total forest cover of Mindoro. The lowland forests of Sablayan are estimated at 21,460 hectares, about 40% of the total lowland forest of Mindoro. Mt. Siburan is completely covered by lowland forests extending to the southern portions of Sitios Aruyan, Bugsuron and Malate. Although its lowland forest vegetation has been disturbed, it is still generally healthy and intact with trees of up to 25 meters in height. Almost uniform in girth, tall, straight boles, some with buttresses, characterize the forest trees that form a three-layered canopy. Large limestone outcrops are also present in the area. 2.1.4 General Land-Use In 1984, the total land area of Sablayan was 218,880 hectares. In 1999, this increased to 218,909 hectares with the inclusion of the Apo Reef Marine Natural Park with its total land area of 29 hectares. (Interview with MPDO, 2001) Table 3 enumerates the land uses in Sablayan as of 1999. Forestlands occupy the largest land use in the whole municipality. These forestlands include public forest reservations, timberland areas that cover community-based forest management (CBFM) projects, and unclassified forests. Wetlands generally include river systems and floodplains or washed-out areas. The second largest land use is agriculture – the main economic livelihood in the municipality. The third largest area is devoted to special land uses, e.g. SPPF, the Yapang Resettlement Area, and Apo Reef Natural Park.

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Figure 4. Forest Cover Types of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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Table 3. General Land Use of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, 1999.

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Land Use Area (has) % to Total Built-up 1,887.70 0.86 Agriculture 27,069.48 12.37 Forest 169,522.00 77.44 Special Use 16,683.82 7.62 Swamps, Marshes, Fishponds 35.00 0.02 Others (washed-out areas) 3,711.00 1.70 TOTAL 218.909.00 100.00 (Source: Municipal Planning and Development Office, 2001)

Table 4 and Figure 4 show the different land cover types in Sablayan. Cultivated areas account for almost 53% of the land area, including mixed brush lands and grasslands. Grasslands make up 27% of Sablayan, an area greater than the open canopy and mossy forests in the area. The remaining 2% is comprised of other land cover types. Table 4. Land Cover Types of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, 1988. Land Cover Types Area (has) % to Total Arable land, crops mainly 11,296.98 4.98 cereals and sugar Built-up area 104.45 0.05 Closed canopy, mature trees 10,246.48 4.52 covering >50% Coral reef 51.57 0.02 Crop land mixed with 5,915.18 2.61 coconut plantation Cultivated area mixed 102,882.67 45.37 with brushland/grassland Grassland, grass covering >70% 61,238.43 27.01 Mangrove vegetation 416.22 0.18 Mossy forest 8,484.96 3.74 Open canopy, mature trees 22,040.67 9.72 covering 30 (17%) 6 (32%) 34 (22%) 9 (30%)

Flora Mammals Birds Herps and Reptiles (Source: Haribon RSA, Aug. 19-17, 2001 and Full survey, May 26- June 14, 2002) 33


A total of 21 globally-threatened or near-threatened species of terrestrial wildlife is now known to be in Sablayan, including 7 species of birds, 7 species of mammals, and 7 species of plants. A detailed listing of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and plants can be found in Annexes 2 and 3. While these data have highlighted the presence of a range of floral and faunal species, it should not be taken as a comprehensive list. Many other important species may still be found in future studies, especially on mammals and herpetofauna. The following species were selected to illustrate the range of concerns associated with conserving the biodiversity of Sablayan (see also Figure 8). The species have been chosen because they are significant to the local people, or because the lowland forest of Sablayan is of particular importance to their survival. 3.2.1 Flora or Plant Species White Lauan (Shorea contorta) IUCN Conservation Status: Critically-endangered species. This large tree about 40-50 meters high and 100-150 cm/d with a columnar, cylindrical bole. Its crown is large and irregularly shaped while its bark is gray to dark gray with cracks 2-3 cm apart. Its outer bark is light brown, 1-3 mm thick, while its inner bark is stringy and yellow, 12-15 mm thick. Its sapwood is soft and grayish-white. It is endemic to the Philippines and is the commonest and most widely distributed species of the Dipterocarpaceae in the country. The wood is used for furniture and cabinet making, interior finishing, veneer and plywood, flooring, boat planking and framing. Logging and timber poaching have caused a decline in its population. Stumps and remnants of slabs and felled timber of White Lauan were observed during the Haribon RSA. Local respondents reported that timbers of about 20 cm were transported to nearby municipalities. In 1953, portions of the forestland were cleared and converted to SPPF facilities. Timber was used for construction, firewood and furniture (tables, chairs, beds, etc.) for SPPF prisoners and employees (RSA, 2001). Rattan (Calamus sp.) IUCN Conservation Status: Over-harvested Rattan or yantok is widespread in Sablayan. Rattan, which is found in Mt. Siburan, reaches a height of 2 feet and an average diameter of 25 cm. It never reaches its full size because it is widely harvested for domestic and commercial purposes. Rattan is usually gathered by prisoners and residents of Brgys. Yapang, Palbong and Malate. Sometimes it is also gathered outside of Mt. Siburan and used for basket weaving and as raw material for making hammocks, rocking chairs, beds, etc. Buho is used for house walls, picture frames, fans, fences and other household decorations. 34


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Figure 8. Photos of Selected Flagship Species for Conservation in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis)

Mindoro Bleeding-heart (Callicolumba platenae)

Mammals Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)

Mottled-wing Flying Fox (Pteropus leucopterus)

Lowland striped shrew rat (Chrotomys mindorensis)

Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)

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In Sablayan and the whole of Mindoro, several Mangyan groups gather nontimber forest products to augment their livelihood. They sell mostly unprocessed rattan poles to local merchants. Handicrafts made from rattan and vines are being sold in increasing quantities. (ESSC undated) 3.2.2 Birds Mindoro Hornbill or Talusi/Tariktik (Penelopides mindorensis) IUCN Conservation Status: Endangered, endemic This species is endangered and endemic to the Mindoro Faunal Region. It is the only hornbill in the island of Mindoro. It was seen in Siburan in the 1990s and its population is believed to be small. It thrives in the forest and forest edges of about 1500 masl. The destruction of the lowland forests threatens the survival of this species. Mindoro Hornbills were observed in Mt. Siburan near Malate during the full survey. During this activity, one such bird was caught and released. However, the population of this species is still undetermined. Mindoro Bleeding Heart or Puñalada (Gallicolumba platenae) IUCN Conservation Status: Critical, endemic, rare The Mindoro Bleeding Heart is commonly found on the ground. Its breast has a very narrow though incomplete band with a small orange spot. It inhabits lowland forests of up to about 1000 masl. In the early ’90s, this bird was regularly seen in Siburan and sometimes caught by some SPPF prisoners for food or trade. During the Haribon’s full survey in Mt. Siburan in 2001, this bird species was found along the transect line in Malate. Two chicks were found in a nest on an Irok palm. This bird species is threatened by habitat loss and forest degradation. Its population in Siburan is still undetermined. 3.2.3 Mammals Mindoro Dwarf Water Buffalo or Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) IUCN Conservation Status: Critically endangered. The Mindoro Tamaraw is smaller than the carabao and has a V-shaped horn. It is endangered and endemic to Mindoro. It thrives in dense forests and grazes or wallows in open areas near rivers and creeks. Recent estimates by the Tamaraw Conservation Project of DENR-PAWB suggest that there are less than 300 Tamaraws in the wild; other estimates suggest that there may be as few as 20. Only two populations of Tamaraws are known and both are in Mindoro Occidental. A small population of 4 to 30 is thought to be in Aruyan, adjacent to Mt. Siburan. The presence of footprints and droppings of this buffalo on the banks of Malate River suggests that this species occasionally ventures to the edge of Mt. Siburan. The possibility of Tamaraws roaming in Mt. Siburan is of great importance for this species that is on the brink of global extinction. Golden-crowned Flying Fox or Paniki (Acerodon jubatus) IUCN Conservation Status (2001): Globally threatened, endangered category and listed in Appendix II of CITES (PAWB-DENR). 36


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The Flying Fox is a large bat with a wingspan of more than one meter. During the day, it spends its time sleeping on large trees. At night, it feeds on fruits in the forests and orchards. This species is confined to the Philippines where it was once found in colonies on all major islands, except Palawan (Heaney and Heideman, 1987). All colonies located by scientists since 1981 had a maximum size of 5,000 bats (NORDECO-DENR, 1998). Most colonies of flying foxes that were known 20 years ago have been destroyed and have disappeared from the many islands where they used to be found.

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In Sablayan, at least three bat species were found. A large roost with at least 15,000 (exit count) bats was located at Batangan Pass, Mt. Laylayan (N12045' 07.0", E125059'55.1") 10 km from Mt. Siburan. The Golden-crowned Fying Fox and the Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus were identified in the roost. The bats roosted very close together on a few trees. The roosting site was dominated by fig trees. Local guides and informants from Brgy. Malate blamed human disturbance (hunting and kaingin) for the frequent transfer of bats from their roosting sites. They used to roost near the national road of Sablayan before they transferred to the foot of Laylayan and eventually to a slightly higher elevation due to disturbance from hunting and kaingin. Philippine Warty Pig or Baboy Damo (Sus philippensis) IUCN Conservation Status: Vulnerable, endemic This species can be found on the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao. Wild populations of the Philippine Warty Pig are declining dramatically due to habitat loss, over-hunting, and hybridization with domestic species. In Sablayan, warty pigs inhabit the lowland forest and the upper elevations. The locals report incidents of this species invading their farms near Brgy. Culasisi. This species is usually caught with the use of the animal trap or balatik.

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human use of forest ecosystems and r e s o u r c e s This chapter provides a short description of the local communities’ social and economic dependence on the forest ecosystem and its resources. Only those aspects regarded as important for forest management planning are included. The information is based on the full situational analyses in Brgys. Batong-buhay, Ligaya, Burgos and Malisbong. 4.1 Local Perceptions on Status of Ecosystem 4.1.1 Changes in Land Use Like the rest of Mindoro, Sablayan has been the home of the Mangyans since time immemorial. With the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the late 1600s, the pueblo was established and large tracts of forestlands were converted to haciendas and cattle ranches by the elite families. Sablayan was then known as “Dongon,” a name derived from a much sought-after tree species that was also reputed to be the hardest of the hardwood trees. The most developed parts of the pueblo and barangays were the coastal areas and riverbanks where trading occurred. Following the arrival of the Americans at the turn of the century, Sablayan was established as a municipality in 1902. Setting up of the haciendas and immigration especially during the “homestead” campaign accelerated the conversion of lands to agriculture and settlements in the late ’50s to the early ’70s. Initially, the barangays were established on the coastal areas, gradually radiating inward to the fertile flatlands where agricultural production flourished. In that same period, the four barangays of Batong Buhay, Malisbong, Burgos and Ligaya were established and the rudiments of community facilities were set up. In 1956, the 16,000-hectare SPPF was established, covering portions of the four forest-edge barangays. Forestlands were further cleared to accommodate the construction of penal facilities and the penal farm. Roads and bridges were built to provide access to the four barangays. In the 1960s, large-scale and mechanized logging operations started. More roads were built to carry logs into waiting barges. Large-scale logging operations stopped when martial law was declared in 1973 but continued for sometime in the early ’80s until it was totally stopped in the middle of the decade.

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As the municipality prospered, immigration and land conversion continued. The “Tagalogs” from Cavite and Batangas and the seafaring Cebuanos started populating the lowlands of Sablayan. Agricultural production intensified in the 1970s when modern agriculture was aggressively promoted by the national government. Today, Sablayan continues to export rice and corn to Luzon and the Visayas. An important conservation area, the F.B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary was established in 1920. It covered large areas of the municipalities of Sablayan, Sta. Cruz, Mamburao and Paluan. Though now largely agricultural and inhabited by settlers, this sanctuary continues to be a component of the NIPAS. Through the NIPAS law, Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park was also established for purposes of protection and conservation. Sixty percent of the park is located in Sablayan. And since Mindoro is home to the Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis), patches of known habitat were reserved as Tamaraw conservation areas. The first CBFM Program in Occidental Mindoro was implemented in Sitio Palbong, Brgy. Batong Buhay in September 2001. Stewardship and management of the whole area (including forestland, agricultural and settlement) was granted to a people’s organization, the CBFM Association, for an initial period of 25 years. Though now highly marginalized, the Mangyan indigenous peoples continue to be an integral part of the community life of Sablayan. They are the forest and upland dwellers struggling to maintain their cultural integrity despite their integration with the lowlanders. A Mangyan resettlement site was established in Sitio Culasisi, Brgy. Batong Buhay in the mid ‘70s. But with the passage of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), the Alangan and TauBuid (Batangan) Mangyan sub-tribes are reclaiming their lands through the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claims/Titles (CADC/CADT). 4.1.2 Changes in Resources Wave migration, increase in human population and changes in land uses have inevitably altered the utilization pattern of natural resources in Sablayan. Forest conversion and human activities greatly contributed to the decline of many natural and wildlife resources that served as their economic base (Haribon PRA workshop 2001 and 2003). Much like the Mangyans, the early migrants depended on hunting and gathering for food, livelihood, medicine, shelter and other domestic needs. Even with the onset of agricultural production and introduction of farm implements, wildlife remained the source of meat and other food items (fruits, vegetables, root crops). Farming was mostly for subsistence. The population boom in Sablayan, has a corresponding change in the nature of human activities in the area. The people engaged in commercial log40


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ging, commercial agricultural production using inorganic farming inputs and other unsustainable practices in agriculture and fisheries. Towns and community centers became urbanized. In the process, forest resources such as animals, tree species and NTFP declined. The forest’s ecological function also diminished, with water supply becoming inadequate during the dry months, and flooding and landslides occurring in the rainy season.

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4.2 Community Use of Forest and Wetlands 4.2.1 Timber resource Among the forest-edge communities, the top five Dipterocarp timber species used are narra, guijo, malugay, anapla, and apitong, followed by banaba, lauan, ipil-ipil, bangkal, dao, kamagong, binunga, acacia and mulawin. These are used for house construction, furniture making, firewood, charcoal making and medicinal purposes. There is no more commercial logging in Sablayan. Most timber gathering activities are small-scale (carabao logging) and for local consumption. The SPPF gathers timber from Mt. Siburan primarily for fuel wood, construction and repair of penal facilities and housing facilities. They are also used for boat making and furniture making, enterprises engaged in by penal employees. The community resource maps of selected barangays around Mt. Siburan are shown in Figures 10 to 13 of this report. 4.2.2 Non-timber resource Harvesting of NTFP is also a significant activity of communities living near or dwelling inside the forest. Annex 4 shows the most commonly used NTFPs. Some of these are harvested for domestic use, or sold as additional income. Kawayan, cogon, buho, rattan, and yantok are mostly used for housing and furniture making. Baging, buli/buri and anahaw are used for making baskets and other handicrafts. Pulot (honeybee) is collected and sold by the Mangyans. Orchids are either for sale or personal/home use. Gabi, ube and nami are for food. Herbal plants are mostly for personal use. The SPPF also harvests NTFPs, especially rattan and yantok, for various uses. 4.2.3 Other forest-based resources Wild animals and freshwater fisheries are used as supplemental meat, especially during the lean months by the forest-edge barangays. Because the Mangyans rely on the forest for their sustenance, small-scale poaching activities are tolerated. Meat from deer, wild pigs and monitor lizards (bayawak) are considered “specialty” meals and are usually sold in small quantities through acquaintances rather than in the market. Some birds, especially killawan and bato-bato, are either sold or collected as pets but are not traded commercially. Labuyo, tikling, paniki and patong-gubat are kept and fattened first before being slaughtered and cooked as meat or pulutan. Monkeys are also usually kept or 41


Figure 9. Community Resource Map of Barangay Batong-buhay.

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Figure 10. Community Resource Map of Barangay Burgos.

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Figure 11. Community Resource Map of Barangay Malisbong.

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Figure 12. Community Resource Map of Barangay Ligaya.

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sold as pets and as food. Deer skin and horns are also sold as household ornaments by the Mangyans and the lowlanders. The Mangyans usually build balatik or traps for hunting deer, wild pigs, monkeys and small wild animals. The lowlanders or Tagalogs use air guns or entrapments. Birds are usually lured into traps or used as bait. There are no local municipal and barangay ordinances prohibiting the collection and harvest of wild animals. There is also no formal reporting of wildlife collection but some locals report illegal activities to the DENR. There are no current estimates of the volume of hunting in the area. Fishing in rivers and lakes is widely practiced by communities near these ecosystems. The most common gears are hooks and lines, spears and fishnets. Fish are usually caught as additional meat supply for the family, with the excess sold to neighbors and other buyers. Women and children widely participate in this activity. Alongside the traditional methods of fishing, however, destructive fishing practices like the use of poison and electro-fishing continue to proliferate despite prohibitions by municipal and barangay ordinances. There are no regular law enforcement officers to monitor these illegal activities although apprehension is occasionally done by barangay officials or tanod. It was however reported during the PRA workshops that the use of electro-fishing has declined. The supply of freshwater fish is usually seasonal because of water levels that have become very erratic due to watershed degradation. Water in rivers and lakes dip to low levels during dry spells and swell during the rainy season. The community claimed that the volume of fish harvest has become smaller compared to that of the early ‘60s to mid-‘70s when fishery products were still abundant. Illegal logging and other forms of forest destruction such as slash-andburn agriculture have been blamed for the tremendous decline in water resources. Small water tributaries now dry up, especially during summer. 4.2.4 Water for agriculture, small industry and household uses Majority of agricultural lands in Sablayan are rain-fed (sahod-ulan) while some are irrigated through the National Housing Authority (NHA) or privatelyowned/community-owned irrigation facilities. Water is extracted with the use of motorized pumps and is usually sourced from rivers, lakes, springs and groundwater. Small-scale brush damming of rivers is done for irrigation. In the four forest-edge barangays, irrigation facilities are still lacking. Thus seasonality of food production follows the pattern of rainfall. For household consumption, only a portion of Brgy Ligaya is served by the Sablayan Water District. Other barangays such as Batong Buhay, Burgos, Malisbong and areas of Ligaya usually get their water from groundwater, natural springs, wells, rivers and lakes. 46


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l a n d t e n u r e i n s t r u m e n t s Discussed in this chapter are the different land tenure instruments that govern forest management in Sablayan as well as the conflicting issuances relating to this. The implications and impact of these instruments in the conservation of the remaining forest areas are also discussed here. 5.1 Status of land tenure claims vis-à-vis forest cover Figures 13 and 14 shows the overlapping tenurial claims and instruments over the forest areas in Sablayan such as the Community-based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA), Certificate of Stewardship Contracts (CSC), and the Certificate of Land Ownership Agreement (CLOA) over lowland forests and agricultural lands in Sablayan, the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC), the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) and CBFMAs for ancestral domains (CADC-CBFMA) for the ancestral lands occupied by the indigenous people. Some of these instruments have overlapping issuances. Figure 13. Pie Chart of Forest Cover vis-à-vis the Tenurial Instruments.

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Figure 14. Forest Cover vis-a-vis Tenurial Instruments in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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5.2 Community-based Forest Management Agreement Prior to the adoption of the CBFM by the DENR, early tenurial instruments acquired by settlers in Sablayan were made through the DENR’s Issuance of Certificate Contract to individuals under the Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) Program. To date, there are five ISF individual contract holders in Sablayan. Replacing the ISF tenurial instrument in 2000, the CBFM Program of the government provides tenurial security and incentives to develop, utilize and manage specific portions of forestland for 25 years, renewable for another 25 years in the form of CBFMA. To enter into a CBFM Agreement, applicants would have to produce a document called the Community Resource Management Framework (CRMF), which defines the terms and procedures for access, use and protection of natural resources over the CBFM area. Community-based Forest Management was employed as a national strategy to achieve sustainable forestry and social justice. It grants organized communities access to forestland resources under long-term tenurial agreements, provided they use environment-friendly, ecologically sustainable, and labor-intensive harvesting methods contained in an approved CRMF. Indigenous peoples who are already legitimate claimants of ancestral domains may opt to apply for a CBFM agreement over portions of ancestral domains within forestlands. In place of the CRMF, they may present their Ancestral Domain Management Plan, which outlines the terms of resource use in their ancestral domain. However, indigenous peoples entering into a CADCCBFMA relinquish their sole right to determine and formulate their own laws and policies pertaining to the management, conservation, development or exploitation of forest resources within their ancestral domain. Under the CBFM agreement, they will be bound to the provisions stated by the CBFM Program and will not be able to do as they please. They will be assisted by the DENR and other concerned institutions in managing and administering the CBFM areas. So far, 65 families residing in Sitio Palbong of Barangay Batong-Buhay had been able to secure land tenure rights through a CBFM Agreement, covering 545 hectares of upland and lowland farm lots and settlement. In addition, Sitio Palbong also hosts a 10-hectare CBFMA reforestation project granted in year 2000 with a three-year lifespan. (Haribon PRA, FGD, Sitio Palbong, Sablayan, Aug. 23, 2001) Some issues specific to CBFMAs in Sitio Palbong remain. Common areas within the CBFMA have yet to subdivided. Boundary conflicts exist between some ISF and CBFMAs. Local community members do not yet fully appreciate the CBFMA because of lack of information about the program and also because of certain allegedly illegal activities being done in the course of its implementa49


tion. Most members of the local community have also expressed concern over security of tenure since the CBFMA is only a temporary agreement. 5.3 Protected Areas Ancestral domains cover about 12,000 hectares of forest in Sablayan, mostly within the domain of the Alangan-Mangyan tribe. Protected areas contain 16,000 hectares of forests, of which 49% are lowland forests. Table 9 shows the forest area covered by F.B. Harrison and Mt. Iglit-Baco. Protected areas and ancestral domains cover about 4,835 hectares of forest in Sablayan. Table 9. Forests covered by Protected Areas in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Name

NIPAS Forests covered Lowland Forests* Category in Sablayan (has.) covered in Sablayan (has.) F.B. Harrison Game Refuge 7,832.56 6,894.82 and Bird Sanctuary Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park 8,177.16 873.63 TOTAL 16,009.72 7,768.45 * Lowland forests are assumed to occur at elevations 1000m and below.

F.B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary On January 9, 1920, then Gov. Francis Burton Harrison established the F. B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary. Currently, the sanctuary is being declassified as a protected area and delisted from the initial NIPAS components. Based on municipal data, the sanctuary covers a total of 140,000 hectares. NIPAS data however recorded 123,747.11 hectares, of which, 51,780.93 hectares are under the jurisdiction of Sablayan municipality. The MPDO of Sablayan classified most of this area as alienable and disposable land, agricultural land, pasture and grazing areas, or idle grasslands or forestlands. Although situated within the FB Harrison sanctuary, Mt. Siburan also overlaps with the boundaries of SPPF. A number of tenurial claims also falls within F.B. Harrison. Currently, there exists a vast ancestral domain claim by the Alangan Mangyan totaling 24,176.67 hectares within F.B. Harrison (where there are also other existing ISF and CBFMA holders). Yet another tenurial issue within FB Harrison is the recent encroachment and eventual settlement by the displaced residents in the CLIPVIC (Barangays Claudio Salgado, Ilvita, Pag-Asa, Victoria) areas. These are possible conflict areas that could pose a challenge to the Mangyans’ ancestral domain claim. Both the CENRO and LGU of Sablayan acknowledge the need to look into the status of F.B. Harrison and to solve conflicts on tenurial and forestland use. The LGU and CENRO of Sablayan had requested an update on the biodiversity and suitability assessment (PASA) as a means of settling the various overlapping 50


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claims. This was reiterated during the Stakeholders’ Forum conducted by Haribon Foundation last March 17, 2003, when the issue was raised by the MENRO. At that time, the provincial government of Sablayan and the CENRO had to agree on who would shoulder the financial requirement for conducting the PASA.

5 Mt. Iglit Baco Natural Park Mt. Iglit Baco Natural Park lies southeast of Mt. Siburan. It was originally proclaimed as a Tamaraw Reservation and Bird Sanctuary on November 9, 1970, under Republic Act 6148. It includes the municipalities of Sablayan and Bongabong. The park is being proposed as an initial NIPAS component under the Natural Biotic Area category to allow indigenous communities to live “in harmony” with the environment. The park covers a land area of 106,600 hectares, including the proposed expansion areas. It has not yet been permanently designated as a protected area due to strong resistance from the indigenous communities. A sizeable 60% of forest cover within the municipality has not been targeted for protection under the NIPAS. Portions of these “unprotected” forests fall within the ancestral domain claims. Within Iglit Baco Natural Park, there are two ancestral domain claims, R04-CADC-125 of Tao Buhid Mangyan covering 21,000 hectares, of which 1,842.69 hectares lie within the political jurisdiction of Sablayan. The other claim is being made by the Buhid Mangyan (R04-CADC130) covering an area of 94,022 hectares, of which 18,288.82 hectares belong to the municipality of Sablayan. 5.4 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm The SPPF, with a land area of 16,190 hectares, was established by Proclamation No. 72 on September 26, 1954. Two Executive Orders were passed with subsequent Deeds of Transfer between 1990-1991 that excised about 7,862.60 hectares from the penal farm for land distribution among beneficiaries by the Department of Agrarian Reform (Table 10). Executive Order 448 segregated the area from the penal farm and named it the Yapang Resettlement Area. Table 10. Executive Orders that Excised Areas from the SPPF. Executive Orders EO No. 407 EO No. 448 TOTAL

EO Date Passed June 14, 1990 February 14, 1991

Deed of Transfer Date Passed August 1990 October 10, 1991

Area (has.) 2,862.60 5,000.00 7,862.60

About 49% of the original proclaimed area of the penal farm was transferred to the jurisdiction of DAR. MPDO (2001) indicates that only 1,114.70 51


hectares (14.18%) of these transferred areas have been distributed to beneficiaries. The rest remains unsurveyed. Within SPPF are four sub-prison facilities which accommodate a total of 123 employees and 1,238 inmates. One sub-prison facility is situated within Mt. Siburan. SPPF and Other Tenurial Instruments The ancestral domain claim of the Tau-Buid Mangyan that overlaps with the southeastern side of the penal farm is awaiting approval. Further, about 5,842.09 hectares (59.43%) of the remaining area of the penal farm overlaps with the F.B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary. Since the penal farm was proclaimed much later than the protected area, it takes precedence over the older proclamation. Thus, the SPPF area that overlaps with F.B. Harrison is formally under the jurisdiction of the DOJ. 5.5 Yapang Settlement The Yapang Resettlement Area was created in February 1991 by virtue of Executive Order No. 448 for the victims of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. This order was further amended by EO No. 407 which transfers the remaining areas of Yapang (1,300 hectares) to the resettlement area covering the rest of Pusog and some areas of Pasugui Sub-prison. With the transfer, the settlement now covers 5,000 hectares (Sablayan Municipal Profile,1998). Out of the original 16,190 hectares covered by Civil Reservation, a total of 7,868 hectares was awarded to Yapang Resettlement beneficiaries and the original settlers. This also includes the area of Pusog sub-prison (Interview with Mr. Joel P. Marco, SPPF draftsman, August 23,2001). As a result, only 8,322 hectares remain with the SPPF. 5.6 Ancestral Domains The ancestral domain claims in Mindoro were made by the Mangyans. Table 11 lists the ancestral domain claims that cover some portions of Sablayan. Not all claims, however, have been recognized by the government.

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Province

Municipality

R04-CADC -024 R04-CADC -085 R04-CADC -086 R04-CADC -125

Mindoro Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Oriental

Sablayan, Sta. Cruz Socorro, Victoria Naujan

R04-CADC -130

Mindoro Occidental & Oriental

No. of Brgys. 5 5 2

Pinamalayan, 3 Gloria, Socorro San Jose, 10 Rizal, Calintaan, Sablayan, Bongabon, Bansud, Roxas, and Mansalay

TOTAL (Source: Forest Management Bureau, 1998)

Tribe

Area (has.)

Alangan Mangyan Sulodnon

74,200

Alangan Mangyan Tao Buhid Buhid

5

CADC No.

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Table 11. Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

12,000 7,537 21,000

94,022

208,759

The Forest Management Bureau of the DENR identifies CADC No. R04CADC-009 of the Iraya Mangyans to be located in Sablayan (FMB, 1998). Map data from the National Integrated Protected Areas Programme (NIPAP) shows that the claim is, in fact, located in the municipality of Sta. Cruz, Mindoro Occidental, and not in Sablayan. The ancestral domain claim of the Tau-Buid Mangyans, commonly called the Batangans, is currently being proposed in Brgys. Ligaya and Burgos in Sablayan covering an area of 8,451 hectares. The proposed CADC lies beside the western portion of the penal farm. Although different indigenous Mangyan tribes have already applied for an ancestral domain claim, anything short of a certificate of ancestral domain title cannot guarantee their ownership of the land. Another problem working against the tribes is their difficulty in meeting the requirements needed to process the title. Plans and maps showing their resource utilization (in the form of the Ancestral Domain Management Plan) are required as well as proof of historical ownership. Unfortunately, even the NCIP lacks the resources, financial or otherwise, to assist the Mangyans in processing their titles. Encroachment on Mangyan land had caused many of the tribes’ members to move to the uplands. The Mangyans have resisted the declaration of Iglit-Baco as a protected area under the NIPAS because this, as well as the encroachment by migrants in the lowlands, would leave them homeless. Their lack of faith in, and the resulting opposition to, government policies stem from the fact that 53


Figure 15. Map of Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

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these instruments do not assure them of ownership over their ancestral lands. Some tribes even believe that they should be self-governing or autonomous from the Philippine government.

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Table 12 and Figure 15 show the approved ancestral domain claims within Sablayan. The ancestral domains, covering almost 30% of the municipality, belong to 4 Mangyan tribes. The largest domain within Sablayan is claimed by the Alangan Mangyans. Table 12. Approved Ancestral Domain Claims in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. CADC No.

Tribe

R04-CADC-024

Alangan Mangyan Sulodnon Alangan Mangyan Tau Buid Buhid

R04-CADC-085 R04-CADC-086

CADC Area within Area (has.) Sablayan (has.) in Mindoro 74,200 41,093.87

% of CADC Area within Sablayan 55.38

12,000 7,537

3,952.37 201.47

32.94 2.67

1,842.69 18,288.82 65,379.22

8.77 19.45 —

R04-CADC-125 21,000 R04-CADC-130 94,022 TOTAL 208,759 (Source: Forest Management Bureau, 1998)

Lacking the information needed to pursue their claims, the Mangyans/ Batangans are also inaccessible to the local NCIP and other support agencies that could assist them. Under the IPRA, the CADC and eventually, the CADT, are the legallyrecognized tenure instruments for the Mangyans. However, there is a very limited and sometimes distorted understanding of the IPRA and the CADC-CADT acquisition. Ground level delineation of their claims needs to be done since those found in the DENR and other maps do not contain an accurate delineation of the Mangyans’ ancestral domain. 5.7 Ancestral domains and protected areas Certain protected areas overlap with some of the ancestral domains. The F. B. Harrison sanctuary, for example, overlaps with the ancestral domain of the Alangan Mangyans. Mt. Iglit-Baco Natural Park, on the other hand, overlaps with the ancestral domains of the Tau-Buid and the Buhid Mangyans.

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Table 13. Overlapping Protected Areas and Ancestral Domains, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Overlapping Instruments F.B. Harrison vs. CADC Alangan Mangyan Mt. Iglit-Baco vs. CADC Tau-Buid Mangyan Mt. Iglit-Baco vs. CADC Buhid Mangyan TOTAL (Source: Haribon Geomatics, 2002)

Area (has.) 24,176.67 863.42 18,288.82 43,328.91

It must be noted that the NIPAS Act (RA 7586) acknowledges that natural resources may be situated within the ancestral lands of indigenous communities. Thus, ancestral domains and other customary rights and interests of indigenous communities were accorded due recognition in protected areas. The DENR was tasked to prescribe the rules and regulations to govern ancestral lands within the protected areas, provided that it obtains the consent of the concerned indigenous communities. Section 49 of Chapter 7 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 7586 provides that the formulation and implementation of plans, policies, rules and guidelines governing land and resource use within the territorial domain of indigenous communities shall be done in partnership with the affected indigenous cultural communities. Such plans and policies, however, should take into consideration: (a) the maintenance of indigenous community rights over livelihood sources; (b) their desire to maintain their socio-cultural and spiritual integrity; (c) prevention of degradation of the areas; and, (d) encroachment by any development activities or outsiders. The IPRA specifies that indigenous peoples shall have priority rights in the harvesting, extraction, development or exploitation of any natural resource within their ancestral domain. In the presence of critical ecosystems or natural resources within an ancestral domain, an indigenous community is tasked with the responsibility to maintain, protect and conserve such areas with the assistance of government agencies. To ensure the maintenance and conservation of natural resources within ancestral lands, the Ancestral Domain Management Plan sets the guidelines for resource utilization by the concerned indigenous peoples so that this does not conflict with the laws pertaining to environmental protection and biodiversity conservation.

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f o r e s t m a n a g e m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n a l a rr a n g e m e n t s a n d c a p a c i t i e s This chapter looks into the institutional arrangements visà-vis forest management in Sablayan. It also presents the forest management interventions of local stakeholders and an assessment of their capacity to implement devolved natural resource management functions. 6.1 Institutional Arrangements The Local Government Code of the Philippines (RA 7160) sets the philosophy of decentralization and local autonomy as enshrined in the 1987 Constitution of the country. It grants local government units the operating mechanisms to meet the priority needs of communities through the active implementation of national programs and projects. The LGC further empowers the LGUs from barangay to provincial level to share responsibility with the national government in the management and conservation of natural resources. With the devolution of the DENR’s environmental functions to the LGUs (Table 14), the LGC is laying the groundwork for local governance to pursue measures aimed at protecting their forests. Table 14. DENR Functions Devolved to the LGU in Non-NIPAS Areas. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Integrated Social Forestry projects Regular reforestation projects Forest Land Management Agreements Foreign-assisted Community Forestry Projects Communal forests less than 5,000 hectares to be converted to Community Forest Projects Management, protection and rehabilitation of small watersheds Enforcement of forest laws and protection of community forests and small watersheds Establishment of tree parks, greenbelts and tourist attractions Rehabilitation of conservation hot spots and conservation of endangered species in areas identified by DENR Issuance of Environment Compliance Certificates Implementation of Solid Waste Disposal plans Issuance of permits and enforcement of small-scale mining in areas of less than 20 hectares

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Regulation of import and export of flora, including permit for industries and business, e.g. orchid farming and nurseries ! Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters, including the conservation of mangroves (Source: NORDECO-DENR, 1998) !

By virtue of the Code, no programs and projects shall be implemented in the territorial jurisdictions of LGUs without the latter’s endorsement. These include activities governed by other national laws such as the NIPAS Act, IPRA, the Mining Act and CBFMA. A joint memorandum circular (MC No. 98-01) between the DENR and DILG outlines the procedures for partnership on devolved and other forest management functions. 6.2 Local Government Units Mt. Siburan and the remaining lowland forests in Sablayan fall under the administrative jurisdiction of the LGU of Sablayan. The municipal government is headed by the mayor as local chief executive. The Sangguniang Bayan (SB), composed of elected officials, serves as the law-making body of the municipality. The barangay government, which to a large extent replicates the leader-centered municipal government structure, is also established by virtue of the LGC. 6.2.1 Municipal LGU of Sablayan The three important offices under the direct supervision of the mayor are those of the municipal administrator, the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO), and the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO). The Municipal Administrator The municipal administrator coordinates the work of all officials of the LGU. All staff and line offices are under the Office of the Municipal Administrator as an extension of the Mayor’s Office for proper coordination of office functions. The MENRO The MENRO is mandated to establish, maintain, protect and preserve communal forests, watersheds, tree parks, mangroves and greenbelts, among other things. But the creation of this office is optional for the LGU. The LGU of Sablayan, for its part, prioritizes the delivery of basic services and facilities in relation to environmental programs. The MENRO, headed by the Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Officer, has two divisions: the Forest Management Division and the Environmental Management Division. The Forest Management Division has the Forest Protection and Law Enforcement Section and Community and Forest Program Section. The Environmental Management Division, on the other hand, is 58


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composed of the Solid Waste Management and Pollution Control Section, the Lake-wide Development and Aquaculture Section and the Coastal Resource Management Program Section.

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Currently, the MENRO has five staff members, namely, a Community Organizer Assistant II, a Clerk, a Forest Guard, a Community Development Assistant and a Community Development Officer. Only one among the five staffers is a contractual. Two of them are involved with the Lake Development Project and the other three with the Parola Project. With its broad range of tasks, the MENRO needs additional resources to be able to effectively implement its functions. But the current LGU budget, which is allocated to operational costs (45%) and personnel services (55%), does not allow for realignment. The MPDC The Local Chief Executive appoints the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator (MPDC) with the concurrence of a majority of all members of the Sanggunian, subject to civil service laws, rules and regulations. The appointment of the MPDC is mandatory (LGC, 1991). The MPDC’s term of office is three years. He or she may serve for three consecutive terms in the same position. The main duties and functions of the MPDC according to the LGC of 1991 are: to formulate an integrated set of economic, social, physical and other development plans and policies; to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the different development programs, projects and activities in the LGU; to prepare comprehensive plans and other developmental planning documents; and to promote people’s participation in development planning. Although the current MPDC has been in the LGU for almost 9 years, his exposure was largely on irrigation and infrastructure projects, and quite limited on forest conservation and environmental management. Municipal Development Plan The municipal LGU of Sablayan has integrated 12 environment-related projects in its Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP) for CY 2002-2004 as shown in Table 15. Table 15. Environment and Related Projects in the Sablayan MTDP. Environment and Related Projects ! Development of parks ! Development of lakes ! Development of sanitary landfill ! Reforestation program ! Two solid waste management projects 59


! ! ! ! ! !

Creek and river improvement Rehabilitation/maintenance of Apo Reef Marine Sanctuary Marine sanctuary development Coastal resource management Watershed rehabilitation and protection program Eco-tourism program

The lead implementing agencies of the different environment-related projects are the Municipal LGU, CENRO, DENR, DPWH and the Provincial LGU. The Municipal LGU is the sole implementer of the solid waste management program (Center for Recyclable Waste and Procurement of Refuse Collection Equipment), the marine sanctuary development, the coastal resource management and eco-tourism program. Out of the 12 environment-related projects, 9 are currently being implemented, according to the MENRO. Those not yet implemented are the two solid waste management projects. The development of the sanitary landfill is not yet ongoing but the lot for the landfill has already been acquired. Annual Investment Plan In the Annual Investment Plan (AIP) of the municipal government of Sablayan for fiscal years 2001 and 2002, the projects/programs were categorized into economic development, social development, infrastructure development and environmental development. The Sablayan LGU receives an annual appropriation of about 19 million pesos. Of this amount, only about 8% to 10% is appropriated for the environment and related projects. Among the environmental development projects, solid waste management has the largest allocation – 60.43% in 2001 and 51.60% in 2002. The biggest annual budgetary share goes to infrastructure development (Table 16). Table 16. Sablayan’s Annual Budget Appropriation for the Environment. Year 2001 2002

Annual Budget (pesos) 19,000,000 19,500,000

Appropriated for Infrastructure 14,276,500 (75.14%) 11,450 (58.72%)

Appropriated for the Environment 1,579,610 (8.31%) 2,100,000 (10.77%)

Local legislation The SB is responsible for the enactment of ordinances, approval of resolutions, appropriation of funds for the general welfare of the municipality and its inhabitants, and exercise of corporate powers of the municipality as provided under Sections 445, 447 and 469 of RA 7160 (LGC, 1991). Legislative actions of a general and permanent character are enacted in the form of ordinances while those that are of temporary character are passed in the 60


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form of resolutions. Matters relating to proprietary functions as well as private concerns are also translated into resolutions (LGC, 1991). From 1992 to 2002, the SB has passed two resolutions and enacted 7 ordinances (Table 17).

Environment-Related Ordinances and Resolutions

Implementation Status

Resolutions • Solid Waste Management • Sablayan Marine Code

> Partly implemented > Enforced

Ordinances • Environmental Pollution System • Planting of Trees • Classification and Evaluation of Timber and Forest Land • Prohibiting the Cutting of Mangroves • Establishing Sablayan Marine • Sanctuary Code • Adopting a Memorandum Circular of the National Irrigation Administration • Communal reservation for gravel and pebbles • Prohibiting the removal of boulders from the seashore

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Table 17. Resolutions and Ordinances Passed by the Sablayan Sangguniang Bayan (1992-2002).

> No info > Weak implementation > No info > Weak implementation > Enforced in Pandan; weak enforcement in other areas > No info > No info > Weak implementation

6.2.2 Barangay Local Government Units The barangay, as the basic political unit, serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects and activities in the community. It is also a forum where the views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled (LGC, 1991). In each barangay there is a punong barangay, seven Sangguniang Barangay members, a Sangguniang Kabataan chairman, a barangay secretary, a barangay treasurer and a lupong tagapamayapa. The punong barangay, Sangguniang Barangay members, and members of the Lupong Tagapamayapa are regarded as the persons in authority in their community. As of 1988, 37% of Sablayan’s total forest cover lies within Barangays BatongBuhay, Burgos, Ligaya and Malisbong. These barangays have passed environment-related local policies that are listed in Table 18. 61


Table 18. Examples of Ordinances in Forest-edge Barangays in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Ordinances and Projects Brgy. Batong-buhay • Aquaculture development in Yapang Lake

Brgy. Burgos • Reforestation Project in Zone V • Tourism Development (Construction of Bailey Bridge at Lica River) • Development of Malatontong Falls • Environmental Sanitation through solid waste management

Status of Implementation

> Planned, not yet implemented

> No info > No info > No info > No info

Brgy. Ligaya • Identification of landfill site > No info • Garbage collection > No info • Establishment of ecological learning center > Not done • Request to the CENRO to identify > Not done Barangay Park of Ligaya within the reservation area • IEC on sustainable land use > Not done • Request to the DOJ to delineate > No info occupied portion of the civil reservation for distribution to actual occupants • Regulate pebbles quarrying > No info Barangay Malisbong • Construction of concrete garbage disposal > No info (Source: Haribon-IFCLGP, FGD and KI results, 2002)

6.3 Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (DENR-CENRO) According to DENR Administrative Order No. 01-88, the CENRO is mandated to perform the following duties and functions: ! Implement projects for the development and conservation of natural resources at the community level; ! Enforce laws, rules and regulation for the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources; ! Measure, assess and grade the timber and other forest products; ! Maintain up-to-date data on environmental and natural resources conditions; 62


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! File criminal cases against violators of environment and natural resources laws; ! Undertake surveys of areas covered by applications for lease and permits; ! Collect and account for fees due the government from users of natural resources; and ! Initiate the settlement of conflicts between or among users of natural resources and perform other related function that may be assigned by higher authority.

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The territorial jurisdiction of the DENR-CENRO covers the lone municipality of Sablayan (CENRO-Sablayan, 2002). The organizational chart of CENRO shows the CENR Officer as having the highest position with the task of coordinating with the Multisectoral Forest Protection Committee. The office is composed of General Services, Land Management Services, Protected Area Services, Environmental Services and Forest Management Services. The Forest Management Services division of the CENRO is responsible for the monitoring and protection of the forests within Sablayan. The activities of the Forest Management Services include forest management through the issuance of permits and monitoring of resource and land uses, forest plantation and tree farm development, and forest protection through law enforcement and revenue collection. The area of forests and timberland protected by 21 forest rangers is 186,880 hectares (CENRO-Sablayan, 2002). The ratio of forest guard to the size of the area being protected is 1:14,375.384 hectares. Clearly, the CENRO has very limited personnel to handle forest protection. Further, there is a 30% decrease in the budget every year and forest rangers receive only P150 quarterly. The overlapping jurisdiction and undefined roles between the CENRO and SPPF over Mt. Siburan also contribute to the low level of protection of Mt. Siburan and the remaining forests in Sablayan. 6.4 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm The main activities of SPPF are providing security to the citizens of Sablayan, rehabilitation of the prisoners, and agricultural and agro-forestry production (CLUP 2001-2010). The penal superintendent is the overall officer in charge of SPPF and is assisted by the assistant penal superintendent. SPPF is composed of four units: Custodial, Investigation, Administration and Sub-Prisons. There are four sub-prisons in SPPF: Siburan, Central, San Isidro and Pasugui. Each sub-prison is headed by a Penal Institution Supervisor or an Officer-InCharge (OIC). The OICs are the key players in the planning and implementation of the development programs in their respective sub-prisons.

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The rehabilitation programs of the SPPF consist of skills training in agriculture, handicraft, animal husbandry, carpentry, recreational programs, medical services and religious services. Adult education classes are also held. Prisoners are likewise taught fresh water and deep-sea fishing. (CLUP 2001-2010) The SPPF is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice (DOJ). However, administration and control over the forest of Mt. Siburan is still with the DENR as provided by Proclamation No. 72. The CENRO believes that the SPPF has the mandate to protect and conserve the forests of Mt. Siburan. While the SPPF had initiated some monitoring and reforestation activities after the entry of Haribon, the SPPF still does not recognize the latter’s institutional mandate to manage the Mt. Siburan forests. This was reiterated in the discussions during the Stakeholders’ Forum organized by Haribon on March 17, 2003. 6.5 Department of Education The Central School in Sablayan gets inputs from the CENRO on solid waste management and school plantation activities. The public elementary school and secondary schools in Yapang were visited by the NIPAP in year 2000, and every once in a while, by the Tamaraw Conservation Project (TCP) to lecture on biodiversity species protection. (Haribon, Perception Study, 2002) A new Basic Education Curriculum for public schools has been formulated which integrates environmental education in all subjects. However, local schools still cite Metro Manila in exemplifying an environmental situation. The nonuse of local examples is presumably due to limited reference materials about Mt. Siburan and other lowland forests in Sablayan, as well as the limited exposure of teachers to Mt. Siburan. Nonetheless, there are environment protection projects in the schools such as the “War on Waste,” “Clean and Green,” “Biodiversity Conservation” and “Blue Environment.” Clubs aimed at protecting the environment have also been set up in the provincial schools. 6.6 National Commission on Indigenous People The NCIP is the office created under the IPRA of 1997. As an agency under the Office of the President, the NCIP is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs for indigenous peoples. Its other objectives and responsibilities are: ! To promote and protect the rights and well-being of the ICCs/IPs and the recognition of their ancestral domains/lands based on customs, traditions and institutions; and ! To serve as the primary government agency through which the ICCs/IPs can seek and obtain government assistance. Currently, NCIP is assisting the Mangyan-Batangans in processing the latter’s ancestral domain claims in Sablayan. 64


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6.7 Community-Based Forest Management Association – Sitio Palbong According to the PRA conducted by Haribon, there are four people’s organizations in Sitio Palbong, Barangay Batong-Buhay. These are the CBFM-PO, Parents-Teachers Association, Irrigators’ Association, and the Sitio Association. As Sitio Palbong is a CBFMA area, all the barangay residents are considered members of the Palbong CBFM Association. The DENR-CENRO has awarded 545 hectares of land in Sitio Palbong through the CBFMA program of DENR. The CBFMA includes the areas covered by the former ISF issuances within Palbong. The association also provides livelihood projects (goat and cattle dispersal) and is completing a water system project by a previous implementer. The members of the association claim they were not properly oriented about the project, which they believe was not properly implemented. Another PO in Sitio Palbong is the Irrigators’ Association which maintains the irrigation system of the sitio. It was revealed in the PRA, however, that the PO is inactive. The elementary school in Sitio Palbong has a Parent-Teacher Association that helps maintain school facilities. The sitio has an informal association that attends to the social and general welfare needs of the community. The only environment-focused PO in Sitio Palbong is the CBFMA-PO. But its forest management initiatives are limited to tree planting. The PO also needs to update its CRMF, the document formulated by the community with the help of the PO, the DENR and LGU that defines the terms and procedures for the access, use, and protection of natural resources within the CBFMA (DAO 29-96). The local communities reported the continued cutting down of trees in the CBFMA area without a forest utilization permit or without apparent reference to a resource-use plan (PRA, Sitio Palbong). The CBFMA PO that is supposed to manage the CBFMA area has not been properly organized, according to some residents.

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forest management challenges and p o s s i b l e i n t e r v e n t i o n s This chapter presents the problems associated with the use of forest ecosystem and resources, and their impact on the remaining forests of Sablayan. Each problem or threat is described according to causes, effects and possible interventions. 7.1 Ranking of Threats Human activities which threaten the stability of forest ecosystem and resources, as well as the sustainable supply of these resources to meet human needs, are ranked according to the magnitude of their impact (Table 19) using the Threat Ranking Matrix. These threats were filtered from the integrated assessment of biophysical, socio-economic and management capacities of primary stakeholders in Sablayan, particularly in Brgys. Batong-buhay, Ligaya, Malisbong and Burgos. A field staff with expertise in science and research and community mobilization, a training specialist, and a team of scientists from Haribon participated in analyzing and ranking the threats faced by Mt. Siburan and other remaining forest areas in Sablayan. Among the high impact threats to the lowland forests of Sablayan are logging, firewood gathering and tenure-related issues. Possible interventions are identified for each problem or threat. These interventions are attempts to integrate forest management options in local governance. These are not, however, ranked according to priority. Table 19. Threat Ranking Matrix of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Logging/Timber collection (small-scale) Firewood collection Tenure-related issues Kaingin Gathering of Non-Timber Forest Product

I M P A C T O N F O R E S T Threatened Threatened Availability of Watershed Species Habitat Resources for Functions Local People 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

3 3 2 2

3 3 2 1

3 3 2 3

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Cutting of Natural 1 2 2 Growth Forest Hunting and Trapping 3 1 0 of Wildlife Electro-fishing+ “Tubli” 1 2 2 Charcoal-making 1 1 1 Impact Magnitude: 0-insignificant; 1-slight; 2-moderate; 3-Severe

2 2 0 1

7.2 Discussion of Threats 7.2.1 Logging/ Timber collection (small-scale) Although done on a small-scale, illegal logging or timber poaching remains a widespread practice in Mt. Siburan and other lowland forests in Sablayan. Many are conducted illegally or without permit from the DENR. Majority goes unreported. Although there are no big sawmills, small-scale “tistisan” are scattered all over the municipality. Unlicensed chainsaws abound. Most species are cut down, usually upon orders given through a middle person. To prevent detection, illegally cut logs are stored in private houses or hidden in inconspicuous places. When a large volume has already been gathered, small trucks or jeepneys collect and transport these. Most timber are used in Sablayan itself, but some are shipped out of the island as pre-cut lumber or as finished products (e.g., furniture). Forest destruction due to logging leads to the deterioration of watersheds. This, in turn, eventually affects the supply of water in Sablayan. Destruction of forests also leads to sedimentation of rivers and coastal waters, and degradation of coral reefs. Some local residents said the volume of fish and rate of fish catch have already decreased compared to 20 years ago. Possible Interventions: ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF in consultation with communities should identify the communities and specific areas where the illegal or unregulated collection of timber is most rampant, and strengthen law enforcement in these areas; ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF should review the effectiveness and soundness of current forest protection ordinances, implement laws and strictly monitor their enforcement, and designate personnel and assess their performance in forest patrol; ! Barangay and Municipal LGUs in coordination with CENRO should identify and establish a communal production forest area in every barangay to regulate the collection of timber and fuel wood, and thereby reduce pressure on the forests; ! LGU officials and CENRO personnel trained by Haribon on Rainforestation Farming Technology should help the communities in the use of this technology as an approach to restore degraded forest areas; ! CENRO should further enhance the capacity of the Bantay Gubat to protect the forests by conducting follow-up Paralegal Training Workshops and 68


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Forest and Biodiversity Monitoring. CENRO should also issue the deputation papers and develop an incentive program for community volunteers; ! CENRO should lead the organizing and training of a multi-sectoral forest protection team. SPPF and municipal and barangay LGUs should be part of this team; ! CENRO should conduct a purposive information and education campaign on forest and watershed conservation, particularly on the interrelatedness of different ecosystems. Local public school teachers should be encouraged to develop an education program on forest conservation and instill among students a strategic awareness about this; and ! CENRO and LGU should assist and train all barangays that depend on the forest resources of Mt. Siburan and other lowland forests in Sablayan in forest management development planning. CENRO should assist concerned local officials in incorporating the plan in their BDP and eventually in the MDP. 7.2.2 Firewood Collection Firewood collection is one of the activities of the SPPF prisoners and residents of nearby communities. This activity, though essential to the daily life of the people, has become a major threat to forest conservation because of the increasing number of those who engage in it. Dipterocarp species, such as the White Lauan and Apitong, are gathered for firewood. White Lauan is already critically endangered. Alarmingly, there are no existing local resolutions or ordinances to regulate firewood collection in forest areas. Possible Interventions: ! Barangay and municipal LGUs, in coordination with CENRO, should identify and establish a communal timber production area in every barangay to regulate the collection of timber and fuel wood from the forest and thereby reduce pressure on the forests; ! LGU officials and CENRO personnel trained by Haribon on Rainforestation Farming Technology should help the community in the use of this technology to reforest degraded forest areas; ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF should initiate forest management zoning in coordination and consultation with forest-edge barangays to identify the appropriate uses and management prescriptions for each zone. Multiple use and communal timber production areas outside of the forest should be identified and should allow for firewood collection. 7.2.3 Tenure-related Issues Mt. Siburan is within the jurisdiction of the DOJ-SPPF. At the same time, since this forest overlaps with a declared protected area, the F. B. Harrison Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, it is also within the jurisdiction of the DENR. Although the forest lies within the declared boundaries of the penal colony, the task of forest protection is not the mandate of SPPF. Similarly, the local gov69


ernment of Sablayan has not been actively involved in its protection and conservation since these responsibilities have not been devolved to them by the DENR. Despite the informal protection provided by the penal colony, it should not be a substitute for a more formal protection mechanism. A big portion of this game refuge as well as portions of Siburan Forest are being claimed by the Mangyan-Batangans as their ancestral domain. At the same time, the domain claim of these indigenous group overlaps with the declared CBFM areas in Sitio Palbong, Brgy. Batong-buhay. If these land use claims and rights are not resolved, insecurity of tenure will persist. This will lead to the further opening up of new land due to land scarcity. Eventually, this will result in the degradation of the remaining forests in Mt. Siburan and the deterioration of watershed functions. Getting support for forest conservation from stakeholders affected by tenurial issues is most difficult because of what they perceive to be their eventual displacement from the area. Possible Interventions: ! CENRO, SPPF, LGU and NCIP should conduct more studies on sustainable utilization and conservation of NTFPs; ! CENRO should assess the suitability of F. B. Harrison as a game sanctuary given the conflicting claims and land uses of the area; ! CENRO should conduct a purposive awareness and education campaign for the local communities on tenure rights, obligations and processes; ! NCIP should conduct an awareness and education activity for the IPs on IPRA, their rights, obligations and the processes involved, NIPAS Act, ecological cycle, and other relevant subjects. Lack of correct information has nurtured preconceived notions that lead to a misunderstanding of government initiatives and forest conservation programs. Spreading awareness of forest conservation through campaign materials may not be enough for the indigenous peoples. Other forms of getting the information conveyed to them must be explored, such as holding discussion forums on these topics. ! The DENR national office should help the CENRO, SPPF and LGU in addressing land tenure claims and related issues; and ! The SPPF should plant indigenous tree species in areas near Mongpong River and other riverbanks. 7.2.4 Kaingin The Mangyans and the migrant local communities have converted the remnant forests outside SPPF into agricultural lands through the kaingin or slashand-burn method of farming. The local communities had become more settled but the Mangyans still engage in kaingin as part of their traditional farming practice. While traditionally practiced on a sustainable level, kaingin has now become unsustainable due to resource competition and limited availability of land for crop rotation. Further, the Mangyans are forced to open up the forests 70


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because they have already mortgaged to the migrants what used to be their kaingin areas.

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In combination with logging, the expansion of kaingin by both the Mangyans and the lowlanders is regarded as the most serious direct reason for the continued clearing of the remaining lowland forests. Kaingin contributes to the deterioration of the watershed, the continued spread of non-productive grassland, the fragmentation of habitats and the decrease in populations of animals and plants for conservation and local use. (NORDECO-DENR, 1998) Possible Interventions: ! CENRO, SPPF, municipal LGU, barangay residents and IPs should identify and delineate the appropriate forest zones. This should be supported with land suitability assessments to determine which areas are most suitable for growing crops. ! Since kaingin is a means of survival for the indigenous peoples, the extent of this method of farming should be further studied. ! CENRO, LGU and NCIP should hold dialogues with indigenous peoples in developing a sustainable development and protection plan for ancestral domains. This should incorporate prescriptions for slash-and-burn farming. ! The NCIP should conduct an orientation with the indigenous peoples to explain to them the implications and repercussions of land mortgage, and their rights and obligations under the IPRA. 7.2.5 Gathering of NTFPs Rattan, yantok and buho gathering is a common activity of the prisoners and local communities at Yapang, Palbong and Malate. These NTFPs are harvested for domestic and commercial purposes. Mangyan groups gather NTFPs to augment their livelihood, selling mostly unprocessed rattan poles to local merchants. Handicraft made from rattan and vines are sold in increasing quantities (ESSC undated). The lack of information on the local population of commonly harvested species and low level of monitoring by concerned agencies have led local resource users to assume that they could get as much as they wanted to from the forests. The condition is made worse by the lack of proper zoning regimes and tenurial issues. Possible Interventions: ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF should conduct an inventory of priority NTFPs such as rattan, “yantok” and “buho,” which are important to local communities. This should be done after conducting an inventory of commonly used species and their conservation status and distribution; ! LGU in coordination with the CENRO and enterprise development groups in Sablayan should study other livelihood options such as agro-forestry, 71


rattan plantation, coconut plantation, etc.; ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF should engage the communities and IPs in forest management zoning in Mt. Siburan with clear guidelines and prescriptions on appropriate uses and activities per zone; ! CENRO, LGU and SPPF, in consultation with forest-fringe barangays and resource users, should establish open and close season for hunting and plant collection; and ! With Bantay Gubat and the SPPF, CENRO should closely monitor the level of rattan extraction in Mt. Siburan. 7.2.6 Cutting of natural growth forest in CBFM areas Insufficient awareness and education activities along with weak law enforcement and monitoring by concerned government agencies have led to the cutting down by CBFM holders of forest trees beyond the allowable volume and boundaries. The absence of a resource utilization plan has also led to unregulated cutting down of trees. CBFM holders have not undergone adequate preparation for them to understand their rights, obligations and processes involved in the CBFM. Thus, despite the noble intention of the CBFM, it has been the experience all over the Philippines that it was used only as a license to log the remaining natural forests. According to the locals, timber for domestic and commercial uses is sourced from the CBFM area. Worse, portions of the forests that had been opened up have not been reforested. Possible Interventions: ! DENR-Regional Office should re-orient CBFMA holders about their roles, responsibilities and processes involved in CBFM; ! CENRO should strengthen the capacity of the CBFM-POs in forest management; and ! The national office of the DENR should conduct spot checks in CBFMA areas in Sablayan to monitor the performance of the CENRO monitoring officer for CBFM. 7.2.7 Hunting and trapping of wildlife Hunting refers to the shooting and trapping of wildlife for food or income. Trophy hunters from outside the penal farm exert the greatest pressure on wildlife. Hunting is still practiced by the locals as evidenced by the presence of pagawangs or monkey traps. An SPPF prisoner said that in the mid-1980s, they would catch as many as 400 wild pigs and deer in one-year using snares locally known as balatik and dynamite pingpong. The Mangyans also engage in the traditional hunting of wild animals. Wildlife is hunted mainly for household consumption. In small quantities, it is also sold to other members of the community. Birds such as the Colasisi (Loriculus philippensis), the Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis) and the critically endangered Bleeding Heart (Gallicolumba platenae) are captured for pet trade. 72


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If hunting is not regulated, some species that are important sources of food for local communities will no longer be available in the future. Further, locals are not advised about which species should not be hunted because of their endemicity and declining population.

7

Possible Interventions: ! CENRO and LGU should come up with draft laws that would regulate hunting for subsistence and ban commercial hunting as well as hunting of threatened species. ! For common wildlife species, the DENR in consultation with the LGU and communities should set quotas for hunters, and declare an open and close season for hunting. ! CENRO and LGU should meet with hunters and forest-edge barangays to agree to regulate hunting. ! CENRO and LGU should conduct awareness and education activities on the conservation need of Mt. Siburan and other lowland forests in Sablayan, and the functions played by biodiversity species in these areas. The SPPF should do the same for the prisoners and employees who engage in hunting. Schools and the PTCA could serve as partners in environmental education activities. ! The DENR regional office should train the CENRO, LGU and SPPF in biodiversity monitoring and in building local people’s trust. 7.2.8 Electro-fishing Fish is the main source of protein for the poor migrants and indigenous peoples living in the area. Electro-fishing in major rivers in Sablayan, particularly those close to Mt. Siburan, has however reduced the supply of fish. Electrofishing not only kills big fishes but the smaller ones as well. If the practice continues, the food supply of the local population will be adversely affected in the future. Possible Interventions: ! Barangay LGU with support from the municipal LGU should issue ordinances to prohibit electro-fishing. ! CENRO should assist the forest-fringe barangays in organizing community groups or Task Force Bantay-Ilog in monitoring violations of the ban on electro-fishing. This effort should have a parallel support from the municipal LGU and SPPF. ! Barangay LGU with assistance from the Bureau of Fisheries should develop guidelines on appropriate fishing methods and materials. ! Creation of Task Force Bantay-ilog to monitor activities in the rivers and lakes. ! The national office of the DENR should conduct an assessment of rivers and lakes in Sablayan, particularly those close to Mt. Siburan.

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7.2.9 Charcoal-making To meet the commercial demand for charcoal, residents harvest trees like the Anapla, Albisia sp, Banaba and Apitong. Residents of Sitio Yapang, Brgy. Batong Buhay, are also engaged in charcoal production using Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Gmelina. Timber for charcoal usually comes from the lowland forests near Culasisi and Yapang. Charcoal is also used for domestic purposes. Even mangrove forests may eventually be lost if cutting is not regulated. Destroyed mangroves will, in turn, weaken breakwater protection and lead to loss of crustaceans and fishes, and sedimentation of coastal areas and coral reefs. Eventually, the fishing community of Sablayan will be deprived of food and income. Possible Interventions: ! CENRO, LGU, SPPF and local communities should cooperate and create to create guidelines and identify zones where resource use can be conducted in a sustainable way. Areas where residents can gather materials for charcoal can, for example, be identified. ! Barangay LGU should draft and enforce an ordinance regulating the harvesting of mangrove species with clear guidelines for obtaining permits. ! CENRO and LGU should organize an association of charcoal makers/ producers and assist them in rehabilitating mangrove areas and identify portions that can be allotted for sustainable use or harvesting. ! LGU should explore the use of alternative cooking methods.

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!

C

H A P T E R

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r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s In this chapter, Haribon Foundation puts together its recommendations for addressing the problems and threats confronting Mt. Siburan and the other remaining forests in Sablayan. These recommendations are especially meant for consideration by key institutions, communities and individuals with a stake in the forest management and sustainable development of Sablayan. The result of the threat analysis and ranking activity suggests urgent courses of action that must be taken by the different stakeholders to save Mt. Siburan and other lowland forests in Sablayan, including their biodiversity, from total destruction and loss. The following are believed to be the most strategic actions that can be taken considering the present bio-physical, socio-economic and political conditions as well as institutional arrangements in Sablayan: 8.1 Review of existing laws, policies and regulations to mitigate conflicts in the use of resources. A review and identification of complementary as well as conflicting provisions of the NIPAS Act, IPRA, Wildlife Act, Forestry Code and Fisheries Code should be done by concerned national agencies of the government. They should seek assistance from legal experts to provide guidance and enrich the process of harmonizing these laws in their application to local conditions. 8.2 Promote a co-management scheme in forest protection and conservation. Stakeholders in Sablayan should sit down and together lay down their expectations as well as define their respective roles in forest management. From here, they can develop a co-management scheme that will be acceptable to all major stakeholders. In this regard, the LGU, DENR and SPPF should initiate the activities leading to the development of a co-management scheme for forest protection. 8.3 Adopt land use and watershed planning and zoning. Using the results of the Haribon study in Mt. Siburan, the LGU, SPPF and CENRO could review the current-land use plan for Sablayan, and focus on delineating areas within the Mt. Siburan forests. The major zones to be considered for planning could include the following: a) a multiple-use zone for settlements and agricultural activities; b) a strict protection zone for critical habitats of wildlife and watershed areas; c) a restoration zone where the rainforestation 75


farming technology can be adopted; and d) a cultural-use zone where the ancestral domain of the IPs can be situated. The different local stakeholders, particularly those from the forest-edge barangays, should be guided in identifying the appropriate activities for each zone, taking into consideration the result of Haribon’s bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional capacity studies. The detailed zoning plan and the strategies for endemic species protection should provide the essential contents of the forest management plan for the barangays and the whole municipality. 8.4 Diversify livelihood options for local communities. The LGU should coordinate with groups that are developing entrepreneurial activities in Sablayan and in the province. These groups can provide assistance in identifying appropriate livelihood opportunities for the local communities that depend on forest resources. Assistance to the LGUs in accessing livelihood funds (through a co-financing scheme) should also be provided. Sustainable livelihood technologies that are compatible with local needs should be given priority by the LGU and SPPF. 8.5 Provide land security to the IPs and facilitate the development of a Sustainable Development and Protection Plan for their Ancestral Domain. As the government agency mandated to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, the NCIP should help the latter in processing their applications for ancestral domain claims. While the processing of the required documents is taking place, the NCIP can actively pursue an awareness and education campaign for the IPs regarding their rights and obligations based on the IPRA and other related laws. The IPs should also be assisted in developing their sustainable development and protection plan which should complement the conservation efforts for Mt. Siburan. Likewise, the IPs should be assisted in documenting, preserving and sharing their traditional culture and practices. 8.6 Sustain awareness and education activities. The CENRO should conduct more participatory and purposive communication activities in the forest-fringe barangays, SPPF and LGUs. These can be done by holding reflection sessions with local communities for the latter to assess their social responsibilities and perceived limitations in conserving their forest resource base. These should be supported with community-based interactions using the traditional kuwentuhan (story-telling) system or picture analysis to guide them in coming to a mutual understanding of forest protection. The campaign should culminate in the preparation of a forest management plan for each concerned barangay. The barangay officials and other influential persons in the community should be able to share the results of the forest management planning session with their constituents. At the municipal level, the CENRO should hold a sharing session with the SB, focusing on the conservation requirements for Mt. Siburan and its forest resources. A series of sharing 76


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sessions is expected to result in the formulation by the LGU of appropriate local ordinances and resolutions on issues affecting forest protection. For a more institutional communication strategy, the DepEd, local schools, and church organizations should be encouraged to perform a role in environmental education.

8 8.7 Conduct capacity-building activities. CENRO should be able to assist the LGUs in reviewing and enhancing their Municipal Comprehensive Land-Use Plan (MCLUP) by providing more updated information on appropriate land uses in areas within and around Mt. Siburan. Support should also be given by CENRO to the barangay and municipal LGUs in preparing zoning plans with clear guidelines and prescriptions on land uses. Other recommended training courses for both the LGU and SPPF are those on Rainforestation Farming Technology and establishment of nurseries. 8.8 Strengthen law enforcement and regulation. CENRO, LGUs and SPPF should review the effectiveness and soundness of current forest protection ordinances, implement stricter monitoring and law enforcement strategies, expand the Bantay Gubat, and designate and assess the performance of personnel who will be tasked to handle law enforcement and forest patrol. With assistance from the CENRO, the existing community forest protection group like the Bantay Gubat should be strengthened. In areas where electrofishing is still being practiced, the concerned barangay LGU should organize Bantay Ilog or Bantay Lawa. The DENR Regional Office should provide guidance to these groups in developing a system for volunteer selection and an incentive system for communities participating in forest protection or other mechanisms for sustaining participation and commitment. This strategy should be part of the co-management scheme for Mt. Siburan where the CENRO, SPPF, and LGUs work together in partnership with local communities to enhance enforcement activities in the locality. 8.9 Implement forest conservation and protection strategies. The CENRO, SPPF and LGU should promote Rainforestation Farming Technology in open and denuded areas in Mt. Siburan. They should identify potential and appropriate sites for rainforestation and communal forest production areas. They should also make sure that a system of funding would be worked out by the barangay and municipal LGUs. 8.10 Designate areas for tree plantations and woodlands for timber and charcoal sources. The municipal and barangay governments in coordination with the DENR should designate areas for timber plantation. Tree species to be planted should 77


include those that can be used for charcoal and other purposes that can provide additional income to the locals. 8.11 Restrictions on the expansion of agricultural and kaingin areas. The expansion of agricultural areas does not guarantee an increase in land productivity and profit. The local government in coordination with the local office of the DA should strictly delineate the protected forest areas to prevent encroachment. Meantime, these agencies should be able to identify alternative livelihood sources for the farmers and indigenous peoples who rely mainly on their agricultural produce. A more appropriate upland farming technology for the indigenous people should be carefully studied and considered in the formulation of the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP). 8.12 Promote eco-tourism in forest areas. The local government, local partners and barangay residents in coordination with Haribon and the local tourism office should discuss the crafting of an ecotourism program for Sablayan. This program should be community-based and be able to provide equitable benefits to the local residents while preserving the forest resources in the area. The program should also be in line with the management plan of the local policy- and decision-making body in the area.

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IIRR, LGSP, SANREM CRSP/Southeast Asia. 2001. Enhancing Participation in Local Governance: Experiences from the Philippines International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program and SANREM CRSP/Southeast Asia. Philippines. Leones, M.B. Perception Study and Communication Plan for Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Haribon-IFCLGP, (unpublished report) 2002. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2000 and 2001. Certified Statement of Income and Expenditures. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2000. Master Development and Revised Comprehensive Land Use Plans 2001–2010. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2001. Annual Investment Plan CY 2002. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2001. MPDO Accomplishment Report CY 2001. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2001. Organizational Charts and Duties and Functions of Local Government Offices. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2002. Medium-Term Development Plan 2002 – 2004. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Government Unit of Sablayan. 2002. Sangguniang Bayan Committees CY 2002. Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Mabberley, D.J. 1993. The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press. Madulid, D.A. 1995. A Pictorial Cyclopaedia of Philippine Ornamental Plants. Bookmark, Inc. Manila. 388 pp. Madulid, D.A. 2000. Philippine Plants. Endangered Plants. S.J. Banuta and B.S. Vergara, eds. Island Publishing House, Inc. Manila. 50 pp. Madulid, D.A. and F.J.M., Gaerlan. 1994. A Bibliography of Philippine Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology and Related Subjects. National Museum, Manila. 130 pp. Mallari, N.D., Tabaranza B.R. and M.J. Crosby. 2001. Key Conservation Sites in the Philippines. DENR and Bookmark, Inc., Manila. 82


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Manila Observatory. Environmental Research Division; Mindoro, Philippine Land Resource Map. Loyola Heights, Quezon City. 1995. Manila Observatory. Environmental Research Division: Philippine Culture and Ecosystems. Loyola Heights, Quezon City. 1998. Merrill, E.D. 1923-1926. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. 4 vols. Bureau of Printing, Manila. Mittermeier R.A. 1988. In Wilson, E.O. and Peter, eds. Biodiversity. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C. Municipal Planning and Development Office. Master Development and Revised Comprehensive Land Use Plans, 2001-2010. Municipality of Sablayan, Province of Mindoro Occidental. NAMRIA. 1950 NAMRIA Topographic Map Sheet no. 2517, 1947-53 Photographs by the U.S. Army (1:250,000). 1956. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, 1998. The Rules and Regulations Implementing The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997. Quezon City. National Integrated Protected Areas Program: Pamamaraan ng Pamamahala sa Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park. February 2001. National Statistics Office; Count Me in 2000. 2000. National Statistics Office; Census 1995. 1995. Office of the Congress. 1991. Republic Act No. 7160, the Local Government Code. Manila. Office of the President, 1954. Presidential Proclamation No. 72, Reserving the Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm of the Bureau of Prisons in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Malacañang, Manila. Office of the President, 1975. Presidential Decree No. 705, otherwise known as the “Revised Forestry Reform Code of the Philippines.” Malacañang, Manila. Office of the President, 1987. Executive Order No. 192, Reorganization Act of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Malacañang, Manila. Office of the President, 1995. Executive Order No. 263, Adopting Community-Based Forest Management as the strategy to ensure the sustainable development of 83


the country’s forestland resources and providing mechanisms for its implementation. Malacañang, Manila. Office of the President, 2000. Presidential Proclamation No. 292, Declaring Mt. Calavite Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, Paluan, Occidental Mindoro as a Protected Area. Malacañang, Manila. Oldfield, S., et al. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. IUCN – WCMC. Ong, P.S., L.E. Afuang, R.G. Rosell-Ambal (eds.) 2002. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities: A Second Iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Conservation International Philippines, Biodiversity Conservation Program – University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, and Foundation for the Philippine Environment, Quezon City, Philippines. Pancho, J.V. 1983. Vascular Flora of Mt. Makiling and Vicinity (Luzon: Philippines). Part 1. Kalikasan, Philippine Journal of Biology Supplement 1. PIIAS, PAGASA, and DOST, 1992. Climate of the Philippines. Provincial Planning and Development Office. Occidental Mindoro Provincial Profile. 1998. Stattersfield, A.J. et al. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. The Burlington Press Ltd., Cambridge. PIIAS, PAGASA, and DOST, 1992. Climate of the Philippines. Sablayan Municipal Planning and Development Office. Socio-Economic Profile Municipality of Sablayan. Province of Mindoro Occidental. 1998. Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long, and D.C. Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. The Burlington Press, Ltd., Cambridge. Sutherland, W.J., 2000. The Conservation Handbook: Research, Management, and Policy. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford. Tan, B.C., Fernando, E.S. and J.P. Rojo. 1986. An Updated List of Endangered Philippine Plants. Yushania 2(2): 1-5. Taylor, C.H. 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN – WCU. 84


REFERENCES

Technical Working Group of the Provincial Land Use Committee. Provincial Physical Framework Plan, 1993-2002. Province of Mindoro Occidental. Van Welzen, P.C., Katartika Ning Tyas, Eviyarni and F.J.M. Gaerlan. 1999. The Malesian species of Melanolepis (Euphorbiaceae). BLUMEA Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography 44(2): 437-446. Walpole, Peter. Upland Philippines Communities: Securing Cultural and Environmental Stability; Environment Research Division. Manila Observatory. Loyola Heights, Quezon City. 1994. Walter, K.S. and H. Gillet. 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. IUCN-WCU. Whitmore, T.C., Burnham, C.P., 1985. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Zamora, P.M. and L. Co. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. 2. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources – University of the Philippines. JMC Press, Inc., Manila.

85


86


CODE PH001 PH002 PH003 PH004 PH005 PH006 PH007 PH008 PH009 PH010 PH011 PH012 PH013 PH014 PH015 PH016 PH017 PH018 PH019 PH020 PH021 PH022 PH023 PH024 PH025 PH026 PH027 PH028 PH029 PH030 PH031 PH032 PH033 PH034 PH035 PH036 PH037 PH038 PH039 PH040 PH041 PH042 PH043 PH044 PH045 PH046 PH047 PH048 PH049 PH050

ANNEXES

Annex 1. Important Bird Areas of the Philippines. NAME Batanes Islands Protected Landscape and Seascape Kalbario - Patapat National Park Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park Mt. Pulag National Park Zambales Mountains Camp O’Donnel Candaba Swamp Bataan Natural Park and Subic Bay Forest Reserve Mariveles Mountains Manila Bay Mt. Palay-Palay - Mt. Mataas na Gulod National Park Buguey Wetlands Mt. Cagua Mt. Cetaceo Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Central Sierra Madre Mountains Maria Aurora Memorial Park Mt. Dingalan Angat Watershed Mt. Irid - Mt. Angilo Polillo Islands Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve UP Laguna Land Grants (Pakil and Real) Mt. Banahaw - San Cristobal National Park Quezon National Park Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay Lalaguna Marsh Ragay Gulf Mt. Labo Mt. Kulasi Mt. Isarog National Park Caramoan Peninsula Catanduanes Watershed Forest Reserve Bacon - Manito Bulusan Volcano National Park Central Marinduque Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary Puerto Galera Mt. Halcon Naujan Lake National Park Iglit and Baco Mountains Siburan Malpalon Bogbog, Bongabong and Mt. Hitding Mt. Hinunduang Apo Reef Marine Natural Park Calauit Island Busuanga Island Culion Island El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area 87


PH051 PH052 PH053 PH054 PH055 PH056 PH057 PH058 PH059 PH060 PH061 PH062 PH063 PH064 PH065 PH066 PH067 PH068 PH069 PH070 PH071 PH072 PH073 PH074 PH075 PH076 PH077 PH078 PH079 PH080 PH081 PH082 PH083 PH084 PH085 PH086 PH087 PH088 PH089 PH090 PH091 PH092 PH093 PH094 PH095 PH096 PH097 PH098 PH099 PH100 PH101 PH102 PH103 88

San Vicente - Taytay - Roxas Forests St. Paul’s Subterranean River National Park Victoria and Anapalan Ranges Mt. Mantalingajan Ursula Island Balabac Islands Tubbataha Reef Mt. Guiting-guiting Natural Park Balogo Watershed, Tablas Island Northwest Panay (Pandan Peninsula) Central Panay Mountains Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan Mt. Canlaon National Park Ban-ban Hinoba-an Cuernos de Negros Mt. Bandila-an Tabunan Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary Mactan, Kalawisan, Cansaga Bays Nug-as and Mt. Lantoy Mt. Kangbulagsing and Mt. Lanaya Mt. Cabalantian - Mt. Capotoan Complex Mt.Yacgun - Mt. Sohoton Complex Southern Samar Mountains Biliran and Maripipi Islands Anonang - Lobi Range Mt. Nacolod Calituban and Tahong-tahong Island Rajah Sikatuna National Park Mts. Kambinlio & Redondo Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape Mt. Hilong-hilong Mt. Diwata Range Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary Bislig Mt. Agtuuganon & Mt. Pasian Mt. Puting Bato - Kampalili - Mayo Complex Tumadgo Peak Camiguin Island Mt. Balatukan Mt. Kaluayan - Mt. Kinabalian Complex Mt. Tago Range Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park Kalatungan Mountains Munai/Tambo Lake Lanao Mt. Piagayungan Mt. Butig Mountains Mt. Sinaka Mt. Apo Natural Park Liguasan Mt. Daguma


Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape Mt. Busa - Kiamba Mt. Latian Complex Mt. Malindang National Park Mt. Dapiak - Mt. Paraya Mt. Sugarloaf Mt. Timolan Protected Landscape Lituban - Quipit Watersheds Pasonanca Natural Park Basilan National Biotic Area Mt. Dajo National Park Tawi-tawi Island Simunul and Manuk-Manka Islands Sibutu and Tumindao Islands

ANNEXES

PH104 PH105 PH106 PH107 PH108 PH109 PH110 PH111 PH112 PH113 PH114 PH115 PH116 PH117

89


Annex 2. List of Faunal Species in Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. A. Bird Species of Siburan, Occidental Mindoro Species

Common Name English Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Ardea Great-billed Heron sumatrana Egretta garzetta Little Egret Egretta alba Great Egret Butorides Little Heron striatus Gorsachius Malayan melanocephalus Night-Heron Butorides Little Heron striatus Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck’s Bittern Ixobrychus Cinnamon Bittern cinnamomeus Ixobrychus Yellow Bittern sinensis Dendrocygna Wandering arcuata Whistling Duck Anas luzonica Philippine Duck Aythya fuligula Pandion haliaetus Pernis ptilorhynchus Pernis celebensis Elanus caeruleus Haliastur indus Haliaeetus leucogaster Accipiter trivirgatus Butastur indicus Spilornis cheela Hieraaetus kienerii Spizaetus cirrhatus Spizaetus philippensis Microhierax erythrogenys Megapodius cumingii Gallus gallus 90

Mangyan Kulapay Tagak

Global Status Endemicity Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Tagak

Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Pato

Non-endemic

Pato

Philippine endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Tufted Duck Osprey Oriental Honeybuzzard Barred Honeybuzzard Black-shouldered Kite Brahminy Kite White-bellied Bulik-bulik Sea-Eagle Crested Goshawk

Non-endemic

Grey-faced Buzzard Crested Serpent Eagle Rufous-bellied Eagle

Non-endemic Non-endemic

Sirok

Vu

Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Non-endemic

Changeable Hawk-Eagle Philippine Hawk-Eagle Philippine Falconet

Non-endemic Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic

Tabon Scrubfowl Red Junglefowl

Conservation

Labuyo

Non-endemic

Vu


Non-endemic

ANNEXES

Turnix Barred Buttonquail suscitator Gallirallus Buff-banded Rail philippensis Gallirallus Slaty-breasted Rail striatus Gallirallus Barred Rail torquatus Porzana cinerea White-browed Crake Amaurornis Plain Bush-Hen olivaceus Amaurornis White-breasted phoenicurus Waterhen Rostratula Greater Painted–Snipe benghalensis Gallinula Common Moorhen chloropus Hydrophasianus Pheasant-tailed Jacana chirugus Charadrius Little Ringed Plover dubius Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Actitis hypoleuca Common Sandpiper Gallinago Swinhoe’s Snipe megala Treron vernans Pink-necked Green-Pigeon Treron Thick-billed curvirostra Green-Pigeon Treron Pompadour pompadora Green-Pigeon Phapitreron White-eared leucotis Brown-Dove Ptilinopus Yellow-breasted occipitalis Fruit-Dove Ducula carola Spotted Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula Pink-bellied poliocephala Imperial-Pigeon Ducula Mindoro mindorensis Imperial-Pigeon Columba Metallic Pigeon vitiensis Macropygia Reddish phasianella Cuckoo-Dove Streptopelia Red Turtle Dove tranquebarica Streptopelia Island Collared Dove bitorquata Streptopelia Spotted Dove chinensis

Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Takuyas

Non-endemic Philippine Endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Punay

Non-endemic

Kuru-kuruan Philippine endemic Manangis Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Tarubong Non-endemic Philippine endemic Mindoro endemic Non-endemic

Vu

nt Vu

Tigbao/ Non-endemic Manok-manok Bato-bato Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

91


Geopelia striata Chalcophaps indica Gallicolumba platenae Cacatua haematuropgyia Tanygnathus lucionensis Prioniturus discurus Loriculus philippensis Cuculus fugax Cacomantis variolosus Surniculus lugubris Eudynamys scolopacea Centropus steerii Centropus bengalensis Centropus viridis mindorensis Tyto capensis Otus mindorensis Ninox philippensis mindorensis Eurostopodus macrotis Caprimulgus manillensis Caprimulgus affinis Collocalia vanikorensis Collocalia esculenta Collocalia troglodytes Hirundapus celebensis Hemiprocne comata Eurystomus orientalis Alcedo atthis

92

Zebra Dove Common Emerald-Dove Mindoro Bleeding-heart Philippine Cockatoo

Banatad

Blue-naped Parrot

Pikoy

Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Colasisi

Kulit Kolasisi

Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo Brush Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo

Non-endemic Non-endemic Mindoro endemic Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic

nt

Non-endemic Non-endemic Kuhao

Non-endemic

Black-hooded Coucal Lesser Coucal

Kutkut

Mindoro endemic Non-endemic

Philippine Coucal

Tarukog

Philippine endemic

Grass Owl Mindoro Scops Burit Owl Philippine Hawk-Owl

Non-endemic Mindoro endemic Philippine endemic

Great Eared Nightjar Philippine Nightjar

Butyagao

Non-endemic

Savanna Nightjar

Dapa-dapa

Non-endemic

Island Swiftlet

Paypalis

Non-endemic

Glossy Swiftlet

Paypalis

Non-endemic

Pygmy Swiftlet

Paypalis

Purple Needletail

Ambulaoy

Philippine endemic Non-endemic

Non-endemic

Whiskered Treeswift

Common Kingfisher

CR


Common Koel

Dollarbird

CR

Non-endemic Salak


CR

nt


Non-endemic Takar

Non-endemic

Busaksak

Non-endemic

ANNEXES

Halcyon Stork-billed Kingfisher capensis Halcyon chloris White-collared Kingfisher Halcyon White-throated smyrnensis Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus Oriental Variable Kingfisher Ceyx sp. Merops Blue-tailed philippinus Bee-eater Merops viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater Penelopides Mindoro Tarictic panini Hornbill mindorensis Megalaima Coppersmith haemacephala Barbet Dendrocopus Philippine Pygmy maculatus Woodpecker Dryocopus White-bellied javensis Woodpecker Pitta Red-bellied Pitta erythrogaster Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Riparia Plain Martin paludicola Apus affinis House Swift Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundo striata Red-rumped Swallow Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Coracina Black-bibbed mindanensis Cuckoo-shrike Lalage Black-and-white melanoleuca Triller Lalage nigra Pied Triller Pericrocotus Ashy Minivet divaricatus Rhipidura Malaysian Fantail javanica Rhyacornis Luzon Waterbicolor Redstart Pycnonotus Yellow-vented goiavier Bulbul Hypsipetes Philippine Bulbul philippinus Dicrurus Balicassiao balicassius Oriolus Black-naped chinensis Oriole

Non-endemic Liplip

Non-endemic

Liplip

Non-endemic

Talusi

Mindoro endemic

Taluto

Non-endemic

Tarutot


Takunga

EN

Non-endemic Yuko

Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

Kulipi

Non-endemic Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic

nt

Non-endemic Takipat

Endemic

Tagburaka

Non-endemic

Buyot

Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic

Syawi Kilyawan

Vu

93


Corvus enca

Slender-billed Ugak Crow Corvus Large-billed Ugak macrorhynchos Crow Parus elegans Elegant Tit Taransik Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Monticola Blue Rock-Thrush solitarius Zoothera dauma Scaly Ground-Thrush Zoothera cinerea Ashy Ground Thrush Phylloscopus Arctic Warbler borealis Acrocephalus Oriental orientalis Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus Clamorous stentoreus Reed-Warbler Megalurus Striated Grassbird Takuriok palustris Megalurus Tawny Grassbird timoriensis Cisticola Zitting Cisticola juncidis Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola Muscicapa Grey-streaked griseisticta Flycatcher Eumyias Mountain panayensis Verditer-Flycatcher Cyornis Mangrove Blue rufigastra Flycatcher Terpisphone Rufous Paradise cinnamomea Flycatcher Hypothymis Black-naped azurea Monarch Pachycephala Green-backed Yabyabis albiventris Whistler Motacilla Grey Wagtail cinerea Motacilla Yellow Wagtail flava Anthus Richard’s Pipit novaeseelandiae Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit Artamus White-breasted Layang-layang leucorynchus Wood-Swallow Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Tarakasa Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Aplonis Asian Glossy Taraysa panayensis Starling Sarcops calvus Coleto Tukling Aethopyga shelleyi 94

Lovely Sunbird

Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Non-endemic Philippine endemic Philippine endemic

Vu


Lonchura leucogastra Lonchura puctulata Lonchura malacca

Purple-throated Sunbird Olive-backed Sunbird Striped Flowerpecker Bicoloured Flowerpecker Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker Pygmy Flowerpecker Eurasian Tree Sparrow White-bellied Munia Scaly-breasted Munia Chestnut Munia

Non-endemic Karangsit

ANNEXES

Nectarinia sperata Nectarinia jugularis Diceaum aeruginosum Dicaeum bicolor Diceaum trigonostigma Dicaeum retrocinctum Dicaeum pygmaeum Passer montanus

Non-endemic Endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic Mindoro endemic Philippine endemic Non-endemic

Maya

Non-endemic

Maya

Non-endemic

Maya

Non-endemic

Vu

95


B. Mammals of Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Site: Mt. Siburan, Sitio Malati, Brgy. Batong Buhay, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Coordinates: 4km2 Upper left N 12°49’48”, E120°55’48” Lower right N 12°48’36”, E120°57’00” Elevation: 100-420masl Distance from major landmarks: Adjacent to Sitio Malati Species Identified Acerodon jubatus Golden crowned flying fox

IUCN: Endangered CITES: Appendix II Not threatened

Non-endemic

Not threatened Not threatened IUCN: Endangered CITES: Appendix II

Cynopterus brachyotis Macroglossus minimus Ptenochirus jagori

Common short nosed fruit bat Lesser long-tongued fruit bat Musky fruit bat

Pteropus leucopterus

Mottle-winged flying fox

Pteropus vampyrus Rousettus amplexicaudatus Hipposideros bicolor Hipposideros diadema Rhinolophus philippinensis Murina cyclotis

Large flying fox

Philippine endemic Philippine endemic Lowland forest Non-endemic

Common rousette

Non-endemic

Not threatened

Bicolored roundleaf bat

Non-endemic

Unknown

Diadem roundleaf bat

Non-endemic

Not threatened

Enormous-eared horseshoe bat Round-eared tube-nosed bat Whiskered myotis Greater bamboo bat


IUCN: Near threatened Not threatened


Not threatened Unknown

Long tailed macaque

Non-endemic

Lowland striped shrew-rat

Philippine endemic

IUCN: Near threatened CITES: Appendix II Not threatened

Common palm civet

Non-endemic

Not threatened

Philippine warty pig

Philippine endemic Mindoro faunal region endemic

Vulnerable

Myotis muricola Tylonycteris robustula Macaca fascicularis Chrotomys mindorensis Rattus sp. Parodoxurus hermaphroditus Sus philipensis Bubalus mindorensis

96


Tamaraw

CITES: Appendix II

IUCN: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix I


Species Platymantis cf. dorsalis Platymantis cf. corrugatus Polypedates leucomystax Limnonectes acanthi Leptobrachium cf. hasselti Rhacophorus pardalis Platymantis sp. Rana vittigera Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

Common Name Common Forest Frog

Local (Mangyan) Name Punsay

Rough-backed Forest Frog

Ulpek

Common Tree Frog

Punsay

Giant Philippine Frog

Pika

Hasselt’s Toad

Pika

Gliding Tree Frog

Punsay

Taiwan Frog

Ulpek Pika Pika

ANNEXES

C. Amphibians of Mt. Siburan, Occidental Mindoro (Names and Classifications are based from Alcala (1998)) Ecological Status Endemic and Common Endemic and Uncommon Non-endemic and Common Endemic and Common Non-endemic and Uncommon Non-endemic and Uncommon Non-endemic Introduced

D. Reptiles of Mt. Siburan, Occidental Mindoro (Names and Classifications are based from Alcala (1986)) Species

Common Name Northern Triangle-spotted Snake Lined Slender Arboreal Snake Spotted-bellied Short-headed Snake Brahminy Blind Snake

Cyclocorus lineatus Dendrelaphis pictus Oligodon modestum Typhlops braminae Sphenomorphous Jagor’s Sphenomorphous jagori Sphenomorphous Black-sided steerei Sphenomorphous Mabuya Common Mabouya multifasciata Mabuya indeprensa Mabuya Two-striped Mabouya multicarinata Brachymeles Common Burrowing Skink boulengeri Varanus salvator Variable Malay Monitor Bronchoula cf. Cristatellus Indonesian Calotes Cyrtodactylus philippinicus Gecko gecko

Local (Mangyan) Name Alipupu

Ecological Status Endemic and Common Common

Ukto

Endemic and Common All over the Philippines Endemic and Common Endemic and Common Common

Ulaydia Baybaluk Baybaluk Tagali Tagali Tagali

Endemic and Common Common Apungapong

Philippine Bent-toed gecko Tukipadaw Narrow-disked gecko

Common

Tuki

Throughout the Philippines Endemic and Common Common 97


Annex 3. Floral Species of Mt. Siburan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro. Local Name Putian Kolitis Baransay Daligan (Dao) Amugis Paho Kuramo Ligas Daromon Pulwasay Guta (Dita) Malasog Albotbot Pungapong Pungapong Amotos Bingriw Tamalo Dadabang Kuramo Kalumpit Sakot Talisay Bungarngar Urat Binuang Katmon Lauan Malium Kamagong Pasi Talisay Palbong Manambulo Animra Dilawan Tiposo Alom Anislaw Kurimas Bago

98

Scientific Name Alangium javanicum (Bl.) Wang var jaheri Bloem. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Buchanania arborescens (Bl.) Bl. Dracontomelon dao (Blco.) Merr. & Rolfe Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blco.) Merr. Mangifera altissima Blco. Parishia malabog Merr. Semecarpus longifolius Bl. Miliusa vidalii J. Sincl. Sageraea glabra Merr. Alstonia sp. Alstonia sp. Voacanga sp. Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl ex Decne Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu Pothos hermaphroditus (Blco.) Merr. Polycias nodosa (Bl.) Seem Schefflera sp. Canarium hirsutum Willd. Terminalia calamansanai (Blco.) Rolfe. Terminalia calamansanai (Blco.) Rolfe. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Scleria levis Retz. Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe

Diospyrus discolor Willd. Elaeocarpus cumingii Turcz. Elaeocarpus monocera Cav. Acalypha sp. Claoxylon ellipticum Merr. Endospermum peltatum Merr. Macaranga grandiflora (Blco.) Merr. Mallotus sp. Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw.) Reichb f & Zoll. Securinega flexousa Muell.-Arg. Mallotus floribundus (Bl.) Muell.-Arg. Gnetum gemon L.

Family ALANGIACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANNONACEAE ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE APOCYNACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE BURSERACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMPOSITAE CYPERACEAE DATISCACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE GNETACEAE


Bukbuko Kogon Talahib Bagakay Bolo Bugang Gitong Biaksilay Piri Kamatas Potat Toog Anapla Sibalao Balugo Badloko Bugi Aganop Kulangya Banaba Banban Pulwasay Igay Pulaw Tipolo Albakwan Altikboy Alumit Balite Barokan Kayakdo Busoyen Tagudalok Lagwan Bulaksiong Altimo Anuling Budok / Irok Lagnit Liwaken Pugahan Palwon Olango Kuriga

Dinochloa scandens ( Bl ex Nees) Kuntze Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Imperata conferta (J.S. Presl) Ohwi Saccharum spontaneum L. Schizostachyum lima (Blco.) Merr. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blco.) Merr. Setaria palmifolia (koen.) Stapf. Cratoxylon sp. Garcinia vidalii Merr. Beilschmedia cairocan Vid. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn ssp acutangula Bischofia javanica Bl. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth. Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Strongylodon macrobotrys Strongylodon macrobotrys Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Donax cannaeformis (Forst f.) K Schum Chisocheton sp. Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC. Melia azedarach L. Artocarpus blancoi (Elm.) Merr. Ficus botryocarpa Miq var botryocarpa Ficus septica Burm f var septica Ficus sp. Ficus sp. Ficus sp. Ficus sp. Ficus sp.

GRAMINAE

ANNEXES

Balkawi

GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GRAMINAE GUTTIFERAE GUTTIFERAE LAURACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE LYTHRACEAE MARANTHACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE

MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE Myristica philippensis Lamk MYRISTICACEAE Syzygium sp. MYRTACEAE Syzygium luzonense (Merr.) Merr. MYRTRACEAE Pisonia umbellifera (Forst.) voy Seem. NYCTAGINACEAE Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. PALMAE Calamus merrillii Becc. PALMAE Calamus sp. PALMAE Caryota cumingii Lodd ex Mart PALMAE Caryota sp. PALMAE Pandanus copelandii Merr. PANDANACEAE Ziziphus trinervia (Cav.) Poir. RHAMNACEAE Gardenia merrillii Elm. RUBIACEAE 99


Barubada Kurtingan Palbabuyen Ambaroy Pansarang Altoko Kalaksang Kibang Panaitan Pulagar Malugay Balkato Bakawan Alakaak Taluto Kuratingan Alakaak Banilad Magtabayag Bangalad Gulgoy / Lipa Talapa Kurimas Maymali Bagonggong Rapak Algupit Alpanga Altigbak Anglo Gotong Malimbawon Pinuan Pulos Ransi Tibang Tigkedon

100

Hypobathrum racemosum (Roxb.) Kurz Ixora sp. Ludekia bernadoi (Merr.) Ridsd. Mussaenda sp. Neonauclea bartlingii (DC.) Merr. Neonauclea cordatula Merr. Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) F-Vill. Guettarda speciosa L. Lunasia amara L. Guioa Pometia pinnata J.R. & G. Forst. Trigonachras cultrata (Turcz.) Radlk. Palaquium barnesii Merr. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blco.) Merr. Pterospermum obliquum Blco. Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Grewia eriocarpa Juss. Dendrocnide meyeniana (Walp.) Chew forma meyeniana Premna obtusifolia R.Br. Leea guineensis G. Don Alpinia brevilabris Presl indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet. indet.

RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE STERCULIACEAE STERCULIACEAE STERCULIACEAE STERCULIACEAE STERCULIACEAE TILIACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE VERBENACEAE VITACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE

Butil Palay Mais Mongo

PangKonsumo 3 2 2

Pambenta

Presyo

5

3

Mababa ang Puhunan

DiMatrabaho

Seasonalities J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

5 5 green; gold – 18/k

3

5 binhi – 82 abono - 42 5

3

5

5

A

A

3

LP

LP

T

A

A

4

LP LP

T

A

A

A

3 2

TLP A

A

A

A

5

Gulay Sitaw

2

5 local

2

Talong

3

5

3

Ampalaya Kalabasa

2 3

5 5

4 4

2 binhi spray 3 abono spray 3 2

Kamatis

4

5

2

3

Rootcrops Camote

4

5

4 P80-balde 15/kl

5 5

1 2 pagod lanG talbos – P3

LP LP T T

T

A

T TLP TLP A

A

T

A

O A

N A

A

D A LP

LP

A

T

A

LP

A LPT

A

A

101

ANNEXES

Variables


Annex 4a. Livelihood Matrix on Agriculture Barangay Batong Buhay Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

102

Camoteng Kahoy Mani Gabi Ubi

2

5

4

1

2

LPT

2 2 2

5 3 3

5 3 3

4 1 1

3 2 2

LPT LPT LPT

5 5 (big) 5

5 1 3

1 1 3

1

2 5 3 5

2 2

1 1

1 1

2

5

5

4

4 5 2 3

5 3 4 4

5 5 2 3

2 5 1 1

Bungang Kahoy Saging 3 Bayabas 1 Mangga 4 kinalabaw – P50/kl Siniguelas 4 Papaya 4 P10/pc

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

LPT A

Whole year ang ani A

A LPT A

A LPT LPT

Whole year ang ani


Hayop Kalabaw Pangtrabaho sa bukid Baka 1 Baboy 2 Manok 3 Kambing 1

A

A

Pang-Gamit sa Bahay

Timber 1. Guijo 2. Lawaan 3. Narra 4. Anapla 5. Banaba 6. Malugay 7. Bangkal 8. Binunga 9. Kalantas 10. Mulawin Non-Timber 1. Rattan 2. Buho 3. Kawayan 4. Bagto 5. Orchids 6. Cogon 7. Buli 8. Sabnit 9. Bago 10. Makabuhay

5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 4 5 5 5

PangDekorasyon

5 5 2

5 3 5 5 4 5

5 5 5 5 5

5

Mababa ang Puhunan

Pambenta

DiSeasonalities Matrabaho J F M

1 2 1 5 5 3 5 5 1 1

5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 5 5

1 1 1 4 4 4 5 5 1 1

2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 4 1

1 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

A

M

J

J

A

S

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

O

N

D

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

103

ANNEXES

Variables


Annex 4b. Livelihood Matrix on Forestry and Fisheries in Selected Communities in Sablayan. Barangay Batong Buhay Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

104

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 3

3 2 4 1 5 1

5 5 5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5 5 5 5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5 5

5 5

5

5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5

5 5 5

5 5 5

5

5

5

5

Freshwater 1. Karpa 2. Tilapia 3. Hito 4. Taiwan 5. Dalag 6. Hipon 7. Banak 8. Suso 9. Ige 10. Igat

5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5

4 4 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 2

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5


Hayop 1. Baboy-Damo5 2. Bayawak 5 3. Unggoy 5 4. Patong5 Gubat 5. Tikling 5 6. Labuyo 5 7. Koro-Koro 5 8. Punay 5 9. Palaka 5 10. Balud 5

PangKonsumo

Pambenta

Presyo

Mababa ang Puhunan

DiSeasonalities Matrabaho J F M

A

M

J

Butil Palay Mais Mongo

1 1 1

5 5 5

1 1 5

1 2 3

1 1 3

Gulay Sitaw Kalabasa Talong

1 1 1

5 5 5

4 1 1

4 4 4

3 3 3

Ampalaya Patola

1 2

5 2

1 3

4 5

2 5

LPT LPT

2 2

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

LPT LPT LPT LPT

1 1 1

3 5 4

4 3

3 4

5 5

LPT LPT LPT LPT LPT LPT

4 5 3 1 5

4 5 2 1 5

5 4 5 5 1

5 4 5 5 1

Rootcrops Camote Camoteng Kahoy Gabi Mani Ubi

Bungang Kahoy Saging 1 Mangga 1 Papaya 1 Atis 1 Pakwan 2

DLP LP LP T

T

T A

LPT LPT

J

A

S

O

T

T

A

A

N

D

A A

A

LP T T LPT LPT LPT LPT A

A A A A A All season ay may nagtatanim A A A

A A A

A

A A

LPT LPT LPT LPT LPT A

LPT LPT 3 months ani na

A A

A LP

T

105

ANNEXES

Variables


Annex 4c. Livelihood Matrix on Agriculture Barangay Malisbong, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro

106

Annex 4d. Livelihood Matrix on Forestry and Fisheries Barangay Malisbong, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Variables

Pang-Gamit sa Bahay

Timber 11. Narra 12. Guijo 13. Kamagong 14. Dao 15. Kalantas 16. Ana-anapla 17. Ipil-Ipil 18. Lawaan 19. Binunga 20. Bangkal

Mababa ang Pambenta Puhunan

DiMatrabaho

Seasonalities J F M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

5 5 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 4

5 3 4 3 5 2 3 3 2 3

5 4 5 3 4 3 4 2 2 2

3 3 2 4 5 3 4 4 3 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 5 5 5 3 2 1 5 3 5

4 3 4 3 5 5 5 1 4 3

4 4 4 2 3 3 3 5 2 2

5 5 5 2 3 5 5 5 3 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5

3 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 5 5

3 1 1 5 5 5 5 2 5 5

3 1 1 5 5 5 5 2 5 5

3 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5

2 2 2 5 5 5 5 1 5 5

2 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5

3 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5


Non-Timber 11. Buho 12. Cogon 13. Kawayan 14. Buli 15.Yantok 16. Baging 17. Orchids 18. Pulot 19. Anahaw 20. Herbal Plants

PangDekorasyon

3

1

5

4

1

2

2

2

2

3

3

4

4

4

3

3

3

3 2 3

3 2 1

5 2 2

5 2 2

1 2 2

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

3 2 4

4 2 5

3 2 4

4 2 4

3 2 3

3 2 2

3 2 2

3 2 2

3 3 3 5 2 2

1 1 1 5 2 1

1 1 4 4 2 1

2 1 2 5 3 1

2 3 1 1 1 1

3 3 2 3 2 2

3 3 2 3 2 2

3 4 2 3 2 4

3 4 2 3 2 4

2 3 2 3 2 4

2 4 2 3 2 4

2 2 2 3 2 4

2 2 3 3 2 2

2 2 3 3 2 2

2 2 2 3 2 2

2 2 2 3 2 2

2 2 2 3 2 2

1 1 1 1 1

2 3 3 3 2

3 2 2 3 2

3 1 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 2 3

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2

107

ANNEXES

Pangisdaan sa Gubat 11. Suso 4 12. Dalag 3 13. Igat 3 14. Hipon 3 15. Talangka 3


Hayop 11. BaboyDamo 12. Usa 13. Unggoy 14. PatongGubat 15. Bayawak 16. Bato-bato 17. Punay 18. Koro-Koro 19. Kilyawan 20. Paniki


108


109


Haribon Foundation

BirdLife International

European Commission

Royal Netherlands Embassy

110