Single-Phase Power Transformers

16 downloads 224812 Views 3MB Size Report
Power transformers are one of the most commonly used electrical components. ... power transformers can either be used as step-up transformers or step-down.
 

 Electricity and New Energy

Single-Phase Power Transformers Courseware Sample 86377-F0 



  

2UGHUQR  )LUVW(GLWLRQ 5HYLVLRQOHYHO  %\WKHVWDIIRI)HVWR'LGDFWLF ‹)HVWR'LGDFWLF/WpH/WG4XHEHF&DQDGD ,QWHUQHWZZZIHVWRGLGDFWLFFRP HPDLOGLG#GHIHVWRFRP 3ULQWHGLQ&DQDGD $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG ,6%1 3ULQWHGYHUVLRQ  ,6%1 &'520  /HJDO'HSRVLW±%LEOLRWKqTXHHW$UFKLYHVQDWLRQDOHVGX4XpEHF /HJDO'HSRVLW±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



Safety and Common Symbols 7KH IROORZLQJ VDIHW\ DQG FRPPRQV\PEROV PD\ EH XVHG LQ WKLV PDQXDODQGRQ WKHHTXLSPHQW 6\PERO

'HVFULSWLRQ '$1*(5LQGLFDWHVDKD]DUGZLWKDKLJKOHYHORIULVNZKLFKLIQRW  DYRLGHGZLOOUHVXOWLQGHDWKRUVHULRXVLQMXU\ :$51,1*LQGLFDWHVDKD]DUGZLWKDPHGLXPOHYHORIULVNZKLFK  LIQRWDYRLGHGFRXOGUHVXOWLQGHDWKRUVHULRXVLQMXU\ &$87,21LQGLFDWHVDKD]DUGZLWKDORZOHYHORIULVNZKLFKLIQRW  DYRLGHGFRXOGUHVXOWLQPLQRURUPRGHUDWHLQMXU\ &$87,21XVHGZLWKRXWWKHCaution, risk of dangerVLJQ  LQGLFDWHVDKD]DUGZLWKDSRWHQWLDOO\KD]DUGRXVVLWXDWLRQZKLFK  LIQRWDYRLGHGPD\UHVXOWLQSURSHUW\GDPDJH













&DXWLRQKRWVXUIDFH

&DXWLRQULVNRIGDQJHU

&DXWLRQOLIWLQJKD]DUG

&DXWLRQKDQGHQWDQJOHPHQWKD]DUG

1RWLFHQRQLRQL]LQJUDGLDWLRQ



'LUHFWFXUUHQW



$OWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQW



%RWKGLUHFWDQGDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQW





© Festo Didactic 86377-10

&DXWLRQULVNRIHOHFWULFVKRFN

7KUHHSKDVHDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQW

(DUWK JURXQG WHUPLQDO

III

Safety and Common Symbols 6\PERO





'HVFULSWLRQ 3URWHFWLYHFRQGXFWRUWHUPLQDO

)UDPHRUFKDVVLVWHUPLQDO

(TXLSRWHQWLDOLW\



2Q VXSSO\ 





2II VXSSO\ 



(TXLSPHQWSURWHFWHGWKURXJKRXWE\GRXEOHLQVXODWLRQRU UHLQIRUFHGLQVXODWLRQ



,QSRVLWLRQRIDELVWDEOHSXVKFRQWURO



2XWSRVLWLRQRIDELVWDEOHSXVKFRQWURO



IV

© Festo Didactic 86377-10



Table of Contents 3UHIDFH,; $ERXW7KLV0DQXDO;, 7RWKH,QVWUXFWRU;,,, ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6LQJOH3KDVH3RZHU7UDQVIRUPHUV ',6&866,212))81'$0(17$/6 ,QWURGXFWLRQWRVLQJOHSKDVHSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUV ([HUFLVH

9ROWDJHDQG&XUUHQW5DWLRV ',6&866,21 7UDQVIRUPHUYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWUDWLRV 6WHSXSDQGVWHSGRZQWUDQVIRUPHUV 'HWHUPLQLQJWKHYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWUDWLRVRID WUDQVIRUPHU 352&('85( 6HWXSDQGFRQQHFWLRQV 3ULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ZLQGLQJVRIWKH7UDQVIRUPHU PRGXOH (OHFWULFDOLVRODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ ZLQGLQJV 9ROWDJHLQGXFWLRQDFURVVWKHZLQGLQJVRIDWUDQVIRUPHU 6WHSXSWUDQVIRUPHU 6WHSGRZQWUDQVIRUPHU 237,21$/ 

([HUFLVH

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

© Festo Didactic 86377-10

V

Table of Contents ([HUFLVH

7UDQVIRUPHU/RVVHV(IILFLHQF\DQG5HJXODWLRQ ',6&866,21 7UDQVIRUPHUORVVHV 7UDQVIRUPHUHIILFLHQF\ 7UDQVIRUPHUYROWDJHUHJXODWLRQ 352&('85( 6HWXSDQGFRQQHFWLRQV 7UDQVIRUPHUQRORDGRSHUDWLRQ 7UDQVIRUPHUSRZHUORVVHVHIILFLHQF\DQGYROWDJH UHJXODWLRQ

([HUFLVH

7UDQVIRUPHU5DWLQJ ',6&866,21 7UDQVIRUPHUUDWLQJ 'HWHUPLQLQJWKHFXUUHQWUDWLQJRIDWUDQVIRUPHUZLQGLQJ 7UDQVIRUPHUVDWXUDWLRQ 'HWHUPLQLQJWKHYROWDJHUDWLQJRIDWUDQVIRUPHUZLQGLQJ 352&('85( 6HWXSDQGFRQQHFWLRQV 7UDQVIRUPHUVDWXUDWLRQ 6DWXUDWLRQFXUYHRIDSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHU 9ROWDJHUDWLQJRIWUDQVIRUPHUZLQGLQJVDQGWUDQVIRUPHU SRZHUUDWLQJ (IIHFWRIWUDQVIRUPHUQRPLQDOYROWDJHRQWKHSRZHUORVVHV DQGHIILFLHQF\ 7UDQVIRUPHURSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH

([HUFLVH

(IIHFWRI)UHTXHQF\RQ7UDQVIRUPHU5DWLQJ ',6&866,21 7UDQVIRUPHUVDWXUDWLRQYHUVXVIUHTXHQF\ 7UDQVIRUPHUUDWLQJYHUVXVIUHTXHQF\ 352&('85( 6HWXSDQGFRQQHFWLRQV 7UDQVIRUPHURSHUDWLRQDWDIUHTXHQF\RI+] (IIHFWRIIUHTXHQF\RQWUDQVIRUPHUVDWXUDWLRQ 6DWXUDWLRQFXUYHRIWKHSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUDWDIUHTXHQF\ RI+] (IIHFWRIIUHTXHQF\RQWKHYROWDJHUDWLQJRIWUDQVIRUPHU ZLQGLQJVDQGRQWKHWUDQVIRUPHUSRZHUUDWLQJ 7UDQVIRUPHURSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH 237,21$/ 

VI

© Festo Didactic 86377-10

Table of Contents ([HUFLVH

7KH$XWRWUDQVIRUPHU ',6&866,21 $XWRWUDQVIRUPHURSHUDWLRQ $XWRWUDQVIRUPHUFLUFXLWDQDO\VLV 6WHSXSDXWRWUDQVIRUPHUFLUFXLWDQDO\VLV 6WHSGRZQDXWRWUDQVIRUPHUFLUFXLWDQDO\VLV 3RZHUUDWLQJRIFRQYHQWLRQDOWUDQVIRUPHUVDQG DXWRWUDQVIRUPHUV 352&('85( 6HWXSDQGFRQQHFWLRQV 2SHUDWLRQRIDVWHSGRZQDXWRWUDQVIRUPHU 2SHUDWLRQRIDVWHSXSDXWRWUDQVIRUPHU &RPSDULQJWKHSRZHUUDWLQJRIDQDXWRWUDQVIRUPHUWRWKDW RIDFRQYHQWLRQDOSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHURIWKHVDPHVL]H (IIHFWRIWKHWXUQVUDWLRRQWKHSRZHUUDWLQJRI DXWRWUDQVIRUPHUV

$SSHQGL[$ (TXLSPHQW8WLOL]DWLRQ&KDUW $SSHQGL[% *ORVVDU\RI1HZ7HUPV $SSHQGL[& ,PSHGDQFH7DEOHIRUWKH/RDG0RGXOHV $SSHQGL[' +DUPRQLFV ,QWURGXFWLRQWRKDUPRQLFV (IIHFWRIKDUPRQLFVRQWKHSRZHUIDFWRU ,QGH[RI1HZ7HUPV %LEOLRJUDSK\ 

© Festo Didactic 86377-10

VII



Preface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

 7KH(OHFWULF3RZHU7HFKQRORJ\7UDLQLQJ3URJUDP

© Festo Didactic 86377-10

IX

Preface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

X

© Festo Didactic 86377-10



About This Manual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

 7\SLFDOVLQJOHSKDVHSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHU

© Festo Didactic 86377-10

XI

About This Manual Safety considerations 6DIHW\V\PEROVWKDWPD\EHXVHGLQWKLVPDQXDODQGRQWKHHTXLSPHQWDUHOLVWHG LQWKH6DIHW\6\PEROVWDEOHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHPDQXDO 6DIHW\ SURFHGXUHV UHODWHG WR WKH WDVNV WKDW \RX ZLOO EH DVNHG WR SHUIRUP DUH LQGLFDWHGLQHDFKH[HUFLVH 0DNH VXUH WKDW \RX DUH ZHDULQJ DSSURSULDWH SURWHFWLYH HTXLSPHQW ZKHQ SHUIRUPLQJWKHWDVNVLHGHWHUPLQHZKLFKWHUPLQDO RU RIZLQGLQJKDVWKH VDPHSRODULW\DVWHUPLQDORIZLQGLQJ@([SODLQEULHIO\ 

7KH YROWDJH LQGXFHG DFURVV WKH VHULHVFRQQHFWHG ZLQGLQJV LV HTXDO WR WKH VXPRIERWKZLQGLQJYROWDJHVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHZLQGLQJVDUH FRQQHFWHGLQ VHULHVDLGLQJ %HFDXVH RI WKLV LW FDQ EH GHGXFHG WKDW WKH SRODULW\ RI WHUPLQDO LV RSSRVLWH WR WKH SRODULW\ RI WHUPLQDO DQG WKXV WKDW WHUPLQDO KDVWKHVDPHSRODULW\DVWHUPLQDO 

$UHWKHUHVXOWVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHSRODULW\RIWKHSRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUZLQGLQJV GHWHUPLQHGLQVWHSVDQG"

‰