Nov 6, 2013 ... Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is ... Class 3: Effort in the middle: the
resistance .... Scioly.org student forums / wiki / test exchange.
Simple Machines (B) Michigan State Coaches Clinic Dec 7, 2013 David Hein
[email protected]
1
Simple Machines Rules ! Team of 2 ! No Eye Protection Required ! Device must be impounded ! Part 1 (Written Test) ! ! ! ! !
50% of score SI Units Simple Machine Concepts Simple Machine Calculations Simple Machine History
! Part 2 (Device Testing) ! !
One known and one unknown mass (50-‐1200g each) 5:1 (Reg), 7:1 (State), 9:1 (Nat)
! Only five types of machines ! ! ! !
!
Levers (all three classes) Inclined Wedge Wedge Pulley (up to two double pulleys) Wheel and Axle
! Prohibited topics ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Compound machines Dynamic Calculations Material Strengths Potential/Kinetic Energy Coefficient of Friction Screw Simple Machines Angle of Repose
What to Include in your Binder ! 1 Page Cheat Sheet – Quick reference ! Units and constants ! Conversion constants ! g, …
! Detailed sections ! ! ! ! !
Simple machines Calculation and calculation examples Mechanical Advantage History Reference ….
! Definitions and terminology
3
Scoring Final Score = ES + TS + MS 100 pts maximum 1.
ES (Exam Score): 50 pts max
2.
TS (Time Score): 20 pts max = ((240 -‐ part 2 time) / 240) x 20 pts.
3.
MS (Mass Score): 30 pts max = (1-‐(abs (AM -‐ CV) / AM)) x 30 pts. Where: ! AM = actual mass of unknown mass ! CV = calculated mass of unknown mass.
Scoring is the same for both events. High Score Wins! 4
Penalties TS = 0 and MS = 0 for the any of the following: ! No Device impounded ! Device does not meet construction specs (will not be tested) ! Team does not make an honest attempt to use the Device to determine the unknown mass Bottom line – impound your device, make sure your device meets the rules, and know how to use it 5
! Lever
Basics of Simple Machines
! Inclined Plane ! Wheel and Axle ! Wedge ! Pulley ! Screw, not included in Simple Machines (B)
6
Mechanical Advantage ! A simple machine has an applied force (or effort) that works against a load force. ! If there are no friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force. ! This allows an increase in the output force at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load. ! The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the machine.
7
Efficiency ! Machines lose energy through friction, deformation and wear, which is dissipated as heat. ! This means the power out of the machine is less than power in. ! The ratio of power out to power in is the efficiency η of the machine, and is a measure of the energy losses.
8
What is an Inclined Plane? ! An inclined plane is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load ! Can include static friction or be frictionless for either event
9
What is a Lever? ! A lever is a machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum ! The word comes from the French lever, "to raise", cf. a levant. ! A lever takes an input force and provides an output force. ! The ratio of the output force to the input force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever.
10
What is a Wedge? ! A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, a compound and portable inclined plane, and one of the six classical simple machines. ! It can be used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in place. ! It functions by converting a force applied to its blunt end into forces perpendicular (normal) to its inclined surfaces.
11
Classes of Levers !
Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance on the other side !
!
Class 2: Resistance in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side. !
!
A crowbar or a pair of scissors.
A wheelbarrow, a nutcracker, a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a car. Mechanical advantage is greater than 1.
Class 3: Effort in the middle: the resistance is on one side of the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side !
A pair of tweezers or the human mandible. Mechanical advantage is less than 1.
12
What is a pulley? ! A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt along its circumference. ! Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. ! Also called a block, sheave, or drum and may have a groove between two flanges around its circumference. ! The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.
13
Pulleys linked by a circular chain or belt
! Below is a pulley and belt system, which operates like a Wheel and Axle, but is classified a pulley system ! Pulleys have different axles ! Motion is circular/angular not linear ! The IMA is dependent upon the ratio of the wheels/pulleys versus the number of lines connecting ! One wheel/pulley is the driver and one is the driven
14
What is a Wheel and Axle
! Wheel and Axle is a simple machine that is generally considered to be a wheel attached to an axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other.
! The IMA is caused by the difference in radius between the wheel and axle ! Either the Wheel or Axle may be the driving force 15
Gears are also a Wheel and Axle type of machine ! A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque ! Usually the teeth on the one gear of identical shape, and often also with that shape (or just width) on the other gear. ! Two or more gears working in tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. 16
What is a Screw? ! A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force ! Last simple machine invented, appeared first in ancient Greece ! It can be seen that the mechanical advantage of a screw depends on its lead, Pitch and diameter ! The smaller the distance between its threads, the larger the IMA ! However most actual screws have large amounts of friction
Caution One big area of misinformation is identifying machine types. Appearances can be deceiving! ! Just because it looks like a lever doesn t mean it is a lever ! A wheel on an axle (free to rotate) does not mean it is a wheel and axle ! All round things with teeth are not gears To identify the machine – look at the function! ! What are the input and output? ! Where are the characteristic parts? ! What are the motions of the input and output? One part may be part of two machines. For example: The bicycle sprocket and pedals form a wheel & axle while the sprocket, along with the chain and rear sprocket, are part of a belt & pulleys 18
Part 2 -‐ Device 19
Part 2: Device Testing ! The objective is to quickly determine an unknown mass using a known mass and a prebuilt lever device. ! The Event Supervisor will provide a known and unknown mass and reveal the value of the known mass. ! The students will use their device to determine the unknown mass 20
B Device Concept
M2
M1
• Class 1 Lever with 100 cm max beam length • Must fit inside 100cm x 100 cm x 50 cm box along with all tools and supplies 21
Device Specifications ! The device must be constructed to accommodate the masses. This means be able to attach the test masses to the device and the device being strong/stiff enough to handle the loads. ! Masses will range from 50.0g to 1200.0g ! Maximum mass ratios are: B Division C Division
(Region / State / National) 5:1 / 7:1 / 9:1 12:1 / 16:1 / 20:1 22
Strategic Challenges ! What is your strategy? ! How will you use your device? ! Will you design the device so that it can be used at Region, State, and National levels or optimize for each level? ! Will you place one of the masses in the same place each time and move the other to balance? ! Will you trade accuracy for time? ! How will you optimize your machine for different mass ratios?
23
Scoring Example Team Scores Team Time (Sec) 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 120 120 120 120 240
Percent Error in weight measurement 1% 5% 20% 30% 1% 5% 20% 30% 1% 5% 20% 30% 0%
Total Device Score 47.2 46 41.5 38.5 44.7 43.5 39 36 39.7 38.5 34 31 30
Suggestions for Devices ! Make sure your device is strong and stiff enough to handle the maximum weights allowed. ! Make sure the masses will not bottom out on any portion of the device or table it sits upon. (see rules for mass specifications) ! Make sure the device will not tip over no matter where the masses are positioned ! Balance your device so that it is in static equilibrium before the test masses are added. ! Consider incorporating a measurement scale on the input / output arms to measure distance from the fulcrum. ! Make sure you know how to use your device to weigh the unknown mass . Mass could be heavier, equal or lighter 25
Check Rules Clarifications !
11/06/2013 -‐ 11:51 Does the Device need to be in assembled, (ready to use condition) when it is determined if it, along with any tools and/or supplies, fits in the 100 x 100 x 50.0 cm box? Or is it permitted to be partially disassembled (such as removing the levers)...It only needs to fit into the box at impound, however note that there isn't any explicit time stated in the rules to allow for assembly, thus it will be up to individual event supervisors as to whether time is given to all teams, or if a team must assemble during their part 2 testing time.
!
11/06/2013 -‐ 11:42 Can a computer be used as a tool for the device testing portion of the event? No. Computers/tablets/etc generally aren't allowed in Science Olympiad events unless explicitly permitted in the specific event rules, since they can potentially violate multiple general rules.
!
11/06/2013 -‐ 12:01 Do students need to impound their reference material secured in a 3-‐ring binder? No, only the device, tools, and supplies must be impounded. Reference materials, writing utensils, and calculators do not need to be impounded.
!
10/31/2013 -‐ 20:21 Under the catagory of "Wheel& Axle", are "Belt & Pulleys" included? Yes, Belt and Pulleys are included as part of the Pulley simple machine type for both Simple Machines and Complex Machines.
!
10/31/2013 -‐ 20:23 Under the catagory of "Wheel & Axle", are "Gear Systems" included? Yes
Team Check List
Suggested References ! Websites: • • • •
Soinc.org Simple Machines/ Complex Machines Event pages Scioly.org student forums / wiki / test exchange Wikipedia (Simple Machines, Levers, Pulleys, etc.) http://www.khanacademy.org/#Physics
!
Khan Academy Tutorial on Mechanical Advantage
!
Museum of Science and Industry Simple Machines online game
!
SEDL Simple Machines Online Textbook
!
Department of Navy -‐ Basic Machines Textbook
28
Other Resources Science Olympiad Event pages: ! http://www.soinc.org/simple_machines_b ! http://www.soinc.org/compound_machines_c Science Olympiad Student Center: ! http://www.scioly.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=167&t=4975 School for Champions: ! http://www.school-‐for-‐champions.com/machines/ simple_machines.htm ! http://www.school-‐for-‐champions.com/machines.htm Wikipedia: ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_plane ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear Hyperphysics: ! http://hyperphysics.phy-‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/lever.html ! http://hyperphysics.phy-‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mechanics/incline.html TechnologyStudents.com: ! http://www.technologystudent.com/forcmom/forcedex.htm ! http://www.technologystudent.com/gears1/geardex1.htm 29