sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation

SPACE, SOCIETY, POLITICS Scientific Works #1 International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 70th Birthday Anniversary of Professor Revaz Gachechiladze

3-5 June, 2013

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika samecniero Sromebis krebuli #1 profesor revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia 3-5 ivnisi, 2013

Tbilisis univ ersitet is gamom cemloba

aRniSnuli proeqti (sakonferencio granti CF/14/2-222/13; sagranto xelSekruleba №25) ganxorcielda rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mxardaWeriT

samecniero redaqtorebi:

Editors:

Tamar dolbaia

Tamar Dolbaia

korneli kakaCia

Revaz Jorbenadze

revaz jorbenaZe

Korneli Kakachia

manana SamiliSvili

Manana Shamilishvili

teqnikuri jgufi:

Technical group:

marex deviZe

Marekh Devidze

miranda miqaZe

Miranda Mikadze

© Tsu gamomcemloba, 2013 ISBN 978-9941-13-332-9

sarCevi

zviad abaSiZe multikulturalizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi ......... 13 daviT abesaZe islamuri moZraobis transformacia TurqeTSi: naqSibendisa da nurjulukis magaliTze .................................. 24 marina burZeniZe, marine qevxiSvili ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis faqtoris mniSvneloba axalgazrda msjavrdebulTa reabilitaciisa da reintegraciis procesSi ............................................................... 40 marex deviZe-mamulaiSvili konfliqtSi monawile aqtorTa mimarTebebis kvleva qarTul mediasivrceSi ..................................................... 56 Tamar dolbaia Savi zRvis auzis portebis ranJireba da SedarebiTi analizi ................................................................... 63 naTela donaZe erih fromis socialur xasiaTTa tipologia ......................... 75 salome dundua erovnuli umciresobebi da saganmanaTleblo politikis zogierTi aspeqti ....................................................... 88 korneli kakaCia, Tamar pataraia socialuri qselebis gavlena qarTul politikaze ............. 100 giorgi kvinikaZe msoflios geoekonomikuri transformacia da ekonomikuri geografia .......................................................... 120

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Tamar lekiaSvili saqarTvelos sazRvrebis sakiTxi brest-litovskis ZiriTad da damatebiT xelSekrulebebSi ................................ 134 Teona mataraZe adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebis realizacia (tyibulis raionis magaliTi) ...................................................... 141 maia mestviriSvili, xaTuna marwyviSvili, luiza aruTinovi, naTia mestviriSvili moqalaqeobis tipi rogorc sociokulturuli identoba .... 164 daviT macaberiZe konfliqtis mogvarebis qarTuli da afxazuri proeqtebi afxazeTis sakiTxis politikuri daregulirebisaTvis — instituciuri Cixi? (1990-iani da 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisi) ............................................................................. 186 malxaz macaberiZe postsabWoTa saqarTvelos ganviTareba vanhanenis demokratizaciis indeqsis mixedviT .................... 202 valerian meliqiZe `sazogadoebis ganviTarebis~ swavlebis konceptualuri CarCos Seqmnis mcdeloba sauniversiteto ganaTlebis samagistro doneze ................. 210 vaxtang nadareiSvili ganwyobis funqcia nebelobiTi aqtivobis regulaciaSi ... 224 dali nikolaiSvili, revaz Tolordava saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris istoriuli transformaciebis ganmsazRvreli geografiuli faqtorebi .............................................................. 239 lali surmaniZe genderuli cnobierebis zogierTi fsiqoanTropologiuri aspeqtis Sesaxeb (Svilebi da mSoblebi) .................................................................... 257

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nana talaxaZe ideologiuri diskursi qarTul futuristul presaSi .. 270 maia toraZe gazeTi `Tbilisis universiteti~ XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi ............................................................. 285 jaba urotaZe saqarTvelos sapensio politika da alternatiuli modelebi ....................................................... 301 ekaterine fircxalava muslimi mesxebis integracia saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ...............................................324 manana SamiliSvili politikuri satira qarTul kibermwerlobaSi .....................341 Tamar Carkviani meritokratiuli principebi sajaro samsaxurSi ................ 355 vladimer CxaiZe miwis kadastri da registracia saqarTveloSi. sazogadoeba, geografia da informaciuli teqnologiebi ................................................................................... 376 revaz jorbenaZe obieqtivaciis da `subieqtivaciis~ procesi ganwyobis TeoriaSi ....................................................... 387 mari wereTeli me-19 saukunis evropel mogzaur-avtorTa publicistur-dokumenturi narativi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb da misi Tanamedrove interpretacia ..........................403 aleqsandre wurwumia geopolitikuri sivrcis centralurobis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi .............................................. 418

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Contents

Zviad Abashidze Multiculturalism and Georgia........................................................................ 13 David Abesadze The Transformation of Islamic Movement in Turkey: Case of Nakúibendî and Nurculuk .................................................................24 Marina Burdzenidze, Marina Kevkhishvili The Importance of Education and Employment Factors in Offenders’ Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process ...............................40 Marekh Devidze-Mamulaishvili Actor Relations Research – Conflict Participants in the Georgian Media Space .................................................................... 56 Tamar Dolbaia Comparative Analysis and Ranking of the Black Sea Basin Ports ..............63 Natela Donadze Erich Fromm’s Typology of Social Character ..............................................75 Salome Dundua Ethnic Minorities and Some Aspects of Education Reform.........................88 Korneli Kakachia, Tamar Pataraia Georgian Political Parties and Online Social Network: Politics as usual?...100 Giorgi Kvinikadze The World’s Geoeconomic Transformation and Economic Geography .............................................................................120 Tamar Lekiashvili The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in Brest-Litovsk -Basic and Supplementary Articles........................................134 Teona Mataradze “Realization of Citizens’ Political Rights during the Elections of Self-Governmental Body, Case of Tkibuli district” .....................................141 8

Maia Mestvirishvili, Luisa Arutinov, Khatuna Martskvishvili, Natia Mestvirishvili Citizenship Identity: Socio-Cultural Perspective..........................................164 David Matsaberidze The Abkhazian and Georgian Conflict Resolution Projects for the Political Settlement of the Abkhazian Problem - An Institutional Deadlock?..........................................................................186 Malkhaz Matsaberidze The Development of the Post-Soviet Georgia According to Vanhanen's Democratization Index...........................................................202 Valerian Melikidze Creating Conceptual Framework for Development Related Subjects at University Graduate Level ............................................210 Vakhtang Nadareishvili The Role of Set in the Regulation of Voluntary Activity ........................... 224 Dali Nikolaishvili, Revaz Tolordava Determining Geographical Factors of Historic Transformation of the State Border of Georgia.......................................... 239 Lali Surmanidze Some Psycho-anthropological Aspects of Gender Awareness (Children and Parents) ................................................ 257 Nana Talakhadze Ideological Discourse in Georgian Futuristic Press.................................... 270 Maia Toradze The newspaper “Tbilisi University” in the 1930s....................................... 285 Jaba Urotadze Pension Policy of Georgia and Alternative Models ................................... 301 Ekaterine Pirtskhalava Integration process of Muslim Meskhetians in Georgia and in the USA ........................................................................ 324 Manana Shamilishvili Political Satire in Georgian Cyber Writings ............................................ 341 9

Tamar Charkviani Meritocratic Principles in Public Service ................................................ 355 Vladimer Chkhaidze Land Cadastre and Registration in Georgia ............................................ 376 Revaz Jorbenadze Process of Objectivity and “Subjectivity” through SET Theory .............. 387 Mari Tsereteli Nineteenth Century European Traveler-Authors Publicistic-Documentary Narrative about Georgia and its Modern Interpretation...................................................... 403 Alexander Tsurtsumia Positive and Negative Sides of Centrality of Geopolitical Space............. 418

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samecniero Sromebis krebuli eZRvneba cnobili qarTveli mecnieris — geografisa da aRmosavleTmcodnis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentis, oqsfordis universitetis miwveuli profesoris, saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis prezidentis, sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiisa da vaxuSti bagrationis saxelobiTi premiis laureatis — revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iubiles. winamdebare krebulSi ibeWdeba im masalebis nawili, romelic warmodgenili iyo 2013 wlis ivnisSi Catarebul I saerTaSoriso konferenciaze „sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika“, romelSic monawileobdnen qarTveli da ucxoeli (aSS, israeli, poloneTi, ruseTi, italia, bulgareTi da sxv.) mecnierebi. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mecnierTa SromebSi asaxulia sivrce, sazogadoeba da politika: sazogadoeba arsebobs geografiul sivrceSi da politikas axorcielebs sazogadoeba — yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa gadajaWvuli. sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika — es triada revaz gaCeCilaZem pirvelad gamoiyena Tavisi wignis qvesaTaurad, romelic 1995 wels gamovida did britaneTsa da aSS-Si „The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics~. Semdgomac man araerTgzis gamoiyena analogiuri midgoma Tavis sxva wignebSi (magaliTad, „axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce. xalxi da politika“, 2003, 2008, 2011 wlebis gamocemebi). konferenciis monawileebs, romlebic am krebulis avtorebi arian, aerTianebdaT saerTo idea — interdisciplinur doneze warmoedginaT Sromebi da emsjelaT TavianT kolegebTan erTad. amJamad maT Sromebs ufro farTo mkiTxvels vTavazobT.

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The collection of scholarly articles is dedicated to the 70th jubilee of Revaz Gachechiladze – a prominent Georgian scholar, Geographer and Orientalist, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Visiting Professor at Oxford University, President of the Geographical Society of Georgia, Georgian State Prize and Vakhushti Bagrationi Prize in Geography winner, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. This collection includes some materials delivered at I International Conference “Space, Society and Politics” which took place at Tbilisi State University in June 2013 and with the participation of Georgian and foreign scholars from the USA, Poland, Russia, Israel, Italy, Bulgaria and other countries. It also contains articles by the scholars from Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Ilya State University. The works are about space, society and politics: society exists and acts in geographical space, politics is carried out by society – everything is interconnected. The structure and scholarly life of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of TSU, which encompasses Human Geography, demonstrates the viability of such an approach. Revaz Gachechiladze first used the abovementioned triad as a subtitle to his book “The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics” published in 1995 in the UK and USA. Later he continued to use a similar approach in his other monographs (e.g. “The Middle East: Space, People and Politics”, several editions of which were published in Georgian in 2003, 2008 and 2011). The participants of the Conference, the authors of this Collection, were united by a common idea – to deliver their works on interdisciplinary level and to discuss them with their colleagues. This time their works are presented to a wider audience.

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multikulturalizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

zviad abaSiZe

multikulturalizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi ukanasknel xanebSi, saqarTveloSi multikulturalizmi, rogorc idea, xdeba garkveuli diskursis sagani,1 Tumca ver vityviT, rom iseTive popularulia, rogorc dasavlur samyaroSi.2 xSiria faqtebic, roca multikulturalizmis cneba arcTu adekvaturad gamoiyeneba da Sors dgas misi WeSmariti arsisgan. magram, mierTebulia ra saqarTvelo evropis umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis CarCokonvencias da kidev sxva saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo regulaciebs, SesaZloa mis winaSe wamoiWras kidec multikulturuli politikis gatarebis moTxovna, da es gansakuTrebiT, Tuki saqarTvelo sabolood miuerTdeba umciresobebis enebis dacvis evropul qartias. warmodgenili statiis mizania mimovixiloT e.w. `multikulturalistuli~ diskursi da gaviazroT misi pirdapiri damkvidrebis avkargianoba. imis miuxedavad, rom `multikulturalizmi~, rogorc politikuri diskursi, jer kidev siaxlea saqarTveloSi, misi garkveuli gamovlinebebi ukve gvaqvs praqtikaSi (eTnikuri, religiuri, sqesobrivi Tu sxva umciresobebisTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebis moTxovnileba) da, Sesabamisad, misi ukeT gaazreba karg samsaxurs gagviwevs samomavlo perspeqtivaSi. amasTanave, warmodgenili statiis mTavari mizania multikulturalizmis eTnikuri urTierTobebis WrilSi gaazreba.

1

ix.: SoTa xinCagaSvili. multikulturalizmis gamowvevebi, solida`saxalxo damcveli~ Jurnali, # 6 (33), gv. 23-32, http://ombudsman.ge/files/downloads,ge/jhvtmqxbtrhnwfqqefkq.pdf dasavleTSi es masobrivi emigraciiT warmoSobilma problemebma ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT saamiso pirobebi ar arsebobs.

roba,

2

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zviad abaSiZe

1. multikulturalizmi, rogorc politikuri diskursi eri-saxelmwifos sayovelTao zeobis xanad me-19 saukune da me-20 saukunis pirveli naxevari iTvleba. mocemul periodSi, eri-saxelmwifos da nacionalizmis ideebis ganviTarebam Ziri gamoacala msxvili imperiebis arsebobas da saTave daudo SedarebiT patara teritoriul-politikuri erTeulebis arsebobas, romelic ukve sakuTari mosaxleobis erTianobas da politikurkulturuli erTgvarovnebis proeqts gvTavazobda.3 mocemuli politikuri proeqti da Teoriuli wiaRsvlebi gabatonebul paradigmas warmoadgenda gasuli saukunis 60-70 wlebamde, magram dasavlur sivrceSi e.w. àxali socialuri moZraobebis~ (feministuri, mwvaneTa, SavkanianTa, seqsualur umciresobaTa moZraobebi) warmoSobam da emigraciis intensifikaciam tradiciuli liberaluri politikuri filosofiis kritika gamoiwvia, romelic praqtikaSi e.w. `multikulturuli~ politikis danergvasa da Teoriul diskursSi gamoixata. mocemuli Teoriuli kritika daiwyo 1979 wels aSS-Si, romelsac ewoda dava e.w. `komunitarebs~ da `liberalebs~ Soris. aRniSnuli dava gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaxda TvalSi sacemi.4 `komunitarebi~ (maikl sendeli, Carlz teilori, maikl uolceri, uil kimliCka da sxvebi) akritikebdnen tradiciul liberalur `moqalaqe-individis~ koncefcias. kritikis mixedviT, mocemuli koncefcia daclili iyo individTa kulturuli identobis aRiarebis moTxovnisgan da `meoba~ (Self) mxolod adamianis individualuri identobisgan warmodgeboda. Sesabamisad, sayovelTao gulgrilobam `moqalaqe-individis~ kulturuli garemos mimarT, societalur urTierTobaTa doneze axali uTanasworoba warmoSva, romelic amjerad ara imdenad ekonomikuri kategoriebiT aRiwereboda, aramed e.w. `gansakuTrebul,~ ùmciresobaTa~ kulturebis mimarT indiferentizmiT da asimetriuli damokidebulebiT. `komunitarebs~ miaCndaT, rom is mikroso3

4

The theory of Stein Rokkan; State formation, nation-building and mass politics in Europe; Comparative European politics; Edited by Peter Flora; Oxford University Press. 1999. pp. 72-87. Robert E. Goodin / Liberal Multiculturalism: Protective and Polyglot / Political Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jun., 2006), pp. 289-303; Steven S. Lee, /"Borat," Multiculturalism, "Mnogonatsional'nost'" / Slavic Review, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Spring, 2008), pp. 19-34.

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ciokulturuli garemo, romelSic xdeboda adamianis pirveladi socializacia, waruSlel kvals tovebda maszed da, Sesabamisad, misi `meobis~ (Self) formirebaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda. amitomac, adamianis samoqalaqo Rirsebac misi kulturuli `meobisgan~ warmodgeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, kulturuli mravalferovnebis sajaro-politikur aRiarebas da dacvas moiTxovda. `komunitarebis~ azriT, tradiciuli liberaluri eri-saxelmwifo sazogadoebis gaerTgvarovnebis politikur proeqts axorcielebda da mobilobis mxolod erT, vertikalur gzas gvTavazobda, maSin roca, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba kulturulad mravalferovani gaxldaT da mobilobis ganviTarebas ukve horizontalur sibrtyezec moiTxovda, romelic ufro mravalganzomilebiani unda yofiliyo.5 tradiciuli eri-saxelmwifosTvis xom samoqalaqo aqtivobas mxolod adamianis individualuri moRvaweoba da pasuxismgebloba warmoadgenda. arada, moqalaqis pasuxismgeblobas da identobas ara mxolod misi politikuri loialoba gansazRvravda, aramed misi kulturuli identobac. amitomac, `komunitarebis~ azriT, dasavlur sazogadoebebs uari unda eTqvaT tradiciul modernul, mkacrad individualistur racionalizmze da gadarTuliyvnen poliTeis kulturuli mravalferovnebis uzrunvelyofaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `komunitarebis~ mixedviT, tradiciuli modernis proeqti, romelic politikuri da kulturuli loialobis urTierTdamTxvevas normatiulad moiTxovda, sinamdvileSi ver pasuxobda arsebuli viTarebis moTxovnebs da yavli qonda ukve gasuli. Sesabamisad amisa, sademarkacio xazi unda gagvevlo Tanamedrove politikur da kulturul loialobas Soris. moqalaqeni sajaro-politikur sivrceze sakuTari kulturuli identobiT unda warmdgariyvnen, romelic xSirad gansxvavdeboda maTi politikuri loialobisgan. `komunitarebis~ mixedviT, sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma araTu raime tradiciidan gadaxvevas moaswavebda, aramed, 5

mocemuli diskursi kontinentur evropaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTSi `post-modernizmiT~, `post-struqturalizmiT~, `socialuri dekonstruqciiT~ da kidev sxva mravali `post~ mimarTulebebiT gamoixata iseTi moazrovneebis mier, rogorebic arian: miSel fuko, Jak derida, Jan bodriari da kidev sxva mravali.

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zviad abaSiZe

piriqiT, liberaluri samarTlianobis suliskveTebis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.6 `komunitarebs~ mravali kritikosi gamouCndaT maSinve, Tumca maTma ideebma realur praqtikaSi garkveuli ganxorcieleba mainc moaxerxes da mxardamWeric mravali poves rogorc akademiur, ise social-politikur wreebSi.7

2. multikulturalizmi konkretul praqtikaSi multikulturalizmi, rogorc praqtikuli politikuri proeqti, warmoiSva 70-iani wlebis Semdeg, rodesac dasavluri samyaro moicva masobrivma emigraciam. Sesabamisad, dasavlurma qveynebma nel-nela uari Tqves modernis mier gansazRvrul asimilaciasa da erTgvarovani eTnokulturuli sazogadoebis qmnadobaze da yuradReba ufro integraciaze gaamaxviles. sazogadoeba ukve ganixileboda ara rogorc erTgvarovani kulturuli warmonaqmni, aramed sxvadasxva eTnokulturuli da religiuri erTobebis Tanasworuflebian gaerTianebad. mocemuli procesi didwilad 60-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis warmatebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. CrdiloeT amerikis SemTxvevaSi e.w. àfirmatiuli qmedebis~ (Affirmative Action) Sedegad mravali ram gakeTda sazogadoebis rasobrivi da sxva tipis jgufobrivi segregaciis aRmosafxvrelad rogorc ganaTlebis, ise socialuri uzrunvelyofis, jandacvis da sxva mravali kuTxiT.8 amave dros, sazogadoebis msgavsma pluralistulma xedvam xeli Seuwyo ufro tolerantuli garemos Camoyalibebas da socialuri gariyulobis aRmofxvras, rac, Tavis mxriv, demokratiis ganviTarebasac uwyobda xels.9

6

7

8

9

Carlz teilori. `liberalebis da komunitarebis debatebi~, Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis anTologia, Tbilisi, 1996. gv. 635-672. ianoS kiSi. Sesavali, Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis anTologia, Tbilisi 1996. gv. 6-67, Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice , Penguin Books, 2010 pp. 31-124. Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers /The Effect of Education on Nationalism and Ethnic Exclusionism: An International Comparison / Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, Special Issue: National Identity in Europe (Jun., 2003), pp. 313-343. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ , ǪȣȏȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤɧȖȔț ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊț / ɋɤɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɚɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɴɢ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001 ɋɬɪ.42-43.

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kanaduri modeli. kanada pirveli qveyana gaxda 1971 wels, premier-ministr pier triudos dros, rodesac multikulturalizmi oficialur ideologiad da saxelmwifo politikad gadaiqca. saamisod kanadas mravali winapiroba qonda. aSS-isgan gansxvavebiT, kanada arasdros ar aRiqvamda Tavs homogenur erad da imis gamo, rom is yovelTvis ganicdida eTnolingvistur diferenciacias (anglofonebisa da frankofonebis arseboba), misTvis ucxo iyo `sadnobi qvabis~ tradicia da, rac mTavaria, kanada ukve didi xnis Seguebuli iyo eTnofederalizmis models da tradiciebs. kanadis amgvari realoba didwilad ganapiroba eTnodemografiuli suraTis cvlilebam (rogorc dasavluri samyaros sxva qveynebSi). adgilobrivma mosaxleobam iwyo kleba da mosaxleobis raodenoba ZiriTadad emigrantebis xarje izrdeboda. kanadaSi samudamo sacxovreblad yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 260 aTasi adamiani miemgzavreba (28 milioni mosaxleobis pirobebSi). kanadis mosaxleobis 16% kanadis gareT dabadebul moqalaqeebs warmoadgenen. emigrantebis raodenoba gansakuTrebiT aziuri qveynebis xarjze matulobs. imis gamo, rom kanada tradiciuli tolerantobiT gamoirCeoda kulturuli mravalferovnebis mimarT, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis eTnokulturuli identobac metad fragmentirebuli iyo. amave dros, kanada ucxoelTaTavis moqalaqeobis miniWebis procedurebis simartiviTac gamoirCeva aSS-s da dasavleTi evropis qveynebisgan. kanadis moqalaqed gaxdoma ar moiTxovs avtomaturad Zvel moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmas. oficialur dokumentaciebSi arsad araa dafiqsirebuli moqalaqeobis miRebis TariRi, raTa ar moxdes àxali~ moqalaqis `Zveli~ moqalaqisgan diskriminacia. 10 amis miuxedavad, kanadaSi idiliuri viTareba namdvilad ar aris. multikulturalizmma sazogadoebis eTnokulturuli diferenciacia kidev ufro gaaRrmava. es gansakuTrebiT kvebekis frangulenovan provinciaSi gamomJRavnda. multikulturuli oficialuri politikis Sedegad, kvebekis xelmZRvanelobam moiTxova yvela oficialuri dokumentaciis da saqmis warmoebis frangulad Sesruleba kvebekis teritoriaze. samsaxurebSi Tu 50

10

Ibid: ɋɬɪ.44-45.

17

zviad abaSiZe

kacze meti muSaobda, maSin samuSao ena franguli unda yofiliyo.11 kvebekel moqalaqeebs mxolod frangulad mouwevdaT ganaTlebis miReba, imis miuxedavad, isini mocemul momentSi cxovrobdnen Tu ara kvebekis teritoriaze. sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo uars ambobda ganaTlebis programebis uzrunvelyofaze. 12 mocemulma politikam, imis magivrad, rom liberaluri Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis praqtika ganeviTarebina, upiratesoba eTnocentristul msoflmxedvelobas da warmomavlobis esencialistur midgomas mianiWa. yovelive amis Sedegad, gaRrmavda sazogadoebis axali fragmentacia da stratifikacia ukve ara tradiciul profesiul-gildiur, aramed eTnokulturul safuZvelze. avstraliuri modeli. avstraliac emigrantuli qveyanaa kanadis msgavsad. meore msoflio omamde emigrantTa ZiriTadi nakadi anglosaqsuri samyarodan moedineboda, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg maTi Semadgenloba Zalzed Seicvala da moicva ukve ramdenime kulturuli sivrce da, Sesabamisad, emigraciac ukve kulturulad mravalwevriani gaxda. avstraliam myisieri reaqcia moaxdina mocemul realobaze da maSinve daiwyo zrunva `Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis da Tanasworobis~ praqtikul realizaciaze. mTavari yuradReba daeTmo umciresobebis konstituciuri uflebebis garantirebas da aqcenti gansakuTrebiT socialur uflebebze gadavida. avstraliuri multikulturalizmi ramdenime principiT SeiZleba gamoixatos: a) kulturuli identoba b) socialuri samarTlianoba g) ekonomikuri efeqturoba kulturuli identurobis SenarCuneba da realizacia yvela moqalaqis uflebadaa gamocxadebuli ise, rom moqalaqes kanadis msgavsad windawinve ar miewereba romelime eTnokulturuli jgufis wevroba. es ufro arCevanis sakiTxia. meore punqti gulisxmobda Tanasworobis samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyofas, romelmac unda aRmofxvras kanis feris, sqesis, konfesiuri 11

12

ix: Taylor Charles. Multiculturalism: examining the politics of recognition. Ed.A. Gutman, Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, 1994. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ǪȣȏȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊț / ɋɤɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɚɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɴɢ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001 ɋɬɪ. 46.

18


kuTvnilebis da a.S. mixedviT arsebuli socialuri diskriminacia. mesame punqti iTvaliswinebda adamianis niWierebis waxalisebas, romelic ukeTesi iqneboda ganxorcielebuliyo, ra Tqma unda, humanuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT, magram, ukeTesi iqneboda dafuZneboda ekonomikuri sargeblianobis principebsac. kanadisgan gansxvavebiT, avstraliuri multikulturalizmi gacilebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda. misTvis ucxo iyo kanadismagvari socialuri fragmentacia eTnokulturuli kuTvnilebis fonze. kanadisgan gansxvavebiT, avstralias ar gaaCnia specialuri samarTlebrivi aqti multikulturalizmis Sesaxeb. is ubralod sargeblobs rasizmis da eTnikuri diskriminaciis aRmofxvris kanonmdeblobiT. amave dros, avstraliaSi ar arsebobs multikulturalizmis saqmeTa specialuri uwyeba da mas premier-ministris departamenti ganagebs.13 emigrantebis socialuri integraciis sakiTxebs erTmaneTSi inawileben dasaqmebis, ganaTlebis, profesiuli gadamzadebis departamenti da kidev sxva mravali uwyeba. amave dros, yvela qalaqsa Tu municipalitetSi arsebobs specialuri ganyofileba, romelic msgavs sakiTxebs emsaxureba.14 imis miuxedavad, rom avstraliuri sazogadoeba tolerantizmis maRal dones amJRavnebs dRemde da agresiulobiT namdvilad ar gmoirCeva ùcxoTa~ mimarT, multikulturalizmma mainc warmoSva problemebi. erTi, rom man Tavidan ver aicila sazogadoebis eTnocentruli xedva da, meore, rom xeli Seuwyo eTnoelitebis formirebas, romelTac ukve socialur-politikur sivrceSi sakuTari gavlenis zrdaze daiwyes zrunva. imis miuxedavad, rom mocemuli eTnoelitebi xSir SemTxvevaSi dainteresebulni arian sakuTari eTnokulturuli Temis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebiT da maszed mzrunvelobiTac gamoirCevian, realurad xSirad maT mocemuli Tema sakuTari ZalauflebisTvis sWirdebaT da, rac mTavaria, social-politikur sivrceSi Zalauflebis amgvari eTnokulturuli simbolizacia sazogadoebis eTnokulturul safuZvelze diskriminacias uwyobs xels.15 13

Ibid: ɋɬɪ.48-50 Ibid: ɋɬɪ.48-50 15 Ibid: ɋɬɪ.48-50 14

19

zviad abaSiZe

aSS-is modeli. amerikam, sadac yovelTvis reliefurad Canda `me~-s da `sxva~-s diqotomia, uari Tqva multikulturalizmis saxelmwifo politikad gamocxadebaze da emigrantebis socialuri integracia maT kerZo saqmed datova, ise rogorc es tradiciulad iyo. amis miuxedavad, 80-iani wlebidan, eTnodemografiuli viTarebis cvlilebis fonze, amerikul sazogadoebaSi mainc SeaRwia multikulturalisturma diskursma. gamalebulma emigraciam, romelmac moicva aSS, is daayena gamowvevis winaSe, rom gadaexeda misi tradiciuli politikisaTvis, romelic kulturuli mravalferovnebis saqmes exeboda. es gansakuTrebiT laTinoamerikeli emigrantebis gaZlierebas mohyva, rodesac espanuri ena daemuqra inglisurs lingvistur batonobaSi. amitomac, mravali amerikeli moazrovne SeaSfoTa aRniSnulma viTarebam da saubaric ki daiwyes amerikuli sazogadoebis kvdomaze.16 imis miuxedavad, rom aSS yovelTvis eTnokulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda, eri, romelic tradiciulad amerikaSi gagebuli iyo, rogorc `sadnobi qvabi~ (Melting Pot), cota ar iyos, ewinaaRmdegeboda multikulturalizmis ideebs. 80-ian wlebSi eris `sadnob qvabad~ gageba Secvala axalma metaforam, — èri~, rogorc `sasalaTe Tasi~ (Salad Bowl). `sasalaTe TasSi~ xom, `sadnobi qvabisgan~ gansxvavebiT, misi ingredientebi da komponentebi ukeT moCanan da mkafiod gamoxataven ideas: — erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi.17 kanadis da avstraliisgan gansxavebiT, aSS-Si multikulturalizmis ideebi aRmocenda agresiuli feminizmis da sxva msgavsi tipis moZraobebidan, romelnic miznad isaxavdnen batonobis tradiciuli urTierTobebis fundamentur cvlilebebs. amis gamo iyo, rom amerikuli multikulturalizmi gacilebiT meti agresiulobiT gamoirCeoda, vidre es kanadis da avstraliis SemTxvevaSi iyo. multikulturalistebis mTavari samizne socialuri gariyulobis tradiciuli meqanizmebis cvlileba iyo. multikulturalizmi gansakuTrebiT saganmanaTleblo sistemas Seexo. 80-iani wlebis bolos bevr amerikul universitetSi 16

ix. A. Schlezinger Jr. The Diuniting of America: Reflexions on a Multicultural Society. Knoxvill, Ten., Whittle Books, 1991. 17 Ibid: ɋɬɪ. 51-52.

20


damkvidrda multikulturalistuli paradigma. zogierTma humanitarulma fakultetma imdenad radikalurad Secvala saganmanaTleblo gegmebi, rom sazogadoebis aRSfoTebac ki gamoiwvia. eTnikur umciresobaTa aqtivobis `modad~ qcevam sazogadoebis rRvevis saSiSroeba gaaCina. sabolood termini `multikulturalizmi~ uaryofiT cnebad gadaiqca. amerikuli gamocdileba naTlad gviCvenebs imas, Tu ramdenad saSiSi da araefeqturia socialur sivrceSi arsebuli mravalwaxnagovani gansxvavebebi kulturul gansxvavebulobebad warmovaCinoT, anu sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebis, socialuri gansxvavebebis da urTierTobebis kulturizacia movaxdinoT. 18 daskvna rogorc vnaxeT, multikulturalizmis oficialur politikad gamocxadeba niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom oficialur doneze unda aRiaros qveynis kulturuli mravalwevrianoba da, Sesabamisad, izrunos kidec mis waxalisebasa da dacvaze (rogorc es, mag., kanadasa da avstraliaSi xdeba). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo centraluri biujetidan gamoyofs specialur saxsrebs saimisod, rom moxdes kulturuli mravalwevrianobis waxaliseba. sajaro samsaxurebsa da dawesebulebebSi, skolebSi, universitetebSi da a.S xdeba kvotebis dadgena da warmomadgenlobiTobac mxolod garkveuli CarCoebis saSualebiT da kvotirebiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca, multikuluturalistuli politikis garkveuli strategia SesaZloa ganaxorcielos saxelmwifom, magram, amave dros, is ar aqcios oficialur politikad. dRevandel evropul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba am ukanasknel variants ufro amjobinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos eTnokulturuli danawevrebis maRal dones, samoqalaqo integraciis sisustes, demokratiuli sajaro-politikuri sivrcis simyifes, aRmovaCenT, rom multikulturalizmi saxelmwifoebriobis rRvevis process Tu Seuwyobs xels. imis miuxedavad, rom qarTul saxelmwifos aucileblad 18

Ibid: ɋɬɪ. 52-53.

21

zviad abaSiZe

mouwevs multikulturalizmis zogierTi elementis ganxorcieleba (rogorc es bevr evropul qveyanaSia), misi oficialur politikad gamocxadeba mxolod uaryofiT Sedegebs Tu gamoiRebs. multikulturalistuli diskursis zogierTi qveynis mier oficialur politikad aRiareba, maTi mxridan iZulebiTi nabiji iyo da maT winaSe mdgari problemebis gamoZaxils warmoadgenda. magram isini am nabijze, saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, mZlavri demokratiuli politikuri institutebis da saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi wavidnen. Tumca, 100% sikeTe arc maTTvis moutania. piriqiT, evropulma saxelmwifoebma uari ganacxades mis oficialur politikad aRiarebaze da mis garkveul elementebs axorcieleben mxolod. misi oficialur politikad gamocxadeba sul ramdenime saxelmwifom Tu gabeda. saqarTvelo, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, demokratiuli politikuri instituciebis da saxelmwifoebriobis mravali savalalo niSniT gamoirCeva, ver gauZlebs multikulturalizmis oficialur politikas. amitomac, albaT, umjobesia multikulturalizmis (romelsac saqarTvelos bevri saerTaSoriso valdebuleba iTvaliswinebs) garkveuli elementebis gamoyenebaze zrunva da mis modifikaciaze qarTul realobaSi, vidre multikulturalizmze, rogorc oficialur politikad gadaqcevaze, fiqri. es ubralod samwuxaro ararealoba iqneboda, romelic isedac mravlad gaaCnia saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifoebriv-politikur erTeuls. literatura: 1.

2.

3.

22

SoTa xinCagaSvili. multikulturalizmis gamowvevebi, solidaroba, `saxalxo damcveli~, Jurnali, # 6 (33), http://ombudsman.ge/files/downloads/ge/jhvtmqxbtrhnwfqqefkq.pdf Carlz teilori. `liberalebis da komunitarebis debatebi~, Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis anTologia, Tbilisi, 1996. ianoS kiSi. Sesavali, Tanamedrove politikuri filosofiis anTologia, Tbilisi, 1996.


4.

The theory of Stein Rokkan; State formation, nation-building and mass politics in Europe; Comparative European politics; Edited by Peter Flora; Oxford University Press. 1999 5. Robert E. Goodin / Liberal Multiculturalism: Protective and Polyglot/Political Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jun., 2006) 6. Steven S. Lee, /"Borat," Multiculturalism, "Mnogonatsional’nost’" / Slavic Review, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Spring, 2008) 7. Marcel Coenders and Peer Scheepers /The Effect of Education on Nationalism and Ethnic Exclusionism: An International Comparison / Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, Special Issue: National Identity in Europe (Jun., 2003) 8. Taylor Charles. Multiculturalism: examining the politics of Recognition. Ed.A. Gutman, Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press, 1994 9. A. Schlezinger Jr. The Diuniting of America: Reflexions on a Multicultural Society. Knoxvill, Ten., Whittle Books, 1991 10. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ȼɵɡɨɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ / ɋɤɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɚɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɴɢ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2001. ɋɬɪ.42-43

Zviad Abashidze Assistant Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Multiculturalism and Georgia Resume The article analyses the process of implementation of Multicultural policy in Georgia. A special interest has been dedicated to the analysis of actual practice against the background of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages and other international obligations. The author argues in favor of perils of multicultural policy implementation from the perspective of territorial integrity of the state.

23

David Abesadze

Dr. David Abesadze

The Transformation of Islamic Movement in Turkey: Case of Nakúibendî and Nurculuk Introduction Significance of this study is determined by the following factors: Firstly, Geographical: Turkey is one of the most important neighboring states, and at the same time important trade-economic and political ally of Georgia. Due to Geographical proximity, social, economic, and political processes in Turkey can have significant impact on the situation in Georgia and in the Black Sea region, in general; Secondly, Structural: Generally speaking, there are some similarities in basic internal development factors - strengthening democratic institutions, and market economy - and in the foreign policy orientation of Georgia and Turkey. Therefore, in general study the experience of Turkey would have a positive significance for Georgia. Georgia's social-economic and political problems increase the risk for the strengthening of religious movement in the country. Recent events in Georgia, in particular, activation of religious groups, to some extent can be seen as the rudiment of this danger. Further strengthening of religious movement will significantly hinder Georgia's further development, towards the strengthening of liberal-democratic institutions in the country. In-depth study and analysis of the above-mentioned topic, based on the experience of Turkey - that is a transformation of religious movement and their inclusion into democratic political system - can have a significance for mitigating the above-mentioned risks. In-depth knowledge of those issues would help: 1) to asses more adequately the potential risks, coming from the religious movement; and 2) to lead the process towards their inclusion into the liberaldemocratic political system. In the paper I focus on one of the main actors of Islamic movement in Turkey: Nakúibendi order and Nurculuk, using the theoretical framework developed by one of the leading scholars of Islam and politics Professor Daniel 24

The Transformation of Islamic Movement in Turkey: Case of Nakúibendî and Nurculuk

Brumberg. Conclusions of this paper were basically drawn on the basis of the field research in Istanbul: observations of the Islamic parties of Turkey [Justice and Development Party - Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi; and Felicity Party - Saadet Partisi], organisations connected to Islamic movement [Independent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association - Müstakil Sanayici ve øúadamları Derne÷i; Association for Defense of Human Rights and Support for Oppressed People - ønsan Hakları ve Mazlumlarla Dayanıúma Derne÷i], and in-depth interviews with their representatives and supporters. Nakúibendi Order The Nakúibendî is one of the most famous Sufi orders, the tarikat1 that posed the most dangerous threat to secularism in Turkey.2 Their strict antisecular activity got its roots from the ambiguous and limited secularising policies of young Turks during the Ottoman Empire.3 Their strict anti-secular movement continued in the 1920s and 1930s, aiming to destroy the “sinful” republican regime.4 It is worth adding that the weakening of the ulema, the formal religious teaching, and absence of alternative religious activity, made fertile ground for the Nakúibendî to play a distinctive role in the rise of the fundamentalist religious movement during the single-party period in Turkey.5

1

2

3 4 5

Tarikat literally means “way.” As David Shankland broadly defines, “a tarikat is a number of believers united by the respect that they show for a particular person or lineage, whom they regard as different from other human beings by virtue of their being favored by God.” Tarikat is a hierarchical, often exclusive organisation that differs from configuration of the worship at a mosque. In a mosque, the imam is the prayer-leader, who is not qualitatively different from other male worshippers. Tarikat is a way of organising Islamic ideas assuming that God can be reached from within or through a person. An orthodox position argues that, “God is transcendent, beyond the reach or comprehension of believers.” “[In the Ottoman Empire], the orthodox clergy, the ulema, sought to take control through their proximity to the governing power, whilst the tarikats, with their charismatic leader and mobile followers often became a focus for rebellion and direct assault on the center.” See Gellner (1981). For general introduction to the brotherhoods in Islam see Trimingham (1971). In David Shankland, “Islam and Society in Turkey,” The Eothen Press, 1999, pp. 64-64. ùerif Mardin, “The Nakúibendî Order in Turkish History,” Richard Tapper Ed., Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Publishers, London. New York, 1991, p. 121. Ibid. Ibid., p. 122. Sencer Ayata, “Patronage, Party, and State: The Politization of Islam in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal, Winter 1996, Volume 50, Number 1, p. 48.

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David Abesadze

Because the secular state saw them as dangerous, they were banned in 1925, along with other tarikats, by the republican government. However, the Nakúibendî order (tarikat) did not stop functioning and tacitly always represented a refuge for those people who opposed the state secular reforms, and who supported the creation of a state based on Sharia (Islamic Holy Law).6 As we have witnessed, in the early 1970s the Nakúibendî order changed its strategy, turning from organising mass revolts to participating in the established political system. Nakúibendî played an important role in Turkish politics by incorporating in their list leading political actors (among their members were leading politicians such as Turgut Özal, later the president of Turkey and Necmettin Erbakan, leader of the NOP, NSP and WP parties, along with many others), and creating its own Islamist political party that actively participated in Turkey’s electoral politics (the Nakúibendî order was one of the founders of the National Salvation, and National Order parties).7 from the 1970s onwards, Nakúibendîs have developed powerful and active business networks, mass media, and social and welfare services.8 Now, the Nakúibendîs follow a peaceful and gradualist political strategy. They try to avoid open confrontation with secular state institutions.9 “In the second half of the 1990s, the leaders of the influential religious brotherhoods, movements, and sects, and the leading Muslim intellectuals appear to be fairly well integrated into the Turkish secular democratic state and display even more moderate views than the RP (RP means Refah Partisi, Welfare Party).”10 once the leading religious brotherhoods (the Nakúibendîs and Nurcus) made a tacit pact with secularist political parties in exchange for leaving the religious brotherhoods alone, they would in turn support them. But later, the brotherhoods became lobbies for those business sectors, such as textiles, construction and banking, that

6

David Shankland, “Islam and Society in Turkey,” The Eothen Press, 1999, pp. 63-64. Ibid., p. 68. 8 Sencer Ayata, “Patronage, Party, and State: The Politization of Islam in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal, Winter 1996, Volume 50, Number 1, pp. 48-49. 9 Sencer Ayata, “The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and Its Institutional Framework,” Atila Eralp, Muharrem Tunay, and Birol Yeúilada ed., The Political and Socioeconomic Transformation of Turkey, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, London, 1993, p. 54. For more information on this argument see H. Algar, “Der Nakúibendî Order in der republikanischen Turkei.” In Jochen Blaschke and Marlin van Bruinessen, eds., Islam und Politik in der Turkei. Express edition. Berlin. 10 Metin Heper, “Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Toward a Reconciliation?” The Middle East Journal, Volume 51, Number 1, Winter 1997, p. 38. 7

26


are established by Islamist groups.11 Thus, “religious leaders of these brotherhoods, movements, and sects became heads, and the leadership cadres of those economic ventures became laymen.”12 It is useful to recall that religious brotherhoods, in the beginning, supported religious parties – among them the Welfare Party – but after they figured out that religious parties’ confrontational strategy prompted military intervention, that support become especially disadvantageous (unprofitable) for them. Consequently, they gradually changed their minds and gave up their support, claiming that religious parties threatened the future of democracy in Turkey,13 by which they would benefit in the future. “… several religious orders withdrew their support from the RP (Welfare Party) starting in the early 1990s, and even sent word to the National Security Council that they had terminated their link with that party.”14 We know that “During recent decades, two Nakúibendî shaykhs, Kotku and his successor, the present Shaykh Mahmud Esad Cosan, a professor of theology and the late Kotku’s son-in-law, have disapproved of the fundamentalist interpretations of Islam by some radical brotherhoods.”15 Nakúibendîs have adopted an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary line on the Islamization of everyday life in Turkey.16 Nurculuk17 The Nurculuk represents the modern Turkish religious movement that is named after its founder and leader, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (1876-1960).18 He received his education in the Nakúibendî circle, in Bitlis.19 “… [Nursi’s] outlook was also shaped by the presence of an Ottoman administration modeling itself 11

12

13 14 15 16 17

18

19

Sencer Ayata, “Patronage, Party, and the State: the Politization of Islam in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal, Winter 1996, Volume 50, Number 1, p. 45. In Metin Heper, “Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Toward a Reconciliation?” The Middle East Journal, Volume 51, Number 1, Winter 1997, p. 38. Metin Heper, “Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Toward a Reconciliation?” The Middle East Journal, Volume 51, Number 1, Winter 1997, p. 38. Ibid. Ibid., p. 39. Ibid. Ruúen Çakır, “Ayet ve Slogan,” Istanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1990), p. 23. Here I analyze the original Nurcu Movement of Said Nursi and the “neo-Nurcu” movement of Fethullah Gülen. ùerif Mardin, “Nurculuk,” in Ed. In Chief, John L. Esposito, “The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World,” New York Oxford, Oxford University Press, Volume 3, p. 255. Ibid.

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David Abesadze

increasingly on Western Europe.“20 After realising that the Turkish modernisation movement endangered his backward region, Said Nursi decided to take part in defence of his region. Initially he supported the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, but after he saw their ambivalence toward Islam he changed his position. Then he supported the Kemalist national resistance movement, but when his ideas on Islam came into conflict with the secularist AtatĦrk’s intentions, he was forced into exile. During his life, he was exiled and imprisoned several times by the state, on the grounds that he had established his own religious order which was forbidden by law.21 The Nurculuk represented a religious movement of rural areas and provincial towns, gradually spreading to larger cities. Among its members were highly educated people, including university professors. The major activity of the movement was publishing the works of Said Nursi, and brochures on the foundation of modern science. They were also publishing the newspaper Yeni Asya (New Asia).22 Nursi’s readers throughout the country, mostly in industrialised cities, formed public reading circles (dershanes), where people, primarily students of several universities usually gathered to read the writings of Nursi. Today in Turkey, the total number of dershanes is more than 5000.23 The Said Nursi movement is regarded as the most powerful text-based faith movement in Turkey.24 It is difficult to find any documents that prove the Nurcu movement’s active participation in uprisings like the Nakúibendî. The main difference it has with other Islamic movements, as prominent Turkish scholar Hakan Yavuz asserts, lies in its understanding of Islam, and its strategy for the transformation of society. “Nursi offers a conceptual framework for a people undergoing the transformation from a confessional community (gemeinschaft) to a secular national society (gesellschaft).25 Nursi’s work responded to the debates of his time. He tried to show that science and rationalism were completely compatible with religious belief by trying to contemporise Islam by Islamising science. He argued that Islam and democracy (which he said is a necessary condition for a just society) were compatible to 20

Ibid. Ibid. 22 Ibid., p. 256. 23 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 120. 24 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Towards an Islamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah GĦlen,” Middle East Journal, Volume 53, Number 4, Autumn 1999, p. 586. 25 Ibid. 21

28


each other.26 Nevertheless, he did not aim to give up his idea of an Islamic state, asking the new Grand National Assembly of Republican Turkey to obey Islamic precepts, and strictly opposing Kemalist reforms.27 He was offering a bridge from traditional to modern society.28 He had a gradual transformation program that included three steps: (a) raising individual Muslim consciousness; (b) the implementation of faith in everyday life; (c) the restoration of the shari’a.29 As we see, Nursi’s whole strategy was directed towards a Sharia ruled society.30 Nevertheless, the Nurcu movement expressed a positive attitude towards Turkey’s membership in NATO, and supported the idea of Turkey’s integration into the European Union.31 After Said Nursi’s death, the movement divided into several groups.32 Among them the most powerful is the neo-Nurcu movement, or the so-called Fethullah GĦlen community. This and other neo-Nurcu movements are far from positioned as anti-state; they all pursue a statist position.33 The leader of the most powerful neo-Nurcu movement, Fethullah GĦlen, began his career in 1953. In the beginning, he was a preacher. In 1958, he became a teacher at one of the mosques. In 1971 he was accused of clandestine religious activities (organising summer camps to disseminate Islamic ideas) and was arrested in a 1971 military intervention. Because of the military’s relative tolerant attitudes towards Islam in the 1980s, GĦlen. regardless of police prosecution, avoided arrest.34 In those days, his activity was basically focused on writing about religious philosophy.35

26

Ibid., pp. 586-587. Ibid., p. 588. 28 Ibid., p. 591. 29 Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, “Kastamonu Lâhikası,” RNK II, p. 1641. In M. Hakan Yavuz, “Towards an Islamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah GĦlen,” Middle East Journal, Volume 53, Number 4, Autumn 1999, p. 591. 30 Ibid. 31 Bediüzzaman Said Nursi, “Lem’alar,” RNK I, p. 643. In M. Hakan Yavuz, “Towards an Islamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah GĦlen,” Middle East Journal, Volume 53, Number 4, Autumn 1999, p. 592. 32 M. Hakan Yavuz, “The Construction of Islamic Identity in Turkey, 1960-1997,” (Unpublished Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1998,) pp. 347-364. In M. Hakan Yavuz, “Towards an Islamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah GĦlen,” Middle East Journal, Volume 53, Number 4, Autumn 1999, p. 592. 33 Ibid. 34 Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 23. 35 Ibid., p. 24. 27

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GĦlen’s movement is mainly made up of young urban men – especially doctors, academics,36 journalists, businessmen (Anatolian entrepreneurs), and students, who’s estimated number varies from 2 to 4 million.37 The movement opposes political Islam and is involved in sponsoring summer camps, universities, cultural facilities, colleges, student dormitories, classrooms, and communication organisations. The movement set up several organisations to propagate GĦlen’s ideas, including the Turkish Teachers Foundation that publishes several monthly and academic journals.38 The economic liberalisation of the 1980s created spaces for the neo-Nurcu movement,39 which established a large media empire network including a TV channel, Samanyolu, a radio station, Burc FM, the daily newspaper, Zaman; the movement also produced a lot of videos and cassettes to propagate GĦlen’s ideas.40 As well as the scientific journal Sızıntı, Ekoloji (an environment-related magazine), the movement also founded Fountain (an English-language newspaper).41 Among frequent guests to their media outlets are well-known intellectuals from the elite secular universities of Turkey: Bosphorus and Bilkent universities.42 As Turkish scholars argue, the Nurcus media network is more democratic than most other Islamist, and even Kemalist groups, in the sense that it allows more freedom for debate and criticism.43 Besides, the community owns several business organisations (among them is the powerful, non-interest bearing bank Asya Finans, that has over half of a billion dollars in capital44); and

36

BĦlent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 25. 37 Tempo, February 7, 1997, pp. 46-50. In Bulent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 25. 38 Ibid., p. 26. 39 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 119. 40 BĦlent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 26. 41 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 123. 42 BĦlent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 26. 43 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 123. 44 Ibid.

30


one of them, is the Alarko Group, run with Jewish co-founders.45 As Turkish scholars conclude, the process of economic liberalisation in the 1980s resulted in openings for several organisations to play crucial roles in the moderation of Islamic groups, such as the neo-Nurcus movement.46 Duty to the community and obedience plays important role in hierarchical management of the movement’s day-to-day activity.47 GĦlen is well aware of the power of the market and the opportunities available in a free market economy. As Turkish scholars assert, the neo-Nurcu movement upheld the Western values of free market capitalism and liberal democracy, even more than did the state bureaucratic establishment.48 For the neo-Nurcu movement, free market leads to producing economic wealth that will support and improve a modern educational system, and empower Muslims in Turkey. By improving the free market and modern education, Islam’s face changes as well). GĦlen’s philosophy, therefore, is very much in tune with this growing business community. He stresses education and engagement in the market economy. GĦlen’s activities are aimed at molding a cohesive and disciplined community through education, mass media, and financial networks. GĦlen’s movement sees Islam as subordinate to Ottoman culture and Turkish nationalism.49 The movement has a special interest in spreading Turkey’s influence in Turkic republics, by trying to promote Turkish business and establish schools that would promote philosophical ideas on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam. GĦlen is very cautious towards the military establishment of Turkey. Instead of antagonising the relationship with them, he does his best to persuade the military that his movement’s interest is not in conflict with the existing political order, but rather maintains the status quo.50 He has said that, if necessary, he would grant his schools to the state.51 There are strained relations between GĦlen’s movement and the Welfare Party. Erbakan accuses GĦlen’s community of cooperating with the government against the Welfare Party. GĦlen as well often criticises the Welfare Party’s 45

BĦlent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 26. 46 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 119. 47 Ibid., p. 123. 48 Ibid., pp. 118-119. 49 Ibid., pp. 123-125. 50 Ibid., p. 27. 51 Milliyet, December 30, 1997. In Bulent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, pp. 26-27.

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policies and activities. GĦlen’s antagonistic attitude towards the Welfare Party even pushed him to support the Welfare Party’s removal from office and closure by the military in 1998. Because of such disputed relations between GĦlen’s movement and Welfare Party, the former usually gave their support to the secular party instead of Welfare Party.52 The same strategy was continued after the Virtue Party replaced the Welfare Party. GĦlen did not support the Virtue Party, criticising their demand to “instrumentalise” religion in politics.53 Here, in order to see clearly the transformation of the old Nurcu movement, we can recall the completely antagonistic attitude of the old Nurcu group, when it sharply criticised Islamist, National Salvation Party’s leader, Erbakan, for making coalition governments with the center-left, and center-right political parties, and leaving the Islamist party in 1970’s.54 GĦlen has good relations with liberal intellectuals, who state that by reaching consensus with GĦlen’s “soft” Islamic movement they see a solution to Turkey’s problems.55 As Turkish scholar Ruúen Çakır asserts, “The [secular] parties are promoting him as an alternative to Welfare. They’re using their enemy’s weapon against their enemy.”56 Among GĦlen’s aims we see that he wants to recreate a legitimate link between state and religion, emphasize democracy and tolerance, and encourage links with the Turkic republics.”57 As it seems, the Nurcu movement is more interested in involving in the fields of spirituality, education, stability, and developing its business activities, rather than seeking political power, and creating its own political party.58 The neo-Nurcu group was more imaginative in regard to societal transformation than the Virtue Party. “GĦlen’s group is better organised and more in tune with Turkish statism than the Virtue-led Islamic forces. When the 52

Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, pp. 27-28. 53 M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, p. 126. 54 Birol A. Yeúilada, “The Virtue Party,” Turkish Studies, Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2002, p. 67. 55 Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 28. 56 Alistair Bell, “Turkish Islamic leader defies radical label,” Reuters, August 7, 1995. In Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 28. 57 Bülent Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, September 1998, Volume V: Number 3, p. 29. 58 Ibid.

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Turkish government was seeking to counterbalance the political Islam of the Welfare Party, GĦlen never hesitated to ally himself with the statist forces. GĦlen represents pluralisation and moderation of the Turkish Islamic movements. GĦlen’s community implicitly argues that Islam is the religion of the nation and should not be reduced to being the identity of one party.”59 The main religious actors of Turkey, regarding their key characteristics, can be placed within the theoretical framework that was developed by Daniel Brumberg. He classifies Islamist movements in three broad ideal types: “radical or militant fundamentalism,” “reformist or moderate fundamentalism” and “strategic modernism or Islamic liberalism.”60 By “radical or militant fundamentalism” he means a movement that rejects peaceful means (elections) and demands the establishment of an Islamic state (a state that is based on Islamic laws “Shari’a”) by means of coercive action. The second type of Islamist movement, reformist or moderate fundamentalism, in terms of its ultimate goal, is similar to the first type. They both demand the creation of an Islamist state, although they use different means to achieve this goal. Unlike the radical or militant fundamentalism, reformist fundamentalism is moderate in its tactic; instead of coercive action, it uses peaceful means (i.e. elections for achieving their goal to establish an Islamic state. We could say, in other words, that reformist or moderate fundamentalism uses democratic means (elections) in order to subvert and replace incumbents. By the third category, strategic modernism or Islamic liberalism, Brumberg means an Islamist movement that can be regarded as democratic, and similar to the Christian Democratic parties of Western Europe. This type of movement is similar to the second type of Islamist movement, reformist or moderate fundamentalism, in terms of using peaceful means (elections) to achieve their ultimate goal. But unlike reformist or moderate fundamentalism, this goal does not demand the creation of an Islamic state, but instead demands co-existence in the existing secular and pluralistic order.61 Actors in Turkey vary from illiberal, radical fundamentalists (the Nakúibendî order), and moderate fundamentalists (the Nurcus, National Order Party, National Salvation Party, Welfare Party, Virtue Party, and Felicity Party), to liberal, democratic strategic modernists, (the Nakúibendîs, Neo-nurcus, and Justice and Development Party). (See figure)

59

M. Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah GĦlen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, WinterSpring 1999, Volume XIX, Number one, pp. 126-129. 60 Ibid. 61 Ibid..

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David Abesadze

Figure. Classification of the main Religious actors of Turkey. Strategic Modernism Neo-Nurcus Nakúî JDP

Nurculuk

Neo-Nurcus Nakúibendî

Moderate Fundamentalism NOP

NSP

WP

VP

FP

Radical Nakúibendî

Fundam.

1920

1930

1940 1950 1960 1970

1980 1990 2000 2013

Years

Conclusion By considering these main religious actors from a historical, chronological perspective, one inevitably will see a natural two-step transformation process from “radical fundamentalism” to “moderate fundamentalism”, and from “moderate fundamentalism” to “strategic modernism”, encompassing the period from the 1920s to the beginning of the 21st century. As my research has shown, the very state of the situation in Turkey62 left no 62

Firstly, as we know, in Turkey the owners of the religious issue, religious orders, unlike their European counterparts, were creators of religious political parties. Taking into account the very nature of the creator-creation relationship, the creator is more entitled and most probably has a better chance to subordinate its creation, as compared to someone who has not created it. Thus, it was more difficult in the Turkish case for the religious party to detach from the actor that was its creator. In other words, here, detachment from the religious issue was not a proper means of gaining independence from the religious orders. Secondly, the very nature of the religious order resembles a typical mass organisation giving it opportunity for more control of the party, as compared to the Catholic Church. The reasons for this are manifold: a) The lay

34


room for religious parties to act as independent actors. Instead, religious parties were actors dependent on religious orders, that even had their members in these parties. Thus, considering the dependent nature of the Turkish religious parties, the only hope the parties’ had for transformation was through the religious orders, whose interest would play an instrumental role in this process. I argue that they acquired such interest as a result of the long learning process that started in the 1920s and lasted until the beginning of 2000. Their character was transformed from radical fundamentalism to liberal modernism. The learning process was not linear and various factors played various roles at different periods of time. For example, the Nakúibendî order was forced by the secular state establishment to transform from “radical fundamentalism” to “moderate fundamentalism”. Several factors played a decisive role in the transformation of the Nakúibendî and Nurcu religious groups from “moderate fundamentalists” to “strategic modernists”: Firstly, the deliberate strategy of secularisation in terms of education reform had an important impact on the transformation of religious orders. Here, one decisive factor was the abolition of important religious learning centers (medreses) by the secular state in 1924.63 Due to those circumstances, the number of competent Islamic scholars gradually decreased. Secondly, in addition to the above-mentioned, the economic liberalisation program that was imposed at the beginning of the 1980s had a decisive impact character of the mass organisation gives it more freedom in comparison to the Catholic Church, whose spiritual nature restricts its involvement in politics, which is regarded as one of the lay domains; b) The mass organisation, just like a broadly understood political party, consists of lay people. In terms of personal relationships, barriers between them are much less significant than in the case of the relationship between the Catholic Church and a political party. This latter case is due to barriers between the clergy-lay people relationship. Hence it gives rise to misunderstanding that provokes conflict and desire for detachment. The possibility of such a scenario is much lower when the relationship is between the mass organisation and a political party because of their similar nature; c) detachment was not even desirable because often the borders between religious orders and religious parties in Turkey were obscure and interpenetrated; here we can recall the case of the leader of the Welfare Party, Erbakan, who was a member of Nakúibendî order. Thirdly, considering that about four-fifths of the population of Turkey are Sunni Muslims, and the state establishment always had a negative attitude towards religious issues, Issue of Islam has never lost its importance in Turkey. Dissimilarly, in Western Europe, religious parties were expected to dismiss the religious issue. 63 Binnaz Toprak, “The Religious Right,” in Turkey in Transition: New Perspectives, ed. Irvinc Schick and Ertu÷rul Ahmet Tonak, New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 223.

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on the transformation of Islam. A new generation of Islamists who did not obtain a competent Islamic education was more vulnerable to structural changes imposed by the secular Turkish state. The post-1980, neo-liberal era created favourable conditions for the significant rise in Islamic capital or Islamic bourgeoisie in Turkey.64 Considering the fact that the secular state still retained powerful means in economic relationships, confrontation with the state was disastrous for Islamic business. Thus, rationally, it made more sense for Islamists to choose a conciliatory relationship with the secular state, that was more focused on their economic activities and gaining profit, than taking care of the Islamic resurgence. These factors played a crucial role in the gradual transformation of Islam’s identity to market Islam, and required moderate fundamentalists to take up a more moderate, strategic modernism posture.65 Thirdly, another factor that played a decisive role in the moderation process of the Islamic orders, was the pressure imposed on Islamists by means of institutional constaints. They included the possibility of military intervention and triggered a fear of legal closure by order of the courts.66 As to the fourth factor, external context played an instrumental role. Today, as Öniú argues, domestic politics of the nation states are more dependent on external global norms than they were before. In this respect, norms of the European Union played an important role in the moderation of anti-state, antidemocratic religious orders that look at the EU as a natural source of protection from the secular state establishment. Looking at the EU as an actor who has power to defend the rights of Islamic groups, forced the latter to quit the fundamentalist stance and instead act according to the rules of the EU, that is democracy.67 Considering the transformation of religious-political movement of Turkey the following conclusions can be drawn. As we saw in the Turkish case, the sponsor organisations (religious orders) played an instrumental role in the moderation process. It is worth mentioning that in Turkey moderation of religious64

Ziya Öniú, “The political economy of Islamic resurgence in Turkey: the rise of the Welfare Party in perspective,” Third World Quarterly, Volume 18, Number 4, 1997. 65 Ibid., See See Hakan Yavuz, “Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah Gulen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds,” SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs, Volume 19, Number 1, Winter-Spring 1999; B. Aras, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly, Volume 5, Number 3, September 1998. 66 Ziya Öniú, “Political Islam at the Crossroads: From Hegemony to co-existence” (September 2001). Website: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~zonis/polislam.PDF. p. 21. 67 Ibid.

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political movements was the result of a long, two-step learning process, that involved several external constraints from the secular state establishment, and systemic changes in the Turkish economic and social systems (here I mean liberalisation of the Turkish economy, and abolishment of the religious educational system). In turkey the main actors more or less were informed about the outcome and the democratic legitimacy was generated exogenously. Bibliography I am particularly grateful to Dr Zsolt Eneydi, my research supervisor, for his extremely valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. I would like to offer my special thanks to Dr Revaz Gachechiladze, my teacher and supervisor, for his professional guidance and valuable advices and support. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated. I would also like to extend my special thanks to Dr Marine Shonia, my long time teacher for her enthusiastic encouragement and useful contribution and critique of this research work. My grateful thanks are also extended to Dr Miklos Sukosd, Dr Ziya Oniú, Dr Huricihan Islamo÷lu, Dr Ersin Kalaycio÷lu, and Dr Ali Çarko÷lu for their useful recommendations and time sincerely devoted to my research. 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Aras, Bülent. Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face. Middle East Quarterly. Vol. 5, No. 3, September 1998 Ayata, Sencer. The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and Its Institutional Framework. Atila Eralp, Muharrem Tünay, and Birol Yeúilada, ed., The Political and Socioeconomic Transformation of Turkey. London: Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1993 Ayata, Sencer. Patronage, Party, and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey. The Middle East Journal. Vol. 50, No. 1, Winter 1996 Çakır, Ruúen. Ayet ve Slogan. østanbul: Metis Yayınlari, 1990 Esposito, John. ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Vol. 3, New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 Heper, Metin. Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Toward a Reconciliation. The Middle East Journal. Vol. 51, No. 1, Winter 1997 Irvin Schick C. and Ertu÷rul Tonak. ed., with translations by Rezan Benatar, Irvin C. Schick, Ronnie Margulies, Turkey in Transition: New Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 1987 37

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8.

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11. 12. 13.

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Mardin, ùerif. The Nakúibendî Order in Turkish History. Edited by Richard Tapper. øslam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State. London. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Publishers, 1991 Mecham, Quinn R. From the Ashes of Virtue, A Promise of Light: The Transformation of Political Islam in Turkey. Conference paper of the Middle Eastern Studies Association (MESA), Washington, D.C., November 2002, website:http://comparativepolitics.stanford.edu/Papers2002-03/Mecham-Dec22002.pdf Öniú, Ziya. The Political Economy of Islamic Resurgence in Turkey: the Rise of the Welfare Party in Perspective. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1997 Öniú, Ziya. “Political Islam at the Crossroads: From Hegemony to coexistence.” Contemporary Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2001. Shankland, David. Islam and Society in Turkey. The Eothen Press, 1999 Yavuz, Hakan M. Search for a New Social Contract in Turkey: Fethullah Gülen, the Virtue Party and the Kurds. SAIS Review, A Journal of International Affairs. Vol. XIX, No. 1, Winter-Spring 1999 Yavuz, Hakan M. Towards an Islamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah Gülen. Middle East Journal. Vol. 53, No. 4, Autumn 1999 Yeúilada, Birol A. The Virtue Party. Turkish Studies. Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 2002

daviT abesaZe islamuri moZraobis transformacia TurqeTSi: naqSibendisa da nurjulukis magaliTze reziume naSromSi Seswavlilia TurqeTSi islamuri moZraobis erTerTi ZiriTadi religiur-politikuri aqtorebi — naqSibendisa da nurjulukTa jgufebi. maT Sesaswavlad naSromSi gamoyenebulia islamisa da politikis sferoSi erT-erTi wamyvani mecnieris, profesor daniel brumbergis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriuli safuZveli. TurqeTis erT-erTi mTavari religiuri aqtore38


bis istoriul-qronologiur WrilSi Seswavlis safuZvelze Cans `radikaluri fundamentalizmidan~ `zomier fundamentalizmamde~ da `zomieri fundamentalizmidan~ `strategiul modernizmamde~ orsafexurebrivi, bunebrivi transformaciis procesi, romelic 1920-iani wlebidan 2000-ian wlebamde periods moicavs. TurqeTis religiur-politikuri moZraobis Seswavlis safuZvelze Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli: TurqeTis SemTxvevaSi sponsorma organizaciam (religiurma jgufebma) moZraobis moderaciis procesSi ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom TurqeTSi religiur-politikuri moZraobis moderacia xangrZlivi, orsafexurebrivi Seswavlis procesis Sedegi iyo, romelic TurqeTis sekularuli saxelmwifo institutebisa da evrokavSiris garegani saxis zemoqmedebas, aseve TurqeTis ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi arsebul sistemur cvlilebebs moicavda. TurqeTis SemTxvevaSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi met-naklebad informirebulni iyvnen Sedegis Taobaze da demokratiuli legitimuroba egzogenuri saxiT warmoiqmna. naSromis daskvnebi ZiriTadad stambolSi Catarebul savele kvlevas eyrdnoba, romlis farglebSi TurqeTis islamuri partiebi da islamur moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli organizaciebi iyvnen Seswavlilni. kvlevis farglebSi Catarda siRrmiseuli interviuebi zemoxsenebul organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebTan da mxardamWerebTan.

39

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ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis faqtoris mniSvneloba axalgazrda msjavrdebulTa reabilitaciisa da reintegraciis procesSi sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistemis reforma qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi kriteriumia. am TvalsazrisiT Cvens qveyanaSi garkveuli qmediTi nabijebi gadaidga. Tumca, dRis wesrigSi rCeba da kvlavac aqtualuria sasjelaRsrulebiT sistemaSi humanizaciasa da socializaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da problemebi. maTi gadaWra ki SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi, romlebic msoflio penitenciur praqtikasa da aRiarebul prioritetebs efuZneba. evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendaciis Tanaxmad (1989 wlis 13 oqtomberi), patimarTaTvis ganaTlebis ufleba miCneulia rogorc fundamenturi ufleba, ramdenadac is humanurs xdis sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebas, aumjobesebs patimrobis pirobebs, patimarTa sazogadoebaSi dasabruneblad xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela patimrisTvis ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi unda iyos (igulisxmeba sabaziso da profesiuli ganaTleba, kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi, sportuli aqtivobebi, socialuri ganaTleba da biblioTeka); profesiuli ganaTleba miznad unda isaxavdes pirovnebis zogad ganviTarebas da Seesabamebodes arsebuli Sromis bazris pirobebs, aseve, unda gatardes RonisZiebebi imisaTvis, rom patimrebma ganaTlebis miReba gaTavisuflebis Semdegac ganagrZon da a.S. wlebis win, arcTu Soreul warsulSi, sabWoTa reJimis sapatimro sistema totalitarizmisa da adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis simbolod iyo miCneuli, ramdenadac is xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda rogorc represiuli manqana. Sem40

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis faqtoris mniSvneloba axalgazrda msjavrdebulTa reabilitaciisa da reintegraciis procesSi

dgom dadga misi reformirebis aucilebloba. am mxriv mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda ukeTesobisken, Tumca warsulis mankierebebidan Tavis daRweva ver moxerxda, ramac gamoZaxili sazogadoebaSi pova. aseTma viTarebam dRes kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxada da mZafrad daayena sasjelaRsrulebis sistemis humanizaciis sakiTxi. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis da dasjis alternatiuli saSualebebi da meTodebi, romlebic dasavlur sistemaSi deklarirebulia, CvenTan jerac ar damkvidrebula. aseT zomebs miekuTvneba: gamosasworebeli centrebi, sapatimro saxlebi, Sinapatimroba; msjavrdebulTa kanonmorCili qcevis axali principebis SemuSaveba da danergva. ramdenadac koleqtiuri da SromiTi aRzrdis principebi araefeqturi aRmoCnda da ver gaamarTla, SesaZleblad miiCneva misi Canacvleba sazogadoebaSi socialuri adaptaciis gziT, agreTve, socialur-fsiqologiuri muSaobiT individualuri midgomis safuZvelze; gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis Riaobisa da gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa. aseTi novaciebi, organizaciul Zalisxmevasa da finansur resursTan erTad, reformirebis strategiis konceptualur SemuSavebas moiTxovs da erTi uwyebis ZalisxmeviT ver ganxorcieldeba. sasjelaRsrulebiTi sistemis Zireuli reformirebis procesSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovnad aris miCneuli/aRiarebuli, rom erovnuli penitenciuri sistemis normebi da praqtika SesatyvisobaSi iyos saerTaSoriso standartebTan, radgan nebismieri reforma saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs unda Seesabamebodes. Tu sakiTxs istoriul WrilSi ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom, jer kidev XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, erTa ligam miiRo patimrebis mopyrobis wesebi (1934 w.), romelTa momzadeba, 1872 wlidan moyolebuli, pirvel penitenciur kongresebze daiwyo. aRniSnuli wesebis miRebisas erTa ligam aRiara, rom `mocemuli saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri sistemis miuxedavad, yvela penitenciur sistemaSi~ maTi gatareba aucilebeli iyo. swored es wesebi daedo safuZvlad patimarTa mopyrobis minimaluri standartuli wesebis SemuSavebas, rome 41


lic gaeros generalurma asambleam oci wlis Semdeg miiRo da daamtkica. marTalia, minimaluri standartebi rekomendaciebad CaiTvala, Tumca, maT iuridiuli Zala ar hqonda. 1973 wels evropis sabWom moamzada da miiRo sakuTari evropuli sapatimroebis wesebi, romlebsac ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg aqtualuri novaciebi daemata. evropuli da gaeros wesebi umravlesi normebis mixedviT TanxvedraSia erTmaneTTan. droTa ganmavlobaSi maT Soris prioritetebSi gansxvaveba gamoikveTa: gaeros wesebi xelaxali/Tavidan aRzrdis, xolo evropuli — normalizaciis ideas emyareba. 2006 wlis ianvarSi evropis sabWos ministrTa kabinetma evropis penitenciuri wesebis axali redaqcia daamtkica, romelSic Sevida evropuli qveynebis penitenciur sistemebSi ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi aprobirebuli Tanamedrove, axali debulebebi. masSi prioritetulad aris miCneuli sapyrobileebis Riaobis principi da gulisxmobs samoqalaqo organizaciebis monawileobis uflebas cixis cxovrebaSi. aseve mniSvnelovania cvlileba patimarTa Sromisadmi damokidebulebis kuTxiT da is gulisxmobs, rom Sroma arasodes unda gamoiyenebodes sasjelis formad (wesi 26.1). es niSnavs, rom iZulebiTi Sroma arasasurvelad moqmedebs adamianze, Tanac gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gamosasworebel dawesebulebebSi samuSao adgilebis mwvave deficitis gamo aucilebeli Sromis piroba SeiZleba ver Sesruldes. pozitiuri unar-Cvevebis SeZena adamians sasurveli samuSaos arCevis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia. 2006 wels miRebulma wesebis koncefciam warmodgenebi sapatimros sistemis momavlis, miznebisa da saSualebebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad Secvala, rac mniSvnelovani nabijia penitenciuri msoflmxedvelobis evoluciis gzaze. standartuli wesebis roli met mniSvnelobas iZens im qveynebSi, sadac inergeba humanizaciisa da socialuri doqtrinebi, romlebic msjavrdebulis sazogadoebaSi dabrunebazea orientirebuli. moraluri da politikuri valdebulebebi stimuls aZlevs qveyanas/saxelmwifos gadaxedos Tavis praqtikas da srulyos penitenciuri sistema.

42


patimrebTan mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi gansazRvraven, rom maT aqvT kulturul da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis ufleba, romelic pirovnebis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. saganmanaTleblo programebis ganviTarebaSi prioritetulia xarisxiani ganaTlebis sistema. uwignurTaTvis da axalgazrdebisTvis unda organizdes dawyebiTi savaldebulo ganaTleba. amas garda, swavleba unda Seesabamebodes zogadsaxelmwifoebriv ganaTlebas, raTa braldebulebma SeZlon swavlis gagrZeleba gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. amisaTvis maT unda SeeZloT wignebis, gazeTebis SeZena, biblioTekiT sargebloba. gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis administraciam ki SeZlebisdagvarad xeli unda Seuwyos saSualo da umaRles profesiul ganaTlebas. sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi (konkretulad, qsnis me-15 Ria da daxuruli tipis da qalTa me-5 dawesebulebebSi) sabaziso da profesiuli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mizniT 20112012 wels ganxorcielda proeqti `ganaTlebisa da samuSao SesaZleblobebis xelmisawvdomoba axalgazrda msjavrdebulTaTvis~, romelic aSS saxelmwifo departamentma daafinansa. proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielda saganmanaTleblo-profesiuli programebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebda msjavrdebulTa mier garkveuli xelobebis dauflebas: mamakacTaTvis — mefilemompirkeTebeli da mebaTqaSe; qalTaTvis — artflora-dizaini, sakomunikacio qarTuli eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis; zogadi inglisuri damwyebTaTvis; zogadi inglisuri gaxsenebisaTvis. programaSi 96 beneficiari monawileobda da, sabolood, is Setanil iqna ganaTlebis saministros strategiaSi. programa miznad isaxavda msjavrdebulTa unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, axali profesiebis dauflebis xelSewyobas. an, Tavis mxriv, garkveulwilad unda uzrunvelyos sasjelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebis datovebis Semdeg recidivis, danaSaulis xelaxla Cadenis albaTobis Semcireba, dasaqmebis albaTobis zrda da sasjelmoxdil pirTa integracia sazogadoebaSi. saswavlo da profesiuli programebis dasrulebis Semdeg qsnis # 15 naxevrad Ria da daxuruli tipis da # 5 qalTa patimrobis, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sereuli tipis dawesebulebebSi beneficiarTa Soris Catarda soci 43


ologiuri gamokvleva, romlis mizanic iyo zemoT CamoTvlili programebisadmi maTi ganwyobebisa da damokidebulebebis Seswavla. proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielda ori kvleva (or jgufTan) — 29 mamrobiTi da 48 mdedrobiTi sqesis beneficiarTan. aRniSnuli jgufebi dakompleqtda msjavrdebulTa survilisa da nebayoflobiTi arCevanis safuZvelze (programiT SeTavazebuli profesiebis gaTvaliswinebiT). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kvleva Catarda gamokiTxvis, konkretulad, anketirebis meTodiT. aRniSnuli meTodi, Cveni varaudiT, metad uzrunvelyofda patimarTa mxridan gulaxdilobas. SemuSavda kvlevis instrumenti — kiTxvari. igi Sedgeboda Ria, daxuruli da naxevrad Ria tipis kiTxvebis, aseve, demografiuli blokisagan. programaSi CarTul mamakacTa yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli 25 wlidan 55 wlamde, xolo qalTa Soris — 18-dan 45wlamde asakobriv jgufebze nawildeba. asakis matebasTan erTad orive sqesis warmomadgenlebSi es maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad klebulobs. beneficiarTa didi umravlesoba rogorc qalTa, ise mamakacTa Soris qarTveli erovnebis warmomadgenelia. ojaxuri mdgomareobis mxriv: yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli orive sqesis warmomadgenlebSi daojaxebulTa kategoriaze modis. gansxvavebas iZleva ganaTlebis cvladi sqesis mixedviT: qalTa Soris yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wili — daaxloebiT 44.0% — umaRlesi ganaTlebis, xolo mamakacebSi — saSualo ganaTlebis mqone respondentebze modis. saintereso iyo imis dadgena, ramdenad kmayofilia sakvlevi kategoria programis farglebSi mimdinare saswavlo procesiT da ra moswonT yvelaze metad. kvlevis monacemebidan gamovlinda, rom ukmayofileba arc erT beneficiars ar gamouxatavs. msjavrdebul mamakacTa Soris 93.1% srul, xolo danarCeni — met-nakleb kmayofilebas gamoTqvams saswavlo procesis mimarT. qalTa warmomadgenlebi ki gansakuTrebul kmayofilebas gamoTqvamen swavlebis meTodis (45,8%), swavlebis xarisxis

44


(64.4%), pedagogebis (68.8%), swavlebis procesis (56.3%) mimarT.1 patimari qalebi motivirebulebi arian gaagrZelon swavla codnis gaRrmavebis mizniT (50.0%)), ramdenadac es procesi siamovnebas aniWebT (daaxloebiT 28%) da imedovneben, rom miRebuli codnis gamoyenebas isini gaTavisuflebis Semdeg SeZleben (56.3%). yovelive ganxiluli safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saswavlo procesisadmi msjavrdebulTa mxriv ganwyobebi pozitiuria. mamakacTa Soris wina SekiTxvis analogiuri Sedegebi dafiqsirda molodinebTan dakavSirebiT — ramdenad daexmareba swavlebis Sedegad aTvisebuli unar-Cvevebi maT TavianT samomavlo saqmianobaSi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg? rogorc kvlevis monacemebi gvidasturebs, ukmayofilo arc erTi msjavrdebuli ar aris da imedovneben, rom miznebs gaTavisuflebis Semdeg miaRweven. optimisturi tendencia gamovlinda respondentTa damokidebulebaSi SeZenili unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebis aspeqtiT im saqmianobebSi, romelsac isini momavalSi, cixidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gegmaven. mxolod erTi respondentia skeptikurad ganwyobili da naklebad aqvs imedi, rom SeZlebs miRebuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas. Tumca, Tu am konkretul SemTxvevas sxva kiTxvasTan mimarTebaSi (kiTxva #13 — iqnebiT Tu ara konkurentunariani programis gavlis Semdeg?) ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom msgavsi damokidebuleba aixsneba respondentis asakiTa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT. zogadad, kvlevam daadastura beneficiarTa mier programis mowonebis faqti. rac Seexeba qalTa kategoriis warmomadgenlebs, maT 21.0%-s jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, ris gakeTebas apirebs momavalSi, xolo 63.0% axla fiqrobs amis Sesaxeb.

1

SeniSvna: vinaidan samizne jgufis wevrebs erTze meti pasuxis arCevis SesaZlebloba hqondaT, amdenad procentuli maCveneblebis jami 100%-s aRemateba.

45


gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mesameds surs dasaqmdes, Tumca gaurkvevlobaSia da ar icis am informaciis misaRebad vis mimarTos — kerZo pirs, romelime saagentos Tu saxelmwifos. mniSvnelovani iyo imis garkvevac, Tu ra Semata SeZenilma unarebma da praqtikuli profesiis codnam sakvlevi jgufis wevrebs, ra Rirebulebebze arian isini orientirebuli programis gavlis Semdeg. am mizniT, maT SevTavazeT debulebebis CamonaTvali, romelic SeeZloT gaeziarebinaT an uareyoT. maT, aseve, saSualeba hqondaT, SekiTxvis farglebSi sakuTari mosazrebebic gamoexataT. Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi optimisturia da erTmniSvnelovnad pozitiur Sefasebas gamoxatavs (ix. cxrili #1).

46


cxrili #1 #

CamonaTvali

kacebi

qalebi

diax

diax

1

momemata sakuTari Tavis rwmena

82.8 %

77.1%

2

ufro imedianad vuyureb momavals

93.1 %

85.4%

3

gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gamiioldeba sazogadoebasTan urTierToba (adaptacia)

96.6 %

79.2%

4

saswavlo programebi aucilebelia, radgan isini xels uwyobs sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas

100%

87.5%

5

sxva patimrebsac gauCndaT saswavlo-profesiul programebSi CarTvis survili

89.7 %

95.8%

6

dadebiTi xasiaTisaa ojaxis wevrebisa da axloblebis damokidebuleba saganmanaTleblo programebis mimarT

100 %

79.2%

7

kargi iqneba, Tu gagrZeldeba programa

20.7 %

75.0%

gamokiTxul respondentTa daaxloebiT 65.5% miiCnevs, rom igi srulyofilad eufleba arCeul profesias. sapirispiro mosazrebas gamoTqvams 10.3% (3 respondenti), xolo respondentTa meoTxedi aRniSnavs, rom 4 Tve ar aris sakmarisi profesiis dasaufleblad. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pirveli pasuxis SemTxvevaSi isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben sakuTar resursebs, SesaZleblobebsa da mondomebas, yvelanairad cdiloben srulyofilad aiTvison maT mier arCeuli profesia. am mosazrebas amyarebs momdevno SekiTxvis pasuxebic, romlis Tanaxmad gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT sami meoTxedi (75.9%) 47


fiqrobs, rom aRniSnuli programis gavlis Semdeg igi iqneba konkurentunariani, 6 respondenti ki pesimisturad aris ganwyobili da miiCnevs, rom ver iqneba konkurentunariani; Tumca, rogorc zeviT ukve aRiniSna, maTgan erTi beneficiari amas asakisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT xsnis. erT respondents ki uWirs pasuxis gacema. Tu am ukanaskneli ori kiTxvis monacemebs gavaanalizebT, gamoCndeba, rom isini logikurad arian dakavSirebuli da maTSi winaaRmdegobrivi araferia. profesiuli unar-Cvevebis srulyofilad asaTviseblad da sasjelis moxdis Semdeg Sromis bazarze dasamkvidreblad respondentebi mxars uWeren programebis gagrZelebas. 62.1%-ia maTi xvedriTi wili, vinc aucileblobad miiCnevs mis gagrZelebas da gamokiTxulTa 37.9%-s moicavs is segmenti, romelic am qmedebas sasurvelad miiCnevs. faqtobrivad, mTeli SerCeviTi erToblioba (100%) programebis gagrZelebis momxrea. mniSvnelovani iyo imis dadgena, eqmnebaT Tu ara programaSi CarTuli jgufis monawileebs problemebi swavlis procesSi da, Tu eqmnebaT, ras ukavSirdeba da ra xasiaTis aris es problemebi? aRniSnul SekiTxvaze mamakac respondentTa mier dafiqsirda problemebis met-naklebi xarisxiT arseboba an problemebis ararseboba. daaxloebiT 79.0% programis farglebSi aranair problemas ar awydeba, 17.2% xazgasmiT gamoTqvams kmayofilebas leqtorebiT, romlebic, maTi azriT, `maqsimalurad ixarjebian~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, masalis aTviseba ar uWirT. mcire procentuli maCveneblebi nawildeba iseT pasuxebze, rogoricaa: wignebis arqona, kompiuteruli programebis Sesaswavlad kompiuterebis raodenobis gazrda, araqarTuli (konkretulad, rusulzea miTiTeba) ganaTlebis gamo wera-kiTxvis barieri da masTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebi, swavlis vadis/xangrZlivobis gazrda da a.S. qalTa kategoriaSi ki daaxloebiT 92 procenti problemebs ar afiqsirebs.

48

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis faqtoris mniSvneloba axalgazrda msjavrdebulTa reabilitaciisa da reintegraciis procesSi ʪʨʽʭʯ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹʨˆʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ? 2% 0%

2% 2% 2%

92% ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʨʸʳʨʽʭʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʳʨʽʭʹ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰʱʨʸʪʨʫʪʭʰˆʹʴʰʨʴʫʨʪʭʨʪʬʩʰʴʬʩʬʴʫʨ˃ʨʲʰʨʴʹʰʳʶʨʯʰʻʸʬʩʰʨʸʰʨʴ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʻʲʰʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʰʹʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʯʬʵʸʰʻʲʯʨʴʬʸʯʨʫʫʨʪʨʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʨʫʰˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨʳʨʽʭʹ–ʵʶʬʸʨ˂ʰʨʪʨʭʰʱʬʯʬʯʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʪʨ˂ʫʬʴʨʳʰ˄ʬʭʹˆʵʲʳʬ,ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨʳʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰˆˀʰʸʨʫʳʵʫʰʹʨʫʭʵʱʨʺʰ

gamokiTxul respondentTa naxevarze meti — 51.7% marTebulad miiCnevs swavlis gagrZelebas, ramdenadac Tvlis, rom profesiuli unar-Cvevebis SeZena dasaqmebisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa. 44.8% siamovnebiT gaagrZelebda swavlas. mxolod erTi pasuxia nihilisturi ganwyobis gamomxatveli da is amgvarad aris formulirebuli — gagrZelebas azri ara aqvs, mainc ver viSovi samuSaos. aRniSnul SekiTxvebze pasuxebis amgvari ganawileba mowmobs, rom programaSi CarTul subieqtebs aqvT garkveuli motivacia, rasac adasturebs maTi samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebis rwmena, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs maTi swavlis gagrZelebis survils. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom programa miznad isaxavs beneficiarTa mier garkveuli xelobebis/profesiebis Seswavlasa da dauflebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv, xeli unda Seuwyos maT resocializacias da sazogadoebaSi integraciis uzrunvelyofas, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT gagvego maTi azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra ainteresebT maT, ris Seswavlaze arian ZiriTadad orientirebulni. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, im programis garda, romelic maTTan funqcionirebs, aqvT Tu ara survili daeuflon sxva tipis saqmianobas; rogoria maTi arCevani da interesTa sfero. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven maT SevTavazeT CamonaTvali, 49


saidanac respondentebs sami arCevanis gakeTeba SeeZloT, aseve saSualeba hqondaT, sakuTari variantebi SemoeTavazebinaT (ix. cxrili # 2).

cxrili #2 #

CamonaTvali

%

1

informatika

57.5

2

inglisuri ena

34.5

3

qarTuli ena

6.8

4

puris mcxobeli

20.7

6

mzareuli

3.4

7

buRalteri

10.3

8

mefile-mompirkeTebeli

34.4

9

mebaTqaSe

31.0

10

Zerwva-qandakeba

10.2

11

xeze kveTa

30.9

12

minanqari

17.2

13

marTvis mowmobis aReba/kategoriis amaRleba

10.3

14

sxva (eleqtrikosi, arsebuli programis gagrZeleba)

SeniSvna: TiToeul respondents saSualeba hqonda aerCia pasuxis sami varianti. Sesabamisad, procentuli maCveneblebis jamuri raodenoba aRemateba 100 %-s. gamokiTxulTa saerTo erTobliobidan, rogorc monacemebidan Cans, daaxloebiT 76.0% miiCnevs, rom mas aqvs sakmarisi samuSao gamocdileba. Tanabari xvedriTi wiliT (10.3%) aRiniSna maTi maCvenebeli, vinc Tvlis, rom aqvs mcire gamocdileba, an ara aqvs is. 50


Sesabamisad, maRalia beneficiarTa im segmentis procentuli maCvenebeli, visac sasjelis moxdis Semdeg sakuTari samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyebis survili aqvs da isini 69.0%-s Seadgenen. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom ZiriTadad eseni im kategoriis warmomadgenlebi arian, vinc identifikacias sakmarisi gamocdilebis mqonesTan axdens. marTalia, maT survili aqvT, magram ar ician, rogor SeZleben mis ganxorcielebas. es kategoria gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mexuTeds Seadgens (20.7%). danarCeni procentuli maCveneblebi (10.3%) nawildeba Semdegnairad: iTxoven dasaqmebaSi xelSewyobas, surT adgilze SeZenili profesiiT imuSaon, wamoiwyon Tonis puris biznesi, an jer garkveuli pasuxi ar gaaCniaT. sakvlevi jgufis wevrebs sasjelis moxdis Semdeg gansxvavebuli gegmebi aqvT. beneficiarTa yvelaze didi nawilis procentuli maCvenebeli — 37.9% koncentrirebulia pasuxze, romlis Tanaxmadac isini sakuTari saqmianobis/biznesis wamowyebas gegmaven. 31.0%-s dasaqmebis survili aqvs, Tumca ar aris garkveuli, vis SeiZleba mimarTos informaciis miRebis mizniT — kerZo pirs, saagentos, saxelmwifo struqturebs Tu romelime sxva uwyebas. gamokiTxulTa mexuTedze odnav meti profesiuli ganviTarebis gagrZelebas gegmavs. 10.3%-Tvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs dasaqmebis adgils, misTvis mTavaria samuSao hqondes. minimaluria maTi xvedriTi wili, visac mizanmimarTulad unda mefile-mompirkeTeblis saqmianobiT dakavdes da vinc jer ar icis, ras izams gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom maTi soliduri nawili, ZiriTadad, sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da unarebze arian orientirebuli. aseve mniSvnelovania is raodenobac, romelic sakuTar Zalebs arasakmarisad miiCnevs, dabneulia da cdilobs, gaerkves da moiZios iseTi struqtura, vinc mis xelSewyobas SeZlebs. saintereso iyo ganmartebebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor apireben beneficiarebi TavianTi gegmebis ganxorcielebas sasjelis moxdis Semdeg. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia monacemebi, romlebic adasturebs, Tu rogor uyureben isini aRniSnul sakiTxs (cxrili #3). 51


cxrili #3 #

mosazrebebi

%

1

samsaxurisTvis mivmarTav sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros, saagentos, kerZo pirs

10.3

2

jerjerobiT ar vici rogor moviqcevi da praqtikulad rogor ganvaxorcieleb Cems gegmebs

17.2

3

vflob ramdenime profesias (saqmianobebSi dasaxelebulia: restoranSi muSaobis gamocdileba, TabaSiriT Zerwva, mZRoloba, distribucia) da finansurad sadac ukeT viqnebi, iq msurs dasaqmeba

10.3

4

msurs wvlili Sevitano sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, mivxedo da varCino ojaxi

13.8

5

Sevecdebi, gamoviyeno aq miRebuli codna da gamocdileba

10.3

6

Cemi ZalebiT unda avamuSao Cemi biznesi

3.4

7

profesiiT saqmianoba, ramdenadac maqvs amis gamocdileba

24.0

8

miWirs pasuxis gacema

13.8

9

sxva (minda sxva profesiebsac daveuflo, saxelmwifo Tu dagvexmareba, madlobeli viqnebi)

6.8

SeniSvna: TiToeul respondents saSualeba hqonda aerCia pasuxis 2 varianti. Sesabamisad, procentuli maCveneblebis jamuri raodenoba aWarbebs 100 %-s. saWiroeben Tu ara beneficiarebi konsultaciebiT momsaxurebas dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT?

52


sakvlevi erTobliobis 55.2% iwonebs am ideas, Tuki mas amis SesaZlebloba eqneba. gamokiTxulTa 20.7% aucileblobad miiCnevs konsultacias, 17.2% adamiani ki amis saWiroebas ver xedavs. mcire procentuli maCvenebliT, magram pasuxebSi mainc gamoikveTa azri, romelic gulisxmobs dasaqmebis programis Seqmnas axlad gaTavisuflebuli patimrebisTvis, rac samomavlo prevencias niSnavs, raTa usaxsrobis gamo Tavisuflebis aRmkveT dawesebulebebSi ar mouxdeT ukan dabruneba. ZiriTadi daskvnebi:

sakvlev jgufSi gamoikveTa imis mzaoba, rom msjavrdebuls sasjelis moxdis periodSi mieces saSualeba, miiRos an gaiRrmavos ganaTleba da SeiZinos profesiuli unar-Cvevebi, CaerTos aqtivobebSi (saganmanaTleblo programiT gaTvaliswinebul praqtikul saqmianobebSi), rac xels Seuwyobs mis momzadebas sazogadoebaSi dasabruneblad da mis umtkivneulo adaptacias. arsebuli programis mimarT msjavrdebulTa ganwyoba sakmaod pozitiuria. maTTvis mniSvnelovania is saqmianoba, romliTac programis farglebSi arian dakavebuli, rasac mowmobs maTi samomavlo gegmebi, romlebsac isini gaTavisuflebis Semdgomi periodisTvis saxaven. Tavisuflebis aRmkveT dawesebulebaSi SeZenili codnisa da unarebis gamoyenebas isini TavianT samomavlo saqmianobebsac ukavSireben. dadebiTi tendenciebi vlindeba saswavlo personalis mimarT (leqtorebi, maswavleblebi, socialuri muSakebi), romlebic uSualod arian CarTuli am procesSi. programis beneficiarebi miuTiTeben im cvlilebebze, rac programaSi maT CarTvas mohyva. cvlilebebi dadebiTi veqtoris mimarTulebiT fiqsirdeba da amas maTi absoluturi umravlesoba aRiarebs. aq moiazreba rogorc maTi pirovnuli saxis cvlilebebi (sakuTari Tavis rwmenis zrda, optimisturi damokidebuleba momavlisadmi da sxv.), ise ojaxisa da axlobelTa wris kmayofileba.

53


gamokveTilia maTi saganmanaTleblo interesebisa da aqtivobebis zrda, imis rwmena, rom cixeSi nayofierad gamoiyena dro da orientirebulia, Tavisuflebis pirobebSic uqmad ar daxarjos is. saboloo daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: beneficiar mamakacTa da qalTa kategoriebis kvlevam gamoavlina, rom msgavsi programebi didwilad uzrunvelyofs patimarTa motivaciis zrdas da optimizmis gamovlinebas samomavlo dasaqmebis aspeqtiT (sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba, sakuTari profesiiT an nebismieri sxva profesiiT dasaqmeba); rom msgavs saganmanaTleblo programebSi (rogorc saswavlo, ise profesiuli xasiaTis) sapatimroSi myof pirTa CarTuloba xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, safrTxeebisa da destruqciuli qcevebis daZlevas da, meore mxriv, maT warmatebul resocializacias da integracias sazogadoebaSi.

Marina Burdzenidze Assistant Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Marine Kevkhishvili Teacher Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University The Importance of Education and Employment Factors in Offenders’ Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process Resume The penitentiary system reform is one of the criteria for democratic development in Georgia. Also several effective steps have been taken in this country to improve the situation, prison humanization and socialization issues remain active. The solution of these issues must be based on the world’s penitential practices, recognized priorities and international standards. Council of Europe recommendation No R (89)12, under the terms of Article 15.b of the Statute of the Council of Europe considers that: the right to education is fundamental, education in prison helps to humanize prisons, 54


improves the conditions of detention, and it is an important way of facilitating the return of a prisoner to the community. Therefore, education opportunities should be available to all prisoners (including basic and vocational education, cultural-artistic, sporting activities, etc.). Vocational education should be closely linked to labor markets. Measures should be taken to enable prisoners to continue their education after release. A number of positive initiatives have taken place in Georgia by offering Educational and Vocational programs inside prisons within the framework of the project “Ensuring Access to Education and Employment Opportunities for Prison Youth”. The programs - Stone and Tile Flooring; Plastering; Art of Floral Design; Communicational Georgian Language for Ethnic minorities; General English (Starter); General English (Remedial study) - were provided in “Ksani” establishment #15 and in women’s prison #5. In order to study prisoners’ (both male and female inmates’) expectations and attitudes towards education as a form of self-improvement and its subsequent usage in the future, we have conducted a research in the above mentioned prisons. The survey was based on questionnaires. The results of the investigation have shown that improved skills assist to bridge the gap in education and enable prisoners to realize that they have capabilities, talents and self-esteem to conduct a positive change in their lives. Most of the respondents hope that they can have prospect for employment after release and a choice for meaningful work, a possibility to build a law-abiding career and a better life for their families and communities, which will decrease their chances of committing criminal act again.

55

marex deviZe-mamulaiSvili


konfliqtSi monawile aqtorTa mimarTebebis kvleva qarTul mediasivrceSi saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis dRidan qveynis politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi konfliqturi damokidebulebebis fonze viTardeba. konfliqturi situaciebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis politikuri partiebis, organizaciebis, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis aqtorebs Soris wlebis ganmavlobaSi daZabul saxes iRebda da aisaxeboda masmediaSi. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda iseTi konfliqtebi, romlebSic cnobili da cnobadi saxeebi, politikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi iyvnen CarTulni. aseTi tipis konfliqtebi aqtiurad Suqdeboda masmediis saSualebebiT da miewodeboda sazogadoebas. masmediaSi konfliqtebis aRweris didi masala dagrovda. Cemi kvlevis mizans warmoadgens konfliqtebis ZiriTadi mimarTebebis gansazRvra dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris. sakvlev masalad gamovyavi beWduri mediidan: àlia~ da `kviris qronika~, xolo samauwyeblo mediidan: ìmedi~ da `rusTavi2~. sakvlevi masala 2011-2013 wlebis periodiT ganvsazRvreT. konfliqtebis marTvis Teoriebze dayrdnobiT (doiCi m., bartoni j. da bouldingi k.e.), kvlevisaTvis konfliqtSi monawile mxareTa kriteriumebi gamovyavi, sadac vafiqsirebdi masSi CarTul aqtorebs Soris mimarTebebs: pirovneba-pirovneba, pirovneba-jgufi, jgufi-organizacia, organizacia-organizacia. mqonda daSveba, rom aseTi saxis konfliqtebi sazogadoebis Tanacxovrebis mikro- da makrodoneebs moicaven. magaliTad, kinoserial `Sua qalaqis~ yofil msaxiobebsa da serialis Semqmnelebs Soris dava, ìmij-centrisTvis~ silamazis konkursis Cata56

konfliqtSi monawile aqtorTa mimarTebebis kvleva qarTul mediasivrceSi

rebis uflebis CamorTmeviT gamowveuli dapirispireba (àlia~, 2011 w., # 78, gv. 2), xelisuflebas da telekompania `TrialeTis~ damfuZnebels Soris dapirispireba (àlia~, 2011 w., # 79, gv. 10), qarTuli Widaobis federaciis yofil viceprezidentsa da amave federaciis yofil prezidents Soris dava (`kviris qronika~, 2013 w., #1, gv. 11), telemauwyebel `rusTavi 2-is~ mepatroneTa konfliqtebi da sxva. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis organizaciebSi gadamowmebisas wavawydi sirTuleebs, radgan organizaciis warmomadgenlebi, marTalia, konfliqtebs aRiarebdnen, magram eridebodnen presasa da televiziaSi ukve gaSuqebuli faqtebis xelaxla gaxmaurebas. msgavsadve moqmedebdnen pirovnebebi sxva pirovnebebis mimarT saubrisas. umetesi wili konfliqtebisa, romlebic msxvil biznesmenebsa da saxelmwifos Soris moxda, axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdgom (2012 wlis oqtomberi), nawilobriv aRmoifxvra an reabilitaciis procesSia. warmoiSva da gamZafrda axali konfliqtebi yofil xelisuflebasa da axals Soris. Znelia ipovo jgufi, organizacia, saswavlo, kerZo Tu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, sadac konfliqtebi gamZafrebuli araa. socialurma gaWirvebam, umuSevrobam, sxvadasxva politikur gaerTianebaSi xalxTa farTo gawevrianebam, an, ubralod, politizebam aseve gaamZafra konfliqtebi rogorc saxelmwifosTan, aseve TviT aqtorebs Soris. rac ufro Zlieria mTavrobis wevrebs Soris (pozicia-opozicias Soris) konfliqtebi, miT meti daZabulobaa sazogadoebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelom konfliqtebis piks miaRwia arCevnebis periodSi. Tumca, aseve aRsaniSnavia konfliqtebi, romlebic umeteswilad Cem mier gamoyofil periodSi sxvadasxva politikur partias, regiliur umciresobas, marTlmadideblur mrevls, an sqesobriv umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebsa da Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs Soris arsebobda. sakvlev masalaSi (2012-2013 ww.) didi nawili daTmobili qonda wina xelisuflebis kritikas (`nacionaluri moZraobis~ partiis wevrebis, yofil Tu jer kidev Tanamdebobaze myofTa Semosavlebis ganxilvas da maT fulad premiebs (fuladi premiebis gaSuqebisas arc axali xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iy

57


vnen gamonaklisi), prezidentis Tanamdebobaze yofnis darCenil Tveebs da mis voiaJebs, saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebs da sxva). Temebi, romlebic konfliqtis WrilSi unda yofiliyo gaSuqebuli, mowodebuli da ganxiluli, zedapiruli, ukmayofilebis an, ubralod, informaciuli xasiaTis iyo, magram SevZeli saerTo suraTis gamoyofa, rac ZiriTad konfliqtebs ukavSirdeba, esenia: `pirovneba-pirovneba~ tipis konfliqti sazogadoebis yvela fenisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da saqarTveloSi Zalian xSiria. saqarTveloSi pirovnebebs Soris dava jer kidev umeteswilad Zalismieri gadawyvetiT an xangrZlivi dapirispirebiT mTavrdeba. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT mezoblebs, naTesavebs, ojaxis wevrebs, megobrebs Soris dapirispirebebi, romelnic xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalismieri Carevis garda mTavrdeba e.w. `damdurebiT~, `mokveTiT~, Semdeg Taobebze siZulvilis gadacemiT da erTmaneTTan yoveli Sexvedrisas sityvieri SeuracxyofiT. sasamarTlos mier ganixiluli pirovnebebs Soris konfliqti ar mTavrdeba erTi an ori mosmeniT da SeiZleba iyos xangrZlivi, Tundac, sasamarTlo struqturidan gamomdinare. umaRles saswavleblebSi `pirovneba-organizacia~ tipis konfliqti xSir SemTxvevaSi `pirovneba-pirovneba~ tipis konfliqtiT mTavrdeba. aq konfliqtis mizezi umeteswilad samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebaa. rig SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pirovneba organizaciasTan davas agebs, is konfliqtSi Sedis organizaciis TanamSromlebTan. 2013 wlis masalebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom msgavsma konfliqtebma ara marto sasamarTloSi ipova gza, aramed masmediaSic. pirovnebebma TavianTi konfliqtebi TviTonve gaasajaroes. sajarod gamotanili konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi xSirad erevian arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. maTi roli gansakuTrebiT ojaxur konfliqtebTan, bavSvebTan da moxucebulebTan mimarTebaSi Cans. aseve xSiria, roca `pirovneba-organizacia~ tipis konfliqtebs sxvadasxva politikuri partia exmianeba da Tanadgomas ucxadebs. 58


Tu `pirovneba-organizacia~ konfliqtis ZiriTadi mizezi Sromis anazRaureba an samsaxuridan daTxovna SeiZleba iyos, `jgufi-organizacia~ tipis konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod Sromis anazRaureba, aramed Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebacaa mniSvnelovani. msgavsma konfliqtebma masStaburi xasiaTi da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gaficvebis saxe miiRo (maRaros muSebi, samarSruto taqsis mZRolebi, foTis navsadguris TanamSromlebi da sxva). òrganizacia-organizacia~ tipis konfliqti umeteswilad gamowveulia teritoriisa da sivrcis, bazris araTanabrad aTvisebiT da wilTa arasworad gadanawilebiT. sakvlev masalaSi iyo sxva tipis konfliqtebic, magaliTad, `jgufi-pirovneba~, romelic gamowveuli iyo jgufis dapirispirebiT ara ubralod pirovnebasTan, aramed rogorc organizaciis xelmZRvanelTan. qvemoT moyvanil diagramaze saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiT Sevecade meCvenebina bolo sami wlis manZilze arsebuli konfliqtebi, romlis tipologia da ganviTarebis dinamika sqemazea warmodgenili.

%

59


damuSavebuli masalebis mixedviT procentebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: 31 % `pirovneba-organizacia~, 27 % `pirovneba-pirovneba~, 18 % `jgufi-organizacia~, 15 % òrganizacia-organizacia~ da 9 % sxva tipis konfliqtebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi konfliqtebi ar Semoifargleba marto zemoT naxseneb mimarTebebs Soris, miviReT Sedegi, rom yvela saxis konfliqti aqtorTa mimarTebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aisaxeba presaSi da satelevizio gadacemebSi. es mimarTebebi droiTi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTaa gadmocemuli da ara mxolod sensaciuri masalis saxiT, rac konfliqtebis eskalaciisa da deeskalaciis intensivobas gviCvenebs. kvleva grZeldeba, masalis moculobis Semdgomi gazrda da mimarTebebisadmi dinamikaSi dakvirveba ufro siRrmiseul xasiaTs miiRebs. literatura: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

60

gazeTi àlia~ — 2011 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 78-dan # 101-is CaTvliT. gazeTi àlia~ — 2012 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 1-dan # 98-is CaTvliT. gazeTi àlia~ — 2013 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 1-dan # 22-is CaTvliT. gazeTi `kviris qronika~ — 2011 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 1-dan # 52-is CaTvliT. gazeTi `kviris qronika~ — 2012 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 1-dan # 52-is CaTvliT. gazeTi `kviris qronika~ — 2011 wlis sagazeTo nomrebi: # 1-dan # 11-is CaTvliT. Deutsch, M. (1973), The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Boulding K. E. (1975), International Systems: Peace, Conflict Resolution, and Politics, Colorado Associated University Press. Burton, John W. 1969. Conflict and Communication: The Use of Controlled Communication in International Relations. London: Macmillan and New York: Free Press.


10. Burton, John W. and Dennis J.D. Sandole. 1986. "Generic Theory: The Basis of Conflict Resolution." Negotiation Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, October, pp. 333-344. 11. http://www.myvideo.ge/?act=dvr&chan=rustavi2 12. http://www.rustavi2.com/news/indexg.php?ct=5&wth=0 13. http://www.myvideo.ge/?act=dvr&chan=imedi 14. http://imedi.ge/index.php?pg=prs&id=20

Marekh Devidze-Mamulaishvili PhD Student Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Actor Relations Research - Conflict Participants in the Georgian Media Space Resume Since the day of gaining independence by Georgia, the country's political and socio-economic processes have been developing against the background of conflicting attitudes. The conflicts between the actors of political parties, organizations, governmental institutions with different views have taken the stressful form and have been reflected in the mass media for many years. Particularly notable became such conflicts in which well-known and recognizable celebrities, politicians and state officials were involved. These types of conflicts were actively covered by mass media and provided to the public. The goal of our research is to determine the basic relations of the conflict between the opposing parties. We selected the material for the research out of the printed media: the “Alia” and the “Weekly Chronicle”; and the broadcast media: “Imedi” and “Rustavi-2” . We determined the research material for the period of 2011-2013. Based on the theories of conflict management (Deutsch M., Burton J., and Boulding C.E ), we specified the criteria of the conflicting parties for the research, where the relations between the involved actors are recorded: personperson, person-group, group-organization, organization- organization. We

61


assumed that such conflicts include micro and macro levels of the society coexistence. According to the processed materials, the percentage was distributed as follows: 31% person-organization, 27 % person-person, 18 % group-organization, 15% organization-organization and 9% other types of conflicts. Despite the fact that the conflicts in Georgia are not limited to only between the above-mentioned relations, we obtained the result that all kinds of conflicts with the consideration of the actors’ relations are reflected in the press and TV shows. These relations are provided with the time factor, and not only in the form of sensational material which shows the intensity of conflict escalation and de-escalation . The research is still continuing, further increase in the amount of the material and observation of the above-mentioned relations in dynamics will acquire a more in-depth character.

62

Savi zRvis auzis portebis ranJireba da SedarebiTi analizi

Tamar dolbaia

Savi zRvis auzis portebis ranJireba da SedarebiTi analizi nebismieri regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done misi saerTaSoriso doneze konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi faqtoria. evrokavSiri aqtiurad moqmedebs regionuli politikis xelSesawyobad satransporto sistemebis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis gziT. Savi zRvis regionis satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebis sayrdeni sazRvao saporto sistemebia, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, saxmeleTo infrastruqturis generirebasac uwyoben xels da msoflio vaWrobis Semadgeneli nawilebi da ekonomikebis damakavSirebeli rgolebia. 2009 wels ESPO-s SekveTiT antverpenis universitetSi Catarda evropis saporto sistemebis ekonomikuri analizi, sadac portebi dajgufebulia klasterebad msgavsi Camoyalibebuli infrastruqturisa da gadasazidi tvirTebis regionalizaciis safuZvelze. analitikosebma gamoyves 12 saporto regioni. maT Sorisaa dasavleT SavizRvispireTi (konstanca, burgasi, varna), romlis wili evropis konteinerTbrunvaSi 2010 wels nulidan 1,8%-mde gaizarda. klasterizaciaSi araa Savi zRvis auzis saporto sistemebi — didi odesa, sankt peterburgi, baltiispireTis portebi. albaT imitom, rom arcerT maTgans ar SeuZlia ganacxados pretenzia habisa da sazRvao WiSkris rolze saerTo evropuli satransporto sistemis eqsport-importul sakonteinero nakadebSi. am fonze qarTuli portebi saerTod ar ganixileba. vaWrobis globalizaciisa da evropis istoriisa da geografiuli mdebareobis gamo evrokavSiri Zlieraa damokidebuli sazRvao transportze. eqspertTa umravlesoba saubrobs erTiani evropuli sazRvao sivrcis Seqmnis aucileblobaze, rac miiRweva tvirTisa da gemebis gadaadgilebis gamartivebiT. evropa 63

Tamar dolbaia

Savi zRvis regions uyurebs, rogorc periferias, moSorebuls ZiriTadi satransporto-ekonomikuri kvanZebidan. Savi da azovis zRvebis auzSi 40 portia: 18 ukrainuli, 5 rusuli, 10 Turquli da 2-2 bulgaruli, ruminuli da qarTuli. udidesi savaWro portebia: novorosiiski, konstanca, odesa, iliCevski. sakruizo portebia: odesa, konstanca, varna, soWi, trapizoni, baTumi. regionSi saborne gadazidvebi daiwyo gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi da moqmedebs Cven mier sakvlev obieqtebad arCeul yvela portSi. sakonteinero gadazidvebSi Savi zRvis auzis yvela portia CarTuli. Cveni kvlevis mizania Savi zRvis auzis portebis SedarebiTi analizi da ranJireba. sakvlev obieqtebad aviReT Savi zRvis auzis yvela qveynis udidesi porti: saqarTvelos portebi — baTumi da foTi; bulgareTis porti — burgasi; ruseTis porti — novorosiiski, ukrainis portebi — odesa da iliCevski; rumineTis porti — konstanca da TurqeTis porti — samsuni. zemoT CamoTvlili portebis SefasebisTvis gamovyaviT maxasiaTeblebi (parametrebi), esenia: I. instituciuri parametri: 1. sakuTrebis forma — kerZo, saxelmwifo. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

moculobiTi parametrebi: portis simZlavre — mln.t/w portis datvirTvis xarisxi — % portis tvirTbrunva — mln.t/w gemTbrunva — gemebis raodenoba sawyobebis farTobi — Ria, daxuruli, kv.m. mgzavrTbrunva — kaci

7. konteinerTbrunva — TEU 8. konteinerebis simZlavre — TEU 9. konteinerebis datvirTvis xarisxi — % 10. tvirTis tipebi 11. borani 64


III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

hidroteqnikuri parametrebi: navigacia — Tveebis raodenoba portis farTobi — ha. sanapiros sigrZe — km. misadgomebis raodenoba misadgomebis siRrme — m.

6. gemebis wyalwyva — dwt IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

finansur-ekonomikuri parametrebi: dasaqmeba — kaci xelfasi — aSS dolari qalaqis mosaxleobaSi dasaqmebulTa wili — % mogeba — aSS dolari tarifi — saporto momsaxurebaze — aSS dolari tarifi — tvirTis CatvirTva-gadatvirTvaze — aSS dolari sabaJo reJimi Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona (porto-franko)

V. saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi Cabmis xarisxi 1. portze gamavali saerTaSoriso satransporto derefnebi 2. portze gamavali saerTaSoriso milsadenebi

3. portis hinterlandi portebis saqmianoba SerCeuli parametrebis mixedviT asaxulia qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi (2012 w. monacemebi mopovebulia portebis administraciebidan). novorosiiski

burgasi

konstanca

odesa

sakuTrebis forma-kerZo

80.0%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

sakuTrebis forma saxelmwifo

20.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100,000,000

15,000,000

100,000,000

38,000,000

81.6%

30.8%

61.8%

91.0%

porti

portis simZlavre mln.t/w portis datvirTvis xarisxi %

65

Tamar dolbaia

83000000

4616000

61838000

34562000

2,088

2,000

5,055

1,200

sawyobis farTobi, kv.m, Ria

188,800

310,000

342,200

215,000

sawyobis farTobi, kv.m, daxuruli

62,200

75,000

103,800

78,800

-

18,000

34,010

82,000

381,000

37,756

684,059

572,140

konteinerebis simZlavre

500,000

150,000

1,700,000

700,000

konteinerebis datvirTvis xarisxi

76%

31%

81%

82%

borani, ro-ro terminali

3

3

1

1

portis farTobi

95.5

129.4

3926.0

133.3

misadgomebis raodenoba

43.0

28.0

156.0

38.0

misadgomebis siRrme, metri

24

16

19

13

sanapiros sigrZe, km

9.2

4.8

29.8

9.0

gemebis wyalwyva, t.dedveiti

250,000

125,000

220,000

100,000

xelfasi

765.03

462.88

dasaqmeba

4493

1050

6000

2400

228243

226000

721896

1081000

2.0%

0.5%

0.8%

0.2%

95,700.0

38,970,588.2

91,252,500.0

42,253,521,126.8

tarifebi saporto momsaxurebaze

1.75

0.38

3.21

46.97

tarifebi tvirTis gadamuSavebaze

32.42

155.35

39.70

369.88

tarifebi sul

34.17

155.73

42.90

416.85

navigacia, Tve

10

12

12

12

tvirTbrunva gemTbrunva

mgzavrTbrunva konteinerTbrunva,TEU

mosaxleoba dasaqmebulTa wili mogeba/Semosavali, aTasi aSS dolari

66

92.54


Tezi

0

1

1

1

tvirTis tipebi

2

4

3

5

portebze gamavali milsadenebi

2

2

2

1

portebze gamavali saerTaSorisosatransporto derefnebi

3

3

6

5

iliCevski

samsuni

foTi

baTumi

0.0%

0.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

30,000,000

3,000,000

10,000,000

19,000,000

63.0%

79.3%

80.8%

37.4%

18900000

2380000

75000000

7900000

porti sakuTrebis forma — kerZo sakuTrebis forma saxelmwifo portis simZlavre mln.t/w portis datvirTvis xarisxi % tvirTbrunva

750

1,093

2,189

1,215

sawyobis farTobi, kv.m, Ria

575,000

200,000

65,976

173,000

sawyobis farTobi, kv.m, daxuruli

28,000

25,000

9,852

-

gemTbrunva

mgzavrTbrunva kaci konteinerTbrunva

8,464

670,556

40,000

284,559

73,095

250,000

5,000

200,000

300,000

konteinerebis datvirTvis xarisxi, %

268%

800%

105%

3%

borani, ro-ro terminali

2

2

2

2

TEU konteinerebis simZlavre,TEU

67

Tamar dolbaia

portis farTobi, ha

346.0

14.0

49.0

22.2

misadgomebis raodenoba

32.0

10.0

15.0

11.0

misadgomebis siRrme, metri

13

12

13

12

sanapiros sigrZe, km

6.0

1.7

2.8

2.3

100,000

50,000

50,000

120,000

xelfasi, aSS dolari

92.54

383.23

479.04

449.10

dasaqmeba, kaci

10000

398

1266

1256

mosaxleoba

63000

1187536

47500

122500

dasaqmebulTa wili, %

15.9%

0.0%

2.7%

1.0%

mogeba/Semosavali, aTasi aSS dolari

35,000,000.0

-5,308,110.0

21,788.0

konfidencialuria

tarifebi saporto momsaxurebaze, aSS dolari

46.97

0.50

239.58

469.43

tarifebi tvirTis gadamuSavebaze, aSS dolari

369.88

1000.00

672.65

46.80

tarifebi sul, aSS dolari

416.85

1000.00

912.23

516.23

navigacia, Tve

12

12

gemebis wyalwyva, t.dedveiti

112

12

Tezi

0

1

1

0

tvirTis tipebi

4

2

4

4

portebze gamavali milsadenebi

0

0

0

0

gamavali saerTaSorisosatransporto derefnebi

4

2

2

2

portebis ranJireba movaxdineT zemoT CamoTvlili parametrebis mixedviT. pirveli/umaRlesi rangi mieniWa im ports, romelsac hqonda maqsimaluri (saukeTeso) maCvenebeli ama Tu im maxasiaTeblis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi, roca maCvenebeli Tavisi 68


simciriT gansazRvravda portis upiratesobas, Sefasebisas pirveli/umaRlesi rangi mieniWa im ports, romelsac yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli hqonda (magaliTad, tarifebi). saerTo ranguli maCveneblis mixedviT portebi dalagda Semdegnairad: saerTo reitingi

1.0

konstanca

2.0

novorosiiski

3.0

odesa

4.0

burgasi

5.0

iliCevski

6.0

samsuni

7.0

foTi

8.0

baTumi

Savi zRvis auzSi portebi reitingiT dalagda sruliad kanonzomierad. konstanca da novorosiiski regionSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani portebia. konstancis porti evrokavSiris `WiSkaria~ Savi zRvis auzSi da momsaxurebis xarisxiT yvela portis69

Tamar dolbaia

gan gamorCeulia. is liderobs rogorc mSrali, aseve sakonteinero tvirTis gadamuSavebaSi da erTaderTi arasabWoTa da evrokavSirSi yvelaze Raribi qveynis portia, romelic Sav zRvaze konteinerebis gamanawilebel `habs~ warmoadgens. konstanca 2005 wlidan dRemde udidesi sakonteinero terminalia regionSi. saokeano xazebidan konstancaSi gadmotvirTuli tvirTi nawildeba novorosiiskSi, taganrogSi, odesaSi da md.dunaize venamde. Jurnal “Cargo Systems“-is reitingiT konstancis sakonteinero terminali erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturia evropaSi da II adgilzea bremenshafenis Semdeg. man reitinguli siis oceulSi Semavali iseTi portebi Camoitova, rogoricaa: roterdami, hamburgi, antverpeni, peterburgi da sxv. novorosiisks aqvs didi tvirTnakadebi da zurgs umagrebs rusuli ekonomika da resursebi. novorosiiski reitingiT evropis portebis aTeulSia. ruseTs Sav zRvaze Zlierebis dabruneba axali portebis aSenebiTa da novorosiiskis ganviTarebiT surs. ukrainis portebs — odesasa da iliCevsks aseve aqvT Sav zRvaze liderobis pretenzia, magram amas, ukrainuli ekonomikis ganviTarebadi xasiaTisa da rusuli satranzito tvirTebis rusul portebSi gadatanis gamo, ver axerxeben. odesis porti tvirTbrunviT mesamea Savi zRvis regionSi. aqvs Savi zRvis auzSi saukeTeso samgzavro terminali. misi avanportia iliCevski, romelic ukrainis #1 sakonteinero terminalia. regionSi erTerTi udidesi portia generaluri tvirTebis gadazidviT, magram, rTuli sabaJo da satarifo procedurebis gamo, mkveTrad Semcirda am portebis konteinerTbrunva da tvirTis udidesi nawili gadavida konstancaSi. konstanca amuSavebs ukrainuli portebis tvirTis 30%-s (Liga biznes inform, 12, 3.2010). ruseTi da ukraina cdilobs, rom konstanca ar darCes gadamanawilebel portad (habi) Savi zRvis auzSi da okeanidan zRvaSi Semosuli tvirTi pirdapir wavides daniSnulebis qveynebSi. burgasi, rogorc bulgareTisa da balkaneTis mniSvnelovani porti, cdilobs tvirTebis mokrebas da regionSi adgilis damkvidrebas. bulgareTs unda Tavisi portebi iseTive mniSvnelobis gaxados centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, rogoric an70


tverpeni da roterdamia da cdilobs ganaviTaros satransporto infrastruqtura evrokavSiris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da CaerTos panevropul magistralebSi. samsuni TurqeTis Savi zRvis sanapiros mTavari portia; muSaobs eqsport- importze da tranzitze iranTan da aqvs saborne mimosvla ukrainasa da ruseTTan, CrdiloeT evropidan iranisTvis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebisTvis. mas aqvs idealuri mdebareoba kontinenturi evropis rain-main-dunais auzis, Savi zRvis auzis qveynebisa da bisekis mimarT, magram sustadaa ganviTarebuli portTan damakavSirebeli saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo xazebi, sustia portis menejmenti, moZvelebulia saporto teqnika, misadgomebis siRrmis problemebia, portis eqspluatacia wamgebiania da saxelmwifo xarjis mxolod 60%-s faravs. miuxedavad amisa, samsuns didi perspeqtivebi aqvs, vinaidan TurqeTi aqtiurad monawileobs evrokavSiris satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebasa da evropul satransporto sistemasTan integraciaSi da seriozulad aviTarebs SavizRvispira port samsuns, romelic axlo warsulSi meTevzeTa patara porti iyo. gansakuTrebiT viTardeba saborne gadazidvebi odesasTan, ialtasTan, novorosiiskTan, foTTan. samsuni uerTdeba proeqt „vikings“. esaa sakonteinero matarebeli klaipeda-minski-odesa/iliCevski, anu baltika-Savi zRvis derefani, romelic iliCevskidan gagrZeldeba samsunamde. 2014 wels gaixsneba bosforis qveS gvirabi „marmarai“ da TurqeTi axal evraziul derefanSi mTavar adgils daiWers. gvirabi mogvianebiT SeuerTdeba baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis magistrals da iqidan CineTTan, aziis yvelaze did tvirTgamgzavn qveyanasTan daamyarebs kavSirebs. Savi zRvis regionSi Seiqmneba Zalian efeqturi azia-evropuli satransporto derefani, romelic konkurencias gauwevs bevr tranzitul proeqts da maT Soris TRACECA-s. axla ukrainisa da saqarTvelos portebi TRACECA-s mniSvnelovani nawilia, stabilurad moqmedi saborne mimosvlis gamo iliCevsk-foTi/baTumis marSrutiT. magram CineTidan Zlierdeba saxmeleTo tvirTnakadebi ruseTze da dsT qveynebis gavliT evropaSi, rac Seamcirebs Savi zRvis auzis portebis wils.

71

Tamar dolbaia

baTumis ports aqvs xelsayreli da stabiluri sanavigacio mdgomareoba; mdebareobs Rrmawylian ubeSi, rac nebismieri wyalwyvis gemebis miRebas xdis SesaZlebels. portSi Semosasvlelad araa saWiro arxis gavla da, Sesabamisad, saporto momsaxurebis tarifebidan amoRebulia arxze mosakrebeli. porti „TRACECA“-s marSrutze mniSvnelovan satransporto-sakvanZo funqcias asrulebs, rogorc derefanze gatarebuli energoresursebis gadamtvirTavi. portSi gadaitvirTeba mSrali tvirTi saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiisaTvis. is aseve yazaxuri navTobis mTavari gadamamuSavebelia. baTumi CarTulia xmelTaSua zRvis sakruizo marSrutSi, magram, Savi zRvis auzSi konfliqtebisa da qveynis SigniT socialuri infrastruqturis ganuviTareblobis, kulturul-istoriuli Zeglebis siSorisa da arastabiluri viTarebis gamo, moTxovna mcirea. sakonteinero tvirTis gadazidvebSi uciloblad lideria foTis porti. baTumis sakonteinero terminali, romelic filipinelebis marTvis qveSaa, tvirTnakadebs ver flobs. qarTul portebs ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli mosaxerxebeli da Rrma misadgomebi, kargi hidroteqnikuri parametrebi, sakmarisi teritoria, damatebiT Tavisufali farTobi da satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba aqvT, rac gamoixateba saerTaSoriso satransporto gzebis gadakveTaze ganlagebaSi, magram portebis ganviTareba ver moxerxdeba mTlianad qveynis da regionis ganviTarebis gareSe. ar arsebobs saporto sistemebis ganviTarebis saxelmwifos mier gansazRvruli politika. saxelmwifo ar iZleva subsidiebsa da investiciebs saporto meurneobis gansaviTareblad. vinaidan portebi kerZo sakuTrebaSia, saxelmwifos ara aqvs maregulirebeli instrumentebi moqnili satarifo politikis gansaxorcieleblad. qarTuli portebi Savi zRvis regionSi satarifo maxasiaTeblebiT konkurentunariani ar arian. maT aqvT mxolod kargi geopolitikuri parametrebi. am portebis ukan ar dgas arc mZlavri qarTuli ekonomika da arc tvirTis mudmivi tranzituli nakadebi. Tu qveyana ise gaZlierdeba, rom ganaviTarebs Sidabazars da samxreT kavkasiis tvirTis garda, moizidavs centraluri 72


aziis, CineTisa da wynari okeanis regionis tvirTsac, maSin qarTuli portebi angariSgasawevi moTamaSeebi gaxdebian Savi zRvis auzSi. evropulma komisiam SeimuSava 2018 wlisTvis evrokavSiris sazRvao satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis strategia, romelic iTvaliswinebs sazRvao resursebis, rogorc kvebis, energiisa da adamianis cxovelmyofelobis (naosnoba, vaWroba, dasveneba, mogzauroba), wyaros. evrokomisiis rekomendaciebi sazRvao transportisTvis aseTia: man unda uzrunvelyos gadazidvebis optimaluri Rirebuleba da xeli Seuwyos evrokavSiris qveynebis stabilur ekonomikur zrdas; unda SenarCundes evropuli sanaosno seqtoris konkurentunarianoba, gaizardos tonaJi, gadazidvebis moculoba, rac biZgs miscems warmoebis ganviTarebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisTvis. Savi zRvis regionis qveynebma mTeli Zalisxmeva unda mimarTon sakuTari sazRvao portebis meSveobiT am strategiis gansaxorcieleblad.

Tamar Dolbaia Associate Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Comparative Analysis and Ranking of the Black Sea Basin Ports Resume Interest of the world towards the Black Sea (BS) region is high. The USA has military-political, the EU – energy security interests, while changing the strategic directions of transit flows of fuel is the most important for both of them. In order to get involved in the global space and come out of the Soviet legacy, it is necessary for the BS region countries to create deep politicaleconomic ties and to organize a new politico-economic and culturalgeographical space. The main support for the region’s economic development are its sea ports. The purpose of our research is to carry out a comparative analysis of the BS basin ports and determine the competitiveness, place and role of the Georgian ports in the region. 73

Tamar dolbaia

For research purposes have been selected the biggest ports in the BS basin: NovorossiyskͲin Russia, Burgas – in Bulgaria, ConstantaͲin Romania, Odessa and IlyichevskͲin Ukraine, SamsunͲin Turkey, Batumi and Poti - in Georgia. In order to estimate the above mentioned ports, we applied several parameters for their comparative analysis and ranking. Parameters: I. Legal, II. Capacitive, III. Hydrotechnical, IV. Financial-economical, V. Level of involvement in international economic relations. We made the ranking of ports by each parameter of 2008-2011 years. Data processing was done in SPSS 19.0. The highest rank is 1. The ranking of the ports was made in a logical way. Georgian ports (6-7 rank) only have comparatively high geopolitical parameters. If the country becomes strong enough to develop the internal market and manages to attract not only the South Caucasus cargo, but also Asian, Chinese and the Pacific Ocean cargo, then Georgian ports will be considered as important actors in the BS basin.

74

erih fromis socialur xasiaTTa tipologia

naTela donaZe

erih fromis socialur xasiaTTa tipologia Tanamedroveobis erT-erT aqtualur problemas warmoadgens adamianis — samyaros urTulesi fenomenis — problema. am sakiTxisadmi Teoriuli midgoma kompleqsuria. mas sxvadasxva mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi swavloben. filosofosebi, anTropologebi, fsiqologebi, sociologebi da sxv. adamianis problemas sxvadasxva aspeqtSi ganixilaven. adamiani sazogadoebriv-istoriuli moRvaweobisa da kulturis subieqtia. igi cocxali sistemaa; warmoadgens fizikurisa da sulieris, bunebrivisa da socialuris, memkvidreobiTisa da sicocxleSi SeZenilis erTianobas. biologiurisa da socialuris Tanafardobis garkveva adamianis problemis Seswavlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mxarea. problemis centrs warmoadgens sakiTxi adamianis arsebis Sesaxeb. adamiani bunebrivi arsebaa, magram mis arss qmnis socialuri urTierTobebis erToblioba. `TiToeuli kulturis warmomadgeneli yovelTvis aris adamianis bunebis gamovlena, magram es gansazRvrulia im socialuri pirobebiT, romlebSic is cxovrobs~.1 garemosTan urTierTobaSi adamiani Tavisi fsiqikuri organizaciis sirTulis mixedviT SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnes, rogorc: a) individi, b) subieqti da g) pirovneba. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianis ganviTarebis procesi aris misi socialuri Camoyalibebis procesi, misi socializacia.2 pirovneba niSnavs konkretul individs, rogorc saqmianobis subieqts, misi individualuri Tvisebebisa da socialuri role-

1 2

Fromm, E. (1963) The Sane Society. New York p. 370. nadiraSvili, S. (1975). pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia. Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, gv. 62-106.

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naTela donaZe

bis erTobliobaSi. meore mxriv, pirovnebas gansazRvraven, rogorc individis socialur Tvisebas, rogorc masSi integrirebuli, socialurad — niSnadi Tvisebebis erTobliobas, Tvisebebisa, romlebic warmoiqmneba mocemuli piris sxva adamianebTan pirdapiri da iribi urTierTqmedebis procesSi. isini, Tavis mxriv, xdian mas Sromis, Semecnebisa da urTierTobis subieqtad.3 swored cnebis es aspeqtia mniSvnelovani sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, radgan mas ainteresebs ara calkeuli adamiani TavisTavad, aramed rogorc garkveuli sazogadoebis, socialuri jgufis wevri, romelic zogierTi socialurad tipuri Tvisebis mqonea. Tumca, es ori cneba — piri, rogorc adamianis erTianoba (mTlianoba) (laT. persona) da pirovneba, rogorc misi socialuri da fsiqologiuri iersaxe (laT. personalitas), terminologiurad sruliad gansxvavdeba, magram isini, zogjer, ixmareba rogorc sinonimebi. pirovneba aris myari sistema socialurad — niSnadi Tvisebebisa, romlebic axasiaTebs individs, rogorc ama Tu im sazogadoebis an erTobis wevrs. pirovneba aris individis socialuri Tviseba. igi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa produqtia. adamianis pirovneba warmoadgens biogenuri, fsiqogenuri da sociogenuri elementebis integralur erTianobas. adamianis pirovneba yalibdeba garSemo myofebTan yoveldRiuri urTierTqmedebis procesSi.4 pirovneba aris erTdroulad òbieqti-subieqti~. Tumca, pirovneba yovelTvis asrulebs garkveul socialur funqciebs, is ar SeiZleba, ubralod, daviyvanoT am funqciebamde. pirovneba aris istoriulad konkretuli, socialurad moqmedi adamiani, romelsac gaaCnia specifikuri Tvisebebi. es Tvisebebi yalibdeba da mJRavndeba mis praqtikul saqmianobaSi. adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesi metad rTulia. igi mraval stadias gaivlis. axaldabadebuls ar gaaCnia socia-

3

4

Ʉɨɧ ɂ.ɋ. (1967). ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɫɬɪ. 93-100. ɒɢɛɭɬɚɧɢ Ɍ. (1960). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɫɬɪ. 43.

76


luri gamocdileba. igi adamianuri pirovnebis mxolod potenciaa. Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze ki xdeba socialuri rolebisa da kulturis garkveuli sistemis SeTviseba. ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebul socialur meqanizmebs gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. socialuri garemos sxvadasxva elementis (socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis, kulturuli garemocvis, ojaxis, skolis, TanatolTa jgufis, masmediisa da a.S.) mniSvneloba araerTgvarovania socializaciis procesis sxvadasxva stadiaze, agreTve, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. socializacia aris individis mier socialuri gamocdilebis SeTviseba, romlis drosac iqmneba konkretuli pirovneba, e.i. adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibeba unda ganvixiloT rogorc subieqtis socializaciis procesi. socializacia (laT. socialis — sazogadoebrivi) aris individis mier im garkveuli codnis sistemis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis aTvisebis procesi, romlebic mas sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad funqcionirebis saSualebas aZleven. gamoCenili germaneli mecnieri erih fromi miiCnevs, rom socializaciis procesi im wamidan iwyeba, rodesac adamiani avlens sakuTar Tavs da sxvebisadmi sakuTar damokidebulebebs adamianuri urTierTobebis wesebisa da formebis meSveobiT amJRavnebs. amerikeli mecnieri t. Sibutani ase ganmartavs socializacias: `socializacia aris sakomunikacio procesi. socializacia miekuTvneba im procesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac individebi efeqturad monawileoben socialur jgufebSi. socializacia komunikaciis uwyveti procesia, romlis dros axalbedas SerCeviT Seaqvs Tavis qcevis sistemaSi is modelebi, romlebic sanqcirebulia jgufis mier. socializacia ganviTarebis procesia, romelic grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze~.5 socializacia aris garemos is gavlenebi, mTlianobaSi, romlebic individs xdis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis monawiled; aswavlis mas Tavisi kulturis gagebas, jgufebSi, erTobebSi Cab-

5

ɒɢɛɭɬɚɧɢ Ɍ. (1969). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɫɬɪ. 380.

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mas, socialur institutebsa da organizaciebSi monawileobas, TviTrealizaciasa da TviTdamkvidrebas, sxvadasxva socialuri rolis Sesrulebas. socializacia aris ara marto Cvevebis TandaTanobiTi gamomuSaveba, aramed cocxali organizmis — adamianis — garemosTan uwyveti adaptacia. cnobili amerikeli mecnieris — r. lintonis, kulturuli anTropologiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis, azriT, pirovneba aris ìndividisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqologiuri procesebisa da mdgomareobis organizaciuli agregati~.6 pirovnebis msgavs ganmartebas gvaZlevs j. jilini — `pirovneba es aris emociaTa, urTierTobaTa, azris formirebisa da moqmedebis tendenciaTa Sinagani organizacia~.7 sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis problema yovelTvis warmoadgenda sxvadasxva mecnierebis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. is zogadsakacobrio da zogaderovnul problemaTa rigs miekuTvneba. XXI saukunis sociologiurma paradigmam mniSvnelovnad Secvala socialuri sistemisa da adamianisadmi, maTi urTierTdamokidebulebisa da mimarTebisadmi, midgoma. man dRis wesrigSi daayena adamianis — samyaros urTulesi fenomenis — mravalmxrivi, masStaburi da siRrmiseuli Seswavla, agreTve, sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis kvleva. sazogadoeba da pirovneba socialuri realobis — sociumis — ori urTierTdapirispirebuli da, amave dros, urTierTdakavSirebuli mxarea. pirovneba aris socialur urTierTobaTa subieqtic da obieqtic erTdroulad. amave dros, igi aris socialuri struqturis, socialuri sistemis Semadgeneli nawili. pirovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis nawili, misi Semadgeneli elementi, gansazRvrulia mTelis, e.i. sazogadoebis kanonzomierebiT. istoriuli ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi icvleboda ara marto pirovnebis gavrcelebuli, gabatonebuli socialuri tipebi, maTi RirebulebiTi orientaciebi, aramed urTierTdamokidebulebac TviT pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris.

6 7

Linton, R. (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York. p. 84. Gillin, F. (1948). The Ways of Men. New York. p. 573.

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saxelganTqmuli germaneli filosofosi, sociologi, neofroidistuli skolis anu kulturuli fsiqoanalizis erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgeneli erih fromi (erih fromi — 1900-1980) sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris damakavSirebel rgolad socialur xasiaTs miiCnevs. erih fromis azriT, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura (ekonomikuri faqtori, rogorc yvelaze myari, socialuri xasiaTis genezisSi pirvelxarisxovan rols TamaSobs) ayalibebs adamianis xasiaTs; magram, meore mxriv, adamianis bunebac zemoqmedebs im socialur pirobebze, romlebSic is cxovrobs. iqamde, sanam sazogadoebisa da kulturis obieqturi pirobebi stabiluri rCeba, socialuri xasiaTi, upiratesad, asrulebs stabilizaciis xelSemwyob funqcias. Tu garegani pirobebi imgvarad icvleba, rom aRar Seesatyviseba tradiciul socialur xasiaTs, warmoiqmneba ganxeTqileba, erTmaneTisagan mowyveta, romlis Sedegad socialuri xasiaTi xdeba ara stabilizaciis, aramed dezintegraciis xelSemwyobi elementi. cementis duRabidan (rogoric is unda iyos sazogadoebaSi) is gadaiqceva dinamitad.8 mecnieri miiCnevs, rom `socialuri xasiaTi~ sazogadoebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi elementia. amave dros, is aris amZravi (mamoZravebeli) Rvedi ekonomikur struqturasa da masSi gavrcelebul ideebs Soris. cnebiT `socialuri xasiaTi~ e. fromi aRniSnavs xasiaTis struqturis birTvs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia mocemuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis umravlesobisaTvis. socialuri xasiaTis cneba ar aris statistikuri, e.i. is ar aris, ubralod, xasiaTis im Tvisebebis jami, romlebic mocemuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis umravlesobisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. misi gageba SeiZleba mxolod socialuri xasiaTis funqciasTan kavSiris meSveobiT.9

8

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Ɏɪɨɦɦ, ɗ. (1992). Ⱦɭɲɚ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡ ɩɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ». ɫɬɪ. 330. iqve, gv. 330.

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`socialuri xasiaTi~ aris specifikuri wesi (xerxi), romlis saSualebiTac adamianebis energia miemarTeba garkveul kalapotSi. erih fromi gamoyofs socialuri xasiaTis ramdenime tips, romlebic, zogadad, reprezentatulia adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis: receptuli, eqsploatatoruli, damgrovebeli, sabazro da produqtiuli. axla ganvixiloT, ras warmoadgens socialuri xasiaTis TiToeuli tipi da ra niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. aRmqmeli (receptuli, SemTvisebeli) socialuri xasiaTis adamiani miiCnevs, rom `yvelaferi kargis wyaro~ adamianis gareT arsebobs. mas swams, rom misTvis sasurvelis (iqneba es materialuri an sulieri, siyvaruli, codna an siamovneba) miRwevis erTaderTi gza aris misi miReba gare wyarodan. receptuli socialuri xasiaTi aris sentimentaluri, damokidebuli da pasiuri. misi azriT, is sxvebs unda uyvardeT da ara, piriqiT, mas uyvardes sxvebi. eqsploatatoruli socialuri xasiaTis adamians, iseve, rogorc aRmqmels, miaCnia, rom yvelaferi kargis wyaro mis gareT arsebobs. swored iq unda eZebos adamianma yvelaferi is, ris miRebac mas SeuZlia. igi miiCnevs, rom adamians arafris gakeTeba SeuZlia. eqsploatatoruli tipi, aRmqmelisgan gansxvavebiT, ar elodeba, rom sxva adamianebisagan miiRebs rames saCuqris (naboZebis) saxiT. igi amas ZaliTa da eSmakobiT aRwevs. misi aseTi orientacia cxovrebis yvela sferoSi vrceldeba. is iyenebs da eqsploatacias uwevs yvelasa da yvelafers, visgan an risganac SeuZlia raRacis `gamowurva~. damgrovebeli socialuri xasiaTis adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia momWirneoba (zogjer, siZunwec), sijiute. yairaTianoba aris misi erT-erTi umaRlesi Rirebuleba da ideali. misi cxovrebis wesi aris dazogva da ara xarjva, mflangveloba da xelgaSliloba. misTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania Tanasworoba. mas surs, rom yvela adamians hqondes erTnairi keTildReoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi orientirebulia warsulze. sabazro socialuri xasiaTis adamiani sxva adamianebisgan ukiduresad gaucxoebulia. igi Tavis Tavs miiCnevs nivTad, sa80


qonlad (produqtad), romlis yidva da gayidva SeiZleba. is iswrafvis, rac SeiZleba kargad gayidos sakuTari Tavi bazarze. e. fromis azriT, XX saukunis bazarze orientirebuli individi epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konformizmis Sedegia. xdeba pirovnebis gadafaseba, romlis azri Semdegia: `me var is (iseTi), rogoric Tqven gindaT, rom mnaxoT~. sabazro socialuri xasiaTis adamianis TviTSegneba da TviTSegrZneba gamomuSavdeba ara saqmianobis procesSi, aramed gamomdinareobs misi socio-ekonomikuri rolidan.10 oTxive socialuri xasiaTi araproduqtiuli tipia. produqtiuli socialuri xasiaTis pirovnebisaTvis dazogvaze (Senaxvaze) orientirebuli filosofia aris `WuWyiani~. misTvis misaRebia iseTi ideebi, romlebSic aqcenti keTdeba SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevasa da materialur keTildReobaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini amdidreben cxovrebas. mxolod produqtiuli socialuri xasiaTi warmoadgens kacobriobis ganviTarebis mizans. igi aris patiosani, wynari, mSvidi, mosiyvarule, SemoqmedebiTi, yovelTvis sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblod moqmedi. erih fromis azriT, urTierTobis ama Tu im formis ganviTareba ganapirobebs socialuri xasiaTis Camoyalibebas, e.i. orientaciebis stabilur da naTlad gamoxatul sistemebs. socializaciis xuTi wesis Sesabamisad (mazoxizmi, sadizmi, destruqtivizmi, konformizmi, siyvaruli), warmoiSoba swored zeviT ganxiluli adaptaciis xuTi wesi: receptuli, eqsploatatoruli, damgrovebluri, sabazro da produqtiuli. e. fromi aRniSnavs, rom XIX saukunis socialuri xasiaTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo principuli mimarTuleba — `qona~, XX saukunis socialuri xasiaTis mizania — `gamoyeneba~. dagrovebis socialuri xasiaTi Secvala sabazro socialurma xasiaTma, Tumca, am cvlilebas flobaze orientacia nulamde ar dauyvania, magram gamoiwvia misi modifikacia.11

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Fromm, E (1959). The Same Society. New York, pp. 141-142. Ɏɪɨɦɦ, ɗ. (1991). ɂɦɟɬɶ ɢɥɢ Ȼɵɬɶ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɫɬɪ. 77-79.

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Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri xasiaTi sruliad gansxvavebulia. axlandeli ekonomika efuZneba ara moxmarebis SezRudvas, aramed mis gafarToebas. e. fromis Tanamedrove industriulma sazogadoebam Seqmna iseTi socialuri xasiaTi, romlisTvisac Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos: disciplina, wesrigi, wesiereba, sizuste, Tanac iseTi xarisxiTa da zomiT, rac ucxo iyo sxva kulturebisTvis. aseT sazogadoebaSi Sroma Zalian diferencirebulia. is Tavisufali adamianebis saqmianobiT xasiaTdeba. Sroma aq ar SeiZleba muqariT an iZulebiT. Sromis punqtualobisa da sizustis moTxovnileba adamianis Sinagani survilia. patiosneba aris Tavisufali bazris ZiriTadi kanoni.12 e. fromi jgufis wevrTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saerTo — zogad niSan-TvisebaTa erTobliobas socialur xasiaTs uwodebs. socialur xasiaTSi Sedis xasiaTis mxolod im niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mocemuli socialuri jgufis wevrTa umravlesobisaTvis da romlebic warmoiSva maTTvis tipuri zogad-saerTo gancdebisa da grZnobebis, cxovrebis zogad-saerTo wesis safuZvelze. e. fromis azriT, socialuri xasiaTis cnebas mTavari mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri procesebis gasagebad. socialuri xasiaTi adamianuri energiis specifikuri formaa, romelic warmoiqmneba gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis gansazRvruli wesisadmi adamianur moTxovnilebaTa dinamikuri adaptaciis procesSi. socialuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs individis azrovnebas, grZnobebsa da moqmedebebs. individTa socialuri xasiaTi yalibdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesiT, magram am xasiaTis umTavresi niSnebi, Tavis mxriv, xdeba SemoqmedebiTi Zalebi, romlebic ayalibeben cxovrebis wess. erih fromi aRniSnavs, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi erebi, socialuri erTobebi an klasebi floben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur xasiaTs. Tumca, sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba iyos

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Ɏɪɨɦɦ, ɗ. (1992). Ⱦɭɲɚ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡ ɩɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ». ɫɬɪ. 328-335.

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individTa garkveuli raodenoba, visi xasiaTis struqtura saerTod ar ganicdis im ufro farTo nimuSebis, standartebis gavlenas, romlebic saerToa mTeli jgufisTvis. Tu mocemuli sazogadoebis wevrebis umravlesobis energia miedineba erTi da imave mimarTulebiT, maSin maT erTi da igive motivacia gaaCniaT, ufro metic, isini erTsa da imave ideebsa da idealebs iTviseben. erih fromis azriT, sazogadoebis, sxvadasxva klasisa da socialuri jgufis wevrebi iZulebuli arian moiqcnen ise, rom hqondeT socialuri sistemis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad funqcionirebis saSualeba. swored amaSia socialuri xasiaTis funqcia — sazogadoebis wevrTa energia imgvarad Camoayalibos, rom qcevis normebisa da wesebis arCevis dros maT ar dasWirdeT, Segnebulad miiRon gadawyvetileba — saWiroa Tu ara, imoqmedon socialuri nimuSebis Sesabamisad. socialuri xasiaTis funqciaa, agreTve, rom adamianebs hqondeT survili, imoqmedon ise, rogorc unda imoqmedon. amave dros, Zalian mniSvnelovania, adamianebi siamovnebas Rebulobdnen, rodesac moqmedeben mocemuli kulturis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. socialuri xasiaTis funqcia aris is, rom Camoayalibos da warmarTos adamianis energia mocemuli sazogadoebis SigniT, am sazogadoebis funqcionirebis gagrZelebis mizniT. socialuri xasiaTi aris struqtura, romlis saSualebiTac adamianuri energia specifikurad formirdeba. sazogadoeba amas Tavis miznebisTvis iyenebs. socialuri xasiaTi, agreTve, aris bazisi, romlis meSveobiTac garkveuli ideebi da idealebi TavianT Zalasa da mimzidvelobas iZens. e. fromi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs faqtorebs, romlebic, erTi mxriv, pasuxismgebeli arian socialuri xasiaTis Sinaarsze da, meore mxriv, im xerxebze (wesebze), romelTa saSualebiTac iqmneba socialuri xasiaTi. sazogadoebis struqtura da masSi individis funqcia gansazRvraven socialuri xasiaTis Sinaarss.13

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Ɏɪɨɦɦ, ɗ. (1992). Ⱦɭɲɚ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡ ɩɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɥɢɨɡɢɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ». ɫɬɪ. 335.

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mokled, mocemul sazogadoebaSi pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis erTobliobas, garkveuli socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebiTi niSanTvisebebis erTobliobas ewodeba socialuri xasiaTi. socialuri xasiaTis struqtura gansazRvravs adamianebis ara marto qcevebs, aramed maT azrebsa da ideebs. rac Seexeba individualur xasiaTs, is iseTi saxis xasiaTia, romlis saSualebiT erTi da imave kulturis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.14 Tavis SromebSi e. fromi aanalizebs ara marto socialur xasiaTs, aramed sazogadoebasac, ZiriTadad, kapitalistur sazogadoebas. igi aRniSnavs, rom TiToeul sazogadoebas gaaCnia garkveuli struqtura da funqcionirebs garkveuli wesiT im aucileblobis Sesabamisad, romelic ganpirobebulia mTeli rigi obieqturi pirobebiT. e. fromi aseT pirobebad miiCnevs warmoebis wess, politikur da geografiul faqtorebs, kulturul tradiciebsa da im garegan gavlenebs, romlebsac sazogadoeba ganicdis.15 e. fromi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba zogadad, aris mxolod specifikuri socialuri struqturebi, romlebic moqmedeben garkveuli wesebis mixedviT. Tumca, es socialuri struqturebi icvleba istoriuli ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi, isini SedarebiT stabilurebi arian TiToeul mocemul istoriul periodSi. TiToeuli sazogadoeba SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tu is moqmedebs Tavisi specifikuri struqturis farglebSi. mecnieri erTmaneTs adarebs da aanalizebs XIX da XX saukuneebis sazogadoebebs. is zustad aRniSnavs, rom am saukuneebis kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. XIX saukuneSi kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo kapitalis dagroveba. amis misaRwevad saWiro iyo momWirneoba, disciplinis ganmtkiceba da stabiluroba, rasac

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Fromm, E. (1963). The Sane Society. New York. p. 78. Ɏɪɨɦɦ, ɗ. (1992). Ⱦɭɲɚ ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡ ɩɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ». ɫɬɪ. 330-331.

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xels uwyobda avtoritaruloba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, rogoricaa: ojaxi, eklesia, mrewveloba, saxelmwifo da sxv. aq ZiriTadad `dagrovebis orientaciis~ socialuri xasiaTi arsebobs. XX saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `maSinizacia~, `kompiuterizacia~ da `robotizacia~. e. fromis azriT, teqnologiuri ganviTareba altruizmis gareSe socialurad damangrevelia. mecnierisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTrad gamoxatuli antiteqnicizmi. erih fromma Tavisi SromebiT (~Tavisuflebidan gaqceva~ — `The Escape from Freedom~ — 1941, `daviwyebuli ena~ — “The Forgotten Language~ — 1951, `gonieri sazogadoeba~ — `The Sane Society~ — 1955, `siyvarulis xelovneba~ — “The Art of Loving~ — 1956, ìluziebis tyveobidan~ — “Beyond the Chains of Illusion~ — 1962, àdamianis suli~ — `Die Seele des Menchen~ — 1964 da sxva) impulsi misca XX saukunis humanistur azrovnebas. man Tavisi mecnieruli moRvaweobiT waruSleli kvali datova ara marto mis kolegebsa da mowafeebze, aramed momdevno Taobis mecnierebzec. bevri sociologi da fsiqologi (gansakuTrebiT, gamoCenili amerikeli sociologi devid rismeni) samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom maTi mecnieruli Sexedulebebi didadaa damokidebuli erih fromis naazrevze, mis mier Camoyalibebul moZRvrebaze socialuri xasiaTisa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. socialur xasiaTs ganixilavdnen, agreTve, abram kardineri (Abram Kardiner), margaret midi (Margaret Mead), ruT benediqti (Ruth Benedict), gordon olporti (Gordon Allport) da sxv. a. kardineri da r. lintoni terminis `socialuri xasiaTi~ nacvlad iyeneben cnebas `ZiriTadi pirovneba~, xolo gamoCenili amerikeli sociologi a. inkelsi — cnebas `modaluri pirovneba~. socialuri xasiaTis mecnierul analizs iZleva, agreTve, gamoCenili amerikeli sociologi devid rismeni. igi aanalizebs cnebebs `pirovneba~, `xasiaTi~ da `socialuri xasiaTi~ da aRniSnavs, rom, roca laparakia `socialur xasiaTze~, aq ar igulisxmeba arc `pirovneba~ da arc `xasiaTi~. d. rismenis azriT, `socialuri xasiaTi~ `xasiaTis~ is nawilia, romelsac iziareben mniS85

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vnelovan socialur jgufebSi da romelic, rogorc amas gansazRvravs Tanamedrove sociologTa umetesoba, am gamocdilebis Sedegia. arsebobs klasebis, jgufebis, regionebisa da erebis socialuri xasiaTi~.16 cnobili rusi sociolog i. konis azriT, mocemul sazogadoebaSi pirovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri RirebulebiTi orientaciebis erTobliobas ewodeba socialuri xasiaTi. amave dros, isini individualurebi arian, radgan maTSi akumulirdeba mocemuli piris ganumeorebeli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, misi interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis Tavisebureba.17 yoveli sazogadoeba met-naklebad xels uwyobs iseTi socialuri xasiaTis Camoyalibebas, romelic misi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aris aucilebeli. e. fromis socialuri xasiaTis tipologiis Seswavla aucilebelia, radganac mas dResac, XXI saukunis meore aTwleulSi, ar daukargavs aqtualoba. amitom, saWirod CavTvaleT socialuri xasiaTisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb e. fromis mecnieruli koncefciis ganxilva.

Natela Donadze Assistant Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Erich Fromm’s Typology of Social Character Resume One of the most essential problems of the modernity is relation between Society and Person. The theoretical approach to this subject is complex. It has been studied by different scholars – philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, psychologists, etc. who consider human being’s problem from different angles.

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Riesman, D. (1953) The Lonely Crowd. New York. Yale University Press. (Original work published 1950).p. 18. Ʉɨɧ, ɂ. ɋ. (1967). ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ. ɋɬɪ. 28.

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Society and person are two interdependet parts of social reality. According to Erich Fromm, a representative of each culture is always the manifestation of human being’s nature, but determined by the social conditions in which he lives. In the process of historical development not only societies and dominant social types are changing, but interdependence between personality and society as well. Erich Fromm considers social character as an intermediate link between the social-economic structure and the ideas and ideals dominant in a society. At the same time, social character is a mediator in both directions: from the economic basis to the ideas and from the ideas to the economic basis, that is, not only the economic basis creates a certain social character; social character, on its part, creates some ideas. The ideas, just once formed, influence the social character too and indirectly impact the social-economic structure of a society. According to Erich Fromm, the social-economic structure of a society (economic factor, as the firmest factor, is of paramount importance in the genesis of a social character) creates a social being’s character. On the other hand, a human being’s nature influences those social conditions, in which he lives. The unity of a personality’s specific value orientations in a given society, the unity of some main features and traits, characteristic of a certain social group, is called a social character. Erich Fromm considers that “social character is a main element of the functioning of a society.” He proposes the typology of social characters consisting of the following five elements: receptive, exploiter, accumulative, marketing, and productive. In the article these types and their characteristic features are discussed. Erich Fromm considers that a social character is of great importance to understand social processes. The individuals’ social character is formed according to the lifestyle of the given society, and the main features and traits of this character, on the other hand, become creative forces, forming a social style. Social character is a structure, by means of which human being’s energy is specifically formed. Society uses it for its own purposes. Many sociologists and psychologists (especially the American sociologist David Riesman) truly note that their scientific conceptions have been greatly influenced by Erich Fromm’s doctrine of social character and modern capitalist society. 87

salome dundua

salome dundua

erovnuli umciresobebi da saganmanaTleblo politikis zogierTi aspeqti damoukideblobis 20 welze meti gamocdilebis Semdegac ki, eTnikuri kategoriebis simravliT gamorCeul saqarTvelos sajaro-politikur sivrcesa da diskurss Znelia konsolidirebuli, farTo samoqalaqo monawileobaze dafuZnebuli, aqtiuri samoqalaqo kultura ewodos, romelic Tavis mxriv farTo socialur da politikur konsensusze iqneboda damyarebuli. dRemde saqarTvelos politikuri kultura ufro fragmentuli xasiaTis da konfliqtogenuri tendenciebis matarebelia, romelSic mravladaa warmodgenili primordialuri da premodernuli yaidis social-politikuri elementebi, romelnic Tavis mxriv arcTu mTlad SesabamisobaSi modian Tanamedrove saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesebsa da miznebTan.1 ra Tqma unda, arsebuli mdgomarebis Camoyalibebas sxvadasxva faqtori ganapirobebda, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani wili albaT politikur elitebze modis. Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, rom mocemuli elitebi funqcionireben garkveuli istoriuli memkvidreobis da arsebuli social-politikuri konteqstis mixedviT, romelic arcTu ise Zlier gvibiZgebs warmatebuli samoqalaqo integraciisken. saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnikur umciresobebs ara mxolod susti politikuri da kulturuli komunikacia aqvT erTmaneTTan, aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac metad sustad arian erTmaneTTan SekavSirebulni. arsebuli saerTo ekonomikuri bazari ar xdeba maTi intensiuri Sexebis, konkurenciis da TanamSromlobis wyaro. Se1

dundua, s. da abaSiZe, z. (2009) eTnikuri da religiuri identobis sakiTxebi da samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, gv. 12.

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sabamisad, gasakviri araa, rom saxeze gvaqvs eTnikur umciresobaTa faqtobrivi izolacionizmi (umetes SemTxvevebSi mainc).2 imis miuxedavad, rom saqarTveloSi yvela sakanonmdeblo doneze uzrunvelyofilia samoqalaqo Tanasworobis formaluri mxare da qveyana mierTebulia yvela im fuZemdeblur saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqts, romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebis dacvas, saqme arsobrivad win metad zanti tempebiT miiwevs. faqtia, rom mxolod formalizebuli samoqalaqo Tanasworoba ver uzrunvelyofs aqtiur samoqalaqo CarTulobas. rogorc wesi, enasa da ganaTlebas eris mSeneblobis, eris formirebis procesSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ena da ganaTleba ZiriTad aqtorebs warmoadgenen ara mxolod gansxvavebul erebs Soris komunikaciis gansamtkiceblad, aramed Tavad erTi saxelmwifos SigniT samoqalaqo integraciis procesebis warmatebulad uzrunvelyofis saqmeSic. am fonze, samoqalaqo integraciis warmatebuli da srulfasovani ganxorcielebis procesSi, qveyanaSi erT-erT umTavres dabrkolebad eTnikuri umciresobebis mier swored komunikaciis im umTavresi saSualebis arcodna miiCneva, rasac saxelmwifo ena hqvia. komunisturi reJimis marcxis Semdeg postsabWoTa damoukidebel respublikebisgan saqarTvelos (politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri memkvidreobis bevri msgavsebis miuxedavad) isic gamoarCevda, rom, sxva yofili sabWoTa respublikebisgan gansxvavebiT, problemas uqmnida ara eTnikurad rusi mosaxleoba da mis mier qarTuli enis arcodna, aramed, ZiriTadad, eTnikurad azerbaijanuli da somxurenovani mosaxleobis mier saxelmwifo enis arcodna. postsabWoTa saqarTvelosTvis sakmaod mZime istoriuli memkvidreobidan eTnikuri mravalwevrianoba da am fonze arsebuli gaucxoeba erT-erT yvelaze rTulad gadasalaxav problemad da danatovrad iqca. damoukidebeli, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi, socialur, politikur, ekonomikur, teritoriul Tu sxva saxis problemebTan Widilis paralelurad, qveynis xelisuflebas eTnomravalwevrianobis proble2

iqve, gv. 13.

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mis daZleva da masTan mosaxleobis Segueba-adaptacia uwevda. gaucxoebis problemaSi ar vgulisxmobT mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebis gaucxoebas araeTnikuri qarTvelebisadmi. gaucxoeba aranaklebi doziT eTnikur araqarTvelebSic arsebobs satitulo eris mimarT. miuxedavad saukunovani Tanacxovrebisa, verc caristulma ruseTma, verc sabWoeTma da verc damoukidebelma saqarTvelos sajaro-politikurma sivrcem ver uzrunvelyo eTnikur umciresobebsa da qarTvelebs Soris am gaucxoebis sruliad Tu ara, nawilobriv aRmofxvra da arsebuli eTnocentristuli midgomebis Sestuteba mainc. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi — arc mefis ruseTs da arc sabWoeTis politikis Semqmnelebs msgavsi ram arc hqoniaT miznad dasaxuli. piriqiT, maT mier ganxorcielebuli politika (sxvadasxva doziT da sxvadasxva meTodiT) garkveulwilad urTierTmtruli damokidebulebis waxalisebas ufro emsaxureboda, vidre integracias da gaucxoebis aRmofxvras. damoukideblobis 20 welze meti periodis manZilze sxvadasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi problemis gamo bolomde verc qarTulma saxelmwifom daZlia (miuxedavad imisa, rom am mimarTulebiT rigi nabijebi namdvilad gadaidga, am mxriv jerac Zalian bevria gasakeTebeli) eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebiT arsebuli problemebi. dResdReobiT am mxriv arsebuli problemebis ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTulebis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli:3 1. eTnikur araqarTvelebSi, gansakuTrebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi (umeteswilad araurbanizebuli an naklebad urbanizebuli sivrce), dabalia qarTuli enis codnis xarisxi. gaeros mier Catarebuli statistikuri kvlevis monacemebiT samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri somxebis 24,6%, xolo qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis mxolod 16,9 % flobs saxelmwifo enas, maSin roca, TbilisSi (rac urbanul zonasTan erTad, rogorc wesi, umciresobebis dispersiul gansaxlebasac gulisxmobs) igive eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs Soris saxelmwifo enis codnis maCvenebeli Zalian

3

Cveni kvlevis sagans mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxolod eTnikuri somxebi da eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen.

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maRalia: eTnikur azerbaijanelebSi — 95,6%, xolo eTnikur somxebSi ki — 96,4%.4 2. qveyanaSi zogadad, da am mxriv gamonakliss arc eTnikuri umciresobebi warmoadgenen, sakmaod maRalia umuSevrobis done. araurbanul sivrceSi umuSevrobis kidev ufro maRali procentuli maCvenebelia (urbanul sivrcesTan SedarebiT), ris Sedegadac Tavad qarTulenovan mosaxleobasac naklebad uwevs sajaro sivrceSi umciresobebTan Sexeba. es ki naklebad uwyobs xels igive eTnikuri umciresobebis jerovan samoqalaqo integracias. 3. kulturuli da sainformacio gaucxoeba. karCaketili kulturuli ganviTareba eTnikur jgufTa mxridan urTierTkulturuli miRwevebis mimarT dauintereseblobas da arainformirebulobas ayalibebs. praqtikulad erT kulturul sivrceSi kulturulad gaucxoebuli ramdenime qvekultura arsebobs. 4. sakmaod maRalia samoqalaqo gaucxoebis xarisxi. susti samoqalaqo institucionaluri qseli ar iwvevs arasaxelmwifo doneze eTnikur jgufTa TanamSromlobas da kerZo interesTa jerovan artikulacias. dResdReobiT erovnuli umciresobebis mier saxelmwifo enis codnis msgavsi dabali procentuli maCvenebli da, Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis dabali done erT-erTi umTavresi (Tumca ara erTaderTi) Semaferxebeli problemaa samoqalaqo integraciis gzaze. damoukideblobis periodidan moyolebuli, arc gamsaxurdias mTavrobas da arc SevardnaZis xelisuflebas ar gadaudgams eTnikuri umciresobebis sajaro-politikur sivrceSi CarTulobis xarisxis asamaRleblad mimarTuli nabijebi. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas xSirad eTnocentristuli politikis gatarebaSic adanaSauleben (Tumca ar gvgonia mTlad marTebuli iyos mmarTvelobis weliwadnaxevrian periodSi miRebuli da gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT imsjelo ama Tu im mmarTvelobis politikur kursze, miT umetes im umZimesi sagareo Tu saSinao fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli 4

saqarTvelos gaeros asociacia, erovnuli integraciisa da tolerantobis Sefaseba [“National Integration and Tolerance in Georgia Assessment Survey Report”] (October 2008), ʪʭ. 36. http://www.una.ge/eng/artdetail.php?id=74&group=documents.

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saqarTvelo aRmoCnda). SevardnaZis periodi ki am mxriv sruli „uZraobis xaniT“ xasiaTdeba. xelisufleba aranairad ar zrunavs eTnoumciresobebis sajaro-politikur sivrceSi CarTulobis xarisxis amaRlebaze da, Sesabamisad, arc ganaTlebis donis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT dgams nabijebs. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi eTnopolitikuri elitebi ufro viwro politikuri interesebis gamtareblebi arian da naklebad emsaxurebian zogadad umciresobebis integracias. umciresobebis, rogorc politikurad yvelaze advilad mowyvladi erTeulebis, xmebs saarCevno periodSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. Sesabamisad, xelisuflebas ar awyobda eTnikur umciresobebSi arc qarTuli enis codnis amaRleba da arc ganaTlebis donis gazrda, rac logikurad maTSi informaciulobis xarisxis gazrdas da komunikaciis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobda. Sedegad ki, miRebuli eTnojgufebis politikuri manipulireba savaraudod garTuldeboda da ufro met riskTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli. am mimarTulebiT viTareba aSkarad ukeTesobisken Seicvala `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg. 2003 wlidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebiT araerTi nabiji gadaidga, rac ZiriTadad or mimarTulebas moicavda: 1. erTi mxriv, araqarTveli mosaxleobisTvis qarTuli enis savaldebulo swavleba; 2. da, meore mxriv, eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis sakuTari enisa da kulturuli Rirebulebebis SenarCunebaze zrunva. sakanonmdeblo doneze mocemulma politikam asaxva pova saqarTvelos kanonSi zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, sadac konkretulad naTqvamia: „saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlebisTvisac qarTuli ena mSobliuri ar aris, ufleba aqvT miiRon sruli zogadi ganaTleba maT mSobliur enaze, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. am zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi savaldebuloa saxelmwifo enis swavleba“.5

5

saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, me-4 muxlis me-3 qvepunqti,http://www.mes.gov.ge/uploads/Licenzireba/kanoni%20zogadi%20ganatlebis%2 0shesaxeb.pdf.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri araqarTvelebis udidesma nawilma ar (an Zalian cudad) icis qarTuli ena, maTi umravlesoba TavianT politikur samSoblod mainc saqarTvelos aRiqvams. samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi „sidas“ mier Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi, SekiTxvaze, — aRiareben Tu ara saqarTvelos sakuTar samSoblod da ukavSireben Tu ara perspeqtivaSi mas sakuTar Semosavlebs Tu samsaxurs, gamokiTxuli respodentebis 96 % upasuxa, rom saqarTvelosTan aigivebs sakuTari Tavis da ojaxis Semosavlebs uaxloesi 5 wlis manZilze.6 vfiqrobT, im gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis aseTi maRali procentuli maCvenebeli, vinc momavals saqarTvelos ukavSirebs (bunebrivia, sxva faqtorebTan erTad), garkveulwilad im politikis Sedegic unda iyos, romelic ramdenime wlis win daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba saganmanaTleblo sferoSi.7 2010 wlidan amoqmedebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, eTnikuri umciresobebi erTian erovnul gamocdebze zogadi unarebis testebs sakuTar (azerbaijanul, somxur, osur da afxazur) enebze abareben. bunebrivia, aman Sedegad moitana araqarTulenovani studentebis raodenobis zrda umaRles saswavleblebSi, sadac, Tavis mxriv, amoqmedda 4+1 sistema — Caricxuli eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli enis gaZlierebuli swavleba. amasTanave, dawesda kvotirebis sistemac, romlis farglebSic ganisazRvra umciresobebis is raodenoba, romelic am saSeRavaTo politikis farglebSi ganagrZobda swavlas. es maCveneblebi ase gadanawilda: azerbaijanuli da somxurenovani testebis Cabarebis Sedegad erTian erovnul gamocdebze misaRebi studentebis saerTo raodenobis 5-

6

7

http://tolerantoba.ge/index.php?id=1281619861&kat=316 (moZiebulia 2013 wlis 25 maiss). samwuxarod, ramdenime wlis winandeli monacemebi analogiuri tipis gamokiTxvaze ar arsebobs, rac saSualebas mogvcemda erTmaneTTan Segvedarebina procentuli maCveneblebi. arc „sidas~ mier moyvanili kvlevis farglebSi ar dasmula kiTxva, romelic dagvexmareboda respodentebis amgvari damokidebulebis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis gansazRvraSi. Sesabamisad, Cven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom ganaTlebisa da qarTuli enis swavlebis kuTxiT mimarTulma politikam ganapiroba garkveulwilad msgavsi xedva, ver iqneba gamyarebuli romelime kvlevis SedegebiT.

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5%, xolo osurenovani da afxazurenovani studentebis — 1-1 %. msgavsi politikis Sedegad bolo wlebis manZilze imata eTnikurad araqarTveli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis raodenobam, romlebic swavlas saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi agrZeleben.es faqti, TavisTavad, calsaxad dadebiT movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebiT gatarebuli saganmanaTleblo politikis kuTxiT gvinda gamovTqvaT garkveuli mosazrebebic. 1. kvotirebis sistema drois garkveul monakveTze, vfiqrobT, misaRebi da dadebiTi Sedegis momtani iqneba. Tumca xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi am sistemis moqmedeba ar migvaCnia marTebulad. zogadad, kvotirebis sistema Tanamedrove msoflios politikur sistemebSi (sxvadasxva tipis jgufTan mimarTebiT) farTod danergili praqtikaa, Tumca, am sistemas Tavis dadebiT efeqtebTan erTad uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom, erTi mxriv, aman Sedegad mogvces iseT prestiJul fakultetebze kvotirebulTa koncentracia, sadac studentTa siWarbe isedac TvalSi sacemia, xolo sxva, naklebad prestiJul fakultetebze ki kvlav kadrebis deficitis albaToba arsebobdes. Tumca, aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia sul axlaxan am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier gadadgmuli nabijebic —kerZod ki, Tanamedrove realobis saqarTveloSi rigi nakleb popularuli profesiebis saxelmwifos mxridan dafinanseba, rac TavisTavad gamoiwvevs mocemul fakultetebze (sul 14 specialoba) studentTa raodenobis zrdas. 2. meore mxriv, arsebobs mosazrebac imis Taobaze, rom, qarTul enaze erTian erovnul gamocdebze unarebis testebis Cabarebis valdebulebis moxsnis pirobebSi, SesaZloa eTnikur araqarTvelebs, romlebsac saxelmwifo aZlevs saSualebas sakuTar enaze Caabaron erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi, SeumcirdeT qarTuli enis Seswavlis motivacia.8 msgavsi mosazreba, vfiqrobT, naklebad marTebulia, iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelos

8

ganaTlebis politikis axali iniciativebi samoqalaqo integraciis konteqstSi, mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, politikis angariSi, 2010, gv. 5.

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umaRles saswavleblebSi Caricxvis SemTxvevaSi (miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra enaze abareben eTnikuri umciresobebi erovnul gamocdebs), swavlis gagrZeleba saxelmwifo enaze, qarTulad uwevT. Sesabamisad, grZelvadiani interesebis marTebuli gaazrebis pirobebSi, eTnikuri umciresobebi mSvenivrad gaacnobiereben, rom saskolo doneze saxelmwifos mier saganmanaTleblo politikis ganxorcieleba da maTi am programebSi aqtiuri CarTuloba isev da isev maT interesebs emsaxureba rogorc yoveldRiuri urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT, aseve umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlis gagrZelebis, ganaTlebis miRebis da, Sesabamisad, sajaro-politikur sivrceSi ukeT CarTulobis perspeqtivis kuTxiTac. am mosazrebas kidev ufro gvimyarebs statiaze muSaobis procesSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebic.9 kvlevis farglebSi Catarda CaRrmavebuli interviureba eTnikurad azerbaijanel da somex respodentebTan (marneuli-dmanisi da axalcixe-axalqalaqis regionebSi). miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokiTxuli mosaxleoba calsaxad dadebiTad afasebs qarTuli enis swavlebis kuTxiT gatarebul politikas da miiCnevs, rom am mxriv saqme ukeTesobiskenaa Secvlili, interviurebis Sedegebis gaSifvrisas gamoikveTa ramdenime ZiriTadi problema: 1. arasakmarisia saaTebis is raodenoba, rac skolebSi qarTuli enis Seswavlas eTmoba. gamokiTxulTa umravleoba Tvlis, rom Sedegis misaRwevad aucilebelia qarTuli enis swavlebis kursis kidev ufro gaZliereba; 2. arasakmarisia arasaskolo sivrceSi, yoveldRiur urTierTobebis doneze, qarTvelebTan Sexebis intensivoba. Sesabamisad, gamoikveTa respodentebis mier gamoTqmuli ramdenive versiac, Tu riTaa SesaZlebeli am problemis gadaWra. maT Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT, magaliTad, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs saSualeba eqnebaT qarTvelebTan urTierTobis, aseve patriotTa banakebis tipis proeqtebis waxaliseba da gafarToeba; 9

gamokiTxul iqna 10-10 eTnikuri somexi da azerbaijaneli. interviurebis CatarebaSi didi daxmareba gagviwia ilias universitetis magistraturis studentma beqa baRaSvilma, romelic, amavdroulad, saganmanaTleblo politikis farglebSi qarTuli enis maswavlebelia dmanisSi, sof. jandaraSi.

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3. arcTu ise iSviaTad cdeba qarTuli enis gakveTilebi qarTulenovani maswavleblebis mizeziT (mocemul SemTxvevaSi, miznidan gamomdinare, naklebad sainteresoa gacdenis subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebi). mocemuli problemebi rom SevajamoT, vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebis gadadgma namdvilad dadebiTad waadgeba saqmes. erTi mxriv, eTnikur azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs Soris dasaqmebuli qarTuli enis pedagogebis saxelfaso ganakveTis simcire uaryofiTad moqmedebs swavlis xarisxze. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom erT-erT upirveles nabijTagani am kuTxiT gatarebul politikaSi saxelfaso dainteresebis gazrda unda iyos; meore mxriv, arajerovani monitoringis SemTxvevaSi (gazrdili saxelfaso ganakveTis pirobebSic ki) kvlavac iarsebebs pedagogebis mxridan gakveTilebis gacdenis albaToba. Sesabamisad, ucilobel nabijad migvaCnia ganaTlebis saministros mxridan monitoringis gamkacrebac. amasTan erTad, saSualo asakis mosaxleobisTvis kargi iqneba, Tu daemateba da Seiqmneba specialuri programebi, rac, eTnikurad araqarTveli mosaxleobis mxridan dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi, arasaskolo sivrceSi qarTuli enis Tundac elementarul doneze Seswavlas moemsaxureba. daskvna ena xSirad mxolod komunikaciis iaraRad aRiqmeba, Tumca lingvisturi jgufebi, icaven ra TavianT enas, sulac ar (an Zalian naklebad) gulisxmoben ,,komunikaciis iaraRis~ dacvas; am SemTxvevaSi isini icaven sakuTar erovnul identobas, kulturas da avtonomiur institutebs. ena, cxadia, warmoadgens komunikaciis ZiriTad saSualebas, Tumca, amasTan erTad, ena mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erovnul identobasTan da kulturul aspeqtebTan. swored enis faqtori gansazRvravs eris Camoyalibebis process da xels uwyobs mis Semdgom formacias. saqarTvelos eTnoumciresobebis, maTi gansaxlebisa da, zogadad, warmomavlobis gaTvaliswinebiT, postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva respublikebisgan rigi faqtorebi gamoarCevs da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier am kuTxiT gatarebuli sa-

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ganmanaTleblo politikac Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba imave baltiispireTisa an ukrainis SemTxvevebisgan. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, qarTuli enis umciresobebisTvis swavlebis gziT, samoqalaqo integraciis da samoqalaqo sivrceSi maTi aqtivobis gazrda daisaxa miznad. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo am mxriv gadadgmuli nabijebi. bolo periodamde qarTuli politikuri istebliSmenti metad frTxilobda eTnikur politikasTan mimarTebaSi da misi mxridan am mimarTulebiT gaubedaobac sakmaod xSiri iyo. miuxedavad bolo wlebSi ganxorcielebuli calkeuli proeqtebis da mcdelobebisa, Znelia mainc imis Tqma, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrul da efeqtur politikas awarmoebs misi eTnoreligiuri mravalwevrianobisgan gamowveuli problemebis gadasalaxad. marTalia, am TvalsazrisiT ukanasknel xanebSi gaCnda garkveuli pozitiuri Zvrebi (magaliTad, tolerantobis da samoqalaqo integraciis koncefciis SemuSaveba da mis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli zogierTi programa, pasportebidan sabWouri yaidiT eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dafiqsirebis amoReba, garkveuli saganmanaTleblo programebis ganxorcieleba, erTian erovnul gamocdebze unarebis testebis umciresobebis enaze Cabareba, kvotirebis sistemis danergva da a.S), magram mocemuli mcdelobebi mainc fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ar SeiZleba mas ewodos kargad refleqsirebuli da formirebuli erTiani politika, romelic uaxloes momavalSi efeqtur da swraf cvlilebebs moitans samoqalaqo integraciis TvalsazrisiT. kompaqturad eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis mcxovreblebi (dispersiulad gansaxlebuli eTnikuri umciresobebis SemTxvevaSi saqme ukeTaa) Zalian sustad arian integrirebulni erTian samoqalaqo-politikur sivrceSi da praqtikulad ar monawileoben politikuri institutebis da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis procesSi. eTnikuri umciresobebi maRal politikur eSelonebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis pasiuri mimRebni ufro arian, vidre politikuri dRis wesrigis Camoyalibebis aqtiuri monawileni, romelnic maRali samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis da TviTSegnebis suliskveTebiT iqnebian gamsWvalulni. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis enis swavlebis kuTxiT gatarebuli politika sakmaod 97

salome dundua

grZelvadian perspeqtivebzea gaTvlili da, bunebrivia, misi Sedegebi TvalSi sacemi myisierad ver gaxdeba. enis swavlebas da qarTul enaze ganaTlebis miRebas wlebi sWirdeba. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo enis Tavisuflad mcodne, qarTul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi codnamiRebuli Taobebi Semdgom erT-erTi garanti da xelis Semwyobi faqtori iqneba (erT-erTi, rameTu mxolod qarTuli enis codna arsebul problemaTa mravalferovan speqtrs ver gadaWris) imisa, rom sajaro-politikur sivrceSi eTnikuri umciresobebis integracia warmatebuli da safuZvliani iyos. literatura: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

dundua, s. da abaSiZe, z. (2009) eTnikuri da religiuri identobis sakiTxebi da samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, gv. 12. ganaTlebis politikis axali iniciativebi samoqalaqo integraciis konteqstSi, mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, politikis angariSi, 2010. saqarTvelos gaeros asociacia, erovnuli integraciisa da tolerantobis Sefaseba [“National Integration and Tolerance in Georgia Assessment Survey Report”] (October 2008), ʪʭ. 36. http://www.una.ge/eng/artdetail.p hp?id=74&group=documents. saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, me-4 muxlis me-3 qvepunqti. S2http://www.mes.gov.ge/uploads/Licenzireba/kanoni%20zogadi%20g anatlebis%20shesaxeb.pdf http://tolerantoba.ge/index.php?id=1281619861&kat=316

Salome Dundua Associate Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ethnic Minorities and Some Aspects of Education Reform Resume Nowadays the low percentage of knowledge of the state language by ethnic minorities of Georgia and, consequently, the low level of education is one of the 98


main (but not the only) hindering problems in the integration process. In this regard, the situation has clearly improved after the Rose Revolution. Since 2003, a number of steps have been taken by the government in relation to ethnic minorities, which mainly consisted of two directions. On the one hand, compulsory teaching of the Georgian language to the non-Georgian population; and, on the other hand, caring on the preservation of native language and cultural values of the ethnic minorities. In spite of the fact that the recent policy of the Georgian government in relation to the education of ethnic minorities is positively evaluated, there are still some disadvantages. We will try to outline some of them. 1. The number of hours devoted to the study of the Georgian language at school is insufficient. In order to achieve a result, it is necessary to further strengthen the teaching course of the Georgian language. 2. The intensity of contact with Georgians at the level of everyday relationships is insufficient in the out of school space. 3. Certain threats can be revealed with respect to the quota system, which, in our opinion, is tolerable at a certain section. However, we believe that for a long-term period this system is not appropriate. 4. Under the conditions of removal of the necessity to pass the skills exams in the Georgian language at the United National Exams, there is a likelihood that among ethnic non-Georgians, whom the government gives the opportunity to take the Unified National Exams in their native language, the motivation for studying Georgian will be decreased. However, from the fact that in case of admission to the Georgian Institutions of Higher Education the students have to study in the State (i.e. Georgian) language, we believe that under the conditions of proper understanding of long-term interests, ethnic minorities will perfectly understand that the state education policy on the school-level and their active engagement in this program serves again to their interests for the improvement of the daily relations, as well as for continuing the study at Higher Education Institutions, for getting education and, therefore, for better engagement in the public-political space.

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Kornely Kakachia, Tamar Pataraia

Kornely Kakachia Associate Professor Ivane Jvakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Tamar Pataraia PHD student, Ilia State University

Georgian Political Parties and Online Social Network: Politics as usual? Introduction Democratic political institutions are indispensable to sustainable democracy. As one of the central institutions of modern representative democracies, political parties are faced with challenges. Although modern politics is considered party politics, according to many authors (Klingemann, Hofferrbert, Budge 1994), political parties are the major actors in the system that connects the citizenry and governmental processes. Because both the political sphere and the public sphere have gradually opened up to new actors in recent decades and both trust and membership in political parties and institutions have decreased significantly, multiple forms of civic engagement are expected to emerge in modern societies to supplement traditional modes of participation1 . Some scholars consider social media a potentially effective means of improving the relationship between citizens and their representatives (Coleman &Blumler 2009). This belief stems from the inherent nature of Web 2.0 technologies, which encourage active contributing, collaborating, social networking and interacting. Citizens are no longer viewed as passive recipients of political information; rather, they are actively engaged in political processes, altering the traditional relationship between political elites and citizens. With the rise of the digital media culture, a dramatic increase has been observed in the popularity of

1

Norris, P. 2003. ‘Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites.’ Party Politics. 9(1):21-45.

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Georgian Political Parties and Online Social Network: Politics as usual?

social media such as weblogs and wikis as well as social media applications and services such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. With advances in and increased access to information technology, various parties and organisations have perceived new possibilities for mobilising citizens, claiming that “the use of this new medium could lead to a more democratic functioning of society” (Bimber,1998). As citizens and politicians use social media platforms to advance ideas, share opinions, disseminate messages, and mobilise voters, it seems to be in the interest of political parties to efficiently and cost effectively gather feedback from large groups of people. As the empirical evidence shows, with rare exceptions, political parties are able and willing to use technologies that make them accessible to citizens (Lilleker& Jackson, 2010). However, few political parties, institutions, and organisations currently invest considerable effort in their online presence, although modern communication technologies make it increasingly easy for them to consult citizens about key issues in policy-shaping processes. This study examines the perceptions of the major Georgian political parties regarding social networking sites as a means of communication with voters. The paper also seeks to identify the innovative practices that were adapted and incorporated by political parties and their leaders into their day-to-day activities during their 2012 parliamentary election campaigns in Georgia. This research will test the following two hypotheses: (1) electoral campaigns are occasions to increase the political use of the Internet in general and social networks in particular; (2) the intensive use of online social networks and modern communication technologies provide competitive advantages that may play a significant role in the final outcome of elections. Given the political dynamics and political party landscape in Georgia prior to the 2012 election, particular attention is paid to the political actors who benefited from new media. This paper also examines whether new technologies empowered newcomers or benefited traditional political actors. Internet and Social Media in Georgia: Main Facts and Tendencies According to official statistics, Georgia’s population is estimated to be 4,497,600 people,2 more than 1,300,000 of whom had access to the Internet by

2

See further details: National Statistics office of Georgia. Main statistics. Population Available at: http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng

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August 2012.3 A 2011 report by the Georgian National Communications Commission4 found that the number of Internet users is increasing by 3%-5% every year. If this trend continues unabated, in several years, the Internet will have a noticeable impact on Georgian public life. Experts claim that when at least 50% of a country’s population – the amount described as a critical mass – obtains access to the World Wide Web, the Internet will have a sufficient level of influence to shape public opinion. This is not yet the case in Georgia, where the number of Internet users was approximately 29% of the country’s population in 2010.5 These estimates support the official data on the number of Internet subscriptions, which show that approximately 100,000 new Internet subscriptions (individual users and legal entities) are registered in the country every year. According to the Georgian National Communications Commission (NCC), approximately 429,228 accounts had subscribed to Internet in Georgia in 20126 (Tab. 1). Table 1: Internet Subscriptions in Georgia (2010-1012) (absolute values) 1st Quarter 2010

1st Quarter 2011

1st Quarter 2012

DSL Technology

135,849

176,130

210,807

Fibre-Optic Technology

65,532

93,463

142,809

EVDO&CDMA Technology

33,345

55,789

61,672

Wi-Fi&WiMax Technology

3,679

6,917

13,443

Other Technology

1,041

809

497

239,446

333,108

429,228

Source: Georgian National Communication Commission (GNCC)

3

4

5

6

Internet World statistics: Georgia. Available at: http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#ge (Retrieved 30 April 2013)) Georgian National Communications Commission. Annual Report 2011. Available at: http://www.gncc.ge/files/3100_2949_314871_1.pdf Internet World statistics: Georgia. Available at: http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#ge (Retrieved 30 April 2013) Georgian National Communication Commission, “Statistical Data”, 22 June 2012, http://www.gncc.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=50623 accessed 5 April 2013.

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Despite the growing number of Internet retail subscribers in Georgia, a limited number of people use the Internet every day and are actively engaged in social media. According to the Caucasus Research Resource Centre (CRRC) survey, Caucasus Barometer 2011, less than 25% of the Georgian adult population uses the Internet on a daily basis. Moreover, 49% of the population has never used the Internet, and 6% has no idea what the Internet is (Fig. 1).7 Figure 1: Frequency of Internet Use in Georgia in 2011(percentages)

Source: Caucasus Research Resources Centre (CRRC) Further assessment of the same survey results shows that 34% of the Georgian adult population has regular opportunities to use Internet. Taking into account the official 2012 figures that put the number of Georgia’s adults aged 18 and over at 3,433,000,8 it can be concluded that approximately 800,000 users access the Internet often, and approximately half of that number surf the web from time to time (once a week or once a month).Among regular Internet users (daily or once a week), who constitute 34% of the country’s adult population, 26% said that Facebook was their first choice for socialising online (Fig. 2). Thus, approximately 330,255 thousands of adult Internet users spend most of their online time on Facebook.

Figure 2: Most Frequent Internet Activities – Use of Facebook (percentages)

7

Caucasus Research Resource Centers. "2011 Caucasus Barometer". Retrieved from http://www.crrccenters.org/caucasusbarometer/ on 15 April, 2012 8 National Statistics Office in Georgia, GeoStat data 2012 http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=151&lang=geo

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(The question was asked to respondents who use the Internet)

Source: CRRC, Caucasus Barometer 2011 The above data allow us to develop a profile of an average Georgian Internet user. In general, the average Georgian Internet user is someone who goes online at least once a week and regularly accesses social networks and social websites (in addition to using the Internet for Internet banking services). Facebook is currently the most popular social network in Georgia, providing consumers with wide-ranging online services. One of the main reasons for the popularity of Facebook is that it offers a Georgian-language-friendly interface created for and used by native speakers. Another social network, Twitter, has fewer users in Georgia. In the last two years, only Beeline, a mobile operator with the poorest coverage in Georgia, had mobile Twitter support. In 2012, the top two Georgian mobile operators, Geocell and Magti, followed suit and offered this service. As a result, Georgian customers are now able to send free-of-charge SMS messages via Twitter to multiple recipients simultaneously. However, Twitter does not recognise Georgian fonts, so it has rather low popularity in Georgia. A comparative analysis of the Twitter accounts of the Georgian president, the leader of the former ruling party, and his opponent, the opposition leader and now prime minister, in the post-election period (after October 2012) can help to assess the popularity of Twitter in Georgia. The Georgian president’s account has only 7,221 friends and 59 followers, and most of them add comments in English – there are very few comments in Georgian (as of 1 May 2013). Prior

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to April 2012, the Georgian president had published only 776 Twitter messages that were commented by some of the followers. In contrast, the Georgian prime minister’s Twitter account has 22,132 followers, although it has not been updated since November 2012 (As of 1 May 2013). Before the elections, the prime minister (then a leader of the opposition) had published only some 870 Twitter messages, most of them in English. This means that neither the president nor the current prime minister consider Georgian Twitter users their main target audience. The prevalence of English messages suggests that both tend to use their Twitter accounts to promote their views and ideas abroad rather than at home. As one of the popular party PR group members noted, through tweets, Georgian political parties “target their international partners and foreign friends more than that of Georgian followers and party supporters”.9 The Georgian experts who are active in social media and who were interviewed during the research suggested that with the completion of the development of social networks in 2010-2011, few other social networks will be able to challenge Facebook’s popularity in Georgia. Consequently, political parties should pay more attention to Facebook. Political parties in cyberspace prior to the 2012 parliamentary elections Although there are more than 190 registered political parties in Georgia,10 very few of them have real political power. Many commentators on Georgian politics complain that political parties have not grown out of social cleavages, do not represent large segments of society (although they may articulate their sentiments), and are difficult to identify on the left-right spectrum of classical political ideologies.11 Competition between parties is often less about policies than about the rules of the political game and primarily runs along a progovernmental and anti-governmental division. Ten of the most successful political parties’ websites were studied from December 2011 to February 2013 to develop a comparative picture of their readiness for activity in cyberspace and their full use of the potential of Internet

9 10

11

Interview conducted with G.P., male, 29 April 2013 Nodia, Ghia, and Scholbach, Alvaro Pinto. The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties Achievements, Challenges and Prospects, Eburon Delft, (2006), p99 Bader,Max. Fluid Party Politics and The Challenge for Democracy for Democracy Assistance in Georgia. Caucasian Review of International Affairs Vol. 2 (2) – Spring 2008. P.84

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technologies in the organisation of election campaigns, mobilisation, and the engagement of supporters. When analysing the dynamic elements of a website, special attention was paid to whether it offered opportunities for citizens’ involvement in political processes, such as feedback, blogging, news, podcasts, video and audio materials, and open forums. The results show that all but one of the ten monitored political parties had fully functional websites during the researched period. The most popular opposition force, the Georgian Dream party, one of the members of the Georgian Dream Coalition, had not yet been officially founded as a political party at that time, although it was expected to join the opposition Georgian Dream coalition (founded in April 2012). However, the coalition leader’s Facebook page was freely accessible at the time. The collected data revealed that the political parties tended to publish mostly static and general information on their websites, which did not require regular updates. Moreover, the websites were not helpful in understanding the ideological differences between the parties. The websites were not updated on a regular basis; therefore, they could not be used as an efficient means of communication with members and supporters. Although all monitored parties had their own Facebook pages at that time, communication with supporters was mainly conducted through a party leadership’s personal Facebook pages (Facebook monitoring results, see below). Although websites provided tools to communicate directly with a party’s leadership or prominent politicians, post questions, recruit new supporters and members, demonstrate that a party was ready to accept new members, and mobilise the party for the implementation of its political programme, it was not appropriate for bidirectional efficient communication. In most cases, the websites provided only a party’s e-mail and telephone number as a means of communication, which made it unclear who was responsible for communicating with potential supporters and members. The then-ruling United National Movement’s website was a clear example of one-sided communication. Users were able to send their greetings and well wishes, but there were no feedback opportunities for questions and complaints, which may have affected the election, especially among young voters. In addition, the participation of the general public in online polls, one of the major components of the monitored websites, was rather low. Overall, 1,000-1,500 respondents participated, which is considered a rather low turnout for this type of poll, especially because polls 106


usually do not have a deadline and can last for months. In fact, the number of respondents indicates how many people, both supporters and opponents, regularly accessed a party’s website and attempted to contribute to the party’s activities. Moreover, only four (National Forum, Free Democrats, Labour Party, and Christian Democrats) of the ten monitored party websites provided online application forms to apply for party membership. The others did not offer such an opportunity. It is important to note that the political parties, including the most popular at the time, the then-ruling United National Movement, abstained from putting visitor counters on their web pages – a clear indication that they were frustrated with the number of visitors and, therefore, reluctant to compete with other parties. None of the monitored parties, including the then-ruling party, published information about the number of their members and supporters by city or region. However, the ruling party’s website was more open than the others because it provided information about the leadership and location of its regional offices. The websites of the Labour Party and New Rights also contained information about the location of their regional offices. Only the United National Movement and Christian Democrats’ websites provided data about donations to the party, including the name and address of a donating company and the amount of the donation. This information was absent on the other parties’ websites. It is noteworthy that financial declarations of Georgian political parties are freely available; they are published annually on the Internet and can be accessed by everyone. (see Tab. 2). However, some political parties prefer not to publish this type of information on their websites. Table 2: Donations to political parties in Georgia (absolute values; year 2012) Political party

Amount of donations in GEL

United National Movement

13,434,000

Georgian Dream Coalition12

4,607,000

Christian Democrats

961,000

Labour Party

337,000

12

Combined donation to six member parties belonging to the coalition.

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On the whole, funds provided by the state and donations accounted for the largest share of political parties’ incomes in Georgia.13 (The 2012 Georgian budget totalled 7 billion GEL (some 4.3 billion USD), whereas the GDP amounted to 26.1 billion GEL). A breakdown of the expenditure shows that the political parties directed most of their funds to pay for office rent, communication costs, advertising, and wages. Political associations allocated the largest part of their money, 81% on average, to TV political ads, whereas online ads (on the Internet) were at the bottom of their priorities. In fact, only two political parties – the Free Democrats and the United National Movement – used Internet ads, but on a very limited scale.14 In sum, by the beginning of 2012, almost all Georgian political parties had their own websites, but the contents of these sites were largely static, general, and ideologically vague. Moreover, the websites were rarely updated or used for the distribution of information. To promote the parties’ information, the websites were linked to the parties’ Facebook accounts. Political parties on Facebook Among all of the social networks available in Georgia today, Facebook is the world’s most popular social network (World Map of Social Networks; Forbes, 2012). It retains the first position in terms of active involvement by Georgian politicians and political parties. In particular, it has taken over as the key platform for mobilisations. Facebook provides Georgian political parties with a useful opportunity to talk directly to targeted groups and to significantly expand their target audience, popularise their policies and activities, campaign for elections, and respond in a prompt and timely way to voters’ concerns. To succeed in campaigning, it is vital for a party to provide supporters with timely updates, expand the number of supporters, maintain constant communication with supporters, and mobilise them around particular initiatives. For Georgia, a country with limited media independence, this aspect is especially important.15

13

14

15

Transparency International – Georgia, Finances of Political Parties 2012, April 12, 2012; http://transparency.ge/post/report/akhali-angarishshi-politikuri-partiebis-finansebi-12-4-13 Transparency International – Georgia, Finances of Political Parties 2012, April 12, 2012; http://transparency.ge/post/report/akhali-angarishshi-politikuri-partiebis-finansebi-12-4-13 Koridze, Zviad. Georgian Media & Georgian Facebook. Caucasus International. Autumn 2011, Vol.1 .p7

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This study examined political parties’ activities on Facebook prior to the electoral campaigns in 2012. It found that almost all political parties that participated in the survey clearly intended to present their programmes to a wider audience with the help of social media and social networks. Observations also showed that the level of political party leaders’ activity on Facebook was quite high and that they followed similar communication strategies. It was evident that Georgian political parties preferred to promote the personalities of leaders rather than their respective programmes, ideologies, or policy alternatives. These leaders had opened personal Facebook accounts, with which they actively led campaigns on behalf of their political parties, suggesting that politics is highly personalised in Georgia. Similar trends in established parliamentary democracies, as well as former post-communist states, are described in the academic literature.16 These studies find that the character and style of election campaigning, the presentation and promotion of policies, and the executive authority of the head of state have all changed markedly from the situation in the 1950s and 1960s.17 The causes of the emergence of the phenomenon of personalisation are numerous and complex; therefore, this is not a subject of the current research. This paper only examines whether Georgian political parties managed to efficiently promote party policies through their leaders prior to the 2012 parliamentary election campaign. The most well-known leaders on the political scene, Saakashvili (United National Movement) and his main political opponent, Ivanishvili (coalition Georgian Dream), both had active and well-maintained Facebook accounts: the content was regularly updated, campaign tours were extensively covered, and photo materials were provided. Other political actors, such as Alasania (leader of the Free Democrats), Usupashvili (leader of the Republican Party), Gamrkrelidze (New Rights Party), Gubaz Sanikidze (National Forum),and Zviad Dzidziguri (Conservative Party), also had more or less active Facebook accounts. Monitoring of these sites showed that parties with youth-dominated governing bodies appeared to be more aware of the advantages of social media and more motivated to overcome the negative consequences of limited access to traditional media sources. Parties governed by older-generation leaders lacked

16

17

McAllister, I. 1996. Leaders. In Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, eds. L. LeDuc, R. Niemi, and P. Norris. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage McAllister, I. 2007. The personalization of politics. In R. Dalton, & H. Klingemann (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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this knowledge, and their attitude differed. One interviewee commented, “We, the members of the youth wing, pay significant attention to social media because we think that this is the most flexible and fast way to communicate with the young people”.18 Another expert interviewed during the research noted, “(Facebook) is necessary to disseminate ideas. This is especially true in the Georgian context. Here, we have dualistic propaganda channels: on the one hand, the government, and on the other hand, an oligarch maintains control over (traditional) mass media. Thus, social media is especially important for others, which helps to share views, propagate ideas”.19 Political party representatives also stressed that it is not common for Internet users to join political parties via social media. Most newcomers in politics make their decision based on their involvement during electoral campaigns. Social media are more useful for political parties in opening up communication channels with the wider public and strengthening contacts among existing party members. Information campaigning by political parties is usually planned and implemented by network administrators working in party structures. Most of them limit their involvement to the publication of news reports/photos on political party events or live stream reports on press conferences that involve appearances by political leaders in social media.20 Many experts acknowledge that the most interesting Facebook pages belong to president Saakashvili and opposition leader Ivanishvili.21 Because Internet communication services do not fully cover the rural regions of Georgia and are quite expensive, political parties are motivated to develop more active campaigns and to help young people residing in Georgian villages to maintain active involvement in social networks, including mobile services: “We have a project in…which we teach youth how to use modern technologies, how to receive alternative information”.22 Political party representatives admitted that it was not their goal to pay such significant attention to social media. According to these representatives, political parties are more or less actively engaged in social networking because

18

Interview conducted with T.Z., male, 1 June 2012 Interview conducted with G.G. male, 28 April 2012 20 Interview conducted with I.K., male 1 May, 2012 21 Interview conducted with S.L. male 2 June 2012 22 Interview conducted with T.Z. mail, 1 June 2012 19

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foreign experts working on capacity building promoted the idea among political parties and encouraged them to be active in social media. In recent years, foreign donors have worked actively on capacity-building activities in all Georgian political parties. Various donor organisations in the framework of EU and US state assistance programmes have promoted democratic institutionbuilding processes in Georgia (e.g., National Democratic Institute (NDI), International Republican Institute (IRI), Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD)).23 According to the assessments of these donor organisations, political parties in Georgia face continuous challenges, including restrictions on media independence and the diversity of fundraising. Accordingly, they aimed to help parties develop structures and capacities that enable them to improve their performance and to function at a high level. The Georgian politicians who were interviewed during the research admitted that if they had stronger financial support, almost all political parties would be interested in establishing much more intensive and viable contacts with their potential voters. Under the Georgian law on Political Unions of Citizens, political parties that penetrated the existing threshold received three types of financing: direct transfers of funds from the state budget, capacitybuilding support, and free TV advertisements during the election year.24 Based on the outcomes of the 2008 parliamentary elections, the ruling parties, the United National Movement and the Christian Democratic Movement, received 300,000 GEL (USD 180,000) each until 2012. Other political payers received much less funding compared to the aforementioned two parties. Political parties were also allowed to receive financial support from private contributors. A review of the spending of major political entities during the 2012 election campaign shows that two of the political entities that were most active in social media, the ruling party and the main opposition coalition, conducted the most expensive election campaigns and represented the greatest reach of the political parties in Georgia. Moreover, some of the interviewed experts noted that “Saakashvili and Ivanishvili have well-paid consultants working not only on the

23

Foresti, Marta, Welton, George and Jijelava, David. Review of international assistance to political party and party system development case study report: Georgia. August 2010. P.6 24 Transparency International Georgia, Finances of Political Parties 2012, April 2013 http://transparency.ge/sites/default/files/post_attachments/PF%20ENG_0.pdf

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Georgian (social media) market, but they pay for writing articles in foreign newspapers”.25 “I know that the president’s (Facebook) page, whether you believe it or not, works very well. They have brought foreign experts, consultants, who lead the (election) campaign and conduct strategy planning”.26 Online feedback, livestream, and conferences An analysis of the political parties’ Facebook accounts revealed that the Georgian political parties rarely used the feedback opportunities provided by social media. Parties almost never used social networks for opinion polls. Moreover, they often deleted negative comments on Facebook without responding to them. “It (negative feedback) may be removed, but information is received and reviewed. After the announcement on sending questions to Bidzina Ivanishvili, the received questions were collected, and responses were prepared later”.27 The review of the politicians’ performance showed also that in response to any criticism directed at a political party, supporters immediately set up their own fake or real accounts on forum pages or Facebook to unleash their rage on the critics. In the words of one interviewee, “If you open, for example, the wall of Georgian Dream and write something which is unacceptable for someone, supporters will ‘stone’ you. They would certainly remove your comments, and this is true for both sides (for presidential supporters and opposition leader supporters). If comments are not removed, you will be stoned”.28 It was clear during the survey interviews that all of the politicians were interested in reading negative comments. They all read these comments and only then allowed their Facebook page administrators to remove them.29 However, they were not very active and did not enter interactive dialogue with their subscribers, even during the electoral campaign for the October 2012 parliamentary elections. The political leaders’ Facebook pages used a limited number of applications, such as petitions and online forums. The most popular activities on the Facebook pages of political parties were postings of photos and

25

Interview conducted with T. B. male, 30 May 2012 Interview conducted with S. L., male 2 June 2012 27 Interview conducted with T. Z., male, 1 June 2012 28 Interview conducted with E. P., female, 2 June 2012 29 Interview conducted with N. S., female, 17 May 2012 26

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sharing information from materials broadcasted in traditional media. These types of information were very formal and official. Accordingly, the most numerous statuses and shared info were on the political subjects that dominated in traditional media. It can be concluded that political parties devoted very limited human and material resources to conducting comprehensive election campaigns through social media. Many political leaders admitted that electoral campaigns conducted through social media were very new experiences for them and that they learned to achieve political objectives through Facebook and other social media platforms’ applications only during the campaign. The procedures followed by organisers during political party leaders’ online conferences do not differ from those in similar conferences organised in the mainstream media, where mediators immediately delete negative feedback from personal accounts. Georgian politicians use different platforms for conducting online conferences, but they often face technical problems that make communication less attractive for the public. For example, a Labour Party representative complained about the low quality of services provided by the www.usesteam.com platform. Because of technical difficulties and low traffic speed, only approximately 100 participants managed to watch and participate in the online conference conducted in 2012.30. The interviews also showed that none of the political parties had extensive experience in organising online conferences. The Christian Democrats organised two online conferences in 2008 and 2010 using their website, but not all questions were answered online in real time.31 In general, the experts did not see many changes in the approaches to the Internet used by Georgian politicians. Until 2008, the Internet forum platforms forum.ge, Batumi discussion club, and planeta.ge were the most active and frequently accessed organisers of online conferences among the Georgian social websites. In 2007-2008, they hosted a conference with prominent politicians who were representatives of major political parties (Republicans, United National Movement, etc) every week, providing live streaming and feedback services. However, this practice came to an end in 2012, giving way to a different format of conferences. For instance, Bidzina Ivanishvili preferred to hold press conferences. Accordingly, the Internet newspaper “Netgazeti” hosted

30 31

Interview conducted with I. K., male, 1 May 2012 Interview conducted with K. S., male, 2 June 2012

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live stream conferences twice in 2012 that allowed politicians to communicate interactively with the public.32 So do political parties with well-organised and efficient press services. The president Saakashvili, the leader of Free Democrats Irakli Alasania, and the mayor of Tbilisi Gigi Ugulava took part in conferences organised by Tabula magazine website. The conferences were aired on television. The speaker of parliament David Bakradze himself hosted online conferences on his Facebook account. Advertisements and Likes Not all active political parties are running ads on Facebook, although social media advertising is quite cheap. For instance, the experts claim that in Georgia, such ads cost several hundred Georgian laris and can attract 2,000-3,000 users, on average. It is a constant communication tool; the ad is displayed constantly on a Facebook page for Georgian users. The politicians interviewed during the survey noted that the number of users was not high enough to pay a large amount of attention to Facebook ads during the election campaign: “Most individuals registered on Facebook have already made their political decision. A FB campaign does not make any difference for political parties as more than 80% of their (FB) users had already made a decision (six months before the elections) who to support. Those who receive information from the Internet are politically active individuals”.33 Thus, using FB ads would be like “preaching to the converted”.34 According to the interviewed experts, the additional problem with a Georgian language FB platform relates to the fact that only a few professionals in Georgia are skilled enough to run social media advertising, and all of them are employed by either large advertising companies or financially sustained political parties. Political parties’ interest in online advertising is slightly different from the interests of private businesses. Most Georgian citizens have a negative attitude towards politicians and politics in general. In such circumstances, it is difficult to explain to Georgian politicians who are not part

32

Interview conducted with K. S., male, 2 June 2012 Interview conducted with L. V., male, 17 May 2012 34 Norris, P., 2003. ‘Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites.’ Party Politics. 9(1):21-45. 33

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of the ruling or financially strong opposition movements why they should spend their money and energy on advertising. They do not believe in the benefits of advertising, and they are certain that it is a waste of time and effort. As claimed by one interviewee, “Among Georgian politicians, Speaker of the Parliament Bakradze pioneered placing ads on Facebook. He was followed by others. Now Bakradze is seen among Facebook ads to a much lesser extent than Saakashvili and Ivanishvili, who most likely spent much more on ads”.35 Likes are not good indicators of popularity. According to the experts, in the Georgian context, fake profiles make it easy to generate fake likes. For instance, during a famous online competition between the personal pages of President Saakashvili and his main opponent, Ivanishvili, each of them received 4,0005,000 likes every day, which is odd for a country like Georgia, which only has approximately one million active Internet users. In reality, the likes count for nothing unless there is a real user behind each account. It seems to be a common practice for Georgian politicians to generate fake likes. According to some media reports, in 2012, public servants and employees of state-run organisations were ordered by their superiors to establish at least ten accounts each to generate a large number of likes for the president’s page. In the same vein, when the chairman of parliament, David Bakradze, launched a virtual election of the parliament speaker, according to media reports, students of one of the Georgian schools were asked by officials to visit and “like” Bakradze’s page. As a result, this campaign received negative feedback and lost users’ trust.36 Similar cases were reported by the experts interviewed during the survey. Most of these experts shared the view that likes do not define the degree of popularity of Georgian politicians and do not characterise the performance of politicians. As explained by one interviewee, “The government orders civil servants to ‘like’ certain Facebook pages (several years ago)... I am worried because we are talking about ‘liking’ not institutional FB pages but individual ones. For example, (civil servants are ordered) not to like the FB page of the ministry of education but Shashkin’s (the minister’s) page”.37 The experts also recalled an example in which Georgian politicians used children for political purposes. This mainly occurred in the framework of the ruling party’s activities. Usually, political party members ask children to create

35

Interview conducted with D. P., male, 11 May 2012 Interview conducted with S. L. male, 2 June 2012 37 Interview conducted with D.K., female, 24 April 2012 36

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fake pages and “like” one particular page, as in the above mentioned Bakradze case.38 Several of the experts interviewed during the research admitted that opposition leaders were also engaged in falsifying the number of likes on their pages. “During one night, the number of likes on Ivanishvili’s (the leader of the opposition coalition) Facebook page reached 250 thousand, and later, this statistic became available to users”.39 Moreover, the Georgian experts noted that several American and Chinese companies are known for selling “likes” on the Internet. Thus, “likes” should not be regarded as reliable indicators of popularity. Furthermore, the government usually pays little attention to public opinion expressed through social media. Conclusion Georgian political parties seem to prefer Facebook to any other social network available in Georgia. However, data on social media monitoring shows that parties do not use the potential of social media efficiently. The results showed that the relatively popular parties GD and UNM used social media features and platforms more than other political actors. Despite this finding, there no clear signs of the established use of social media as a political communication strategy. Georgian political elites were sceptical of the role of social networks and their potential to help win more supporters and increase their ratings. Some parties claimed that online political activity, either on Facebook or other social networks, was simply a waste of resources because it could not and would not help to win more votes. Television and visits to constituencies to speak directly to the people were identified as the only efficient ways to sway neutral voters. The empirical investigation demonstrated that Georgian political parties fail to utilise the full range of application options for communication offered by the social network. Parties use social networks mainly to distribute information rather than generate new voters by using communicative styles that engage discussion and dialogue. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the intensity of engagement in social media platforms and social networks is not directly linked to the political performance of political parties, although no political party succeeded without more or less active Facebook campaigns.

38 39

Interview conducted with A.T., female, 5 July 2012 Interview conducted with S.L., male, 2 June 2012

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An analysis of a prison scandal during the 2012 October parliamentary elections demonstrate show (mis) engagement in social media platforms and social networks may influence the political performance of political parties. Video footage of torture in a Georgian prison that was broadcasted by Georgian national TV channels on 18 September 2012 became one of the most efficient political attacks against the ruling elite and the ruling political party during the election campaign. Contrary to expectations, the Georgian ruling party and the official’s active in social media appeared completely unprepared to face these new circumstances. The main target of the scandal, the ruling party, completely disappeared from Facebook applications on 19-26 September 2013 and did not use the opportunities provided by social networks to maintain contact with its potential supporters. Although social networks did not play a direct role in this scandal and there were other, deeper reasons leading to this result, the effect of the prisoner abuse across social networks and traditional media outlets was a decisive factor in the last days before the vote. References: 1.

Bennet, W. Lance. 2007. “Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Network Politics, Available at: http://depts.washington.edu/gcp/pdf/communicatingglobalactivism.pdf

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

Boyd, d. 2008. Can social networking sites enable political action. In A. Fine, M. Sifry, A. Raseij, & J. Levi (eds.) Rebooting democracy. New York: Personal Democracy. Creative Commons. 112-116. Castells, M. ed. 2005. The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Chadwick, Andrew. 2006. Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. K Löfgren, C Smith.2003.Political parties and the internet: Net gain, London: Routlege. Lilleker, Darren G. & Jackson, Nigel A. 2010.Towards a more participatory style of election campaigning? The impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election. McAllister, I. 1996. Leaders. In Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Global Perspective, eds. L. LeDuc, R. Niemi, and P. Norris. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 117


8.

9.

10. 11.

12.

13.

McAllister, I. 2007. The personalization of politics. In: R. Dalton, & H. Klingemann (Eds.),Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mandarano, L., Meenar, M. & Steins, C. 2010. Building Social Capital in the Digital Age of Civic Engagement. Journal of Planning Literature 25(2), 123-135. Norris, Pippa. 2003.‘Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites.’ Party Politics. 9(1):21-45. Nodia,Ghia, and Scholbach,Alvaro Pinto.2006 The Political Landscape of Georgia: Political Parties Achievements, Challenges and Prospects, Eburon Delft. Schmitt-Beck, Rudiger and Farrell, M. David. 2002. Do Political Campaigns Matter: Campaign Effects in Electronics and Referendums. London: Routlege. Wim van de Donk, Brian D. Loader, Paul G. Nixon, and Dieter Rucht. (eds) 2004Cyberprotest: New Media, Citizens and Social Movements. London: Routledge

korneli kakaCia Tamar pataraia socialuri qselebis gavlena qarTul politikaze reziume saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi, sul ufro metad saubroben socialuri qselebis da internetis gazrdili rolis Sesaxeb. warmodgenili naSromi ganixilavs, Tu rogoria socialuri mediis roli qarTul partiul politikaSi, arsebobs Tu ara qarTuli politikuri blogosfero da, Tuki arsebobs, ra gavlena SeiZleba hqondes mas politikuri kursis an politikuri diskusiebis ganviTarebaze; ramdenad cdiloben politikuri gaerTianebebi aqtiurad gamoiyenon interneti, gansakuTrebiT, socialuri qselebi; aqceven Tu ara isini blogerebs TavianT mxardamWerebad da maTi ideebis gamtareblebad. kvleva Catarda programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiuri qselis~ mxardaWeriT. programa `kavkasiis Sveicariuli aka118


demiuri qselis~ mizania samxreT kavkasiaSi socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTareba sxvadasxva aqtivobisa da RonisZiebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa: kvleviTi proeqtebis dafinanseba, treningebis Catareba, sxvadasxva saswavlo da kvleviTi grantebis gacema. programa xels uwyobs niWieri mkvlevrebis axali Taobis aRmocenebas da maT saerTaSoriso akademiur qselSi integracias. programas `kavkasiis Sveicariuli akademiuri qseli~ axorcielebs Sveicariis friburgis universitetis centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis interfakulteturi instituti. programas afinansebs `gebert riufis fondi~, romelic dafuZnebulia bazelSi.

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giorgi kvinikaZe

giorgi kvinikaZe

msoflios geoekonomikuri transformacia da ekonomikuri geografia `me yovelTvis vfiqrobdi ekonomikuri geografiis problemebze, magram ver vacnobierebdi mas~ — pol krugmani (nobelis premiis laureati). kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara ekonomikuri keTildReobis gzebis povna ara mxolod realur geografiaSi, aramed inteleqtualuri azrisa da adgilobrivi tradiciebis mijnaze, jerjerobiT damajerebeli pasuxi ar Cans. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrda mecniereba, geoekonomika, romelmac gansakuTrebuli relevanturoba SeiZina globalizaciis epoqaSi. geoekonomikis formireba. geoekonomikis formireba sami mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: erTi mxriv, geoekonomika saTaves inglisuri, franguli da germanuli klasikuri ekonomikuri azridan iRebs; meore mxriv, aRmocenebulia geopolitikuri modelebis wiaRSi; mesame mxriv, misi fesvebi unda veZeboT ekonomikur geografiaSi, vinaidan ekonomikuri geografia iZleva garkveul sawyis pozicias geoekonomikis im nawilisaTvis, sadac „moqmedebs“ sivrcobrivi ekonomika (sivrcis gamoyeneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis). am nawilSi saqme gvaqvs ekonomikuri geografiisa da geoekonomikis simbiozTan. es kavSirebi gansakuTrebiT kargad ikveTeba Tanamedrove msoflios sistemis transformaciis procesSi. ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis transformacia. amJamad msoflio midis ekonomikuri integraciisa da homogenizaciisaken. aseT viTarebaSi saerTaSoriso sistema transformirdeba da Tu adre mis arsebobas da stabilurobas (sxvadasxva Zalis polusebs Soris wonasworobas) saxelmwifoebi da maTi sam120

msoflios geoekonomikuri transformacia da ekonomikuri geografia

xedro-politikuri Zliereba ganapirobebda, dRes Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli ekonomikuri da finansuri polusebia, romlebic sul ufro naklebad ukavSirdeba saxelmwifoebs da mZlavri transnacionaluri aqtorebis saxiT gvevlineba.

jer kidev meore msoflio omis Semdgom, amerikelebma sworad gansajes, rom, Tu miaRwevdnen ekonomikur Zlierebas, Sesabamisad, SeZlebdnen msoflio batonobis miRwevas arasamxedro gziT. am strategiiT gasuli saukunis miwuruls aSS SeZlo civi omis mogeba da msoflio ekonomikaSi (aramarto) hegemoni gaxda. Tanamedrove epoqaSi politikuri miznebi upiratesad grZelvadiani ekonomikuri strategiiT miiRweva. imis miuxedavad, rom yvela sakvanZo gadawyvetilebas politikosebi Rebuloben, maTi zemoqmedebis margi qmedebis koeficienti realur ekonomikur urTierTobebze Zalze dabalia. swored amitom, bevri politikuri gadawyvetileba strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba mxolod qaRaldze darCes, Tu ar Seiqmneba kapitalis brunvisa da invisticiebisaTvis realuri pirobebi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom faqtobrivad gaqra politikur-strategiuli warmodgenebi ekonomikuri globalizaciis gaaqtiurebis kvalobaze. sistema `bazari-saxelmwifo~ Canacvlda sistemiT: `bevri saxelmwifo-erTi bazari~. Sedegad Seicvala: a)politikasa da ekonomikas Soris damokidebuleba; b)dairRva Camoyalibebuli kavSirebi saxelmwifos, teritoriasa da simdidres Soris; g)waiSala zRvari `saSinaosa~ da `sagareos~ Soris. bipolarul msoflioSi ki yvelaferi sxvagvarad iyo. ori zesaxelmwifo TavianT konkurenciaSi `nulovani jamiT~ uzrunvelyofdnen Status quoͲs. amJamad, msoflios ekonomikur sivrceSi ukve aRar arsebobs aseTi gamyofi xazebi. amis miuxedavad faqtia, rom Tanamedrove msoflios ekonomikuri sivrce kvlav araerTgvarovani rCeba. es garemoeba aixsneba ara mxolod imiT, rom ekonomikuri sivrceebi icvleba moTxovnilebebisa da miwodebis dinebaTa zemoqmedebiT (am mxriv politikuri sivrceebi ufro stabilurebi arian, vinaidan isini SemosazRvrulebi arian saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli sazRvrebiT), aramed imiTac, rom arsebobs mravalricxovani gansxvavebebi im samuSao Zalis Rirebulebebs Soris,

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romelTac iyeneben mewarmeebi da saxelmwifoebi, romlebic am ZaliT manipulireben sakuTari sargeblis misaRebad. bipolarulobis periodis geopolitikuri konkurencia, romelic struqturirdeboda aRmosavleT-dasavleTis RerZze, ukve aRar arsebobs. swored amitom, bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom samxedro xelisufleba darCa orpolaruli, xolo ekonomikuri gaxda mravalpolaruli. am mocemulobaSi, erTi mxriv, gaqra is pirobebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen ekonomikur metoqeobas aSS-s, evropasa da iaponias Soris (am pirobebs gansazRvravda is, rom, sabWoTa safrTxidan gamomdinare, evropa da iaponia aSS-is strategiul garantiebs saWiroebda), rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflio gadavida saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axal reJimSi. meore mxriv, gaqra is pirobebic, romelic xels uwyobda konfliqturi situaciis Seqmnas mesame samyaroSi, romlis inicirebasac orpolusiani msoflio axdenda. orpolusianobis dros aseTi situacia ar gadioda garkveul sazRvrebs gareT. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas SeeZlo gamoewvia ori zesaxelmwifos Careva, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ufrTxodnen pirdapir dapirispirebas, romelic SeiZleboda birTvul dapirispirebaSi gadazrdiliyo. amJamad, mesame samyaro sul ufro Zlierad ixliCeba dapirispirebul jgufebad. es jgufebi erTmaneTTan metoqeoben, raTa miiRon ekonomikuri daxmarebis rac SeiZleba meti kvotebi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebidan. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi praqtikulad nulzea dayvanili. samagierod, regionis calkeuli qveynebi gacilebiT did mniSvnelobas aniWeben urTierTobebs ganviTarebul CrdiloeTTan. keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba arasamxedro muqaris pirobebSic mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Tu bipolarul msoflioSi ekonomika èmsaxureboda~ SeiaraRebul Zalebs, dRes mdgomareoba sapirispirod Seicvala. dRes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis funqciaa Seamciros is politikuri riskebi, romelic dakavSirebulia investiciebTan da savaWro urTierTobebTan. aseT pirobebSi sul ufro sustdeba saxelmwifos roli ekonomikur procesebSi. didi albaTobiT moxdeba saxelmwifos funqciis gadafaseba, vinaidan saxelmwifom, rogorc institut122


ma, seriozuli erozia ganicada Semdegi mimarTulebiT: zemodan — zenacionaluri institutebisa da mZlavri transnacionaluri Zalebis zegavleniT; qvemodan — regionalizmis tendenciebis zemoqmedebiT. es Zalebi, xels uwyoben ra saxelmwifos Zalisa da rolis dasustebas, bunebrivad miiswrafvian erTmaneTTan gaerTianebisaken. amis miuxedavad, roca saqme exeba saxelmwifos, rogorc institutis, stabilurobas, ar SeiZleba angariSi ar gavuwioT mis Zalas, romelic warmoadgens demokratiis dasayrdens da socialuri samarTlianobis garantebs. amasTan, kvlav didia saxelmwifos roli kulturul memkvidreobaze dafuZnebuli eris TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. amis miuxedavad, msoflios momavali geopolitikuri mowyoba mainc moeqceva ekonomikis gavlenis qveS. swored amitom, saxelmwifoebs mouwevT gare faqtorebis mzardi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba eris keTildReobisaTvis da, imavdroulad, iseTi politikis gatareba, romelic uzrunvelyofs erovnuli ekonomikis maqsimalurad xelsayreli geoekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seqmnas (rogorc amas akeTebs iaponia eqsportisa da investiciebis stimulirebisaTvis ucxoeTSi). aseTi midgoma yvelaferTan erTad warmoadgens sakuTar qveyanaSi kvalificiuri samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis efeqtur saSualebas. amdenad, teritoriuli geopolitikuri logika ukan ixevs da adgils uTmobs dinebebis logikas, romelic cdilobs im teritoriebTan kavSiris gawyvetas, romlebic sazRvrebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos tyveobaSi imyofebian. am situaciis Seswavlaze akeTebs aqcents geoekonomika. geoekonomikis aqcentebi. geoekonomika didi xani ar aris rac damkvidrda da am cnebaSi igulisxmeba rogorc globalizebuli msoflios mowyobis axali paradigma, ise am rTuli da mravalmxrivi movlenis Semswavleli mecniereba. kerZod. geoekonomika swavlobs: geografiul imperativs, romelic gamoixateba

ekonomikisa da sivrcis organul kavSirSi; msoflios Zalismieri konfliqtebis gadatanas samxedro-politikuridan ekonomikur sibrtyeSi, romlis drosac adgili aqvs konfliqtebis axali tipis aRmocenebas (geoekonomikuri koliziebi); saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis strategias da politikas ekonomikis 123

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globalizaciis pirobebSi; sxvadasxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis sivrcobriv lokalizacias; politikisa da ekonomikis Serwymas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemaSi da am bazaze strategiuli urTierTqmedebis da globaluri marTvis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs. amdenad, geoekonomika ZiriTad aqcents msoflio ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis transformaciasa da mis aqtorTa rolis cvlilebaze akeTebs, romlis drosac rigi cnebebi devalvacias ganicdis. cnebebis devalvacia. msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi RerZi dRes gadis ara erovnul, aramed „transnacionalur“, „zeerovnul“ da a.S. ekonomikebze, anu Tanamedrove (globaluri) ekonomikis im subieqtebze, sadac iqmneba msoflio simdidris umetesi nawili. transnacionaluri kompaniebi (tnk) da transnacionaluri bankebi (tnb) jer kidev gasul saukuneSi Camoyalibdnen msoflio ekonomikuri sivrcis mTavar subieqtebad. maTTvis praqtikulad ar arsebobs saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, maSin roca, axorcieleben globalur ekonomikur saqmianobas. isini praqtikulad gadaiqcnen mZlavr ekonomikur saxelmwifoebad, romlebic floben realur ekonomikur Zalas da gankargaven uzarmazar finansur, sawarmoo-teqnologiur, samecniero da informaciul resursebs. swored ekonomikuri Zlierebis Tanamedrove centrebis geografiuli ganlageba xdeba dRes msoflioSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, xolo upiratesoba sxva qveynebze, upirveles yovlisa, miiRweva ekonomikuri berketebiT. Sesabamisad, axal geoekonomikur sivrceSi moqmedebis prioritetuli instrumenti xdeba ekonomikuri da finansuri saSualebebis yvela saxeoba. meore mxriv, msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi globalizaciam kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena geografiuli mdebareobis cnebis adrindeli Sinaarsi, iseTi axali aqtorebis [(virtualuri finansebi, sxvadasxva tipis mZlavri transnacionaluri kompaniebi (tnk) da bankebi (tnb), globaluri komunikaciuri teqnologiebi-interneti da a.S)] gaCeniT, romlebic Zalzed „aviwroveben“ geografiul faqtors (tradiciuli geopolitikis da ekonomikuri geografiis erT-erTi fundamenti, romelic rogorc geopolitikur, aseve ekonomikur sivrceSi ukve 124


aRar TamaSobs arsebiT rols, vinaidan mas ukve aRar SeuZlia dacva birTvuli Setevisagan an transnacionaluri terorizmisagan, erTi mxriv, xolo, meore mxriv, mdebareobis da fizikuri manZilis mniSvneloba ekonomikaSi minimumamdea dayvanili globaluri komunikaciuri teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sedegad) da qmnian axal, met-naklebad erTgvarovan geografiul sivrces. Sedegad, am mocemulobaSi yalibdeba axali globaluri ekonomikuri sivrce (am sivrces Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi geoekonomikur sivrces uwodeben), sadac moqmedebas iwyeben deteritorializaciis [dedamiwis sivrcis aTviseba da adgilganviTarebis (samSoblos) sazRvrebidan gasvlis procesi] efeqtis matarebeli mZlavri transnacionaluri Zalebi. swored am axali sivrcis Zvel sivrcesTan kavSirebis Seswavlaze unda aiRos momavalSi orientacia ekonomikurma geografiam, vinaidan, es axali sivrce kavSirSia Zvel sivrcesTan — aRniSnavs qarTveli mecnieri zurab daviTaSvili. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, saubari teritoriuli geografiis dasasrulze jerjerobiT naadrevia. aRniSnulis garda, msoflios geoekonomikuri realoba cvlis ekonomikuri geografiis ZiriTadi cnebebis („erovnuli ekonomika“, „saxelmwifos ekonomikuri sazRvari“, „geografiuli mdebareoba“ da a.S) arss an/da axdens mis devalvacias. magaliTad, ramdenad zustia dRes termin „msoflio ekonomikis“ xmareba ekonomikur geografiaSi, Tu masSi tradiciulad moiazreba msoflio Tanamegobrobis yvela qveynis (erovnuli) ekonomika, romelic ganixileba qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebis, urTierTzemoqmedebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis konteqstSi? vfiqrob, aseTi ganmarteba arcTu srulyofilia im mizezis gamo, rom saxelmwifoTa politikuri sazRvrebi ukve aRar emTxveva maT ekonomikur sazRvrebs anu msoflio ekonomikis mTavari moTamaSis saxelmwifos ekonomikuri sazRvari ukve ar jdeba mis politikur sazRvrebSi. Tanac, am procesSi yalibdeba arastatikuri ekonomikuri sazRvrebi, sadac ukve rTulia daadgino, sad gadis qveynis ekonomikuri sazRvari, anu zustad gansazRvro kvlevis geografiuli areali, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom zemoT aRniSnuli cnebebi dRes Zalzed pirobiT xasiaTs iZenen. 125

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ufro xatovnad rom vTqvaT, Tu bipolarul msoflio ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi TamaSoben msoflio ekonomikis mindorze, ekonomikis globalizaciis epoqaSi, roca mimdinareobs deteritorializaciis procesi, ukve ekonomikis transnacionaluri aqtorebi iwyeben TamaSs saxelmwifoTa teritoriebze. zemoT aRniSnuli transformaciuli procesebidan gamomdinare, geoekonomikis definicia Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: geoekonomika orientacias iRebs msoflioSi mimdinare

geopolitikis ekonomizaciis procesis Seswavlaze (maT Soris sivrcobrivi aspeqtebis Seswavlaze), sadac Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis mZlavri subieqtebi geopolitikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT, da piriqiT, cdiloben maTTvis saintereso (strategiulad mniSvnelovani) teritoriebis sakuTari kontrolis qveS moqcevas. axali ekonomikuri sistemebis formirebis sawyisebi, romlebic moqmedeben globalur arenaze sxvadasxva mizniT da interesiT — ai ras ikvlevs Tanamedrove geoekonomika. SemoTavazebuli definiciis argumentuloba mocemuli maqvs zemoT aRniSnul publikaciaSi, amitom masze aRar SevCerdebi. SemoTavazebuli definiciidan gamomdinareobs is miznebi, romelic gaaCnia geoekonomikas da masTan axlos mdgar ekonomikur geografias. ekonomikuri geografiisa da geoekonomikis miznebi. imis miuxedavad, rom es cnebebi garegnulad Zalian gavs erTmaneTs, maT gansxvavebuli miznebi gaaCniaT. magaliTad, resursebis ukmarisoba geoekonomikaSi ganixi-

leba rogorc ganviTarebis resursi. ekonomikur geografiaSi, piriqiT, geoekonomika deteritorializaciis efeqtis matarebelia. ekonomikur geografias aseTi efeqti ar aqvs. geoekonomika, msoflio ekonomikuri geografiisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris erovnuli ekonomikebis ubralo jami, aramed is zenacionaluria da Sedgeba transnacionaluri da transsasazRvro sistemebisagan; geoekonomikaSi ara mxolod teritoriuli, aramed sxva faqtorebic gacilebiT principulia saxelmwifos imijisa da gavlenis xarisxisaTvis. kerZod, aqtiur ekonomikur politikas da teqnologiur inovaciebs is ganixilavs, rogorc Zlierebis sakvanZo kriteriums da a.S. 126


amave dros, am or disciplinas aerTianebs saerTo miznebic, romelic fokusirdeba iseT mecnierul problemaze, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri aqtivobis globalizaciis moculobis dadgena da misi sivrciT-droiTi parametrebis Seswavla. yvelaze ufro am nawilSi ikveTeba is mWidro kavSiri, romelic arsebobs geoekonomikasa da ekonomikur geografias Soris. geoekonomika & ekonomikuri geografia. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri geografiis gamoCena, mravali mecnieris azriT, moaswavebs ara marto ekonomikuri geografiis, aramed, zogadad, ekonomikuri mecnierebis revoluciis meoTxe talRis dadgomas. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iqmneba konkurenciis iseTi modelebi, sadac xdeba mzardi ukugeba resursebis gamoyenebidan.Semdgom kvlevebze didi gavlena moaxdina a. diqsiTis da j. Stiglicis statiam `monopoliuri konkurencia da optimaluri produqtis mravalferovneba~, romelic gamoqveynda Jurnal àmerikis ekonomikur mimoxilvaSi~. am modelebis analitikuri xerxebi 1970-iani wlebis bolos rigma Teoretikosebma gamoiyenes saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SeswavlisaTvis. ramdenime wlis Semdgom analizis igive instrumentebi gamoyenebul iqna samecniero-teqnologiuri progresisa da ekonomikuri zrdis SeswavlaSi. a. diqsiTis da j. Stiglicis modeli ekonomikur geografiaSi pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli pol krugmanis mier. es mecnieri, romelic saerTaSoriso ekonomikis ubadlo mcodnea, werda: `rom igi yovelTvis fiqrobda ekonomikuri geografiis problemebze, magram ver acnobierebda mas~. swored misma ekonomikur-geografiulma azrovnebam ganapiroba is didi aRiareba, romelic daimsaxura pol krugmanis naSromma `saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teoria~, sadac mocemulia vaWrobis struqtura da ekonomikuri saqmianobis geografiuli gadanawilebis analizi. aqvea axsnili globalizaciis, Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da urbanizaciis Sedegebi. swored am damsaxurebisaTvis miiRo man nobelis premia. adre miCneuli iyo, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTad sa-

xes iseT qveynebs Soris vaWroba warmoadgenda, romlebic ganviTarebis gansxvavebul doneze imyofebodnen. klasikur SemTxvevebSi ganixileboda savaWro urTierTobebi ganviTarebul da 127

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ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris. ganviTarebadi qveynebidan eqsportze ZiriTadad agrokulturuli saqoneli gadioda, sanacvlod, ganviTarebuli qveynidan industriul saqonels Rebulobdnen. XX saukunis miwuruls gamoCnda saerTaSoriso vaWrobis axali tipebi, kerZod, vaWroba or ganviTarebul qveyanas Soris, roca eqportic da importic erTi da imave saqonliT xorcieldeba.am aRmoCenis logikuri Sedegi gaxda pol krugmanis kvlevebi ekonomikur geografiaSi. man, SeiZleba iTqvas, axleburad gaxsna is, rogorc mecniereba; aCvena mwarmoeblis miswrafeba iqiTken, rom Seamciros sawarmoo da satransporto xarjebi, moaxdinos warmoebis koncentracia im regionebTan axlos, sadac maqsimalurad didi bazaria. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi es niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli qveyana Seecdeba im samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis gazrdas, romlisTvisac sakmaod didia sakuTari Sidabazari. amasTan, misi saerTaSoriso specializaciis ganmsazRvreli iqneba ara absoluturi, aramed SedarebiTi upiratesoba garkveuli saxeobis saqonlis warmoebaze. anu is, Tu mocemuli qveynisaTvis mocemul etapze ramdenad momgebiania awarmoos mocemuli saqoneli da ara sxva ram. SedarebiTi upiratesoba ganisazRvreba klimatiT, resursebisa da momwodeblebis siaxloviT, teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens droebiT faqtors, magram yvela droSi is aZlevs qveyanas mTavar SedarebiT upiratesobas. axali ekonomikuri geografiis sabolood gaformeba moxda gasuli saukunis miwuruls, roca gamovida macaxisi fuZitas, pol krugmanisa da entoni veneblasis saintereso naSromi siv-

rciTi ekonomika. Tumca, ver gaviziareb pol krugmanis mosazrebas im nawilSi, roca is ewinaaRmdegeba im mecnierebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom civi omi ekonomikurma omma Secvala da ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom saxelmwifoebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs ekonomikur sferoSi. misgan gansxvavebiT mimaCnia, rom civi omi namdvilad Secvala geoekonomikurma da ara ekonomikurma omma (es cnebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan), romelSic saxelmwifoebi namdvilad metoqeoben erTmaneTTan ekonomikur sferoSi. amis argumentebi zemoT sakmarisad iqna moyvanili. 128


ekonomikuri geografia postsabWoTa sivrceSi. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikuri geografia warmodgenilia, rogorc zogadkulturuli ciklis saswavlo disciplina. misi, rogorc geografiuli mecnierebis umniSvnelovanesi dargis, ganviTareba ki xdeba ZiriTadad maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi (aSS, germania, safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, SvedeTi, kanada, iaponia, holandia, avstralia da a.S). warmoadgens ra geografiuli mecnierebis Semadgenel nawils, ekonomikuri geografia uzrunvelyofs sabunebismetyvelo, socialur-ekonomikur, politikur, ekologiur da teqnologiur informaciis sinTezs. amitom, tradiciuli ganmartebiT, msoflios ekonomikuri geogra-

fia sazogadoebrivi geografiis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganawilebas da mis sivrcobriv organizacias. erTi gagebiT, is Seiswavlis sazogadoebriv procesTa geografiul Taviseburebebsa da kanonzomierebebs, xolo meore, ufro Tanamedrove gagebiT, ekonomikuri geografia mxolod ekonomikis dargebis geografiaa da Seiswavlis warmoebis ganlagebis Taviseburebebsa da kanonzomierebebs (is sakmaod farTo disciplinaa da misi Seswavlisas ekonom-geografebi gansxvavebul meTodologias iyeneben. swored gansxvavebuli meTodologiis erT-erT Tanamedrove variantad SeiZleba ganvixiloT misi „geoekonomikuri“ versia. civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom postsabWoTa sivrceSi ekonomikuri geografia Rrma krizisma moicva. analogiuri bedi ewia sivrcobriv ekonomikasac, romelmac aseve memkvidreobiT miiRo mwarmoebeli Zalebis ganlagebis sakiTxebis Seswavla avtarqiis (saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri gancalkeveba, mimarTuli Caketili erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnisaken. ekonomikuri avtarqia — ekonomikis damoukidebeli ganviTareba, romelic Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ignorirebas axdens) pirobebSi. „avtarqiuli“ ekonomika amJamadac agrZelebs funqcionirebas im ekonomistTa SromebSi, romlebic qmnian „kapitalisturi“ ganviTarebis iseT sivrcobriv proeqtebs, sadac sruliad ignorirebulia msoflio bazris fenomeni.

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rogorc Cans, mxolod warmoebis ganlagebis Taviseburebebis da kanonzomierebebis Seswavla dRes sakmarisi araa imisaTvis, rom ekonomikurma geografiam SeinarCunos is imiji, romelic mas mudmivad hqonda sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis sivrceSi. saqme imaSia, rom ekonomikis globalizaciis procesma msoflios ekonomikuri sivrcis Tvisobrivi cvlileba gamoiwvia, rac gamoixata imaSi, rom informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam umniSvnelovanes resursad finansebi da inteleqti aqcia da ara geografiuli sivrce fiqsirebuli warmoebiT. es procesi planetas erTian ekonomikur (ara marto) organizmad ayalibebs da xels uwyobs misi yvelaze daSorebuli kuTxeebis ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli ekonomikis globalizaciis Sedegia msoflios

sxvadasxva xalxisa da qveynis ekonomikebis mzardi urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic yalibdeba qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis moSlis, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri funqciis Sesustebis, globaluri komunikaciuri teqnologiebisa da transportis ganviTarebis, mZlavri transnacionaluri korporaciebis, sabazro urTierTobebisa da saerTo faseulobebze dafuZnebuli globaluri sazogadoebis Seqmnis Sedegad. postindustriuli sazogadoebis aRmoceneba moaswavebs axali ekonomikuri geografiis dasawyiss. am „geografiis“ CarCoebSi kavSiri saxelmwifosa da simdidres Soris iRebs sxvadasxva formas da ayalibebs axal kombinaciebs. irRveva is mWidro kavSiri, romelic tradiciulad arsebobda simdidresa da teritorias Soris. kerZod, xdeba simdidris dematerializacia da denacionalizacia. ekonomikuri suvereniteti ukve aRar Sedis mxolod saxelmwifos „daqvemdebarebaSi“. xdeba misi ganawileba (dargobrivi principiT) regionul, zesaxelmwifoebriv an/da globalur doneze. am axal mocemulobaSi ekonomikuri geografiis definicia seriozul gadaxedvas moiTxovs. ekonomikuri geografiis definicia. cnobilia, rom kvlevis sagani ganisazRvreba mocemul momentSi gabatonebuli kvlevis paradigmiT. Tu adre ekonomikur geografias gansazRvravdnen, rogorc „ekonomikuri raionebis da sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganlagebis“, „teritoriuli socialur-ekonomikuri sistemebis“ an „sazogadoebis cxovrebis teritoriuli organi130


zaciis“ Semswavlel mecnierebad, axali mocemulobis Sesabamisad, is SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc: „geografiuli mecnie-

rebis mimarTuleba, romelic sazogadoebisa da geografiuli garemos urTierTqmedebis konteqstSi Seiswavlis msoflios geoekonomikuri sistemis subieqtebis qcevis sivrciT-droiT aspeqtebs geografiuli sivrcis im nawilSi (ekosfero), sadac moqmedeben aRniSnuli subieqtebi“. ekonomikuri geografiis Cven mier SemoTavazebul ganmartebas axasiaTebs ramdenime pozitiuri momenti. kerZod, is saSualebas iZleva erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri geografia da sivrcobrivi ekonomika (es ukanaskneli swavlobs ekonomikur procesebs abstraqtul ekonomikur sivrceSi); meore mxriv, ganmartebaSi gamokveTilia geoekonomikis is segmenti, sadac operirebs konkretuli geografiuli sivrcis is nawili, romelSic xdeba msoflios axali, sxvadasxva Zalis ekonomikuri subieqtebisa da sistemebis formireba-ganviTareba drois garkveul periodSi, rac definicias met konkretulobas da „geografiulobas“ aniWebs. amasTan, geoekonomikuri sivrce asaxavs ganaxlebul xedvas im ekonomikur da politikur sivrceze, romelic aqtualuria XXI saukuneSi. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, relevanturad miviCnev, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikuri geografiis Seswavlis areali unda gafarTovdes da tradiciul aqtorebTan misi yuradRebis qveS moeqces aseve msof-

lios geoekonomikuri sistemis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva donis da Zalis ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevis transformaciis sivrciT-droiTi sawyisebis kompleqsuri Seswavla. amdenad, msoflios postindustriuli transformacia axal problemebs uyenebs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva struqturas. am problemebis gadaWra ki warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove ekonomikur-geografiuli azrovnebis gareSe. am ukanasknelis moyvana Tanamedrove mocemulobis Sesabamisad nakarnaxevia rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve, sakuTriv, ekonomikuri geografiis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT, romelic miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom iyos moTxovnadi im pirobebSi, roca globalizaciis gavleniT Rrma cvlilebebi xdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. imisaTvis, rom ekonomikuri geografia kvlav moTxovnadi gaxdes, auci131

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lebelia misi kvlevis arealis gafarToeba im axali realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic yalibdeba Tanamedrove msoflios geoekonomikuri sistema. literatura: 1. 2. 3.

4.

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zurab daviTaSvili. nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tb. 2003. giorgi kvinikaZe. geoekonomika. Tb. 2008. Dixit, Avinash K.; Stiglitz, Joseph E. Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity // The American Economic Review. – 1977. – Vol. 67. – ʋ 3. Fujita M., Krugman P. The New Economic Geography: Past, Present and the Future Papers in Regional Science. – Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. – Vol. 83. – P. 139–164. –DOI:10.1007/s10110-003-0180-0 Krugman P. R. Introduction // Development, Geography, and Economic Theory Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1995. – 127 p. – ISBN 0-262-11203-5 6. G.Kvinikadze, K.Pkhakadze.The subject of Geoeconomics-polemics around a new discipline. “Economika“. Monthly International reviewed and refereed seientific journal 2012. # 5-6. Peter F. Drucker. Trade Lessons from the World Economy. – Foreign Affairs, jan./feb. 1994, p. 99-108, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪ. 107-108. Paul Krugman Paul (ed.). Geography and Trade, Mit, Cambridge University Press, Cambdidge (Mass.), 1991, p. 83-90; Joseph S. Nye. Soft Power. - Foreign Policy, Fall 1900, p. 153-17 5.

Giorgi Kvinikadze Assistant Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University The World’s Geoeconomic Transformation and Economic Geography Resume The efficiency of politicians’ influence on real economic relations is too low, despite the fact that they make the final decision.. The Geoeconomics was formed in a context, when it directed itself towards the study of the current 132


economization process of geopolitics in the world, where the powerful subjects of world economy using geoeconomic (less geopolitical) levers are trying to establish control over the territories they are interested in. The transnational companies, which are characterized by the effect of deterritorialization, are active during this process. They form more or less unified global economic space. The scholars of spatial studies orient themselves towards the research of connections between the current and previous space, which. first of all, should be done by economic geographers.. Economic Geography is a wide discipline. Economicgeographers use a different methodology when studying economic geographical phenomena, while “geoeconomical” approach involves a different methodology. The World’s Geoeconomical Reality changes the idea of Economic Geography’s basic concepts (“national economy”, “frontier”, “geographic location”,etc.) and devaluates them. Due to the fact that state borders no longer coincide with economic borders, there are formed such boundaries, where it is difficult to ascertain the parameters of a country’s border. At the same time, the qualitative change of the space was expressed in the development of the informative technologies, which turned economy, finances and intellect into essential resources more than the geographical space itself with its fixed production. According to the new context, Economic Geography can be defined as follows: “A field of geographical science, in context of interaction between society and the geographical environment, which studies the spatial aspects of action of the World Geoeconomical System subjects in the part of geographical space (ecosphere), where the above-mentioned subjects act”.

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Tamar lekiaSvili

saqarTvelos sazRvrebis sakiTxi brest-litovskis ZiriTad da damatebiT xelSekrulebebSi statia exeba brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebas, romelic 1918 wlis 3 marts daido sabWoTa ruseTsa da oTxTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebs (germania, avstria-ungreTi, osmaleTi da bulgareTi) Soris. ganxilul iqneba ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV da damatebiTi xelSekrulebis (ruseT-TurqeTis) II muxlebi, romlebic uSualod saqarTvelos, kerZod ki, misi sazRvrebis sakiTxs exeba. 1877-1878 wlebSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris mimdinare omi adrianopolis droebiTi zaviT (1878 wlis 19 ianvari) dasrulda, romelic imave wlis 19 Tebervals san stefanos zaviT ganaaxles. am zavis mixedviT kavkasiaSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida artaani, yarsi, baiazeTi, aWara baTumiTurT. swored am zaviT dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas cdilobda osmaleTi. 1917 wels ruseTSi ori revolucia moxda - Tebervlisa da oqtombris. Tebervlis revolucia ufro stiqiuri movlena iyo, rasac safuZvlad daedo ruseTSi monarqiis dasasruli, ris Semdegac Seiqmna droebiTi burJuaziuli mTavroba, romelmac amierkavkasiaSi marTvis rwmunebiT Seqmna amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti — ozakomi. 15 noembers daarsda amierkavkasiis komisariati da Sedga damoukidebeli mTavroba evgeni gegeWkoris TavmjdomareobiT; osmaleTi Tvals adevnebda mimdinare movlenebs da xelsayrel dros eloda teritoriebis misataceblad. 1917 wlis dekemberSi osmaleTma zavi SesTavaza amierkavkasiis komisariats — amis Taobaze werilic ki miiRes vexib faSasagan. amierkavkasiis komisariatma Tanxmoba ganacxada zavis miRe134

saqarTvelos sazRvrebis sakiTxi brest-litovskis ZiriTad da damatebiT xelSekrulebebSi

baze da Seudga sazavo molaparakebebisaTvis mzadebas. maT SeimuSaves saTanado instruqciebi delegaciisaTvis da 1918 wlis 1 marts daadgines Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi: 1. sazavo xelSekrulebas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda ruseT-osmaleTis 1914 wlis omis winadroindeli sazRvrebi; 2. delegacias unda moeTxova aRmosavleT anatoliisaTvis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, kerZod, osmaleTis somxeTis avtonomia osmaleTis imperiis farglebSi. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, osmaleTs kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi sul sxva gegma hqonda; am movlenebis paralelurad brest-litovskSi mimdinare sazavo molaparakebaze osmaleTi cdilobda sakuTari teritoriuli ambiciebi sisruleSi moeyvana. 1917 wlis 29 dekembers sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam gamoaqveyna gazeT „izvestiaSi“ dekreti „TurqeTis somxeTis Sesaxeb“, romelic exeboda arzrumis, yarsis, sebastiis, vanisa da diarbeqiris vilaieTebs. dekreti mxars uWerda „TurqeTis somxeTis“ Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis uflebas sruli damoukideblobis mopovebamde. amasTan, ruseTis mTavroba moiTxovda TurqeTis jaris gamoyvanas „TurqeTis somxeTidan“ da iq somxuri miliciis Seqmnas. TurqeTis mTavrobam gadawyvita ruseTis mTavrobis mier gamocxadebuli TviTgamorkvevis principi gamoeyenebina Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. TurqeTi dainteresebuli iyo daebrunebina 1877-1878 wlebSi ruseTTan omis dros dakarguli teritoriebi, kerZod, yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebi. swored amitom TurqeTis delegaciam moiTxova am teritoriebidan gamoyvaniliyo ruseTis jarebi da referendumis Catarebis gziT garkveuliyo am regionis statusi. germaniis mTavrobas kargad esmoda Seqmnili mZime situacia da Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad 1918 wlis 3 (16) ianvars amierkavkasiis mTavroba miwveul iqna brest-litovskSi mimdinare molaparakebebze; depeSa gaigzavna kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardlis, general-leitenant odiSeliZis saxelze. depeSaSi aseve naTqvami iyo, rom „...brest-litovskSi Sekrebil Suamaval saxelmwifoTa delegatebi mzad arian cnon amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba... SeuZlia gagzavnos Tavisi sruluflebiani warmo135

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madgenlebi brest-litovskSi“ (qarTuli diplomatiis istoria., 1998, gv. 455). depeSas xels awerda TurqeTis kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardali ferik-vehib-mehmedi. depeSa TbilisSi miiRes 1 (14) Tebervals. amierkavkasiis mTavrobam miwveva ar miiRo. mogvianebiT mTavrobis poziciis Sesaxeb gazeTi „erToba“ werda: „Cven (amierkavkasiis mTavrobas — T.l.) gviwvevdnen brest-litovskSi, magram Cven vaRiarebdiT Tavs ruseTis nawilad, ar gvsurda damoukidebeli saxiT gamosvla, romelic Tavis keTildReobas agebs moZme xalxis ubedurebaze da amitom Cven ar wavediT iq“. amierkavkasiis mTavrobis meTaurma evgeni gegeWkorma aseTi Sinaarsis depeSa gagzavna brest-litovskSi: „radgan kavkasia Seadgens ruseTis nawils, zavis sakiTxi ruseTis kompetencias Seadgens“ (maRlakeliZe., 1991, gv. 160). brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis me-4 muxli acxadebda, rom germania mzadaa, sayovelTao zavis dadebisa da ruseTis jarebis demobilizaciis dasrulebisTanave gawmindos III muxlis I abzacSi miTiTebuli xazis aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoria, vinaidan VI muxli ase moiTxovs. ruseTi gaakeTebs yvelafers, rac maszea damokidebuli, imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad gaiwmindos anatoliis provinciebi da daubrundes TurqeTs. artaanis, yarsisa da baTumis olqebi aseve dauyovnebliv gaiwmindeba rusuli jarebisagan. ruseTi ar Caereva am olqebis saxelmwifoebriv-samarTlebrivi da saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis xelaxal organizaciaSi; adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki TurqeTTan, SeTanxmebiT gadawyvets Tavisi axali mmarTvelobis formasa da sistemas~. Cveni azriT, brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis zemoT moyvanili muxliT sakiTxi aSkarad osmaleTis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili. amas ufro naTels xdis brest-litovskis damatebiTi xelSekruleba ruseT-TurqeTs Soris. am xelSekrulebis meore punqtSi naTqvamia: „unda Seiqmnas ori Sereuli Turqul-rusuli komisia. pirveli komisia aRadgenda omamdel sazRvars sparseTidan yarsis, ardaganisa da baTumis sanjayebamde; xolo 136


meore komisias daevala ganesazRvra sazRvari ruseTsa da zemoT dasaxelebul sam sanjays Soris~ (Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹɯ., 1926). sazRvari unda aRdgeniliyo 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omamde arsebuli sazRvris mixedviT, romlis Sedegad artaani, yarsi, baiazeTi da baTumi osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda. sruliad aSkaraa, rom brest-litovskis ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV muxli da masSi naxsenebi referendumi, romelic yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebSi politikuri weswyobilebis dasamyareblad da asarCevad unda Catarebuliyo, sruliad fiqtiur xasiaTs atarebda. damatebiT xelSekrulebaSi ki, rogorc vnaxeT, pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli sasazRvro xazi, romlis mixedviTac zemoT dasaxelebuli sanjayebi osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. 1918 wlis 12 ivnisidan 14 ivlisamde osmaleTis xelisuflebam am zavis Tanaxmad yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebSi referendumi Caatara. Turqebi baTumisa da yarsis teritoriul-administraciul erTeulebs aerTianebdnen da uwodebdnen ELViYE – I SELASE. artaani yarsis SemadgenlobaSi SehyavdaT. 1918 wlis maisidan moyolebuli, osmalebi referendumis Casatareblad aRniSnul olqebSi mosamzadebel samuSaoebs awarmoebdnen. gaigzavna specialuri delegacia Sida zedamxedvelobis mdivnis abdul hadik beis xelmZRvanelobiT. delegaciaSi aseve Sediodnen hilmi bei — gaigzavna yarsSi; Sakiri — gaigzavna artaanSi; nejaaTi bei — olTisSi; asaf TalaT bei — kaRizmanSi. delegaciam daiwyo olqebSi arsebuli administraciuli struqturis Seswavla; gadawyda mosaxleobis xelaxali aRwera da registracia. mosamzadebeli samuSaos farglebSi dadginda saarCevno zonebi; sul 62 saarCevno zona dafiqsirda. pirvelad mosaxleobis registracia da gamokiTxva artaanSi ganxorcielda. xmis micemis ufleba miecaT mamakacebs, romlebsac SeusruldaT 19 weli. dafiqsirda: artaanSi 85 sofeli, aqedan 74 islamuri, 11 — sxva. olqSi 3 175 islamis mimdevari da 1000 sxva sarwmunoebis adamiani cxovrobda. 137

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baTumSi: — 73 islamuri sofeli, 12 sxva; sul 4312 mosaxle; yarsSi: — 325 islamuri sofeli, 12 sxva, sul 66 923 mosaxle dafiqsirda Sürmeli S., Türk-Gürgü iliúkileri (1918-1921)., 2002). xmis micemis procedura Semdegnairad ganxorcielda: Tavdapirvelad saarCevno ubnebSi gadaigzavna informacia, ramdenime ubani dauqvemdebares erTi centraluri raionis mmarTvelobas. referendumi 12 ivniss daiwyo. saarCevno ubanSi municipalitetis win TiTo saarCevno yuTi daidga. xmis micema xorcieldeboda patara lurji da TeTri baraTebiT. TeTr baraTze gamosaxuli iyo wiTeli naxevarmTvare da varskvlavi; baraTebi iyreboda beWdian yuTebSi. TeTri baraTis Cagdeba niSnavda TurqeTis sasargeblod xmis micemas, lurji ki — uaryofas. saarCevno ubnebis win Sekrebil mosaxleobas acnobdnen brest-litovskis zavis IV muxls. Turquli wyaroebis mixedviT, saarCevno ubnebze raime seriozul incidents adgili ar hqonia. baTumis saarCevno ubanSi misuli rusi amomrCevlebi moiTxovdnen, rom xmis micema momxdariyo farulad. aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac. xmis micema da mosaxleobis registracia mimdinareobda paralelur reJimSi. aqedan gamomdinare, xmis micema 12 ivnisidan gagrZelda 14 ivlisamde. xmebis daTvla daiwyo specialuri komisiis mier. Sedegebi gadaegzavna osmaleTis mTavrobas. sul gamokiTxul iqna 87 048 adamiani, maT Soris 85 129-ma ganacxada Tanxmoba, 441-ma — uari, 1693-ma ki Tavi Seikava (Sürmeli S., Türk-Gürgü iliúkileri (1918-1921)., 2002). saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1 agvistos protestis nota gaugzavna osmaleTis mTavrobas, sadac is ar cnobda referendumis Sedegebs; amis sapasuxod osmaleTis mTavrobam 12 agvistos nota gamoagzavna, sadac uaryofili iyo braldeba referendumis Sedegebis gayalbebasTan dakavSirebiT. 15 agvistos gamoica sulTan mehmed VI reskripti, romliTac cxaddeboda sami sanjayis osmaleTis saxelmwifosTan SeerTeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT 21 agvistos baTumSi didi zeimi gaimarTa. 1918 wlis 20 seqtembers sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam nota gaugzavna osmaleTs, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebSi Catarebuli referendumi ar gamoxa138


tavda am olqebis mosaxleobis neba-survils, radgan is Catarda saokupacio reJimis pirobebSi da adgili hqonda plebiscitis aSkara falsifikacias. osmaleTma Tavis sapasuxo notaSi, bunebrivia, uaryo referendumis gayalbeba da Tavis marTleba scada. amis sapasuxod ruseTis mTavrobam 10 oqtombers kvlav gaagzavna nota, romelSic kvlav acxadebda, rom yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebi ukanonod iyo miTvisebuli, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda brest-litovskis zavs. ruseTis garda, germaniis mTavrobac arakanonierad miiCnevda Catarebul referendums. man Tavis elCs stambulSi daavala osmaleTis mTavrobisaTvis ecnobebina, rom osmaleTis mier Catarebuli plebisciti ar Seesabameboda brestis zavs, radgan is Catarda mezobel saxelmwifoebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe da ar eyrdnoboda kanonier safuZvels. germaniam moaxerxa osmaleTis daTanxmeba xelaxali referendumis organizebaze, magram msoflio omSi antantis gamarjvebam politikuri suraTi Secvala — referendumi aRar Catarebula.

literatura: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

avaliSvili z. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi. mogonebani, narkvevebi, parizi 1924. gociriZe g. pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi 2009. maRlakeliZe S. mogonebani: „ganTiadi“, baTumi 1991. nozaZe v. saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo. Tbilisi 1989. svaniZe m. brestis zavi da saqarTvelo. qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli 3, Tbilisi 1996, gv. 285- 303. svaniZe m. TurqeTis istoria (1299-2000), Tbilisi 2007. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɧɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹɯ., ɱɚɫɬɴ II., ɦɨɫɤɜɚ 1926; Sürmeli S., Türk-Gürgü iliúkileri (1918-1921)., 2002; 139

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Tamar Lekiashvili Teacher of the School of Human Sciences of Georgian University The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in Brest-Litovsk -Basic and Supplementary Articles Resume The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was signed on March 3, 1918 between the Soviet Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria) significantly determined the relations between Georgia and the Ottoman Empire in 19181921. The fourth article of the basic treaty and the second article of the supplementary treaty between Russia and Turkey deal with Georgia, especially its borders. According to the basic treaty, the question of political orientation of Kars, Ardahan and Batumi should be discussed on the basis on the referendum. Especially the border (1877-1878) between Turkey and Russia must be restored, where Ardahan, Batumi, and Kars belonged to Turkey. The result of the referendum was pre-determined and formal.

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adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebis realizacia

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adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebis realizacia (tyibulis raionis magaliTi) dasawyisisaTvis politika warmoidgineT, rogorc konkurentuli TamaSi f.g. beili Sesavali moqalaqeTa politikuri aqtivoba politikuri sistemis sxvadasxva doneze da Teoriebis farglebSi ganixileba. mocemul statias safuZvlad udevs tomas Janovskisa da braian granis Teoria politikuri moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic gvexmareba mopovebuli eTnografiuli monacemebis gaanalizebaSi (Janoski and Gran: 2008). saqarTvelos erT-erTi konkretuli raionis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis SemTxveva warmoadgens politikuri moqalaqeobis ganxorcielebis praqtikas, danaxuls da ganxiluls e.w. „grass root level”-ze.1 statiaSi ganxilul iqneba politikis adgilobrivi gageba: — ratom aRiqvamen raionis mkvidrni politikas, rogorc „binZur sferos“, rogori diferenciacia arsebobs „did“ da „patara“ politikas Soris, vis monawileobas ganixilaven politikaSi legitimurad da ra ganwyobebi aqvT arCevnebis mimarT. adgilobrivi politikuri aqtorebisa da Cve-

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mocemuli statia dafuZnebulia eTnografiul masalaze, romelic mopovebul iqna 2006-2007 wlebSi tyibulis raionSi disertaciis momzadebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli savele samuSaoebis dros. madlobas vuxdi maqs plankis socialuri anTropologiis instituts aRniSnuli kvlevis finansuri da instituciuri mxardaWerisaTvis; amasTanave, Cemi disertaciis xelmZRvanels — lale ialCin-hekmans da kolegebs, romlebic mocemuli moxsenebis prezentaciisas mniSvnelovan rCevebs maZlevdnen.

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ulebrivi moqalaqeebis motivaciebis da qmedebebis ganxilvis safuZvelze statiaSi warmodgenilia saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli politikuri moqalaqeobis tipebi. mocemul statiaSi moqalaqeoba warmodgenilia, rogorc dinamikuri fenomeni, rogorc procesi da ara rogorc myari da ucvleli kategoria. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi ki aRebulia rogorc SemTxveva, romelic avlens adgilobrivi mosaxleobis politikur praqtikebs. liberaluri demokratiis pirobebSi, rodesac moqalaqeebis politikuri aqtivoba garkveulwilad dayvanilia amomrCevlis rolis Sesrulebaze, arCevnebi iqceva arenad, romelSic yvelaze naTlad vlindeba politikuri moqalaqeobis praqtika.

politika, rogorc `binZuri saqme~ politikuri moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb werisas xSirad amomitivtivdeboda adgilobrivebis mier xSirad gamoyenebuli fraza: „politika aris binZuri saqme da Tavi Sors unda daiWiro“. erT SemTxvevaSi asakovani qali, romelmac es fraza satelevizio debatebis yurebisas Tqva, iyo safuZvlianad informirebuli politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb; adgilobriv Tu centralur doneze icnobda TiTqmis yvela Tanamdebobis pirs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xSirad mimarTavda adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas, yovelTvis iRebda monawileobas arCevnebSi da eswreboda politikosebTan Sexvedrebs. politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqisaTvis ra SeiZleba iyos politika, romlisganac ase aqtiurad cdilobs Tavi gamijnos? gia nodia Tavis statiaSi2 aRniSnavs, rom: „sajaro sfero xSirad atarebs siyalbis iarliys. politika gaigeba rogorc binZuri saqme, maSin roca, WeSmariteba da saTnoeba mxolod kerZo, privatul sivrceSi arsebobs~ (Nodia, G. 2002: 435). zemoT moyvanili qalis fraza, romelic, savaraudod, mediasaSualebebidan iyo nasesxebi, migvaniSnebda „susti“ da „korufciuli“ politikuri sistemisagan gamijvnis survilze. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia am qalbatonis enTuziazmi, aqtiurad

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mocemuli citirebis Targmani ekuTvnis statiis avtors.

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CaerTos adgilobriv doneze mimdinare politikur movlenebSi. am dilemis asaxsnelad gamogvadgeba „didi“ da „mcire“ politikas Soris mijnis dadeba. „didi“ politika xorcieldeba centrSi, dedaqalaqSi, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da mis garSemo. centraluri xelisuflebisagan warmosaxviTi distanciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos socialisturi gamocdileba, rodesac centraluri xelisufleba Sors, moskovSi iyo ganlagebuli, iyo Zalauflebis absoluturi mflobeli da gavlenas axdenda mTel sabWoTa kavSiris wevr qveynebze, maSin roca, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da resursebi limitirebuli iyo. rodesac adgilobriv mosaxleobas vekiTxebodiT, Tu ratom ar iyvnen CarTulni politikaSi, pasuxi ZiriTadad aseTi iyo: „tyibulSi politika ar arsebobs, xalxi mxolod sapnis operebiT erToba“. Tumca, meore mxriv, adgilobrivi garemo atarebda politikurobis niSnebs, im gagebiT, rom iq arsebobda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, administracia da adgilobrivi mkvidrebisagan xSirad gaigonebdiT frazas: „mTavrobaSi mivdivar“. amitomac, Tuki dedaqalaqSi xorcieldeba „didi“ politika, adgilobriv doneze SeiZleba visaubroT „patara“ politikaze, romelic xSirad aseve SeiZleba moraluri poziciidan adgilobrivebis gansjis sagani gaxdes. meore SemTxveva, rodesac politika binZur saqmed moixsenies, xdeboda saarCevno ubanSi, rodesac erT-erTi bankis filialis xelmZRvaneli cdilobda Cems darwmunebas, rom arCevnebis gayalbeba politikis sferoSi normaluri praqtika iyo: „Tuki ginda, rom samarTliani iyo, arasdros waxvide politikaSi, radgan iq sibinZurea“. am SemTxvevaSi is saubrobda raionuli masStabiT arsebul politikaze, romelic im momentSi demokratiuli saxelmwifos principebisgan mniSvnelovnad iyo daSorebuli. mocemul statiaSi vecdebi warmovadgino, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevis procesSi rogor erTvebian adgilobrivebi „patara binZur saqmeSi“.

politikuri moqalaqeoba da politikuri identoba moqalaqis politikuri uflebebi, romelic marSalis mixedviT aris „kapitalisturi sistemisTvis potenciuri safrTxis 143

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Semcveli“ (Marshall 1950), saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma 1991 wels miiRes, maSin roca, saqarTvelo demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas Seudga. pirvel dekadaSi, romelic gadatvirTuli iyo ekonomikuri krizisiT, konfliqtebiTa da omebT, moqalaqeTa informireba maTi uflebebis Sesaxeb da imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda imarTos qveyana „demosis“ mier, ZiriTadad mediasaSualebebiT xorcieldeboda. kanonmdeblobis doneze politikuri moqalaqeoba yvelas Tanasworad hqonda garantirebuli. TviTmmarTvelobis sistema, samarTliani arCevnebi, sityvis Tavisufleba, arakorumpirebuli politikuri sistema, romelSic moqalaqeebs aqtiuri monawileoba unda mieRoT, ufro metad propagandis nawili iyo, vidre danergili praqtikis amsaxveli. haugards Tu davesesxebiT, am periodSi demokratiis mSeneblobis saxeliT gakeTebuli cvlilebebi garkveuli politikuri perspeqtivebis Tu ideologiis legitimacias emsaxureboda (Haugaard, 1997: 10). am fonze „vardebis revolucia“ iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac moqalaqeTa politikurma uflebebma prezident eduard SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg imuSava, romelmac saqarTveloSi Seqmna `demokratia demokratebis gareSe~ (Nodia, 1997). 2003 wels saqarTveloSi demokratiis gadasarCenad aTasobiT moqalaqem monawileoba miiRo demonstraciebSi da prezidenti SevardnaZe mSvidobianad gadadga. korufciuli, arademokratiuli politikuri sistema damarcxebuli iyo da moqalaqeebma gaimarjves. es praqtika adgilobrivebisaTvis unda yofiliyo imis niSani, rom Cveulebriv moqalaqes Tavisi nebis gamoxatviT SeuZlia `didi~ politikis Secvla. Tumca Cem mier ganxiluli SemTxveva adasturebs, rom adgilobriv moqalaqeebs araTu `didi~ politikis Secvla, aramed Tavisi provinciis `patara~ politikaze gavlenis moxdenac ki ar SeuZliaT. Janovski da grani Tavis diskusias moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb aTavseben uflebebisa da movaleobebis CarCoSi da ganixilaven sam — individualur, organizaciul da societalur doneze. am SemTxvevaSi Cven aqcents vakeTebT individualur doneze, romelic avtorebis mixedviT mikrodonea: `moqalaqeobis individualuri gansazRvreba fokusirdeba pirovnebaze, balansisa da gacvlis farglebSi Tu rogor xedavs is uflebebsa da movaleobebs 144


Soris mimarTebas. is gviCvenebs moqalaqeobis kritikuli nawilis anu `me~-s (`self~-is) ganviTarebas sxvadasxva politikur jgufTan da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi, romelic gadamwyvetia socialuri moZraobis da erTobaze orientirebuli ganwyobebisa da qcevis ganviTarebisaTvis (Janoski and Gran: 2008: 14). mogvianebiT avtorebi aRweren, Tu rogor uyalibdebaT bavSvebsa da zrdasrulebs moqalaqeobis ganxorcielebis praqtika da politikuri identoba. ojaxi, skola, samezoblo da erToba uyalibebs axalgazrda Taobas gancdas movaleobebisa da uflebebis, zogadad ki, moqalaqeobis raobis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac adamiani izrdeba da acnobierebs, rom SeuZlia ojaxisa da saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad ganviTardes, is `me~-s damoukideblad Camosayalibeblad yvelafers akeTebs. Janovskisa da granis Teoria Rirebulia im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini ar ebRauWebian myari moqalaqis `me~-s (`self~-is) kategoriis arsebobas, Tvlian rom moqalaqis `me~ droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. Rirebulebebisa da qceviTi aqtivobebis mixedviT, Janovski da grani ganasxvaveben eqvsi tipis politikur moqalaqeobas: inkorporirebuli, aqtiuri, diferenciuli, cinikuri, oportunisti da marginali. aqtiuri/pasiuri ganzomilebis mixedviT, inkorporirebuli da aqtiuri moqalaqis tipebi CarTulobaze orientirebuli tipebia, maSin roca, diferenciuli, cinikuri da marginaluri tipebi ar monawileoben politikaSi. racionali oportunistis politikaSi CarTuloba damokidebulia mis materialur dainteresebaze. politikuri poziciis mixedviT, inkorporaciuli da diferenciuli tipi apaTiuria, gulgrilia xelisuflebis mimarT, maSin roca, aqtivisti da cinikuri moqalaqeebi gaucxoebuli arian mmarTveli Zalis mimarT. marginal da oportunist tipebs ki reJimis mimarT ufro maRali apaTia aqvT da gamoirCevian naklebi RirebulebiTi CarTulobiT (Janoski and Gran: 2008).

moqalaqeTa politikaSi CarTuloba moqalaqeTa politikuri identobis CamoyalibebisaTvis Janovskisa da granis mniSvnelovan iaraRad mediasaSualebebi miaCniaT: `bevr moqalaqes uSualod ar aqvs gacnobierebuli saxel145

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mwofo gadasaxadebi, saxelmwifoTaSorisi sistemebi an vin da ras iRebs saxelmwifosagan. amis nacvlad moqalaqeTa umravlesoba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb igebs gazeTebidan, satelevizio gadacemebidan da sxva moqalaqeebTan diskusiidan. saxelmwifo pirovnul doneze daitaneba telewamyvanebis, diqtorebis, megobrebisa Tu nacnobebis mier, romlebic interaqciis ritualSi monawileoben~ (Janoski and Gran: 2008: 39). yvela zemoT CamoTvlili meqanizmi aqtiurad emsaxureba adgilobriv doneze moqalaqeTa politikur socializacias, Tumca gansakuTrebiT qmediTi televiziaa. satelevizio gadacemebi ukmayofilebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas politikur interesebs, romelic adgilobrivebis 60%-s aqvs.3 politikis mimarT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gazrdil interesze miuTiTebs raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi. gamokTxulTa TiTqmis naxevarma (46%) Tqva, rom moqalaqeebma yovelTvis unda miiRon monawileoba politikaSi, 28% fiqrobs, rom moqalaqeebma nawilobriv unda miiRon monawileoba politikaSi. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 24%-is azris gasaanalizeblad, romlebic fiqroben, rom moqalaqe politikaSi ar unda CaerTos, SeiZleba dagvexmaros valceris argumenti: `demosis mier qveynis marTva mniSvnelovanwilad iluziuri warmosaxvaa; Cveulebrivi qalisa da mamakacis monawileoba saxelmwifos saqmeebSi (Tuki isini saxelmwifo struqturaSi dasaqmebulni ar arian) ZiriTadad sxvebzea delegirebuli~ (Walzer, 1998: 294). is respondentebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis politikaSi monawileobis winaaRmdegebi arian, Tavis pozicias sxvadasxva argumentiT xsnian. nawilis azriT, politika `yalbia~ da Cveulebrivi moqalaqis azrs aravin gaiTvaliswinebs. moqalaqeTa nawili miiCnevs, rom politikosoba specialur profesionalizms saWiroebs, romelic Cveulebriv moqalaqes ar aqvs. politikosobasTan dakavSirebuli `specialuri~ unarebis saWiroeba ki amgvari frazebiT iqna gadmocemuli: `puri mepurem unda gamoacxos~, `xalxi brboa

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2007 wels, aRniSnuli proeqtis farglebSi Catarda adgilobrivi masStabiT reprezentatuli raodenobrivi kvleva, romlis mizani iyo moqalaqeobis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gamovlena.

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da saxelmwifos marTvis araferi gaegeba~, `Cvenma prezidentma [igulisxmeba prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili. — T. m.] xuTi ena icis, magram ver dagvexmara, ase rom, Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs masze ukeTesad ver gamouvaT marTva~, `yvela rom politikaSi wavides, sxva saqmeebi viRam akeTos?~ `Cveulebriv moqalaqes sWirdeba samuSao da Semdeg daiZaxebs `bravo~. valceris mixedviT politika naklebad ipyrobs Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis yuradRebas. maT bevr sxva sakiTxze uwevT dardi, pirvel rigSi ki maT rogorme Tavi unda irCinon. amitom moqalaqeebi ufro metad ekonomikaSi arian CarTulni, vidre politikaSi (Walzer, 1998: 294). politikaSi CarTulobis erT-erT kriteriumad adgilobrivebi ganaTlebis dones asaxeleben. magaliTad moviyvan erTerTi informantis pozicias: ~Zmebi kublaSvilebi gamovidodnen politikosebi, aba raa?! maTi mama raikomis mdivani iyo da Svilebs saukeTeso ganaTleba misca. mamaCems ki mxolod Toxi hqonda da skolis Semdeg gakveTilebis momzadebis nacvlad Toxnas viwyebdi. SegiZliaT miTxraT, rogor gamovidodi me politikosi?~ (gogita, 35 wlis). informantis mier xazgasmuli socialuri gansxvavebis gavlena politikaSi CarTulobaze ukavSirdeba moqalaqeobis, rogorc erTiani koncefciis, gagebas, sadac moqalaqis sxvadasxva uflebis ganxorcieleba erTmaneTze axdens gavlenas: èrT sferoSi moqalaqis uflebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia samoqalaqo uflebebze, rogorc individualur Tavisuflebebze da socialur uflebebze, rogorc wignierebasa da materialur keTildReobaze~ (Lister, 2005: 477). wera-kiTxvis armcodne piri ver miscems xmas, iseve rogorc dabali ganaTlebis cenzis mqone moqalaqe ver miiRebs monawileobas politikaSi, romelsac `kargad informirebuli elita uZRveba~ (Lang, 2005). raodenobrivi kvlevis farglebSi respondentebs aseve vekiTxebodiT Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis politikaSi realurad CarTulobis Sesaxeb. gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 41 % Tvlis, rom Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi yovelTvis an zogjer iReben monawileobas politikaSi. gamokiTxulTa zustad naxevari, romelic miuTiTebs, rom politikaSi Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi ar monawileoben, am faqts ganaTlebis, informaciis, finansebisa da socialuri kavSirebis naklebobiT xsnis. saqarTveloSi arsebuli si147

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tuaciis Sesaxeb werisas jounsi aRniSnavda, rom ~qarTvelebi, romlebic ar warmoadgendnen raime qselis wevrebs, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT isargeblon vertikaluri wevrobis upiratesobebiT, ar yavT patronebi da lobebi, ganicdian ekonomikur siRaribes da politikur uZlurebas~(Jones, 2000: 66). adgilobrivebma swored socialuri kavSirebi daasaxeles yvelaze xSirad politikuri karieris vergakeTebis mizezad: `politikaSi xalxi nacnobobiT midis~, àdamians sWirdeba maRali Tanamdebobis wevri megobari an naTesavi~, `yvelas Tavisi xalxi yavs~ an `biurokratebi Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs ar SeuSveben politikaSi~. daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adgilobriv moqalaqeebs warmodgena aqvT Tavisi politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. maT ician, rom, rogorc am saxelmwifos sruluflebian moqalaqeebs, SeuZliaT politikaSi monawileoba, magram politikaSi CarTvisTvis Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi bevr winaaRmdegobas xedaven. isini ki, romlebic amboben, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba monawileobs politikaSi, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi politikiT SemoisazRvrebian da Sors arian ~didi~ politikisagan.

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi municipalitetis masStabiT arCevnebi aris mTavari movlena, rodesac xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi àxlos midian~ adgilobrivebTan, cdiloben adgilobrivi infrastruqturis gaumjobesebaSi investirebas, iZlevian dapirebebs, xolo amomrCevlebi ki aanalizeben kandidatebs. 2006 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi dekemberSi iyo dagegmili, Tumca xelisuflebam TariRi oqtomberSi gadmoitana da es axsna zamTarSi maRalmTian raionebSi arCevnebis organizebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebiT. arCevnebis Catarebis TariRi 28 agvistos gadawyda, ase rom, opoziciur partiebs mcire dro hqondaT saarCevno kampaniis organizebisaTvis. meore cvlileba, romelic arCevnebs ukavSirdeboda, misi TariRis Secvla iyo. am periodamde saqarTveloSi arCevnebi kvira dRes imarTeboda. am SemTxvevisaTvis ki TariRad xuTSabaTi, xuTi oqtomberi SeirCa. garda imisa, rom qarTul kulturaSi cifr xuTs pozitiuri konotacia aqvs, mmarTveli partiis saarCevno 148


nomeri xuTi iyo da es maTi PR kampaniis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo. dagegmili arCevnebiT TviTmmarTvelobis struqturac icvleboda,4 romlis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas informacia faqtobrivad ar hqonda. maT mxolod kandidatebis gvarebi icodnen, xolo is, Tu ra funqciebi unda SeesrulebinaT maT soflis TemisaTvis, mosaxleobisaTvis ucnobi da naklebad saintereso iyo. erTi SexedviT, moqalaqis politikuri ufleba, airCios xelisufali, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier internalizebulia. raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT mosaxleobis 88% arCevnebSi yovelTvis monawileobs. politikuri uflebis ganxorcielebis mixedviT municipalitetis farglebSi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba arsebobs qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobas Soris. Tu raionul centrSi arCevnebSi monawileoba daregistrirebuli mosaxleobis mesamedma miiRo, soflad es monacemebi sakmaod maRali iyo da 90%-mde miaRwia. arCevnebis dros qalaqTan SedarebiT soflis mosaxleobis mobilizacias soflis mosaxleobas Soris arsebuli mWidro urTierTobebi iwvevs. interesis matarebeli pirebi, romlebic ama Tu im kandidatis propagandas axorcieleben, arian mezoblebi, naTesavebi an kargi nacnobebi, romelTa ganawyenebas yvela erideba. erT-erTi soflis mkvidri arCevnebSi monawileobis process ase aRwers: èseni saxlSi mainc ar gagaCereben. Tuki ityvi, rom saarCevno ubanze ar midixar, saxlSi mogitanen saarCevno yuTs~ (qsenia, 78 wlis). arCevnebiT dainteresebul pirebad SeiZleba moviazroT kandidatebi, maTi axloblebi, politikuri partiis wevrebi da saxelmwifo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. am adamianebs an piradi interesebi amoZravebT, an zeda rgolis Zalauflebis mqone pirTagan ganicdian zewolas. am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeTa umravlesoba oportunistia, romlebic rogorc Janovski da grani aRweren, òrientirebulebi arian moklevadian ukugebis miRebaze~ (Janoski and Gran: 2008: 40). yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli ukugeba finansuria. propagandistebi, partiis wevrebi, saarCevno komisiis wevrebi da dam-

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mocemuli arCevnebis saSualebiT moqalaqeebi irCevdnen adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakanonmdeblo organos — sakrebulos wevrebs. arCevnebi moicavda maJoritaruli da proporciuli wesiT arCevas.

149

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kvirveblebi iReben xelfass, maSin roca, sajaro da saxelmwifo struqturaSi dasaqmebulebi zemdgomi pirebisagan ganicdian zewolas, raTa gaataron mmarTveli partiis interesebi. am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs vertikaluri urTierTobebi, romlebic àsimetrul urTierTobebSi myof araTanaswor agentebs ierarqiul da erTmaneTze damokidebul urTierTobebSi aqcevs~ (Putnam, 1994: 173) da `patronis~ Zalaufleba gavlenas axdens moqalaqis aqtivobaze. arCevnebSi aqtiurobisaTvis sajaro samsaxuris dasaqmebulTa sargebeli reciprokuli, anu ormxrivia. piri, romlis interesebis dacvac xdeba, yovelTvis valdebulia ukugebiT gadauxados procesSi CarTul aqtorebs. es ukugeba SeiZleba iyos samsaxurSi dawinaureba, misi an misi ojaxis wevris dasaqmeba, finansuri daxmareba da a.S. sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli patron-klienturi urTierTobebi, romelic stalinis periodidan moyolebuli sxvadasxva mecnieris yuradRebas ipyrobda (ixileT: Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr. 1996 or Willerton. 1992), specifikuria adgilobrivi situaciisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi arCevnebis periodSi xdeba. arCevnebSi monawileobis maRali maCvenebeli aseve ukavSirdeba adgilobrivebis mier Tavisi `xmis dacvas~. `bolos da bolos isini Cems xmas mainc ver gaayalbeben~, am frazas xSirad gaigonebT adgilobrivebisagan. `xmis dacva~-s ormagi datvirTva aqvs amomrCevlebisaTvis. erTi mxriv, isini mxars uWeren sasurvel kandidats Tu partias, meore mxriv ki saarCevno komisias ar utoveben saSualebas, rom arCevnebis gayalbebis mizniT maTi `xma~ yuTSi TviTneburad Caagdos. miuxedavad imisa, rom arCevnebis samarTlianoba xSirad dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS, gansakuTrebiT urbanul dasaxlebebSi, es sakiTxi ar amcirebs amomrCevelTa arCevnebSi monawileobis enTuziazms. arCevnebis wina periodSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi mamakaci ambobs: `mniSvneloba ar aqvs me vis mivcem xmas, mainc is gaimarjvebs, vinc mTavrobas unda, magram me mainc waval arCevnebze~ (revazi, 62 wlis). arCevnebis samarTlianobasTan mWidro kavSirSia saarCevno siis siswore. herino da mirzaSvili 1999 wels werdnen saarCevno siebSi e.w. `mkvdari sulebis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb (Herron and I. G. Mirzashvili, 2005:32). Tumca 6 wlis Semdegac es problema kvlavac 150


gadauWreli iyo da adgilobrivebi xSirad xumrobdnen: `rogor SeiZleba gjerodes arCevnebis samarTlianobis?! maT mkvdari xalxic ki miiwvies arCevnebze. Cemi mezobeli Tina Zalian gabrazda, rodesac man 13 wlis win gardacvlili meuRlis saarCevno kenWi miiRo. rogor unda iwamo arCevnebis, maSin roca isini xalxs saflavebidan iReben?!~ (revazi, 62 wlis). respondentebis cinikuri Sefasebebi adgilobriv sivrceSi Warbadaa, Tumca es ar niSnavs cinikuri moqalaqeebis tipebis gavrcelebas, radgan, miuxedavad cinikuri Sefasebebisa, adgilobrivebi enTuziazmiT arian CarTuli arCevnebis procesSi. arCevnebis dRes moqalaqeTa ganwyoba soflad sakmaod mxiaruli iyo. saarCevno ubnis SesasvlelSi moqalaqeebi erTmaneTs dResaswaulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli frazebiT esalmebodnen: `RmerTma mraval arCevnebs dagaswroT!~ an `gilocavT arCevnebis dRes!~. soflisaTvis arCevnebi pozitiuri cvlilebebis momtani iyo, radgan am droisaTvis daiwyo xelisuflebam samanqano magistralis aRdgena, rkinigzis xazis reabilitacia, tyibulSi mdebare qvanaxSiris Saxtebis remonti da socialuri daxmarebis gacema.5 erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis Zalisxmevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. Zalian male adgilobrivebi darwmundnen, rom xelisufleba `gaaumjobesebda ekonomikur situacias~, `gazrdida pensiebs~, àRadgenda gzebs~, `miscemda stabilur momavals~ da moutanda mTel sazogadoebas keTildReobas. televiziebis saSualebiT xSirad gaJRerebuli frazebi xalxma zepirad icoda da CvenTan saubrisas xSirad imeorebda. swored amgvari, Tundac myisieri, sargeblis gamo iyo arCevnebis dRe adgilobrivebisaTvis dResaswauli. garda calkeuli aqtivobisa, erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba arCevnebis win aqtiurad eweoda saarCevno kampanias, romelic pirvel rigSi Tanamdebobis pirebis regionul vizitebSi gamoixateboda. arCevnebis win tyibuls maSindeli premier ministri zurab noRaideli ewvia, xolo soflebSi adgilobrivi nacionaluri moZraobis ofisis warmomadgeneli periodulad dadioda

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swored 2006 wlidan daiwyo socialuri programis (saarsebo Semweoba) gacema saqarTvelos masStabiT.

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da mosaxleobas xvdeboda. partiam yvela dasaxlebul punqtSi Tavisi propagandistebi darazma, romlebic kardakar dadiodnen da arCevnebis win zustad icodnen, romeli ojaxi visi mxardamWeri iyo. garda propagandistebisa, partiis wevrebi da sajaro moxeleebi (magaliTad, skolis direqtori, kulturis saxlis direqtori) mosaxleobas mmarTveli partiis mxardaWerisaken mouwodebdnen. sakiTxis gasaanalizeblad minda xazi gavusva ramdenime aspeqts erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis warmomadgenlis propagandistuli gamosvlidan. Tavidan mosaxleobasTan Sexvedra dagegmili iyo sakrebulos SenobaSi, Tumca moulodnelad warmomadgenelma gadawyvetileba Secvala da xalxs soflis centrSi Sexvda. savaraudod, es prezidentis mibaZvas gavda. misi gamosvla aseve Zalian gavda prezidentis gamosvlas. man isaubra bolo periodSi ganxorcielebuli pozitiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb; xazi gausva im `sikeTeebs~, romelic erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis xelisuflebaSi yofnis dros ganxorcielda: ufaso saswrafo daxmareba, samxedro ZalebSi gaumjobesebuli mdgomareoba, arakorufciuli policia da `qurdul mentalitetTan~ brZola. garda amisa, man isaubra politikaSi pirovnebis mniSvnelobaze: `pirovneba yvelaferia, ara?6 Cven gvyavda prezidenti adrec da gvyavs axlac. ra tipis xalxs eZebs axla xelisufleba? mTavrobisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom yavdes patiosani da zrdilobiani kandidati, adamiani, romelzec veravin ityvis cuds. am sofelSi swored aseTi kandidati SevarCieT.7 `mas~ samive kriteriumi aqvs, SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom ìs~ ar aris patiosani, zrdilobiani an keTili?~ Tu erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis warmomadgeneli xalxis darwmunebas wamoyenebuli kandidatis personaluri Tvisebebis xazgasmiT cdilobda, adgilobrivebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani misi mmarTvel xelisuflebasTan afiliacia iyo: `me ar var politikosi, me Cveulebrivi adamiani var. me xelisuflebisagan pozitiur cvlilebebs velodebi. magram me

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mocemuli citata warmoadgens propagandis zedmiwevniT citirebas, romelic audiosaSualebiT iyo Cawerili. 7 eTikuri principebis dacvis mizniT, kandidatis da erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis warmomadgenlis vinaobas ar vasaxelebT.

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ver waval xelisuflebaSi. àm soflis kandidats~ sakmarisi ganaTleba aqvs, rom mTavrobasTan molaparakebebi awarmoos da Txovos is, rac xalxs sWirdeba. mas SeuZlia Cveni xma miawvdinos mTavrobas da mTavrobis azri moitanos Cvenamde~ (daviTi, 45 wlis). pozitiuri persona, mmarTvel partiasTan afiliacia da molaparakebebis unari, es iyo ZiriTadi kriteriumi, ris gamoc soflad mmarTveli partiis warmomadgeneli airCies.8

saarCevno procesSi CarTuli aqtorebi mocemul qveTavSi ganxiluli saarCevno procedurebis monawile aqtorebs sxvadasxva socialuri da politikuri pozicia uWiravT da saarCevno proceszec gavlenas sxvadasxva ZaliT axdenen. yvelaze dabali rgoli Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian, romlebic mmarTveli gundis arCevis mTavari protagonistebi unda iyvnen. warmodgenil SemTxvevaSi Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi procesis aqtiuri monawileebi arian, Tumca ara mTavari gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pirebi. an moqalaqeTa arCevani mniSvnelovnad determinirdeba dapirebebiT, axlo socialuri kavSirebiT da ZaliT, an saarCevno komisia cvlis maT gadawyvetilebas arCevnebis gayalbebis gziT. meore rgolis, e.w. `saSualo rgolis~ warmomadgenlebi arian propagandistebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebi da opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebi. arCevnebis procesze maT mier gavlenis moxdena ganisazRvreba zeda rgolis warmomadgenlebTan mimarTebaSi maTi poziciiTa da molaparakebebis unariT. e.w. `zeda rgolSi~ vaerTianebT xelisuflebis, politikuri partiebis, saxelmwifo Tu kerZo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic oficialurad Tu araoficialurad Zlier afilirdebian xelisuflebasTan. zogjer saSualo da maRali rgolis warmomadgenlebi winaswar Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu rogor unda warimarTos arCevnebi, am SemTxvevaSi ki dominanti mmarTveli gundis poziciaa; zogjer msgavsi SeTanxmeba ver Sedgeba. am SemTxvevaSi zeda rgolis po-

8

2006 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi, erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis mier wamoyenebulma kandidatma xmebis 83% miiRo.

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litikis mimarT saSualo rgolis rezistentuloba sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT daiZleva. ufro detalurad ganvixiloT saSualo da maRali rgolis maxasiaTeblebi. propagandistebi arian adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac arCevnebis win partiebi qiraoben. maTi anazRaureba 2006 wlis arCevnebisaTvis 50 lars Seadgenda Tvis ganmavlobaSi. garda kandidatis Tu partiis propagandisa, es pirebi detalurad aRwerdnen, Tu romeli ojaxi vis aZlevda xmas. ase rom, xelisuflebam arCevnebis win TiTqmis zustad icoda arCevnebis savaraudo Sedegi. arCevnebis dRes es adamianebi saarCevno ubnebis mimdebare teritoriaze isxdnen gadaSlili rveulebiT da `Tavisi siis~ mixedviT Tvals adevneben amomrCevelTa aqtivobas.9 amomrCevlebi amgvari ~paraleluri arCevnebis~ Sesaxeb informirebulebi arian da zogjer exmarebian kidec propagandistebs amgvari koduri SeniSvnebiT: `ha, aRniSne exla Sens davTarSi!~ an `xuTiani yvelaferSi kargia~. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelisuflebis momxre pirovneba saarCevno ubanze arCevnebis dRes ar movidoda, mas propagandistebi manqanas ugzavnidnen da saarCevno ubanze mohyavdaT. amgvar praqtikas opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebi xSirad aprotestebdnen da damkvirveblebisagan reagirebas moiTxovdnen, Tumca arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi ambobdnen, rom es ar aris kanondarRveva da maT am procesis kontroli ar SeeZloT. radganac saarCevno ubnis win momxreTa `paraleluri registracia~ Znelad dasakvalificirebeli aqtivobaa, sakiTxi reagirebis gareSe rCeba. propagandistebis umravlesoba sajaro seqtorSia dasaqmebuli (skolebSi, biblioTekebSi, kulturis saxlebSi da a.S.), Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac propagandistebi umuSevari pirebi arian. raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebidan gamovlinda, rom soflis mcxovrebTagan daaxloebiT mexuTedi sxvadasxva

9

zogjer moqalaqeTa CarTulobis kontroli cifrebSive aisaxeboda. magaliTad, erT-erT sofelSi propagandistebi Zalze ganawyendnen, rodesac winaswar gansazRvruli 350 xmis nacvlad, mmarTveli gundis kandidatma 284 xma miiRo. am process xangrZlivi garCeva moyva, Tu romelma amomrCevelma ùRalata~ propagandists.

154


dros axorcielebda propagandas. maTi umravlesoba ar iyo partiis wevri, nawili ki acxadebda, rom saerTod ar ainteresebs politika. maTi interesebis da aqtivobis modelis mixedviT, propagandistebi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT oportunist moqalaqeTa tips, romlebic vertikaluri kavSirebis gavlenas ganicdian. savele samuSaoebis mimdinareobisas am rgolis warmomadgenlebs Soris me ar Semxvedria inkorporaciuli tipis moqalaqe, romelsac partiis pozicia an Rirebulebebi internalizebuli eqneboda. am adamianebisaTvis partiis wevroba an partiisaTvis saqmianoba maTi gundis wevrobas niSnavda, rac cxovrebis romeliRac etapze benefitis miRebasTan igivdeboda. meore aqtori aris arasamTavrobo organizacia `samarTliani arCevnebis~ adgilobrivi ofisi. am organizacias TiTqmis yvela raionSi aqvs ofisi, romelic pasuxismgebelia damkvirveblebis rekrutirebaze, maT momzadebaze, arCevnebis dRes dakvirvebis organizebaze da, saboloo jamSi, arCevnebis saboloo Sedegebis Sefasebaze. tyibulis raionSi damkvirveblebis SerCeva personaluri kavSirebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda, mTavari kriteriumi ki mmarTveli gundis mimarT pozitiuri ganwyoba iyo. zepiri SeTanxmebis mixedviT, damkvirvebels sayveduri an gafrTxileba saarCevno komisiisaTvis mxolod adgilobrivi filialis xelmZRvanelTan SeTanxmebis Semdgom unda daewera, Tumca, rogorc praqtikidan Canda, im periodSi msgavsi SemTxveva raionuli masStabiT ar dafiqsirebula. kvlevis periodisaTvis mocemuli organizaciis adgilobrivi filialis xelmZRvanelobas mWidro urTierToba hqonda mmarTvel gundTan, rac imaSic gamovlinda, rom arCevnebis Semdgom man sajaro seqtorSi mniSvnelovani pozicia daikava, rogorc ~jildo~ raionis masStabiT Catarebuli arCevnebis pozitiuri SefasebisaTvis. organizaciis adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis daintereseba Sesabamisad asaxvas povebda damkvirveblebis aqtivobaze; damkvirveblebs saarCevno ubanze arsebuli darRvevebis SemTxvevaSic Tvali unda daexuWaT an, rogorc adgilobrivi filialis xelmZRvanelma miTxra, `saarCevno ubnidan unda gaeseirnaT~. damkvirveblebi (SerCevis kriteriumidan gamomdinare) ZiriTadad ar apro155

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testebdnen organizaciis mier arCevnebis `samarTlianobis amgvar dacvas~, Tumca, Tu msgavs SemTxvevas hqonda adgili, organizaciis an raionis xelmZRvaneloba am adamianTan mimarTebaSi poulobda zewolisaTvis efeqtur berkets da aqtiurad iyenebda mas. erT-erTi soflis mkvidri CemTan interviuSi aRniSnavda: `Salikianis arCevnebis dros me samarTliani arCevnebis damkvirvebeli viyavi. bevri uzustoba da kanondarRveva davinaxe da lamis gavgiJdi. saarCevno komisiis wevrebs yvela pasta gadavumtvrie. sxva arafris gakeTeba ar SemeZlo. saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomare iseTi kaci iyo, romelsac pativs vcemdi da mas oqms ver Sevudgendi~. arasamTavrobo organizaciis realuri funqcia — arCevnebis procesis monitoringi — am raionis masStabiT Secvlili iyo da is adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli arakanonieri qmedebebis legitimaciis meqanizmad iyo qceuli. lorens broersi 2005 wels werda saqarTveloSi politikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris aliansis Sesaxeb. amis dasadastureblad is aRwerda arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebis politikur arenaze gadasvlis process. misi TqmiT, ès procesi gansakuTrebiT lokalur doneze iCens Tavs, rodesac arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebs mWidro urTierToba aqvT adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan da sakuTari politikuri karieris Sesaqmnelad ibrZvian~(Broers. 2005). opoziciuri partiebis warmomadgenlebi zemoT aRweril logikas emorCilebodnen. isini ZiriTadad finansuri interesebis gamo ikavebdnen ama Tu im partiis warmomadgenlis pozicias. kritikuli situaciis dros ki cdilobdnen siCume SeenarCunebinaT da reagireba ar moexdinaT. adgilobrivi xelisufleba mosaxleobaze zewolis sxvadasxva meTods iyenebda: zog SemTxvevaSi es iyo SantaJi, zogjer iZuleba, an dapirebebi. opoziciuri partiis erT-erTma damkvirvebelma arCevnebis gayalbebisas Tavisi umoqmedoba amgvarad axsna: ~isini [adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi] amas yvelas aiZuleben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Cemi partia me 30 lars mixdis da es Tanxa namdvilad ar Rirs mTavrobis winaaRmdeg wasasvlelad. ar vapireb arCevnebs Tavi Sevakla~. am qalbatonma ar aRniSna, Tu ra iyo mas156


ze zemoqmedebis meqanizmi, Tumca me ki mirCia: — `Senc igives girCev, Torem maT SeuZliaT Tavisi muqaris Sesruleba. es adrec ase iyo. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi me TviTon Cavyare 800 xma~. rogorc moyvanili dialogi gviCvenebs, arCevnebis procesSi gamoyenebuli TamaSis wesebi adgilobriv doneze ar icvleba, mxolod Zalauflebis mflobeli aqtorebi cirkulireben. adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi axlad mosulebi TamaSis wesebs ar cvlian da es aqtorebis moqmedebis Tu umoqmedobis legitimaciis safuZvelia. saarCevno komisiis rigiTi wevrebi aseve SeiZleba mivakuTnoT saSualo rgols. im saarCevno ubanze, sadac me vaxorcielebdi dakvirvebas, sami wevri iyo leiboristuli partiidan, erTi axali memarjveneebis partiidan, xolo danarCeni xuTi wevri erTiani nacionaluri moZraobidan. maTi anazRaureba 200 lars Seadgenda. maTi umravlesoba sxva samsaxurSi an xSirad sajaro seqtorSi iyo dasaqmebuli. opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebi winaswar iyvnen mzad SesaZlo gayalbebisaTvis. magaliTad, leiboristuli partiis erT-erTma warmomadgenelma diliTve gamafrTxila, rom mmarTveli gundi arCevnebs gaayalbebda da mTxova Sesabamisi zomebi mimeRo. Tumca dRis bolos is mSvidad ijda da arCevnebis samarTlianobis dacvisaTvis arafers akeTebda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mas meuRlis samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebiT daemuqrnen. gavlenis moxdenis meqanizmebi sxvadasxva doneze igiveobrivia. pirebi, romlebmac opoziciuri partiis Tu, zogadad, sazogadoebis interesebi unda daicvan, piradi da ojaxuri interesebis dacvas amjobineben, rac arCevnebis gayalbebis process aiolebs. saarCevno komisiis wevrebi, iseve rogorc arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenlebi, detalurad icaven arCevnebis mcired detalebs, rogoricaa: amomrCevelTa markireba, maTi dokumentebis Semowmeba, saregistracio JurnalSi xelmowera, kenWisyris biuletenebis konvertebSi moTavseba. maT aseve zedmiwevniT ician saarCevno procedurebi, Tumca aseve kargad floben arCevnebis gayalbebis `xelovnebas~. dRis bolos yvela maTgani icavs saarCevno ubanSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb saidumlos, ris gamoc Cveulebriv moqalaqe-

157

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ebs STabeWdileba rCebaT, rom arCevnebi yovelgvari proceduris dacviT da samarTlianad Catarda. arCevnebSi monawile aqtorebis zeda rgoli yvelaze didi Zalauflebis matarebeli aqtorebisagan Sedgeba, isini SeiZleba iyvnen adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebi, mmarTveli gundis wevrebi, an sxva sajaro seqtoris Tanamdebobis pirebi. arCevnebis dRes isini maqsimalurad iyeneben Tavis Zalauflebas, xelisuflebis mxardaWeras an TavianTi dasaqmebulebis resursebs. isinic zedmiwevniT icaven arCevnebis mcired procedurebs, raTa gare mayureblebs arCevnebis samarTlianobis gancda daeufloT. Tumca swored isini axdenen arCevnebis gayalbebis organizebas (ZiriTadad ki, saarCevno yuTSi xmebis CayriT). sxvadasxva partiasTan molaparakebebis meqanizmi sxvadasxvaa, oponentis Zlieri an susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maT interesebSia, rom arCevnebis gayalbeba ara mxolod arCevnebis dRes, aramed, zogadad, dafaruli iyos. Tavisi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad isini xSirad iyeneben frazas — `me xalxs vemsaxurebi!~ gayalbebis legitimaciisaTvis aseve xSirad gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebSi arsebuli situaciebis Sesaxeb miTebi Tu realoba: `Sen ra ggonia, sxvagan ar yalbdeba arCevnebi?! aba rogor moigo buSma?!~. italo pardos azriT, òbieqturi garemoebebi, romelSic individebi aRmoCndebian da maTi rwmena, rom yvela danarCeni amasve akeTebs, mniSvnelovan motivacias uqmnis pirs korufciul kulturaSi CasarTvelad~ (Pardo. 2000:11). arCevnebis gayalbebis kulturis legitimacias ara mxolod arCevnebSi CarTuli aqtorebi, aramed gareSe pirebic cdiloben. erTerTma oficialurma pirma Cem mier arCevnebis gayalbebis protestze ase mipasuxa: ès ar aris gayalbeba, radgan saarCevno ubanSi xmebi amomrCevelTa raodenobis gasazrdelad Cayares da xmebi proporciulad gaiyo partiebs Soris. amas es xalxi [igulisxmeba saarCevno komisiis wevrebi] TviTneburad akeTebs, xelisufleba am procesSi CarTuli ar aris. maT surT xelisuflebis TvalSi `maRali qulebi~ daiweron, mogvianebiT dawinaureba an samsaxuri rom moiTxovon. garda amisa, gaiTvaliswine, rom opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebi gaunaTlebeli xalxia da maTi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi reformis gatarebis 158


procesi da xelisuflebis politikis gatareba SeCerdeba~ (giorgi, 29 wlis). es axsna Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan gviCvenebs, Tu sad gadis zRvari aralegalursa da legalurs Soris. garda amisa, brali gadadis personaze, partiisa Tu gundis imijis dacvis mizniT. msgavsi praqtikis Sesaxeb italo pardo wers, rom korufciaSi CarTuli pirebi qmnian imijs; rom korumpirebuli fundamenturad da mTlianad sistema ki ar aris, es calkeuli pirebis gadacdomaa (Pardo. 2000). amomrCevlebis raodenobis gazrdis mizniT `xmebis Cayra~ namdvilad ver iqneba legitimuri argumenti, radgan ar arsebobs qvota, ris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi arCevnebi CaSlilad gamocxaddeba. ufro sagulisxmoa meore argumenti, rom opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenelTa xelisuflebaSi mosvla reformis process SeaCerebs da emsaxureba moqalaqeebze `zrunvis~ imijis SenarCunebas; moqalaqeebze, romlebsac Tavad ar SeswevT unari miiRon swori gadawyvetileba. oficialuri piris mcdeloba, moaxdinos aralegaluri qcevis legitimacia da ìxsnas~ xelisuflebis da partiis imiji, mafiqrebinebs, rom SeiZleba zeda rgolSi iyvnen inkorporaciuli tipis moqalaqeebi, romlebic `partiasa da xelisuflebis interesebTan identificirdebian da maTi miznebis mxardasaWerad axorcieleben aqtivobebs~ (Janoski and Gran: 2008: 39),Tumca maTi miznebis moraluroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.

daskvna

mocemuli statiis mizania warmoadginos saqarTvelos raionebSi arCevnebis dros moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebis realizaciis procesi. arCevnebis procesi saSualebas maZlevs vTqva, rom moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebi limitirebulia. maTi poziciebi ganicdis socialuri urTierTobebis gavlenas. oportunisti moqalaqeebi xSirad iyeneben arCevnebs dawinaurebisaTvis an materialuri Semosavlebis misaRebad. Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi, romlebsac politikur partiebTan, xelisuflebasTan an sxva interesis matarebel organizaciasTan uSualo Sexeba ar aqvT, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT diferencialuri moqala159

Teona mataraZe

qeebis tips, romlebic eTanxmebian Temis, mezoblebis, megobrebisa da nacnobebis zogad ganwyobebsa da poziciebs. iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes aqtiuri moqalaqis tipi, Tumca aseTebi cotani arian da maTi Zalisxmeva azrs moklebulia. aseve gvxvdebian marginaluri moqalaqeebi, romlebic procesisagan srualiad gamijnulebi arian. politikur procesebze gavlenas axdenen interesis matarebeli pirebi da Zalauflebis mflobelebi, romlebmac ician rogor gamoiyenon Zalaufleba da rogor ibatonon moqalaqeebze. Sedegebis gasaanalizeblad Zalze morgebulia beilis pozicia, romlis mixedviT arCevnebis procesi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc konkurentuli TamaSi, sadac monawileebi Tanxmdebian raze da rogor unda iTamaSon. amomrCevlebma ician, rom maT Tavisi vali unda moixadon da xma miscen, raTa ar SeaCeron `pozitiuri cvlilebebi~, an mxari unda dauWiron maT axloblebs. mas Semdeg, rac Cveulebrivi moqalaqe interesis matarebeli xdeba, is aqtiurad iwyebs Tavisi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolas. Tuki romelime moqalaqe SeZlebs ufro zeda rgolSi gadasvlas, maSin is iwyebs Tavisi Zalauflebis dacvas im wesebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic wina Taobam ukve daamkvidra adgilobrivi masStabiT. moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis es procesebi cnobilia, Tumca isini mimReblebi arian da amas ar aprotesteben. ufro metic, isini cdiloben am situaciaSi gamorCena naxon.

literatura: 1. 2.

3.

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Bailey, F.G. 2002. Stratagems and spoils, in: The anthropology of politics. (ed.) Joan Vincent. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. Broers, Laurence. 2005. After the ‘revolution’: civil society and the challenges of consolidating democracy in Georgia, in: Central Asian Survey, no 24(3), pp 333-320 Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr. 1996. Clientelism and the Roots of Post-Soviet Disorder, in: Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. (ed) Ronald Grigor Suny.


http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=31/TTL=13/MAT=/NOMAT=T/C LK?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3EAnn Arbor: University of Michi4.

gan Press Haugaard, Mark, 1997. The construction of power: A theoretical analysis of power, knowledge and structure, http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=62/TTL=8/MAT=/NOMAT=T/CL K?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3EManchester : Manchester Univer-

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sity Press Herron, Erik, S. and Mirzashvili Irakli G. 2005. ‘Georgians Cannot Help Being Original’: the Evolution of Election Rules in the Republic of Georgia, in: The State of Law in the South Caucasus. (ed.) Christopher P.M. Waters. http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=35/TTL=1/MAT=/NOMAT=T/CL K?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3EBasingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

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Janoski, Thomas and Gran, Brian. 2008. Political citizenship: Foundation of rights, in: Handbook of citizenship studies. (ed.) Engin F. Isin. http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=107/TTL=1/MAT=/NOMAT=T/C LK?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3ELos Angeles, California

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Jones, Stephen F. 2000. Democracy from Below? Interest Groups in Georgian Society, in: Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1 , pp. 42-73 8. Lang, Graeme. 2005. ‘Democratic Ignorance’ and the politics of knowledge, in: International Review of Sociology. Vol.15(1), pp.203-206 9. Lister, Michael.2005. Marshall-ing’ Social and Political Citizenship: Towards a Unified Conception of Citizenship, in: Government and Opposition. Vol. 40 (4), p.471-491 10. Nodia, Ghia. 2002. Putting the State back Together in Post-Soviet Georgia, in: Beyond state crisis? : postcolonial Africa and post-Soviet Eurasia in comparative perspective. (eds.) Mark R. Beissinger and Crawford Young. http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=6/TTL=1/MAT=/NOMAT=T/CLK ?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3EWashington, DC : Woodrow Wilson Center Press 11. Nodia, Ghia.1997. Democracy without democrats, in: War Reports, No 56, p19 12. Pardo, Italo. 2000.Introduction: Morals of Legitimacy: Interplay Between Responsibility, Authority and Trust, in: Morals of Legitimacy:

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Between Agency and System, (Ed.) Italo Pardo. Bergbabn Books: New York, Oxford 13. Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert and Nanetti, Raffaella Y. 1994: Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=21/TTL=7/MAT=/NOMAT=T/CL K?IKT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3EPrinceton, NJ : Princeton Univ. Press 14. Willerton, John P. 1992. Patronage and politics in the USSR, http://vzopc4.gbv.de:8080/DB=6/SET=22/TTL=1/MAT=/NOMAT=T/CLK?I KT=1008&TRM=%3C&cvtourl%3ECambridge: Cambridge University Press 15. Walzer, Michael. 1998. The civil society argument, in: The citizenship debates. Gershon Shafir, (ed.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Teona Mataradze Assistant Professor Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University “Realization of Citizens’ Political Rights during the Elections of Self-Governmental Body, Case of Tkibuli district” Resume The presentation (which was presented at Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology) is based on the ethnographic material, which was gathered during one year fieldwork carried out in Tkibuli district (village Sats’ire) during 2006-2007. The empirical data of the presentation are survey results as well as observations made before and during the elections of self-governmental body. The data I present is discussed within the framework of theory of political citizenship. The work of Thomas Janoski and Brian Gran “Political citizenship: Foundations of rights” helps me to explain the empirical material. The process of election observed in one of the districts of Georgia gives me a possibility to explore and analyze the implementation of political rights of citizens from below, at grass root level. According to the behavioral activity and value involvement, Janoski and Gran suggest a typology of six different types of citizens-selves: Incorporated, active, deferential, cynical, opportunistic, marginal citizens-selves. According to the political practices, I classify the citizens of Georgia in different types of citizens-selves.

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The presentation will include the explanations about the local understanding of politics as “Dirty business”, differentiation between the “big” and “small” politics, legitimacy of persons while participating in politics. Furthermore, the presentation will highlight the attitudes of citizens towards the elections, participation in elections, their political activities as well as the main actors in the election process.

163

m. mestviriSvili, x. marwyviSvili, l. aruTinovi, n. mestviriSvili

maia mestviriSvili xaTuna marwyviSvili luiza aruTinovi naTia mestviriSvili

moqalaqeobis tipi rogorc sociokulturuli identoba yvela adamians aqvs garkveuli damokidebuleba sakuTari qveynis mimarT. Tumca, qveynis mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebi da/an Sexedulebebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad esplicituri, Ria, centraluri da Zlieria isini (Schwarz & Bohner, 2001). damokidebulebaTa es ganzomilebebi individis yoveldRiuri qcevis nimuSebSi povebs asaxvas, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis TviTdeterminaciis procesSi da ayalibebs nacionaluri identobis gancdas. zogadad, nacionaluri identoba TviTkategorizaciis mniSvnelovani konstruqtia, romelic gavlenas axdens individis grZnobebze, azrovnebasa da qcevaze. nacionaluri identobis qceviTi ganzomileba individis moqalaqeobrivi stilia. dResdReobiT, mkvlevarTa azriT, imisaTvis, rom nacionaluri identoba kompleqsurad da srulad iqnes Seswavlili, arsebiTia, aseve, imis Seswavlac, Tu rogor xdeba moqalaqis stilis konstruireba da manifestacia (Jamieson, 2002). moqalaqis identobis stili pirdapir gavlenas axdens ara mxolod imaze, Tu rogor iqcevian adamianebi maSin, rodesac maTi qveynis mimarT damokidebulebebi da grZnobebi aqtualizebulia, aramed gavlenas axdens aseve imazec, Tu rogor gansazRvravs individi sakuTari erovnuli jgufis wevrobas. tradiciulad, mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben moqalaqis identobis or stils: eTnikur da saxelmwifo moqalaqeobas (Smith, 2011; 164

moqalaqeobis tipi rogorc sociokulturuli identoba

Kohn, 1944). eTnikuri moqalaqeobrivi stili gulisxmobs, rom genealogiuri kavSirebis arseboba aucilebelia dominanturi eTnikuri jgufis wevrobisaTvis (Reijerse, Van Acker, Vanbeselaere, Phalet, & Duriez, in press). amis sapirispirod, moqalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi stili SeiZleba damaxasiaTebeli iyos yvelasaTvis, vinc pativs scems da aRiarebs qveynis kanons da vinc aqtiurad aris CarTuli qveynis socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi. bolo xanebSi mkvlevrebi svamen kiTxvas, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom eTnikur-saxelmwifoebrivi diqotomia srulad asaxavdes moqalaqis identobis stilis kompleqsur bunebas (Kymlicka, 2001). empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, unda arsebobdes moqalaqis identobis mesame stili — kulturaze orientirebuli moqalaqis identoba, — romelic gulisxmobs rogorc kulturul valdebulebas, aseve erovnuli kulturis elementebTan adaptacias. is individebi, romlebsac axasiaTebT kulturaze orientirebuli moqalaqis identoba, erovnuli kulturis mimarT avlenen pativiscemis maRal xarisxs da misi dacvis survilsac gamoxataven (Reijerse, in press). es individebi sensitiurebi arian kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mimarT da miaCniaT, rom maTi codna da pativiscema arsebiTia imisaTvis, rom iTvlebode ama Tu im saxelmwifos moqalaqed. cxadia, unda arsebobdes garkveuli dispoziciuri da socialuri faqtorebi, romlebic gadamwyvetia moqalaqis identobis formirebisaTvis. moqalaqis identobis TiToeuli stili gansxvavebul Sinaarssa da maxasiaTebelebs moicavs. Sesabamisad, isini ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva faqtorebiT, romelTa speqtri Zalze farToa — dawyebuli dispoziciuri niSnebiT da damTavrebuli politikuri Tu socialuri diskursiT. potenciuri determinantebis mravalferovneba arTulebs moqalaqis identobis konstruqtis arsis gagebas, Tumca, am problemis gadaWra SeiZleba iseTi sxvadasxva cvladebis SemowmebiT, rogorebicaa: Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi, emociuri mijaWvuloba, siamaye da a.S. winamdebare kvlevaSi Cven SeviswavleT cvladebis sami jgufi, rogorc moqalaqis identobis eTnikuri, saxelmwifo moqalaqis da kulturaze orientirebuli stilis reprezentaciis potenciuri prediqtorebi. cvladebis pirveli jgufi moicavs 165


erovnul damokidebulebebs: nacionalizmi, patriotizmi da nacionaluri identifikaciis xarisxi. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, erovnuli Sexedulebebi/ damokidebulebebi (national attitudes) centralur rols asrulebs politikur ideologiasa da sociopolitikur qcevaSi (Todosijeviü, 2001). nacionalizmi pozitiurad ukavSirdeba konservatizms (Baughn & Yaprak, 1996; Sharma et al., 1995; Sullivan, Piereson, & Marcus, 1982) da negatiurad korelirebs ganaTlebis donesTan (Howard, 1989; Sharma, Shimp, & Shin, 1995). Cven vvaraudobT, rom erovnul rwmenebs/damokidebulebebs aseve SeiZleba mniSvnelovani gavlena hqondes moqalaqeobis stilis Camoyalibebazec. prediqtorTa meore rigi kulturul da religiur damokidebulebebs moicavs. kulturuli konstruqtebi, rogoricaa individualizmi da koleqtivizmi, organizaciuli samoqalaqo qcevis prediqtorebs warmoadgenen (Moorman & Blakely, 1995). amavdroulad, individualizmi da koleqtivizmi nacionaluri identobis ZiriTad komponentebadac ganixileba (Takano and Osaka 1999, cited in Spiejberger & Ungersböck, 2005). ramdenadac kulturaze orientirebul damokidebulebebs SeiZleba gavlena hqondes moqalaqis identobis kompoziciaze, imdenad SeuZlia qcevis aRmZvrelis roli Seasrulos garkveul socialur konteqstSi. amdenad, warmodgenil kvlevaSi Cven vvaraudobT, rom moqalaqis identobis stilze gavlenas axdens kulturuli damokidebulebebic. qarTuli nacionalizmis diskursSi religia gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs: qristianoba warmoadgens safuZvels, romelsac gadamwyveti roli aqvs saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis, da qarTul enas eris, SenarCunebaSi. faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi religia da nacionalizmi yovelTvis ganamtkicebda da aZlierebda erTimeores. Sesabamisad, Cvens kvlevaSi religiuroba warmoadgens moqalaqeobrivi identobis stilis erT-erT savaraudo prediqtors. amgvarad, warmodgenili kvleva miznad isaxavs Seiswavlos erovnuli, kulturuli da religiuri damokidebulebebi moqalaqis identobasTan mimarTebaSi da axsnas, Tu ra unikaluri wvlili miuZRviT maT moqalaqeobrivi identobis eTnikuri, saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli tipebis formirebaSi. Cveni hipoTezebi Semdegia: (1) moqalaqis identobis kulturuli da sa166


xelmwifo stili pozitiurad aris dakavSirebuli patriotizmsa da individualizmTan, maSin roca, eTnikuri stili pozitiurad aris dakavSirebuli nacionalizmTan, marTlmadideblobasa da koleqtivizmTan; (2) nacionalizmsa da patriotizms yvelaze didi prediqtoruli Rirebuleba aqvs, zogadad, nebismieri moqalaqeobrivi identobis stilisTvis; (3) religiuri rwmena (marTlmadidebloba) yvelaze Zlieri prediqtoria moqalaqeobrivi identobis eTnikuri stilisTvis, xolo patriotizmi — moqalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi stilisaTvis. kvlevis meTodi kvlevis monawileebi kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo saqarTvelos Svidi ZiriTadi universiteti: oTxi universiteti qveynis dedaqalaqSi mdebareobs, xolo danarCeni sami ki — baTumSi, Telavsa da gorSi. kvlevaSi sul monawileoba miiRo 415 mdedrobiTi da 270 mamrobiT sqesis 18dan 24 wlamde studentma (M =1.66; SD= 21,04). kvlevis instrumentebi

moqalaqis da erovnuli identobis reprezentaciis skala skala moicavs kiTxvebis sam jgufs. kiTxvaTa TiToeuli es jgufi aRebulia vanbesalieris moqalaqis identobis reprezentaciis tipis skalidan (Vanbeselaere 2007 and Meeus et al. 2010) da mowodebulia nacionaluri identifikaciis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis gasazomad. xuTi debuleba ikvlevs, ra xarisxiT axdenen kvlevis monawileebi sakuTari Tavis, rogorc qarTvelebis, identificirebas (nacionaluri identoba). Tormeti zedsarTavi gamoxatavs pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs da nacionaluri identifikaciis emociuri ganzomilebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba. moqalaqis tipis ganmsazRvreli skala moicavs sam qveskalas, romelTagan TiToeuli zomavs moqalaqis eTnikur, saxelmwifoebriv an kulturul stils. is debulebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia eTnikur stilTan, xazs usvams eTnikuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobas (mag., saerTo winaprebi). kulturaze orientire-

167


buli moqalaqis stilis Sesafasebeli debulebebi xazs usvams dominantur erovnul kulturaze zrunvasa da dacvas. dabolos, saxelmwifoebrivi moqalaqis stilis sazomi debulebebi aqcents akeTebs normebisa da kanonebis pativiscemasa da, aseve, saxalxo cxovrebaSi aqtiur CarTulobaze.

patriotuli da nacionaluri damokidebulebebi patriotizmis gasazomad kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT Kosterman-isa da Feschbach-is (1989) mier Seqmnili instrumentis qveskala. is moicavs debulebebs, romlebic zomavs samSoblosTan dakavSirebul gancdebs (Kosterman & Feschbach, 1989). Cven uari vTqviT amave intrumentis nacionalizmis subskalis gamoyenebaze mxolod im mizeziT, rom nacionalizmis subskalis debulebebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro, politikur da ekonomikur siZliereze da dominanturobaze, rac qarTuli konteqstisaTvis irelevanturia. erovnuli nacionalizmis sakvlevad SerCeul iqna TodoJeviCis nacionalizmis skala, romelic moicavs 17 debulebas (Todosijevic, 2001). debulebebi asaxavs nacionalizmis rogorc eTnocentrul, aseve romantikul formebs, romlebic qveynebis umravlesobisaTvis universaluri da relevanturia.

religiuri ganzomilebebi identobis religiuri aspeqtis sakvlevad gamoviyeneT religiurobis sakvlevi skala, romelic moicavs 39 debulebas da zomavs organzomilebian sivrceSi mdebare religiuri reprezentaciis tipebs (Duriez et al., 2005). vertikaluri RerZi — transcendenturobis eqskluzia transcendenturobis inkluziis sapirispirod — mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom ikvlios, Tu ra xarisxiT iRebs individi RmerTis arsebobas an sxva transcendentur realobas da, maSasadame, is saSualebas iZleva erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT religiuri da arareligiuri individebi. horizontaluri RerZi — literaluroba simboluris sawinaaRmdegod — gviCvenebs, rogoraa interpretirebuli individis mier religiuri teqstebi — sityvasityviT Tu simbolurad. Sesabamisad, postkritikuli rwmenebis skala zomavs religiuri orien168


taciis oTx gansxvavebul tips: orTodoqsuloba, meoradi gadafaseba, relativizmi da garegani kritika.

individualizmi-koleqtivizmi warmodgenil kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT fiSeris (Fischer, 2009) individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis skala, romelic efuZneba Triandisis (Triandis) Teorias da warmoadgens iamaguCis (Yamaguchi, 1994) originaluri skalis gadamuSavebul versias. debulebaTa 22 wyvili, romelTa TiToeuli wevri 7-baliani skalis sawinaaRmdego polusebzea moTavsebuli, asaxavs koleqtivizmsa da nacionalizms, rogorc urTierTsapirispiro orientaciebs. kiTxvarSi warmodgenilia individualizmi-koleqtivizmis oTxi maxasiaTebeli: (1) TviTaRqma; (2) miznebi; (3) sxvebTan kavSiri/urTierToba; (4) qceviTi potenciali. miRebuli Sedegebi

aRweriTi statistika monacemTa analizma aCvena, rom cvladebi — asaki da sqesi — dakavSirebulia mxolod cvladTan — religia. qalebi avlendnen orTodoqsulobis ufro maRal dones (M=5.16 SD=1.16), vidre mamakacebi (M=4.85 SD=1.25) (t (590)=3.11, p =.002). nacionaluri identifikaciis, patriotizmis, nacionalizmis da jgufSida damokidebulebis moqalaqis identobis tipebze/stilebze gavlenis sakvlevad gamoyenebul iqna calmxrivi dispersiuli analizi. monacemTa dispersiulma analizma gamoavlina, rom moqalaqis tipebi gansxvavdebian patriotizmis, eTnocentrizmisa da nacionaluri mijaWvulobis maCveneblebis mixedviT (ukanaskneli ori cvladi nacionalizmis qveskalebs warmoadgens). gansxvaveba statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda p < .001 doneze yvela cvlads Soris moqalaqis stilis samive jgufisaTvis. Post hoc Sedarebam (Tukey HSD test) aCvena, rom nacionaluri identifikaciis, eTnocentrizmisa da erovnuli mijaWvulobis saSualo maCveneblebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT izrdeba: yvelaze dabalia moqalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi stilis SemTxvevaSi, 169


rasac mosdevs kulturuli stili, xolo am cvladebis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi fiqsirdeba moqalaqis eTnikuri stilis dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom patriotizmis skalis maCveneblebi ufro maRalia moqalaqis saxelwifoebrivi stilisaTvis, vidre eTnikuri da kulturuli stilisaTvis. aseve, jgufSida damokidebulebebi gamovlinda moqalaqis identobis kulturuli stilisaTvis, magram realuri gansxvavebebi saSualo maCveneblebs Soris mcirea. eta kvadratis saSualebiT gamoTvlili efeqtis zoma am SedegisTvis mcirea (.01). cxrili 1

patriotizmi

eTnocentrizmi

nacionaluri mijaWvuloba

Sidajgufuri damokidebuleba

M

M

M

M

M

5.48 2,3

5.60 2,3

3.76 2,3

4.24 2,3

5.06 2

6.03 1

6.03 1

4.37 1,3

4.72 1,3

5.21 1

3. eTnikuri

6.12 1

5.97 1

4.92 1,2

5.05 1,2

4.98

Eta squared df

0.05 2.592

0.04 2.550

0.11 2.563

0.09 2.563

0.01 2.581

F

17.03

10.81

35.11

28.45

3.42

.00

.00

.00

.00

0.03

1. saxelmwifoebrivi 2. kulturuli

Sig

nacionaluri identifikacia

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 cxrilSi N2 mocemulia aRweriTi statistika da cvladebs Soris korelaciebi. moqalaqis identobis kulturuli stili pozitiurad aris dakavSirebuli patriotizmis, nacionalizmisa da religiis orTodoqsul ganzomilebasTan, maSin roca, moqalaqis identobis saxelmwifo stili ar aRmoCnda kavSirSi nacionalizmTan da mxolod sustad korelirebs orTodoqsulobasa da patriotizmTan. eTnikuri stili aseve pozitiur korelaciaSi aRmoCnda nacionalizmsa da orTodoqsulobasTan, magram Zlier sust korelaciaSia patriotizmTan. 170


cxrili 2 M 1. nacionaluri identifikacia 2. saxelwifoebriobis ganzomileba 3. kulturuli ganzomileba 4. eTnikuri ganzomileba

SD

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

5.92 1.00 (.81) 5.54 .79

.25** (.82)

5.94 .72

.52** .44**

(.79)

4.82 1.40 .31** .05

.40**

(.73)

5. patriotizmi

5.92 .83

.47** .22**

.49**

.14**

(.79)

6. nacionalizmi 7. jgufSida damokidebulebebi 8. marTlmadidebloba 9. individualizmi/ koleqtivizmi

4.76 .87

.35** .06

.41**

.51**

.30**

(.82)

4.94 .81

.39** .22**

.36**

.15**

.41**

.13** (.69)

5.05 1.10 .32** .11**

.37**

.36**

.25**

.47** .21**

(.78)

3.69 1.04 .06

.03

.18**

-.06

.15** .01

.12**

.02

(.83)

n = 700 individi

SeniSvna: frCxilebSi mocemulia alpha koeficientebi *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 regresiuli analizi mravlobiTi ierarqiuli regresiuli analizi gamoyenebul iqna moqalaqis identobis TiToeuli stilisaTvis. pirvel safexurze regresiul modelSi gavaanalizeT demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis (asaki, sqesi, regioni) prediqtoruli Rirebuleba; meore safexurze davamateT religiuri da kulturuli konstruqtebi; dabolos, mesame safexurze damatebul iqneba nacionalizmi, patriotizmi da erovnuli identobis maCveneblebi (Tavdapirvelad monacemebis analizi Catarda imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad Sesabamisi iyo Cveni monacemebi regresiuli analizisaTvis. amisaTvis gadamowmda TiToeuli cvladis ganawilebis mrudi da maT Soris arsebuli korelaciis sidide. korelaciebi cvladebs Soris aRmoCnda susti da saSualo siZlieris r = .11, p < .01-dan r = .55, p < .001-mde, rac mianiSnebs, rom monacemebi vargisia regresiuli analizisaTvis (ix Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007) (ix. cxrili 3).

171


cxrili 3

172


mravlobiTi mravalsafexuriani ierarqiuli regresiis pirvel safexurze SevitaneT sami prediqtori cvladi: asaki, sqesi da regioni. modeli statistikurad sando aRmoCnda eTnikuri (F (3, 678) = 7.204; p < .00) da kulturuli stilis (F (3, 678) = 7.455; p < .00) prognozirebisaTvis da xsnis samoqalaqo identobis eTnikuri da kulturuli stilis variabilobis 3% (cxrili 3). modelSi religiuri, kulturuli da jgufSida damokidebulebebis cvladebis Setanis Semdeg me-2 safexurze, modeli, rogorc mTeli, xsnis monacemTa variabilobis 17%-s eTnikuri stilisaTvis (F (6, 675) = 23.107; p < .00), 24%-s moqalaqis identobis kulturuli stilisaTvis (F (6, 675) = 35.374; p < .00) da 6% saxelmwifoebrivi stilisaTvis (F (6, 675) = 6.859; p < .00).

moqalaqis eTnikuri stili demografiuli cvladebis da kulturuli, religiuri da jgufSida damokidebulebebis kontrolis fonze nacionaluri damokidebulebebisa (patriotizmi, nacionalizmi) da nacionaluri identifikaciis cvladebis Setana modelSi xsnis moqalaqis eTnikuri stilis variabilobis damatebiT 15%-s (R2 Change = .15; F (9, 672) = 34.448; p < .00). saboloo modelSi, cxra prediqtori cvladidan eqvsi cvladi statistikurad mniSvnelovani iyo moqalaqis eTnikuri stilisaTvis, sadac yvelaze maRali Beta maCvenebeli hqonda nacionalizms (E=.41, p < .00), nacionalur identifikaciasTan (E = .13, p < .00), patriotizmsa (E = -.12, p < .01) da orTodoqsulobasTan (E = .12, p < .01) SedarebiT.

moqalaqis kulturuli stili moqalaqis identobis kulturuli stilis SemTxvevaSi miviReT Semdegi monacemebi: nacionaluri damokidebulebebi da nacionaluri identifikacia xsnis eTnikuri stilis variabilobis 19%-s, damokidebuli cvladisa da kulturuli, religiuri da jgufSida damokidebulebebis kontrolis fonze (R2 Change = .19; F (9, 672) = 56,842; p < .00). saboloo modelSi, cxra prediqtori cvladidan statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda xuTi cvladi. nacionalur identifikacias hqonda ufro maRali Beta maCvenebeli

173


(E =.25, p < .00), vidre patriotizms (E = .24, p < .00), nacionalizms (E = .20, p < .00) da Sidajgufur damokidebulebas (E = .13, p < .00).

moqalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi stili saboloo modeli samoqalaqo identobis saxelmwifoebrivi stilisaTvis aCvenebs, rom nacionaluri damokidebulebebi da nacionaluri identifikacia xsnis eTnikuri stilis variabilobis damatebiT 4%, damokidebuli cvladisa da kulturuli, religiuri da jgufSida damokidebulebebis kontrolis fonze (R2 Change = .04; F (9, 672) = 8.113; p < .00). saboloo modelSi cxra prediqtori cvladidan statistikurad mniSvnelovani iyo oTxi cvladi. nacionalur identifikacias (E=.19 , p < .00) hqonda ufro maRali prediqtoruli Rirebuleba, vidre jgufSida damokidebulebebs (E = .12, p < .01), nacionalizms (E = -.11, p < .01) da patriotizms (E = .10, p < .05). mediaciuri analizi analizis Sedegad gairkva, rom patriotizmsa da moqalaqis identobis eTnikur stils Soris kavSirSi mediatoris rols religiuri damokidebulebebi (orTodoqsuloba) asrulebs. rogorc suraTi 1 cxadyofs, regresiis koeficienti patriotizmsa da eTnikur reprezentacias Soris mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, rodesac gantolebaSi/utolobaSi orTodoqsulobis cvladi Semodis (sobel z= 5.5108, p=.00) (suraTi 1). mediaciis modelis pirvel safexurze eTnikuri reprezentaciis totaluri qulis regresia patriotizmis qveskalis maCvenebelTan (#) mediatoris ignorirebis fonze), statistikurad mniSvnelovani iyo (b = .138, t(700) = 3.367, p =.00); meore safexurma aCvena, rom mediatoris regresia orTodoqsulobis qveskalis maCvenebelTan aseve statistikurad mniSvenlovani iyo (b = 6.45, t(192) = .249, p =.00); mesame safexurze mediaciurma analizma aCvena, rom mediatori (orTodoqsuloba) patriotizmis maCveneblis kontrolis fonze statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoC174


nda (b = .347, t(700) = 9.534, p =.00); meoTxe safexurma gamoavlina, rom mediatoris (orTodoqsuloba) kontrolis fonze, patriotizmis maCvenebeli aRar aris statistikurad mniSvnelovani prediqtori moqalaqis eTnikuri stilisaTvis s b = .051, t(192) = 1.410, p =.159. sobelis testma aCvena nawilobrivi mediacia (z= 5.5108, p=.00). suraTi 1

modeli, romelic amowmebs hipoTezas, rom marTlmadidebloba warmoadgens mediators patriotizmsa da samoqalaqo identobis eTnikur stils Soris ʳʨʸʯʲʳʨʫʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ

. 249***

. 360***

moqalaqeobis eTnikuri stili

patriotizmi

(.051ns)

. 138***

diskusia

kvlevis Sedegebi ZiriTadad adasturebs kvlevis Tavdapirvel hipoTezebs. pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniSnoT, rom gamoikveTa cvladebis ori jgufi, romlebic gansazRvravs moqalaqis identobis stils. pirveli jgufi moicavs iseT cvladebs (nacionaluri identifikacia, nacionalizmi, patriotizmi), romlebic saerToa moqalaqis identobis samive stilisaTvis, magram gan175


sxvavdebian prediqtoruli RirebulebebiT; meore jgufi moicavs cvladebs (religia, individualizmi/koleqtivizmi, jgufSida damokidebulebebi da orTodoqsuloba), romlebic gansazRvravs moqalaqis identobis mxolod erT konkretul stils. Sedegebma aCvena, rom nacionaluri identifikacia yvelaze Zlieri prediqtoria moqalaqis identobis stilisaTvis (Tumca, yvelaze Zlierad prognozirebs moqalaqis kulturul stils). rogorc Sedegebis analizidan gairkva, erovnebasTan Zlier identifikacias SeuZlia gaaZlieros moqalaqis identobis nebismieri tipi, rac imas niSnavs, rom individis Zlieri erovnuli identoba moqalaqis stilis gansazRvris safuZvels qmnis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moqalaqis stili ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mWidrod aigivebs individi Tavs sakuTar erovnul jufTan. kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT socialuri msjelobis Teoriis mxardaWerad, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebs aqvT rigiduli damokidebulebebi iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT, romlebic maTTvis pirovnulad mniSvnelovania. sxva sityvebiT, maRal egoCarTulobas mkafio damokidebulebebamde mivyavarT. Tu garkveuli socialuri identoba mniSvnelovania pirovnebisaTvis, maSin mas eqmneba sakuTari Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs misTvis es identoba da, Sesabamisad, uyalibdeba garkveuli damokidebuleba mis mimarT. Tu am models Cveni kvlevis Sedegebs movargebT, SegveZleba vTqvaT, rom, Tu erovnuli identifikacia Zlieria, maSin individi iwyebs am identobis gacnobierebas da mis mimarT damokidebulebis formirebas. es procesi ki xels uwyobs moqalaqis identobis Camoyalibebas da mis reprezentacias. kidev erTi Sedegi, romelic calmxrivma dispersiulma analizma gamoavlina, exeba moqalaqis identobis tipebs Soris gansxvavebebs, romlebic gamovlinda nacionalizmis, patriotizmis da nacionaluri identifikaciis maCveneblebis mixedviT. es Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom moqalaqis stili dakavSirebulia rogorc individis erovnul identobasTan, aseve mis damokidebulebebTan/SexedulebebTan sakuTari qveynis mimarT (patriotizmi, nacionalizmi). Cveni Sedegebis mixedviT, Tu moqalaqeobriobis gansazRvrisas individi eyrdnoba ufro metad kulturas da 176


kulturis produqtebs an gvarovnul maxasiaTeblebs ( enas da saerTo winaprebs), maSin is ufro Zlierad axdens identifikacias sakuTar erovnebasTan, vidre is, vinc moqalaqeobriobis tips iyalibebs saxelmwifoebriv Tavisuflebasa da uflebebze dayrdnobiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom moqalaqis identobis kulturuli stili ZiriTadad warmodgenilia zogadad moqalaqis stilTan dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela ganzomilebaze Sualeduri maCveneblebiT, gansxvavebiT moqalaqis eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi stilisagan. am Sedegis mixedviT kulturuli stili SesaZloa abalansebs zogadad SeuTavsebel saxelmwifoebriv-eTnikur tendenciebs. monacemTa Semdgomma analizma ufro gaamyara tendencia: nacionalizmi pozitiurad ukavSirdeba moqalaqis eTnikur stils, patriotizmi ki moqalaqis saxelmwifoebriv stils, xolo moqalaqis kulturuli stili orive maTgans (patriotizmi da nacionlaizmi) dadebiTad ukavSirdeba. agreTve, orTodoqsuloba eTnikuri stilis statistikurad sando prediqtoria, magram is arasando prediqtors warmoadgens moqalaqis saxelmwifoebrivi stilisaTvis. sapirispiro Sedegebia jgufSida damokidebulebis maCvenebelTan mimarTebaSi. moqalaqis kulturuli stili am SemTxvevaSic dakavSirebulia orive cvladTan — jgufSida damokidebulebebTan da orTodoqsulobasTan. zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT moyvanili Sedegebi SesabamisobaSia samoqalaqo identobis eTnikuri da saxelmwofo stilis Teoriul konceptualizaciasTan, magram axal perspeqtivas gvTavazobs kulturuli moqalaqeobriobis gasaazreblad. kerZod, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom kulturuli stili erTgvari Sualeduri mdgomareobaa eTnikur da saxelmwifoebriv moqalaqis stils Soris. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze gairkva, rom eTnikuri identoba Zlierad aris dakavSirebuli nacionalizmsa da orTodoqsulobasTan, magram sustad aris dakavSirebuli patriotizmTan. es kavSiri SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtiT, rom, erTi mxriv, nacionalizmi da moqalaqeobis eTnikuri stili dakavSirebulia iseT fiqsirebul, ucvlel maxasiaTeblebTan, rogorebicaa: saerTo winaprebi, dabadebis adgili, mSobliuri ena da sxva; meore mxriv, orTodoqsuli religiuri orientacia aseve ukavSir177


deba statikur, ucvlel da rigidul religiur azrovnebas. magaliTad, im individebisaTvis, romlebic axdenen sakuTari Tavis, rogorc marTlmadideblis, identifikacias, RmerTi aris yvelasTvis erTxel da samudamod gansazRvruli da, amdenad, is ucvlelia (Duriez, Soenens, & Hutsebaut, 2005). orTodoqsuli marTlmadidebloba uaryofs religiurobis simbolur gagebas da amitom adgils ar tovebs pirovnuli interpretaciebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, marTlmadideblobasa da nacionalizms Soris kavSiri SeiZleba saerTo konstruqtis arsebobiT aixsnas, rac dakavSirebuli unda iyos kognituri interpretaciis stilTan — rigiduli stili fleqsiburis sapirispirod. aRsaniSnavia, aseve, rom eTnocentrizmi nacionalizmis nawils warmoadgens da pozitiurad aris marTmadideblobasTan dakavSirebuli. Tu gavyvebiT cvladebis pozitiur asociaciur kavSirebs, miviRebT logikur mimdevrobas, romelic Semdeg urTierTdakavSirebul elementebs moicavs: nacionalizmi-eTnocentrizmi-orTodoqsuli marTlmadidebloba-eTnikuri moqalaqeobrioba. eTnocentrizmi gulisxmobs, rom Tavis eTnikur jgufs individi ganixilavs, rogorc gansakuTrebuls da aRmatebuls. amavdroulad, Cveni kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, eTnocentrizmi anu gansakuTrebulobisa da aRmatebulobis an sxvaze ukeTesobis gancda eTnikuri moqalaqeobriobis nawils warmoadgens. riT SeiZleba es aixsnas? ra safuZveli aqvs am kavSirebs? ratom asocirdeba Zlierad nacionalizmi da marTlmadidebloba erTmaneTTan da, amave dros, sakuTari jgufis pozitiur xedvasTan? individebs aqvT tendencia, Seamciron gansxvaveba or arakongruentul konstruqts Soris da SeinarCunon konsistentoba maT Soris. Tu konstruqtebi ganixileba, rogorc ucvlelebi da permanentulebi, maSin gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba konstruqtebs Soris SeTanxmebulobis SenarCuneba da maTi integracia pozitiur selfwarmodgenaSi. Tu davubrundebiT Cvens Sedegebs, vnaxavT, rom individebi moqalaqeobriobis eTnikuri stiliT iziareben Sexedulebas, rom maTi moqalaqis identoba ganisazRvreba da efuZneba fiqsirebul maxasiaTeblebs (ena, teritoria, dabadebis adgili, naTesauri kavSirebi, orTodoqsuli religiuri mrwamsi) da radgan isini ucvlelia, — mosalodnelia, rom xdebodes maTi pozitiuri gadafaseba, es ki 178


ukve eTnocentrizmis dasawyisia, anu ucvlelobis, mudmivobis aRqma aRmatebulobis gancdis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. Cveni kvlevis mixedviT, religiuri damokidebulebebi aseve Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asruleben moqalaqis identobis konteqstSi. Sedegebi mowmobs, rom marTlmadidebloba warmoadgens nawilobriv mediators patriotizmsa da eTnikur moqalaqeobriobas Soris. patriotizmi moqalaqis eTnikuri stilis pozitiuri prediqtoria. mediaciuri modelis Tanaxmad, maRali patriotizmi maRal eTnikur moqalaqeobriv tendenciebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amasTan, mediaciuri analizi mowmobs, rom patriotizmi marTlmadideblobis ufro Zlieri pozitiuri prediqtoria, vidre eTnikuri moqalaqeobriobis pozitiuri indikatori. Sesabamisad, mediaciuri analizi aCvenebs, rom patriotizmi arapirdapir/ gaSualebulad — mediatoris gavliT (marTlmadidebluri orTodoqsuloba) — gavlenas axdens eTnikuri moqalaqeobis stilze. religiurobis didi gavlena moqalaqis da/an erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebaze aSkaradaa gamokveTili, Tumca, maT Soris kavSirebs Tu ufro Rrmad davukvirdebiT, garkveul araTanmimdevrulobas SevniSnavT. erTi mxriv, Cven viciT, rom nacionalisturi damokidebulebebi kargad ergeba eTnikur stils; meore mxriv, Cven vxedavT pozitiur kavSirs patriotizmsa da eTnikur moqalaqeobriobas Soris. es kavSiri auxsneli rCeba manam, sanam mediaciuri analizis Sedegebs ar gavecnobiT. is, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, mowmobs, rom ar arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri patriotizmsa da eTnikur moqalaqeobriobas Soris, aramed es kavSiri gaSualebulia religiuri damokidebulebebiT. es ki niSnavs, rom, is adamianebi, romelTac aqvT patriotuli damokidebulebebi, agreTve eTnikuri moqalaqeobis stilis mqoneni arian, magram eTnikur stils isini iyalibeben ZiriTadad ara patriotuli, aramed religiuri damokidebulebebis gamo. Cveni kvlevis Sedegebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs aaSkaravebs. pirveli, religiuroba pirdapir da arapirdapir gavlenas axdens erovnul damokidebulebebze, Sexedulebebze (patriotizmi da nacionalizmi). es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTvelebisTvis

179


qveynis siyvaruli da RmerTis siyvaruli erTmaneTTan asocirdeba da erTmaneTs aZlierebs. sabolood SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom moqalaqis identobis stili mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erovnul jgufTan identificirebis xarisxTan, kulturul da religiur ganzomilebebTan. konkretulad ki, nacionalizmis pozitiuri da patriotizmis negatiuri maCveneblebi gansazRvravs moqalaqeobis eTnikur stils. amis sapirispirod, samoqalaqo stili gansazRvrulia patriotizmis dadebiTi da nacionalizmis uaryofiTi maCveneblebiT, orive maTgani ki dadebiTad ukavSirdeba kulturul stils. amasTan, Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom nacionalizmi da orTodoqsuloba Zlierad da pozitiurad korelirebs erTmaneTTan, rac SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom, rogorc nacionalizmi, aseve orTodoqsuloba efuZneba rigiduli kognituri interpretaciis stils, fleqsiburis sapirispirod. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kulturuli moqalaqeobis stili umravles prediqtor cvladebis saSualo maCveneblebiTaa warmodgenili, rac warmoaCens kulturuli moqalaqeobis stilis axal funqcias: daabalansos eTnikuri da samoqalaqo tipebis urTierTSeuTanxmebeli Sinaarsi da Seasrulos gardamavali roli maTi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti, rom religiuroba mniSvnelovani cvladia zogadad erovnul ganwyobebs, Sexedulebebsa da identobas Soris kavSirebisaTvis. religiuroba ara mxolod pirdapiri kavSirebis saSualebiT gvevlineba, rogorc gadamwyveti faqtori identobis siZlierisaTvis an moqalaqeobis stilisTvis, aramed mas aqvs dafaruli, mediatoris funqcia erovnuli grZnobebis da moqalaqeobis stilis preferenciebisaTvis. radgan religia pirdapir da arapirdapir gavlenas axdens erovnul grZnobebze, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Tanamedrove Sexedulebebi erovnuli, samoqalaqo sakiTxebze kvlav mWidrod akavSirebs RmerTis siyvaruls da qveynis siyvaruls erTmaneTTan. religia ara mxolod kulturis nawilia anda pirovnuli preferencia, aramed is erovnuli da samoqalaqo Sexedulebebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani determinantia. dasasrulisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda, moqala180


qeobis stili kompleqsuri fenomenia, romelic yalibdeba nacionaluri Sexedulebebis, kulturuli konstruqtebis da religiuri ganzomilebebis gavleniT.

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26. Renan, Ernest (1882): Qukest-ce qukune Nation? Lecture held at Sorbonne University, Paris 27. Smith, Anthony. National identity. London: Penguin, 1991. 28. Snow, David (2001). “Collective Identity and Expressive Forms”, Centre for the Study of Democracy, paper 01-07. 29. Spiejberger S., Ungersböck M. National Identity. 406459/1 International Marketing Seminar. 2005 30. Tajfel, H. and J. C. Turner (1986), “The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour,” in S. Worchel and W.G. Austin, eds., Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall. 31. Todosijeviü, Bojan. 2001. “Dimensions of Nationalism: Structure of Nationalist Attitudes in Hungary and Yugoslavia.” Central European Political Science Review 2:170-86. 32. Vanbeselaere, N. (2007). The relationship between national identification and attitudes towards foreigners. Research seminar, Leuven, 13 November 2007. 33. Vanbeselaere, N., Boen, F., & Meeus, J. (2006). The complicated relationship between national identification and acceptance of immigrants. Gezduci (Eds.), “New” Citizens, new policies? Developments in diversity policy in Canada and Flanders (pp. 57-68). Gent: Academia Press 34. Wilkinson-Ryan T, Westen D: Identity disturbance in borderline personality disorder: an empirical investigation. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:528

Corresponding authors: Dr. Maia Mestvirishvili Co-authors: Dr. Luisa Arutinov, Dr. Khatuna Martskvishvili, Natia Mestvirishvili Affiliation: Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Citizenship Identity: Socio-Cultural Perspective Resume The goal of the proposed research is to determine the effects of (1) cultural constructs of self – identification, (2) Patriotism and Nationalism (3) attitudes toward religion on citizenship representation in individuals. 183


415 female and 270 male students between the ages of 18-24 (mean=1.66; SD=21.04) completed the set of questionnaires measuring patriotism and nationalism (Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989), citizenship representation style (Vanbeselaere, 2007), individualism/collectivism (IC) (Fisher, 2009) and religious orientation (Duriez et al., 2005). The data show that 56% of respondents represent cultural style of citizenship, 25% civic and 19% ethnic citizenship. The analysis shows interesting correlational patterns between the constructs of national identification: Cultural citizenship style is positively associated with patriotism (r=.544, p

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

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