Apple press pulp is by far the largest by-product of apple juice extraction. The Dutch ...... Wolf, P.L. de; Visser, C.L.M. de; Keijsers, E.R.P.; Meesters,. K.P.H. ...
Small-scale %LRUH¿QLQJ
Editors: Chris de Visser en René van Ree
Small-scale %LRUH¿QLQJ
(GLWRUV&KULVGH9LVVHUHQ5HQpYDQ5HH
4|
&RQWHQW
7KH3RWHQWLDO5ROHRI6PDOOVFDOH%LRUH¿QHULHVWRWKH'XWFK&LUFXODU%LR(FRQRP\
'RHVVL]HPDWWHU"6XFFHVVIDFWRUVIRUVPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHULHV
6LGHVWUHDPYDORULVDWLRQPDWHULDOVVFUHHQLQJIUDFWLRQDWLRQDQGSURGXFWV
1HZYDOXHFKDLQVLQWKH&LUFXODU(FRQRP\YDORULVLQJZDVWHZDWHUDQGVLGHVWUHDPVZLWKDTXDWLFELRPDVV
' LUHFWSURFHVVLQJRIVXJDUEHHWIRUWKHIHUPHQWDWLYHSURGXFWLRQRIFKHPLFDOEXLOGLQJEORFNV
5H¿QHU\RIJUHHQOHDYHVWRSURGXFHSURWHLQSURGXFWV
$FLGL¿HGZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQDQGSXUL¿FDWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVIURPIUHVK6WHYLD
)DWW\DFLGDQG3+$SURGXFWLRQIURPUHVLGXHV
|5
6|
1
7KH3RWHQWLDO5ROHRI 6PDOOVFDOH%LRUH¿QHULHV WRWKH'XWFK&LUFXODU %LR(FRQRP\ _
DWHLWKHUVPDOOUHJLRQDORUODUJHVFDOH
$XWKRUV5HQpYDQ5HHDQG&KULVGH9LVVHU
%LRUH¿QLQJSURFHVVHVDUHDWWKHFRUHRIWKH³6WUDWHJLF%LRPDVV
%LRUH¿QLQJ3URFHVVHVLQWKH&LUFXODU%LR(FRQRP\
9LVLRQWRZDUGV´RIWKH'XWFKJRYHUQPHQW 1DQGDOVR FOHDUO\DGGUHVVHGE\WKH'XWFK6XVWDLQDEOH%LRPDVV&RPPLVVLRQ
(I¿FLHQWDQGVXVWDLQDEOHXVHRIELRPDVVUHVRXUFHVLVRQHRIWKH
2%DVHGRQWKLVWKH'XWFKJRYHUQPHQWKDVGHYHORSHGDQ
SLOODUVRIDIXWXUH'XWFK&LUFXODU%LR(FRQRP\&%( 7KLVLV
5 '$JHQGD%LREDVHG(FRQRP\±³%%´ 37KH
UHTXLUHGIRUERWKSULPDU\ODQGDQGDTXDWLFFURSVVHFRQGDU\
EDVLVIRUWKLVDJHQGDFOHDUO\UHFRJQLVHVWKDWWKHHPHUJHQFHRI
DJURIRUHVWU\DQGSURFHVVUHVLGXHVDQGWHUWLDU\SRVWFRQVXPHU
WKH%LREDVHG(FRQRP\ZLOOQRWRQO\EHSDUWRI WKHDQVZHUWR
UHVLGXHV7KHVHUHVRXUFHVFDQEHXVHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
YDULRXVHQYLURQPHQWDOWKUHDWVEXWZLOODOVRFRQWULEXWHWRWKH
ELREDVHGSURGXFWVIRRGIHHGLQJUHGLHQWVFKHPLFDOVPDWHULDOV
JURZWKRIWKH'XWFK(FRQRP\SRWHQWLDOO\UHVXOWLQJLQQHZ
DQGELRHQHUJ\IXHOVSRZHUKHDW YLDELRUH¿QHU\SURFHVVHVEHLW
MREVDQG0W&22UHGXFWLRQ
)LJXUH%LRUH¿QLQJDSSURDFKDVSLOODURID&LUFXODU%LR(FRQRP\>:85@
6XVWDLQDEOHELRPDVVVXSSO\
3URWHLQV
6XJDUV 6XVWDLQDEOH SUp WUHDWPHQW WHFKQRORJ\
)22' /LQLQ
%,2(1(5*< IXHOSRZHUKHDW
2LOVIDWV
)LEUHV
8|
)(('
&+(0,&$/6 0$7(5,$/6
&XUUHQW'HSOR\PHQW6WDWXV%LRUH¿QHULHV
FRPPHUFLDOL]HIXOOVXVWDLQDEOHELRPDVVYDOXHFKDLQV LQFOXGLQJKLJKO\HI¿FLHQWELRUH¿QHU\SURFHVVHVDQG
7KH&LUFXODU%LR(FRQRP\LVQRWQHZ,WLVDOUHDG\ZRUWKDERXW ELOOLRQ(XURVLQDQQXDOWXUQRYHUELREDVHGLQGXVWULHV
0 LVVLQJNQRZOHGJHH[SHUWLVHWKHUHLVVWLOODODFNRI
ELOOLRQ(XURV DQGDFFRXQWVIRUPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQMREVLQ
NQRZOHGJHDQGH[SHUWLVHRQWKHDGYDQWDJHVRI
(XURSH4,VKDVEHFRPHDQ(XURSHDQVWUDWHJLFSULRULW\LQUHFHQW
ELRUH¿QHU\SURFHVVHVIRURSWLPDOVXVWDLQDEOHELRPDVV
\HDUVIRULWVUHFRJQLVHGSRWHQWLDOLQVWLPXODWLQJVXVWDLQDEOH
XVHDWLQGXVWULDO60(DQGUHJLRQDO JRYHUQPHQWDOOHYHO
JURZWKDQGMREVUH¿QLQJUHQHZDEOHELRPDVVUHVRXUFHVLQD VPDUWVXVWDLQDEOHDQGHI¿FLHQWZD\PDNLQJ(XURSHPRUH
+RZHYHUVLJQL¿FDQWJURZWKLVH[SHFWHGIURPELRUH¿QHULHVZKLFK
VHOIVXI¿FLHQWDQGLQUHGXFLQJJOREDO*+*HPLVVLRQV
FDQOHDGWRQHZELREDVHGLQGXVWULHVWUDQVIRUPLQJH[LVWLQJRQHV DQGRSHQXSQHZPDUNHWVIRUELREDVHGSURGXFWV
%LRUH¿QHULHVKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQDSSOLHGIRUVRPHFRQVLGHUDEOH WLPHLQWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\DQGWKHSXOS SDSHUVHFWRU/DUJH VFDOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIELRUH¿QHULHVIRUQRQIRRGLQFO ELRHQHUJ\ DSSOLFDWLRQVKRZHYHULVVWLOOODFNLQJ 7KHPDMRUUHDVRQVIRUWKLVDUH>,($%LRHQHUJ\7DVN@ •
5HDGLQHVVRIWHFKQRORJ\6RPHRIWKHNH\WHFKQRORJLHV HJIUDFWLRQDWLRQ SURGXFWVHSDUDWLRQGRZQVWUHDP SURFHVVLQJHWF ZKLFKDUHSDUWRILQWHJUDWHGELRUH¿QHU\ SODQWVDUHVWLOOQRWPDWXUHHQRXJKIRUFRPPHUFLDO PDUNHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
8 QFHUWDLQHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\'XHWROLPLWHGSLORWDQG GHPRQVWUDWLRQSODQWVWKHUHLVDVKRUWDJHRIVRXQG ELRUH¿QHU\EXVLQHVVFDVHVWRSURYHWKHIHDVLELOLW\IRU EURDGGHSOR\PHQW7KHFXUUHQWORZFUXGHRLOSULFHKDV FUHDWHGVLJQL¿FDQWHFRQRPLFSUHVVXUHVZLWKUHVSHFWWR ELRUH¿QHULHVOHDGLQJWRDOLPLWHGSXOOIURPWKHPDUNHW
%LRPDVVDVWUDWHJLVFKHYLVLHYRRUGHLQ]HWYDQELRPDVVDRSZHJ
1
QDDUSXEOLFDWLHQXPPHU0LQLVWHULHYDQ(FRQRPLVFKH
7 KHUHLVVWLOOQROHYHOSOD\LQJ¿HOGIRUVXVWDLQDEOH
=DNHQ'LUHFWLH*URHQH*URHL %LREDVHG(FRQRP\'LUHFWRUDDW*HQHUDDO
ELRPDVVXVHIRUIRRGDQGQRQIRRGDSSOLFDWLRQV)RU
%HGULMIVOHYHQHQ,QQRYDWLH'HQ+DDJ
H[DPSOHWKHJOREDOPLQHUDOK\GURFDUERQLQGXVWU\VWLOO UHFHLYHVVLJQL¿FDQWWD[DQGVXEVLG\DGYDQWDJHVRYHU
ELRUH¿QHULHVXWLOLVLQJVXVWDLQDEOHELRPDVVVHOOLQJWKH
'XXU]DDPKHLGVYUDDJVWXNNHQ%LRPDVVDRNWREHU
1DDUHHQGXXU]DPHELRHFRQRPLHYLVLHYDQGH&RPPLVVLH
SURGXFHRQDVLPLODUPDUNHW 2QGHU]RHNVDJHQGD%LREDVHG(FRQRP\±µ%%ELREDVHGYRRU
/ DFNRIFRRSHUDWLRQPDUNHWVHFWRUVWKDWVKRXOG
EHGULMYHQEXUJHUVHQEHOHLG¶PHL
FRRSHUDWHIURPDELRUH¿QHU\SHUVSHFWLYHVXFKDVIRRG IHHGDJURFKHPLVWU\HQHUJ\IXHOVORJLVWLFVHWFDUH
RIWHQVWLOOQRWZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUWRGHYHORSDQG
(8%,&0DUFK
(XURSHDQ%LR(FRQRP\LQ)LJXUHV1RYD,QVWLWXWHFRPPLVVLRQHGE\
_
3HUVSHFWLYHV6PDOOVFDOH%LRUH¿QLQJ
ELRUH¿QHULHVD3XEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLS333 EHWZHHQRYHU PDUNHWVWDNHKROGHUVPDLQO\572V DQG:DJHQLQJHQ5HVHDUFK
2QHSURPLVLQJZD\WRDFFHOHUDWHWKHPDUNHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
KDVEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG7KLV333ZDVH[HFXWHGIRU\HDUV
LQWHJUDWHGELRUH¿QHULHVLVWRSURPRWHVPDOOUHJLRQDO ELRUH¿QHU\
DQGWKHPDLQUHVXOWVDUHSXEOLVKHGLQWKLVEURFKXUH:RUN
LQLWLDWLYHV6PDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHULHVUHTXLUHUHODWLYHO\ORZLQLWLDO
ZDVGRQHRQWKHVXFFHVVIDFWRUVIRUVPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\WKDW
LQYHVWPHQWVDQGWKHUHIRUHDUHRIWHQODFNLQJWKH¿QDQFLQJ
ZDVVHWXSWRGH¿QHGHVLJQUXOHVWKDWFRXOGDVVHVVWKHHFRQRPLF
SUREOHPVWKDWODUJHUIDFLOLWLHVIDFHQHZWHFKQRORJLHVZLWKRIWHQ
IHDVLELOLW\RIVPDOOVFDOHSURFHVVHV$OVRFRRSHUDWLRQZDV
FRPSOLFDWHGEXVLQHVVFDVHVPDNLQJLWGLI¿FXOWWRJHWSURSHU
LPSOHPHQWHGWRGHVLJQSURFHVVVWHSVWKDWZRXOGDOORZFRPSDQLHV
¿QDQFLQJFRQGLWLRQV 7KH\DUHSRWHQWLDOO\DEOHWRPDNHXVHRI
WRTXLFNO\DVVHVVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRYDORULVHWKHLURUJDQLFVLGH
DYDLODEOHORFDOUHVRXUFHVDQGLQYROYHVWDNHKROGHUVDQGSURGXFW
VWUHDPVIRUELRUH¿QHU\SXUSRVHV)XUWKHUPRUHFRRSHUDWLRQZDV
PDUNHWVWKDWFUHDWHDFRPPRQIRXQGDWLRQIRUMRLQWGHYHORSPHQW
VHWXSLQDYDULHW\RISRWHQWLDOEXVLQHVVFDVHVVXFKDVJUHHQ
DQGPDUNHWGHSOR\PHQW)XUWKHUPRUHE\XVLQJPRGXODUDQG
OHDYHVIRUSURWHLQH[WUDFWLRQQDWXUDOH[WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLRO
WUDQVSRUWDEOHXQLWVWKHUH¿QHU\SURFHVVSRWHQWLDOO\FDQEH
JO\FRVLGHVIURPVWHYLDVXJDUUH¿QHU\WRSURGXFHSODWIRUP
RSHUDWHGDWVHYHUDOORFDWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJWKHLURSHUDWLRQZLQGRZ
FKHPLFDOVDQGWKHRSWLPDOXVHRIDTXDWLFSODQWELRPDVVWR
DQGWKHUHIRUHWKHLUPDUNHWFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV6PDOOVFDOH
SURFHVVZDWHUZDVWHVWUHDPVLQWKHFLUFXODUHFRQRP\7KLV
ELRUH¿QHU\SURFHVVHVVHHPWREHVSHFL¿FDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJIRUWKH
EURFKXUHJLYHVWKHUHDGHUDJODQFHLQWRWKHH[FLWLQJMRXUQH\WKDW
HI¿FLHQWDQGVXVWDLQDEOHYDORULVDWLRQIRUUHODWLYHO\ZHWDJURFURSV
WKHFRPSDQLHVWRJHWKHUZLWK:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFK
JUDVVEHHWVPDL]HHWF DJURUHVLGXHVOHDYHVIROLDJH IRRG
H[SHULHQFHGGXULQJWKHIRXU\HDU3XEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLSRQ
SURFHVVLQJUHVLGXHVDQGDTXDWLFELRPDVVPLFURDOJDHGXFNZHHG
VPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\
HWF
3XEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLS333 &RRSHUDWLRQ %RWKWHFKQLFDODQGQRQWHFKQLFDOEDUULHUVH[LVWWKDWSUHYHQWZLGH PDUNHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHULHVDWWKH PRPHQW7RIDFLOLWDWHWKHPDUNHWGHSOR\PHQWRIVPDOOVFDOH
Small-scale Biorefining _
2 'RHVVL]HPDWWHU"
6XFFHVVIDFWRUVIRU VPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHULHV | 11
'HVLJQ5XOHV
• :RUNZLWKPLQLPDOPDQKRXUVDQGSURYLGH
7KHSXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLS³336.OHLQVFKDOLJH%LRUDI¿QDJH´
• 8VHPRGXODUWUDQVSRUWDEOHXQLWVZKHQWKHSURFHVV
DXWRPDWLRQDQGFHQWUDOVXSSRUW KDVH[SORUHGVHYHUDOELRUH¿QHU\EXVLQHVVFDVHVWRLGHQWLI\
FDQEHDSSOLHGDWVHYHUDOORFDWLRQV
VXFFHVVDQGIDLOIDFWRUVUHODWHGWRWKHVL]HDWZKLFKWKHSURFHVVHV DUHUXQ(FRQRPLHVRIVFDOHDUHDPDMRUREVWDFOHWRWKH
6PDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\H[DPSOHV
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVPDOOVFDOHSURFHVVHV7KLVLVLOOXVWUDWHGIRU H[DPSOHZLWKVFDOHIDFWRUVIRUWKHHTXLSPHQWDQGPDQSRZHU
6PDOOVFDOHVXJDUSURFHVVLQJ
+RZHYHULIZHORRNDWWKHHQWLUHFKDLQWKHUHDUHFOHDUVLWXDWLRQV ZKHUHVPDOOVL]HRIIHUVDGYDQWDJHV7KLVZLOOEHIXUWKHUH[SORUHG
:DJHQLQJHQ)RRG %LREDVHG5HVHDUFKKDVGHYHORSHGDQHZ
LQWKLVFKDSWHUE\PHDQVRIH[DPSOHFDVHVERWKIURPWKH
WHFKQRORJ\WRLVRODWHZDWHUVROXEOHFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDVVXJDUV
OLWHUDWXUHRURQWKHEDVLVRILQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHZLWKLQWKH336
DPLQRDFLGVDQGRUJDQLFDFLGVIURPDTXHRXVVWUHDPV3DUWRIWKLV
.OHLQVFKDOLJH%LRUDI¿QDJH´
UHVHDUFKZDVGRQHZLWKLQWKLV3367KHQHZWHFKQRORJ\LVEDVHG RQDQWLVROYHQWFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQDQGFDQEHDSSOLHGWRYDULRXVUDZ
'HVLJQUXOHVIRUVPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\ZHUHJHQHUDWHGZLWKLQ
PDWHULDOV7KLVWHFKQRORJ\GLIIHUVIURPWKHFRQYHQWLRQDODQWL
WKHSURMHFWEHFDXVHVPDOOVFDOHSURFHVVHVQHHGWREHGHVLJQHG
VROYHQWFU\VWDOOLVDWLRQDSSURDFKHVLQWKHFKHPLFDODQG
LQDGLIIHUHQWZD\WKDQWKHLUODUJHVFDOHHTXLYDOHQWV0DQ\FDVHV
SKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\DVWKLVWHFKQRORJ\DOORZVWKHVROYHQW
ZHUHDQDO\VHGWRJHWWRWKHGHVLJQUXOHV7KHFDVHVVWDUWHGZLWK
ZLWKWKHKLJKHUERLOLQJSRLQWWREHUHPRYHGIURPWKHOLTXLG7KLV
HYDOXDWLRQRIXQLWRSHUDWLRQVZKLFKPRVWO\KDYHDQHFRQRP\RI
LVDOVRWKHUHDVRQZK\WKLVWHFKQRORJ\LVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUHVWLQJ
VFDOHIROORZHGE\SURFHVVDQGV\VWHPDQDO\VLV([DPSOHVRI
IRUELRPDVVFRQWDLQLQJVWUHDPVDVPDQ\ELRPDVVFRPSRQHQWV
VPDOOVFDOHSURFHVVHVVWXGLHGZHUHWKHORFDOELRJDVXQLWVDWYDQ
DUHZDWHUVROXEOH
GHU9DON6ZLOOJDVVHU VPDOOVFDOHFKORULGHIDFWRULHVIRU
,WLVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKLVWHFKQRORJ\ZLOOEHSHUIRUPHGDWGLIIHUHQW
$N]R1REHODQGDJULFXOWXUDOPDFKLQHU\VXFKDVWKHFRPELQH
VFDOHV$UHJLRQDOVPDOOHUVFDOHDSSURDFKLVSDUWLFXODUO\
KDUYHVWHU$OVRRWKHUV\VWHPVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGWKDWVXIIHUIURP
LQWHUHVWLQJZKHQORRNLQJDWORJLVWLFVUHXVHRIKHDWHQHUJ\DQG
GLVHFRQRP\RIVFDOHVXFKDVODUJHDLUSRUWV7KHVHH[DPSOHVOHG
UDZPDWHULDOV0RUHVSHFL¿FWKHDULVLQJEHQH¿WVLQFOXGH
WRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQXPEHURIGHVLJQUXOHV • : DWHU¿EUHVDQGRWKHUYDOXDEOHPLQHUDOVUHPDLQRQVLWHIRU 7KHVHGHVLJQUXOHVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZV
VRLOIHUWLOLW\RUFDQEHUHF\FOHGRYHUVKRUWGLVWDQFHV • 3URGXFWLRQUHTXLUHVDUHODWLYHO\VPDOOLQYHVWPHQW
• /LPLWHTXLSPHQWLQYHVWPHQWFRVWVLQSDUWLFXODUKHDW H[FKDQJH
• /RFDOHPSOR\PHQW • $GGLWLRQDOYDOXHFUHDWLRQ
• ,QFRQWUDVWWRGU\LQJGHK\GUDWLRQLVDQRSWLRQDW VPDOOVFDOH • (VWDEOLVKWKHULJKWFRPELQDWLRQRIVPDOOVFDOHSUH SURFHVVLQJDQGDGGLWLRQDOFHQWUDOL]HGSURFHVVLQJ • 8VHORFDOSUHIHUDEO\RQVLWH UHVLGXHVIRUWKH JHQHUDWLRQRIKHDWDQGHQHUJ\ • 3URGXFHIRUDORFDORUGRPHVWLFPDUNHW • 8VHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVHOOLQJDQGSXUFKDVHYDOXH ZLWKLQ\RXURZQSURFHVV
12 |
7KHQHZWHFKQRORJ\FDQEHXVHGIRUVHSDUDWLRQDQGSXUL¿FDWLRQ RIFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDVDYDULHW\RIVXJDUVDPLQRDFLGVDQG RUJDQLFDFLGVIURPPRUHFRPSOH[PL[WXUHV7KHWHFKQRORJ\KDV EHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGDWODEVFDOHIRUGLUHFWVXFURVHFU\VWDOOLVDWLRQ IURPUDZEHHWMXLFH
%HQH¿WVIURPJUDVVDQGPDL]HELRUH¿QHU\LQWHJUDWLRQ
FXOWLYDWHGZLWKPDL]HDQGRWKHUIHHGFURSV7KHODQGDUHDRI 'H
LQDFKDLQ
$FKWHUKRHN LVQRWODUJHHQRXJKWREHVHOIVXI¿FLHQWLQIHHG SURGXFWLRQIRUWKHQXPEHURIDQLPDOVSUHVHQWµ'H$FKWHUKRHN¶
*OREDODJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQZKHUHVSHFL¿FFURSVDUHJURZQLQ
FRQWDLQVDJULFXOWXUDOFRPSDQLHV2QHWKLUGRIWKH
VSHFL¿FDUHDVOHDGVWRWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRIWKHVHFURSVWRRWKHU
HPSOR\PHQWLQWKHVHDJULFXOWXUDOFRPSDQLHVLVLQGDLU\LQGXVWU\
DUHDVLQWKHZRUOG/DUJHDPRXQWVRIVR\QHHGHGDVIHHGDUH
DQGLQWKHSLJLQGXVWU\7\SLFDOIRUWKHH[LVWLQJDJULFXOWXUHLV
WKXVWUDQVORFDWHGIURP6RXWK$PHULFDWR(XURSHFDXVLQJ
WKHKLJKLPSRUWRISURWHLQIHHGSURGXFWVDQGDUWL¿FLDOIHUWLOL]HU
GLVUXSWLRQRIWKHJOREDOQXWULHQWEDODQFH%LRUH¿QHU\FDQEHDQ
DQGWKHLQWHQVLYHOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQUHVXOWLQJLQDORFDO
DOWHUQDWLYHPHWKRGWRLQFUHDVHWKHDPRXQWRISURWHLQULFKIHHG
PDQXUHSUREOHP
DYDLODEOHLQ(XURSHDQGHVSHFLDOO\7KH1HWKHUODQGV/RFDO
7KHPRGHOVKRZVKRZZHFDQPLQLPL]HWKHLPSRUWRISURWHLQ
ELRUH¿QHU\RIJUDVVDQGPDL]HLVWHFKQLFDOO\IHDVLEOHDQGFDQEH
IHHGSURGXFWVZKLOHNHHSLQJWKHVDPHHFRQRPLFSUR¿WLQWKH
DSSOLHGWRPDNHUHJLRQDOSURGXFHGSURWHLQDYDLODEOHIRUOLYHVWRFN
PRGHOOHGUHJLRQ7KHPDLQFKDOOHQJHLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
7KLVFRQFHSWZDVDSSOLHGLQDQHZFKDLQGHVLJQWKDWQH[WWRWKH
WKHPRGHOLVWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWIDUPHUVDQG
WZRELRUH¿QHU\XQLWVDOVRLQFOXGHGJUDVVPDL]HSLJDQGGDLU\
HQWUHSUHQHXUV$OWKRXJKWKHWHFKQRORJ\LVDYDLODEOHDQGWKH
IDUPVDQGZDVFRPSOHPHQWHGZLWKDELRJDVIHUPHQWHU7KHQHZ
HQWLUHFKDLQLVSUR¿WDEOHSUR¿WVDUHQRWHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHGRYHU
FKDLQZDVGHVLJQHGEDVHGRQSURWHLQSURGXFWLRQDQGXVH
DOOLQGLYLGXDOVWHSV*RRGFRRSHUDWLRQDQGJRRGDJUHHPHQWV
PDLQWDLQLQJDQLPDOSURGXFWLRQ,WZDVWKHQRSWLPL]HGIRU
WKURXJKRXWWKHFKDLQDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUVXFFHVVIXOVPDOOVFDOH
HFRQRPLFV
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
3UHF\FOLQJDQGODQGXVH 7KHLQWHQVLYHO\IDUPHGUHJLRQRIµ'H$FKWHUKRHN¶LQWKH 1HWKHUODQGVZDVXVHGDVDQH[DPSOHIRUWKHTXDQWLWDWLYH PRGHOOLQJDQGRSWLPL]DWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWVFHQDULRVµ'H $FKWHUKRHN¶H[LVWVRIKHFWDUHDUDEOHODQGRIZKLFK KHFWDUHLVJUDVVODQGDQGWKHRWKHUKHFWDUHVDUH
%LRJDV
$LU *UDVVVRLO $UWL¿FLDO )HUWLOL]HU
*UDVV Soil loss
0DL]HVRLO
&DWWOHIDUP
*UDVV
0LON
ELRUH¿QHU\ 3LJIDUP
,PSRUWHGIHHG
0HDW
0DL]H
$QDHURELF
0DL]H
IHUPHQWHU
ELRUH¿QHU\ (WKDQRO
/HJHQG
)LJXUH6FKHPDWLFRYHUYLHZRIWKHPRGHOOHGDJULFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVKRZLQJ SURFHVVHVDQGÀRZVEHWZHHQWKHP
*UDVVNJ
0LONNJ
PDL]H¿EUHNJ
0DL]HNJ
0HDWNJ
5H¿QHGPDL]HIHHG NJ
1XWULHQWV13. NJ
'LJHVWDWHNJ
UH¿QHGJUDVVIHHGNJ
*UDVVMXLFHNJ
*UDVV¿EUHNJ
+LJKSURWHLQSURGXFWNJ
0DQXUHNJ
&22NJ
,PSRUWHGIHHGNJ
0DL]HMXLFHNJ
(WKDQRONJ
%LRJDVNJ
| 13
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
/LWHUDWXUH %UXLQV0(9HUEDDQGHUG-$YDQ:LOOLJHQEXUJ/* 6DQGHUV-30,QWHJUDWLHYDQODQGERXZVHFWRUHQGPY NOHLQVFKDOLJHFOXVWHULQJYDQELRUDI¿QDJH5DSSRUWDJHLQRSGUDFKW YDQKHW%LRUHQHZDEOHV%XVLQHVV3ODWIRUP
5HSRUWV %UXLQV0(0HHVWHUV.3+6FRWW(/.ROIVFKRWHQ5& +DHU76XFFHVIDFWRUHQNOHLQHVFKDDOWXVVHQWLMGVHUDSSRUWDJH %UXLQV0(7RJWHPD$0HHVWHUV.3+6XFFHVIDFWRUHQ NOHLQVFKDOLJHELRUDI¿QDJHWXVVHQWLMGVHUDSSRUWDJH %UXLQV0(7HHNHQV$0.HLMVHUV(530HHVWHUV.3+ 6XFFHVIDFWRUHQNOHLQVFKDOLJHELRUDI¿QDJHWXVVHQWLMGVH UDSSRUWDJH
14 |
| 15
16 |
_
18 |
3 6LGHVWUHDPYDORULVDWLRQ PDWHULDOVVFUHHQLQJ IUDFWLRQDWLRQDQGSURGXFWV _
$XWKRU-DQ%URH]HHQ:ROWHU(OEHUVHQ
,QDEUDLQVWRUPZRUNVKRSE\SDUWLFLSDQWVIURPWKHLQGXVWU\DQG YDULRXVH[SHUWVZHKDYHLGHQWL¿HGDQGGLVFXVVHGDORQJOLVWRI
,QWURGXFWLRQ
LPSURYHPHQWRSWLRQVYDU\LQJIURP
$JURIRRGVLGHVWUHDPVDUHJHQHUDWHGLQDVXSSO\GULYHQIRUP
GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHFRPSDQ\¶VPDLQSURGXFWV0RVWFRPPRQO\
IHUPHQWDWLRQELRHWKDQRODSSOHYLQHJDURURWKHURUJDQLF DFLGVIRUIRRGRUQRQIRRGLQGXVWULHV
YDOXHWKDQQXWULWLRQDOIHHGYDOXHRUHQHUJ\YDOXH+RZHYHU KLJKYDOXHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDUHXQH[SORLWHGGXHWRLQVXI¿FLHQW
LVRODWLRQRIYDOXDEOHELRPROHFXOHVOLNHSRO\SKHQROV VSHFL¿FYLWDPLQVGLHWDU\¿EUHVSURWHLQVHWF
VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGVROXWLRQVOLNHDSSOLFDWLRQIRUIHHGRUELRHQHUJ\ DUHFKRVHQ7KHUHLVODUJHSRWHQWLDOIRUYDORULVDWLRQZLWKKLJKHU
LQFUHDVLQJMXLFHH[WUDFWLRQ\LHOGWKURXJKHQ]\PDWLF WUHDWPHQWZKLFKZRXOGDIIHFWMXLFHSURSHUWLHVTXDOLW\
FRPSRVLWLRQTXDOLW\DQGVHDVRQDO YDULDWLRQVDUHODUJHO\
V XSSO\LQJIUHVKRUSURFHVVHGDQGGULHG SUHVVSXOSWR IRRGSURGXFLQJLQGXVWULHV
NQRZOHGJHRIPROHFXODUFRPSOH[LW\SURFHVVLQJRSWLRQVORJLVWLF RSSRUWXQLWLHVPDUNHWSRWHQWLDODQGHFRQRPLFYDOXH7KH TXHVWLRQLVKRZWRLGHQWLI\DQGDVVHVVWKHSRWHQWLDORIVXFK
7KHODWWHURSWLRQZDVVHOHFWHGE\WKHHQWUHSUHQHXU7KH
DOWHUQDWLYHRSWLRQV
HQWUHSUHQHXUDQGSURMHFWWHDPGH¿QHGDQXPEHURIVFHQDULRVIRU WKDWLPSURYHPHQWRSWLRQ
:LWKLQWKH3XEOLF3ULYDWH3DUWQHUVKLS333 6PDOO6FDOH %LRUH¿QHU\SURMHFWZHKDYHDVVHVVHGSRWHQWLDODOWHUQDWLYH
,VXSSO\LQJIUHVKSUHVVSXOSWREDNHU\ZLWKFKDOOHQJHV
YDORULVDWLRQRSWLRQVIRUDQXPEHURIDJURIRRGSURFHVVLQJVLGH VWUHDPV6SHFL¿FDOO\ZHIRFXVVHGRQDSSOHSUHVVSXOSDVD
•
KRZWRVHSDUDWHVHHGVSHHOVDQGRWKHUµLPSXULWLHV¶ IURPWKHSXOS"
W\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDVLGHVWUHDPWKDW±DOWKRXJKLWFRQWDLQVYHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJELRPROHFXOHV±IRUSUDFWLFDOUHDVRQVLVYDORULVHGDWD
•
EDVLFOHYHOELRHQHUJ\
• PDUNHWLQWHUHVW
KRZWRSUHVHUYHWKHIUHVKSXOS"
%DVHGRQH[SHULHQFHVLQWKDWVHDUFKDQGDVVHVVPHQWSURFHVV FRPELQHGZLWKOHDUQLQJVIURPVLPLODUDQDO\VHVRQRWKHUVLGH VWUHDPVDVWHSZLVHPHWKRGRORJ\ZDVGHYHORSHGIRUTXLFNVFDQ
,, G U\LQJWKHSXOSWRDSRZGHUDLPLQJIRUEXONPDUNHWOLNH SHFWLQLQGXVWU\ FKDOOHQJHV
RISRWHQWLDOYDORULVDWLRQVRIDQ\DJURRUIRRGSURFHVVLQJVLGH VWUHDP
• PDUNHWSULFH • HQHUJ\ HTXLSPHQWFRVWV • LQWHUHVWIURPSHFWLQLQGXVWULHV
$QDO\VLVRIDOWHUQDWLYHYDORULVDWLRQRIDSSOHSUHVVSXOS ,,,GU\LQJWKHSXOSWRDSRZGHU¿QGLQJDGGHGYDOXHPDUNHW $SSOHSUHVVSXOSLVE\IDUWKHODUJHVWE\SURGXFWRIDSSOHMXLFH
FKDOOHQJHV
H[WUDFWLRQ7KH'XWFKFRPSDQ\)OHYRVDSSUHVVHVDSSOHVDQG SHDUVDFFRUGLQJWRDWUDGLWLRQDOSURFHVVZKLFKUHVXOWVLQWKHLU
• UHPRYLQJVHHGVSHHOVDQGRWKHULPSXULWLHV
W\SLFDOMXLFHW\SH RIWKHIUXLWHQGVLQWKHSUHVVSXOS
• H QWHULQJWKLVPDUNHWKRZWRUHGXFHULVNVRIWKH
&XUUHQWDQGKLVWRULFDOYDORULVDWLRQW\SHVIRUWKLVVLGHVWHDPDUH
LQYHVWPHQW
ELRHQHUJ\DQGIHHG 2YHUWRQVRISUHVVSXOSLVJHQHUDWHGDQQXDOO\6HDVRQDO YDULDWLRQVDUHOLPLWHGPHDQLQJWKDWIUHVKSXOSZLOOEHDYDLODEOH
7KHIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVOHDUQHGWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIRSWLRQ,,
WKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU
DQG,,,JLYHVEHVWSHUVSHFWLYHVGU\LQJWKHPDWHULDOPDNHVLW DYDLODEOHIRUSHFWLQDVZHOODVIRUGLUHFWIRRGLQJUHGLHQW
_
3HFWLQLVJHQHUDOO\SURGXFHGLQODUJHFHQWUDOL]HGIDFWRULHVWKH
7KHDGGHGYDOXHPDUNHWVFDQEHVHUYHGZLWKWKHGULHGSXUL¿HG
HFRQRPLFHI¿FLHQF\ODUJHO\SUR¿WVIURPHFRQRPLFVRIVFDOH
SXOS+HQFHDIWHULQYHVWLQJIRUWKHSHFWLQYDORULVDWLRQWKH
/RFDOO\SURGXFLQJWKHSHFWLQDWWKHVFDOHRIDPHGLXPVL]HMXLFH
DGGHGYDOXHPDUNHWVFDQEHUHDFKHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\OLPLWHG
IDFWRU\LVQRWHFRQRPLFDO+RZHYHUSXOSGU\LQJDWWKHMXLFH
DGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWPHQWV
IDFWRU\DQGVHOOLQJWKHGULHGPDWHULDOWRDFHQWUDOL]HGSHFWLQ &KDLQGHYHORSPHQWPRGHO
LQGXVWU\LVPRUHSURPLVLQJ1HDUHVWSHFWLQLQGXVWULHVDUHORFDWHG LQ*HUPDQ\
)LUVWVWDUWZLWKGU\LQJWKHSXOSDQGVHOOLWWRDSHFWLQSURGXFHU
$SSOHSXOSLVXVHGLQYDULRXVEDNHU\SURGXFWVZLWKIXQFWLRQRI
1H[WVWHSLVH[SORULQJDGGHGYDOXHPDUNHWVIRUGULHGDSSOHSXOS
¿OOHUPLOG ÀDYRXULQJDQG¿EUHVRXUFH
6WDUWLQJWRVHUYHWKDWPDUNHWZLOOUHTXLUHUHODWLYHO\VPDOO LQYHVWPHQWVLQWKHSXUL¿FDWLRQSURFHVV
'U\LQJLVDFRPPRQVWHSLQWKHSHFWLQSURGXFWLRQFKDLQ
3URFHVVRILGHQWLI\LQJDQGDVVHVVLQJYDORULVDWLRQRSWLRQV IRUVLGHVWUHDPV
$IWHUGU\LQJWKHSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIVHHGVSHHOVDQG RWKHULPSXULWLHVVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUIURPWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH SXOSPDWHULDO+HQFHIRUWKHDGGHGYDOXHDSSOLFDWLRQVD UHODWLYHO\VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGSK\VLFDORUPHFKDQLFDOVHSDUDWLRQ
7KHPHWKRGIRU¿QGLQJDQGDQDO\VLQJDOWHUQDWLYH RSWLRQVIRU
SURFHVVLVFRQVLGHUHGHIIHFWLYHIRUUHPRYLQJWKHVHXQZDQWHG
E\SURGXFWVDQGVLGHVWUHDPDVDSSOLHGIRUDSSOHSXOSKDVEHHQ
FRPSRXQGV
JHQHUDOL]HGWRDVWHSZLVHPHWKRGRORJ\7KLVPHWKRGRORJ\LV VFKHPDWL]HGLQ)LJXUH
,QWHJUDWHGDSSURDFKIRUH[SORULQJDQGHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVRIVLGHVWUHDPYDORULVDWLRQRSWLRQV ([SORUDWLRQDQG$QDO\VLV 1
(FRQRPLFRXWSXW 1
3URFHVVDQDO\VHFRPSDQ\YLVLW
2
21
3URFHVVDQDO\VHFRPSDQ\YLVLW
3
0DUNHWDQDO\VLV6:27
5a
5HVW
4
7HFKQRORJLFDODQDO\VLV
5a
6FDQYDOXHSRWHQWLDO 3RWHQWLDODGGHGYDOXH
*212*2
4
4XLFNVFDQYDOXHSRWHQWLDO 3RWHQWLDODGGHGYDOXH
*212*2
3
9DOXHFRVWVFXUUHQWVLGHVWUHDP SURFHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHV
3URGXF
5
&RVWVRIH[WUDFWLRQ
9DOXHRIFRPSRXQGV
6
(FRQRPLFDQGWHFKQLFDOIHDVLELOLW\ DGGHGYDOXHRIVHSDUDWHGFRPSRXQGV
6WUDWHJ\3URFHVVSURGXFWGHYHORSPHQW%XVLQHVVSODQ
(FRQRPLFDGGHGYDOXH RIVHSDUDWHG FRPSRXQGV
)LJXUH6WHSZLVHPHWKRGRORJ\IRU¿QGLQJRSWLRQVIRUDOWHUQDWLYHYDORULVDWLRQRIE\SURGXFWVDQGVLGHVWUHDPV
| 21
([SHULHQFHIURPRWKHUVFDQV 5RHO9HUPHXOHQ)OHYRVDS ³,ZDQWDEDVHVROXWLRQZLWKDVHFXUHPDUNHW
$VSDUWRIYDULRXVSURMHFWVWKHDERYH
DQGZRXOGOLNHWRH[SORUHDGGHGYDOXHPDUNHW
PHWKRGRORJ\KDVEHHQDSSOLHGWRRWKHUSUDFWLFDO
IURPWKDWVLWXDWLRQ´
cases:
6RPHKLJKOLJKWVRIWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ •
•
•
PHDWSURFHVVLQJVLGHVWUHDPV
¿VKE\FDWFK
PRQNIUXLWH[WUDFWLRQVLGHVWUHDPV
VSHFL¿FSRWDWRSURFHVVLQJVLGHVWUHDPV
DQGRWKHUV
:LWKDVPDOOQXPEHURIUHODWLYHO\VLPSOHLQLWLDOVWHSV SURFHVVDQDO\VLVXVLQJDYDLODEOHGDWDDQG
2QHRIWKHEUDLQVWRUPVUHVXOWHGLQGLUHFW
EUDLQVWRUPLQJ DORQJOLVWRILGHDVFDQEHJHQHUDWHG
PHDVXUHVE\WKHLQGXVWULHVZLWKRXWQHHGRI
7KURXJKLQYROYLQJH[SHUWVZLWKGLYHUVHNQRZOHGJH
IXUWKHUDQDO\VLV6RPHRWKHUVJDYHSHUVSHFWLYHV
EDFNJURXQGDEURDGVRXUFHRIH[SHULHQFHLVDFWLYDWHG
RQPDMRULQQRYDWLRQVEXWWKHVHGLGQRW¿WLQWKH
%DVHGRQWKHORQJOLVWRILGHDVWKHHQWUHSUHQHXUV
VWUDWHJ\RIWKHFRPSDQ\)RUWKHVHDOVRWKH
LQYROYHGIRUPXODWHWKHLUSULRULWLHVEDVHGRQDUJXPHQWV
YDORULVDWLRQVFDQZDV¿QLVKHGDIWHUVWHS
VXSSOLHGE\WKHH[SHUWVWKHVHPD\YDU\IURPHFRQRPLF
7KHUHPDLQLQJFDVHVUHVXOWHGLQIXUWKHU
DUJXPHQWVWRFXUUHQWVWDWHRIGHYHORSPHQWRIUHTXLUHG
WHFKQRORJLFDODQGHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVZLWK
WHFKQRORJ\OHJDOUHVWULFWLRQVHWF
SHUVSHFWLYHVRQQHZSURGXFWVDQGDGGHGYDOXH
,QIROORZLQJVWHSVVHOHFWHGLGHDVFDQEHIXUWKHU
EXVLQHVVGHYHORSPHQW
HODERUDWHGXSWRWHFKQRORJLFDODQDO\VLVDQGEXVLQHVV FDVHDQDO\VLV ,QWKHIRUPRIDVKRUWSURMHFW±UHTXLULQJUHODWLYHO\OLPLWHG UHVRXUFHV±LQGXVWULHVFDQSUR¿WIURPWKHNQRZOHGJHRIGLYHUVH VFLHQWLVWV¿UVWVWHSVLQWKHSURFHVV :KHQSURPLVLQJLGHDVSRS XSDIROORZXSSURMHFWPD\EHIRUPXODWHGHLWKHULQFRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWKVFLHQWL¿FVXSSRUWRUDSUDFWLFDOSURMHFW
-HURHQ7LGHPDQ%LRFOHDU ³&RPELQLQJFUHDWLYLW\RIWHFKQRORJLFDOVFLHQWLVWV ZLWKSUDFWLFDOEXVLQHVVDQDO\VLVWIXUWKHU HQKDQFHVWKHSRWHQWLDORILGHQWLI\LQJQHZ EXVLQHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVLQWKHGRPDLQVRIVLGH VWUHDPVDQGELREDVHGGHYHORSPHQWV´
22 |
LQVHFWV
1HZYDOXHFKDLQV LQWKHFLUFXODU HFRQRP\YDORULVLQJ ZDVWHZDWHUDQG side streams with DTXDWLFELRPDVV
4
$HULDOSKRWRRI$&55(6VLWHLQ/HO\VWDGWKH1HWKHUODQGV | 23
$XWKRUV+(OLVVHQ:YDQ'LMN6+XXUPDQ5YDQGHU:HLGH
$TXDWLFZDVWHVWUHDPVFDQEHXVHGWRSURGXFHELRPDVV
%DFNJURXQG
$QLQYHQWRU\KDVEHHQSHUIRUPHGLQWRWKHDYDLODELOLW\DPRXQW DQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV RIDTXDWLFZDVWHVWUHDPVDQGDVHOHFWLRQKDV
*OREDOO\WKHUHDUHH[SHFWHGVKRUWDJHVLQSURWHLQSURGXFWLRQDV
EHHQWHVWHGDVLQSXWVWUHDPIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDOJDH6HOHFWHG
LVIRUH[DPSOHGHPRQVWUDWHGE\ULVLQJ¿VKPHDOSULFHV DQG
DTXDWLFZDVWHVWUHDPVZHUHHIÀXHQWVIURPDGLJHVWHUZDVWH
OLPLWDWLRQVLQFRQFHQWUDWHGSKRVSKDWHDQGQRQUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\
VWUHDPVIURPDEUHZHU\DQGSRWDWRSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWU\FOHDQLQJ
UHVHUYHV,QDGGLWLRQIHUWLOHVRLODUHDLVGHFUHDVLQJDQGFOLPDWH
ZDWHUIURPDXWRPDWLFPLONLQJURERWVZDVWHZDWHUIURPDQDLU
SUREOHPVDUHLQFUHDVLQJ7KHUHIRUHFRPSDQLHVJRYHUQPHQWV
VWULSSHULQDOLYHVWRFNKRXVLQJV\VWHPDQGZDVWHZDWHUIURPD
DQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHVFRRSHUDWHLQWDNLQJVWHSVWRRYHUFRPH
IUXLWFOHDQLQJRSHUDWLRQ0RVWRIWKHVHVWUHDPVFRXOGEHXVHGIRU
WKHVHFKDOOHQJHV5HFRYHU\RIQXWULHQWVDQGSURGXFWLRQRI
WKHSURGXFWLRQRIDOJDHDOWKRXJKVRPHRIWKHVWUHDPVUHTXLUH
VXVWDLQDEOHVRXUFHVRIHQHUJ\DUHFUXFLDOLQWKHFLUFXODUHFRQRP\
DGGLWLRQRIH[WUDQXWULHQWVRUSUHWUHDWPHQWWRSUHYHQWOLJKW
DVZHOODVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQHZELRPDVVYDULHWLHV6HYHUDODJUL
LQWHUIHUHQFHE\VROLGVRUEDFWHULDOJURZWK6LGHVWUHDPVRIDQ
KRUWLFXOWXUDODQGSURFHVVLQJLQGXVWULHVORFDOO\SURGXFHZDVWH
DQDHURELFFRGLJHVWHUZHUHFKRVHQIRUIXUWKHUWHVWLQJDQG
ZDWHUDQGVLGHVWUHDPVFRQWDLQLQJQXWULHQWVDQGRUJDQLFPDWWHU
FROOHFWLRQRIGDWDRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIPLFURDOJDHDQGDTXDWLF
RUÀXHJDVHVDQGUHVLGXDOKHDW2IWHQWUHDWPHQWDQGGLVSRVDORI
SODQWV7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIQXWULHQWVIURPOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDV
WKHVHVWUHDPVOHDGWRFRVWVDQGORVVRIQXWULHQWVDQGHQHUJ\
VOXUU\IRUDOJDHDQGDTXDWLFSODQWVSURGXFWLRQDQGWKHLUUH¿QHU\
7KHUHIRUHUHFRYHU\RQVLWHLVDQDWWUDFWLYHRSWLRQIRUH[DPSOH
ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHG
E\SURGXFLQJDTXDWLFELRPDVVRQVLGHVWUHDPVFRQWDLQLQJ QXWULHQWVDQGRUJDQLFPDWWHU6HYHUDOQHZFURSVVXFKDV
5HVHDUFKZLWKDGGLWLRQRIOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDVVOXUU\IURPWKH
PLFURDOJDHPDFURDOJDHDTXDWLFKLJKHUSODQWVDTXDWLFDQG
:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFKSLORWVLWHLQ/HO\VWDGP3
WHUUHVWULDOLQYHUWHEUDWHVLQVHFWVDQGZRUPV KDYHUHFHLYHG
DGGHGRQDWRWDOSRQGYROXPHRIP3 VKRZHGWKDWWKH
JURZLQJVFLHQWL¿FDWWHQWLRQYDQGHU:HLGHHWDO EHFDXVH
FXOWXUHJRWPRUHFRORXUHGDQGWKHKDUYHVWHGELRPDVVZDV
RISRWHQWLDOKLJKELRPDVV\LHOGVIRUSURWHLQSURGXFWLRQRQVPDOO
FRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKWKHRUJDQLFPDWWHUWKDWZDVSUHVHQWLQWKH
VXUIDFHDUHDVDQGWKHLUFRQWHQWRIVSHFLDOLW\FKHPLFDOVRLOVDQG
DGGHGELRJDVVOXUU\+RZHYHUWKHDOJDHJURZWKVHHPHGQRWWR
¿EUHV0LFURDOJDHDQGDTXDWLFSODQWVDUHVXLWDEOHIRUUHFRYHU\
EHQHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWHG7KHXVHRIWKHQLWURJHQIURPDQDLU
DQGYDORULVDWLRQRIQXWULHQWVDQGRUJDQLFPDWWHUIURPZDVWH
VWULSSHUGU\LQJWKHELRJDVVOXUU\DQGWKHRWKHUPLQHUDOVDIWHU
ZDWHUDQGVLGHVWUHDPV3URFHVVLQWHJUDWLRQZLWKELRJDV
GLIIXVLRQIURPWKHVHSDUDWHGWKLFNIUDFWLRQSURYHGWRVROYHWKH
SURGXFWLRQDQDHURELFGLJHVWHU DGGVWRWKHDYDLODELOLW\RI&22
SUREOHPZLWKWKHVROLGV7KHOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDVVOXUU\DIWHU
DQGUHVLGXDOKHDWIRURSWLPL]HGDTXDWLFELRPDVVSURGXFWLRQYDQ
VFUHZSUHVV¿OWUDWLRQFRXOGEHXVHGIRUDTXDWLFSODQWSURGXFWLRQ
GHU:HLGHHWDO ,Q/HO\VWDG:DJHQLQJHQDQGDWRWKHU
ZLWKRXWIXUWKHUVHSDUDWLRQ+RZHYHUIRUPLFURDOJDHIXUWKHU
VLWHVVHYHUDOSLORWVHWXSVKDYHEHHQFRQVWUXFWHGDQGHYDOXDWHG
VHSDUDWLRQRIWKHVROLGVIURPOLTXLGZDVWHVWUHDPVFDQLPSURYH
GXULQJWKHODVW\HDUV
WKHYDOXHDQGDSSOLFDWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVRIWKHSURGXFW
*RDO
3URGXFWLRQDQGYDOXHRIDTXDWLFELRPDVV
7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVSURMHFWZDVWRHYDOXDWHZKHWKHUDTXDWLF
Microalgae
ELRPDVVSURGXFWVIRUH[DPSOHDQLPDOIHHGLQJUHGLHQWV RLOV DQGSODQWRUVRLODGGLWLYHVFDQEHSURGXFHGHFRQRPLFDOO\DQG
5HVHDUFKLVFRQGXFWHGWRLPSURYHWKHSURGXFWLRQDQGHQHUJ\XVH
VXVWDLQDEO\E\XVLQJORFDOZDVWHVWUHDPVIURPELRHQHUJ\
HI¿FLHQF\RIPLFURDOJDH¿QDOO\DLPLQJDWEHWWHUHFRQRPLFVRI
SURGXFWLRQRURWKHUDTXDWLFVLGHVWUHDPVIURPSURFHVVLQJ
SURGXFWLRQ,QQRYDWLYHDOJDHSURGXFWLRQVV\VWHPVKDYHEHHQ
LQGXVWULHV
IXUWKHUGHYHORSHGE\SDUWLFLSDWLQJDOJDHSURGXFHUV2QHRIWKH
24 |
)LJXUH:DWHUK\DFLQWKSURGXFWLRQRQOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDVVOXUU\LQSRQG | 25
SDUWLFLSDWLQJFRPSDQLHVKDVGHYHORSHGDUHODWLYHO\FKHDS
WKHGLVVROYHG&22FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHDOJDHFXOWXUHZDV
SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPEDVHGRQSODVWLFEDJVIRUZKLFKLQLWLDOWHVWV
ÀXFWXDWLQJ:LWKRXWDIIHFWLQJDOJDHJURZWKDPRUHVWDEOH
VKRZHGDSURGXFWLYLW\RI07GU\DOJDHKD\HDU$QRWKHU
GLVVROYHG&22FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGDORZHUHQHUJ\GHPDQG
FRPSDQ\KDVIXUWKHULQFUHDVHGHI¿FLHQF\RI/('OLJKWLQJIRU
ZDVUHDOL]HGE\OLPLWLQJDLUVSDUJLQJWRWKHSHULRGZKHQ&22 was
DOJDHFXOWXULQJDQGLPSURYHG/('OLJKWHGEDVLQVZLWKYROXPHVXS
UHTXLUHG7RLPSURYHWKHHQHUJ\IRRWSULQWIRU&22WUDQVIHUIURP
WRP3ZKLFKHQDEOHV\HDUURXQGDOJDHSURGXFWLRQRQDVPDOO
ÀXHJDVDJDVVFUXEEHULVWHVWHGDQGFRPSDUHGWRWKHKLJK
VXUIDFHDUHD3URGXFWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVLQRSHQSRQGVDQGFORVHG
HQHUJ\FRQVXPLQJEORZHUGULYHQVSDUJHUV\VWHP
V\VWHPVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGLPSURYHGDVZHOODV KDUYHVWLQJUH¿QLQJDQGXWLOL]DWLRQRIWKHSURGXFHGELRPDVV
7KHFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\GHPDQGIRUKDUYHVWLQJWRWKHWRWDO HQHUJ\GHPDQGRIWKHDOJDHV\VWHPLVDERXWIRUKDUYHVWE\
7KHDQQXDOELRPDVVSURGXFWLRQVRIPLFURDOJDHLQDQRXWGRRUUDFH
FHQWULIXJHVDQGIRUKDUYHVWE\D'$)XQLW:KHQDLU
ZD\SRQGZHUHDQGPHWULFWRQV07 GU\PDWWHUSHUKD
VSDUJLQJLVUHVWULFWHGWRSHULRGVZLWK&22VXSSO\DQGKDUYHVW
LQDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\YDQ'LMNHWDO
HI¿FLHQF\LVWKHHQHUJ\GHPDQGRIWKHWRWDOV\VWHPLV
7KHORZHUSURGXFWLRQLQZDVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQ
GHFUHDVHGZLWKDQGZKHQKDUYHVWLQJZDVGRQHE\
WKH¿UVWKDOI\HDUWKHDOJDHZHUHKDUYHVWHGZLWKDVHGLPHQWDWLRQ
FHQWULIXJHDQG'$)XQLWUHVSHFWLYHO\
V\VWHPWKDWDSSHDUHGQRWWRUHVXOWLQKLJK\LHOGV,QWKHRWKHU \HDUVDOJDH\LHOGVZHUHUHDOLVHGZLWKDFHQWULIXJDWLRQV\VWHP
$UHSRUWZDVZULWWHQRQWKHKLJKSRWHQWLDORIPLFURDOJDHWREH
0RGHOFDOFXODWLRQVSUHGLFWHGDQDQQXDOSURGXFWLRQRIDERXW
XVHGDVDQLPDOIHHGDGGLWLYH 6SUXLMWHWDOD $PHWKRG
07GU\PDWWHUSHUKD7KH\LHOGJDSFDQEHGXHWRSHULRGVZLWK
IRUORZWHPSHUDWXUHGU\LQJRIDOJDHKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGDQGWKH
ORZRUQRSURGXFWLRQDIWHUFUDVKHVRUVXERSWLPDO&22DYDLODELOLW\
UHVXOWLQJGULHGELRPDVVLVFXUUHQWO\WHVWHGLQYLWURWHVWVWKDW
DQGKDUYHVWHI¿FLHQF\,QSHULRGVZLWKVWDEOHSURGXFWLRQWKH
LQGLFDWHZKHWKHUDOJDHFDQFRXQWHUDFWDQLPDOGLVHDVHVDVIRU
KDUYHVWHGELRPDVV\LHOGFRUUHVSRQGHGZLWKDQQXDOSURGXFWLRQ
H[DPSOH(VFKHULFKLDFROLLQIHFWLRQV,QJHQHUDOWKHYDOXHRIDOJDH
OHYHOVRI07GU\PDWWHUSHUKD
ELRPDVVEDVHGRQERWKQXWULWLRQDVZHOODVKHDOWKHIIHFWVRQ DQLPDOVLVDWOHDVWDIDFWRUWHQKLJKHUWKDQWKHLUYDOXHDVSURWHLQ
,QDQGDOWHUQDWLYHKDUYHVWV\VWHPVZHUHWHVWHG
6SUXLMWD
GLVVROYHGDLUÀRWDWLRQ'$) DQGVHGLPHQWDWLRQLQFRPELQDWLRQ ZLWKÀRFFXODQWV)RUWKH'$)XQLWWKHEHVWUHVXOWVZHUHREWDLQHG
%DVHGRQOLWHUDWXUHUHVHDUFKDUHSRUWKDVEHHQZULWWHQRQ
IRUWKHIHHGJUDGHÀRFFXODQW%&ÀRF+DUYHVWHI¿FLHQF\ZDV!
DSSOLFDWLRQVRIPLFURDOJDHLQDJULFXOWXUH6SUXLMWHWDOE
IRUDÀRFFXODQWGRVHRIJP3DOJDHZDWHU%\XVLQJD
'LIIHUHQWDOJDHVSHFLHVDUHLQYROYHGPDQ\RIWKHPF\DQR
IHHGJUDGHÀRFFXODQWDSSOLFDWLRQRSWLRQVRIWKHKDUYHVWHG
EDFWHULD DQGSURPLVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVDUHIRUH[DPSOHDVFURS
ELRPDVVDUHLQFUHDVHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHHIÀXHQWRIWKH'$)XQLW
SURWHFWLRQDJHQWJURZWKUHJXODWRUDQGRUVRLODGGLWLYH6HOOLQJ
VRPHWLPHVFDXVHGXQZDQWHGDOJDHÀRFFXODWLRQLQWKHUDFHZD\
SULFHVRIPLFURDOJDHIRUWKHVHDSSOLFDWLRQVDUHKDUGWRGH¿QH
SRQG$OJDHVHGLPHQWDWLRQLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKDQLQFUHDVHGS+
VLQFHDOJDHGRVDJHGDWDLQWKHFRPSRXQGSURGXFWVDUHRIWHQ
OHYHO DQGWKHDGGLWLRQRIDÀRFFXODQWDOVRUHVXOWHGLQD
PLVVLQJ
KDUYHVWHI¿FLHQF\! 7KHUDFHZD\SRQGVZHUHFRQWLQXRXVO\YHUWLFDOO\PL[HGXVLQJ SHUIRUDWHGDLUVSDUJLQJWXEHVDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHSRQG7KLV VSDUJLQJV\VWHPDOVRIXQFWLRQHGDVWUDQVSRUWV\VWHPIRULQMHFWHG ÀXHJDVZKLFKZDVXVHGDVDFDUERQVRXUFHIRUDOJDHJURZWKDQG DVDS+UHJXODWRU0HDVXUHPHQWVLQGLFDWHGDUHODWLYHO\ORZ&22 UHFRYHU\ZLWKWKHXVHGÀXHJDVDGGLWLRQPHWKRGIXUWKHUPRUH )LJXUH2XWGRRUDOJDHUDFHZD\SRQG 26 |
$TXDWLFSODQWV %DVLQVIRUDTXDWLFSODQWVOLNHGXFNZHHGFDWWDLODQGKRUQZRUWEXW DOVRXVXDOO\WHUUHVWULDOO\SURGXFHG VR\EHDQSODQWVKDYHEHHQ FRQVWUXFWHGWRTXDQWLI\JURZWKHI¿FLHQF\RQOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDV VOXUU\DQGUHVLGXDOKHDW,QDP2UDFHZD\SRQGZDWHU K\DFLQWKVDUHVXFFHVVIXOO\SURGXFHGRQOLTXLGIUDFWLRQELRJDV VOXUU\DQGUHVLGXDOKHDW 1RW\HWRSWLPLVHGSURGXFWLRQRIZDWHUK\DFLQWKZDV07 '0KD\HDUDQGSURGXFWLYLWLHVRIFDWWDLODQGKRUQZRUWZHUH KLJKHUWKDQLQQDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPV7DEOH ,WZDVSRVVLEOHWR JURZVR\EHDQSODQWVLQDQDTXDWLFV\VWHPZLWKFRPSDUDEOH \LHOGVWRWHUUHVWULDOV\VWHPV 7DEOH3URGXFWLRQDQGSURWHLQ\LHOGVIRUVHYHUDODTXDWLFSODQWVDQGDOJDH SURGXFHGLQ/HO\VWDGDW:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFK$&55(6 LQ
)LJXUH+DUYHVWHGDOJDHELRPDVV
6SHFLHV
3URGXFWLRQ07'0KD\HDU
3URWHLQ'0YDOXHVIURP 3URWHLQ\LHOG07KD\HDU OLWHUDWXUHDQGRZQDQDO\VHV
'XFNZHHG
12-16
16-45
:DWHUK\DFLQWK
24-32
12-25
+RUQZRUW
Cattail
32
$OJDH
8
7KHSURGXFWLYLW\RIGXFNZHHGLQRSHQSRQGVZDV07'0 KD\U2QHRIWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJFRPSDQLHVKDVGHYHORSHGD V\VWHPIRUGXFNZHHGSURGXFWLRQVLPLODUWRWKDWIRUPLFURDOJDH +RZHYHUDW¿UVWDVWURQJEXVLQHVVFDVHKDVWREHEXLOWIRUKLJK YDOXHDQGRWKHUSURGXFWVIURPGXFNZHHG$TXDWLFSODQWVRU UH¿QHGIUDFWLRQV FDQEHYDORULVHGDVDQLPDOIHHGIXHOVRXUFH ¿EUHVFRGLJHVWLRQVXEVWUDWHVRXUFHRI9)$VFRPSRVWDQG RUJDQLFIHUWLOL]HUDQWLR[LGDQWVFRORXUDQGSODQWGLVHDVHFRQWURO DJHQWV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\FDQEHXVHGIRUFOHDQLQJRUPHWDO XSWDNHIURPZDVWHZDWHUVWUHDPV
)LJXUH&URVVVHFWLRQRIZDWHUK\DFLQWKVSRQJ\VWDON _
&KDOOHQJHVIXWXUHUHVHDUFKDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
/LWHUDWXUH
2XUDPELWLRQLVWRSURGXFHYDOXDEOHSURGXFWVRQVLGHVWUHDPV
•
9DORULVLQJVLGHVWUHDPVLQFLUFXODUDQLPDOIHHGDGGLWLYHV
DQGWRLQYHVWLJDWHQHZRULPSURYHGRSWLRQVIRUDFLUFXODU
2SSRUWXQLWLHVDQGFKDOOHQJHV:HLGH5@
SURGXFWLRQRIDFHWRQHEXWDQRODQGHWKDQROYLDWKH$%( IHUPHQWDWLRQZDVWHVWHGDWD/VFDOHOHYHOLQWKHODERUDWRU\
$SURFHVVGHVLJQIRUGLUHFWO\SURFHVVLQJVXJDUEHHWWKDWLV
7KHHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPUHVXOWHGLQSURFHVVGDWDWKDW
SURSRVHGE\'6'LVWKH%HWD3URFHVVLQZKLFKVXJDUEHHWVDUH
FRXOGEHXVHGDVSDUDPHWHULQSXWIRUDPRGHOGHVLJQHGWR
SUHWUHDWHGE\YDFXXPH[WUXVLRQ7KHLGHDLVWKDWWKHVXJDUEHHW
HVWDEOLVKWKHYLDELOLW\RIWKHEXVLQHVVFDVH
FHOOVDUHRSHQHGXSGXULQJYDFXXPH[WUXVLRQKHUHE\IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKHXSWDNHDQGFRQYHUVLRQRIWKHVXJDUSUHVHQWE\
3URFHVVLQWHJUDWLRQ
PLFURRUJDQLVPVWRIHUPHQWDWLRQSURGXFWVVXFKDVHWKDQRO$WWKH SLORWSODQWIDFLOLW\RI:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFKLQ
$W:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFKLQ/HO\VWDGWKH
/HO\VWDGWKLVSURFHVVLVLQWHJUDWHGLQWKHDOUHDG\SUHVHQWSLORW
%HWD3URFHVVHTXLSPHQWLVLQWHJUDWHGLQWKHDOUHDG\SUHVHQWSLORW
VFDOHHWKDQROIHUPHQWDWLRQSODQWVRWKDWWHVWVFDQEHSHUIRUPHG
VFDOHHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQIDFLOLW\FRQWDLQLQJWZR/
WRGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWRI%HWD3URFHVVRQWKHVSHHGDQG\LHOGRI
IHUPHQWHUV)LJXUHVDQG
WKHHWKDQROIHUPHQWDWLRQE\\HDVWRIWKHWUHDWHGJURXQGVXJDU EHHW
,Q¿JXUHWKHHQWLUHDUUD\RISURFHVVHVLVGHSLFWHG 7KHVXJDUEHHWVDUHFXOWLYDWHGDQGKDUYHVWHG
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHHIIHFWRI%HWD3URFHVVLVWHVWHGLQWKH IHUPHQWDWLYHSURGXFWLRQRIDFHWRQHEXWDQRODQGHWKDQRO7KHVH
6 XJDUEHHWFOHDQLQJWRPLQLPLVHLQFOXVLRQRIVRLOLQWKH SURFHVV
$%(IHUPHQWDWLRQVDUHFDUULHGRXWDWWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQIDFLOLWLHVRI 6XJDUEHHWVFUXVKLQJWRREWDLQDVOXUU\ :DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFK)RRG %LREDVHG5HVHDUFK
, QWKH%HWD3URFHVVWKHFUXVKHGEHHWVDUHKHDWHGXSDQG
3DUWQHUV
7KHWUHDWHGVXJDUEHHWLVIHUPHQWHG
WKHQSXPSHGLQWRDYDFXXPWDQN ' LVWLOODWLRQUHVXOWVLQDGLVWLOODWHULFKLQHWKDQRODQGDUHVLGXDO •
34 |
'6''XWFK6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW '6'
VWUHDPWKDWPD\IRUH[DPSOHEHGLJHVWHGWRSURGXFHELRJDV
%HWDSURFHVV%9LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUPDUNHWLQJDQGVDOHRI
DQGGLJHVWDWH
'LJHVWDWHFDQEHXVHGDVIHUWLOLVHULQVXJDUEHHWFXOWLYDWLRQ
FROXPQ $QRWKHUREVHUYDWLRQLVWKDWJDVSURGXFHGGXULQJHWKDQRO
$FKLHYHGUHVXOWV
IHUPHQWDWLRQQHHGVWREHDEOHWRUHDGLO\HVFDSHIURPWKH
Ethanol production
WKHIHUPHQWHU7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWIRUPLQLPLVLQJSURGXFWLRQFRVWV
3LORWVFDOHSURGXFWLRQFDOOHGIRUDGMXVWPHQWVWR
UHODWHGWRQHHGHGIHUPHQWHUYROXPHSHUDPRXQWRISURGXFHG
•
EHHWFOHDQLQJ
HWKDQRO
•
EHHWFUXVKLQJ
•
VWLUULQJLQ/IHUPHQWHUV
.+(QJLQHHULQJKDVGHYHORSHGDPRGHOLQZKLFKGDWDIURPWKH
•
PLQLPLVLQJJURZWKRIXQZDQWHGPLFURRUJDQLVPVLQ
SLORWSODQWWHVWVDUHXVHGIRUWKHEXVLQHVVFDVHRISURGXFLQJ
IHUPHQWDWLRQ
HWKDQROIURPVXJDUEHHWWKURXJKGLUHFWSURFHVVLQJ
LQOLQHPRQLWRULQJRIHWKDQROIHUPHQWDWLRQE\JDVYROXPH
$XWKRUV0DDUWHQ.RRWVWUD$&55(6 DQG[[[)%5
PHDVXUHPHQW
ABE fermentation
IHUPHQWLQJPDWHULDOLQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWULVLQJRIWKHFRQWHQWRI
•
7HVWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGLQFORVHGDQDHURELFÀDVNVRIP/ZLWK $VWDQGDUGLVHGWHVWSURWRFROKDVEHHQGHYHORSHGIRUWKH
P/RIFXOWXUHPHGLXPIROORZHGE\S+FRQWUROOHG
FRPSOHWHSURFHVVIURPEHHWFOHDQLQJWRIHUPHQWDWLRQ8VLQJWKLV
IHUPHQWDWLRQVLQ/ELRUHDFWRUVZLWKP/PHGLXPWR
WHVWSURWRFRODQGVXJDUVEHHWVIURPXSWRPRQWKV VWRUDJHD
GHWHUPLQHWKH$%(\LHOGRQ%HWD3URFHVVWUHDWHGVXJDUEHHW
VHULHVRINJUXQVKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWLQZKLFKLWZDVIRXQG
$%(LVSURGXFHGWRKLJKVROYHQWWLWUHVRIPRUHWKDQJ/E\
that:
HI¿FLHQWFRQYHUVLRQRIVXFURVHIURP%HWDSURFHVVHGVXJDUEHHWV ¿QDOVXJDUWRHWKDQRO\LHOGVRIaKDYHEHHQ
JRIIUHVKZHLJKW/ E\WKHEDFWHULXP&ORVWULGLXP
UHDFKHGEDVHGRQJDVSURGXFWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV
DFHWREXW\OLFXP7KHPLFURÀRUDRIWKHVXJDUEHHWZDVRYHUJURZQ
•
IRUPDWLRQRIJO\FHUROZDVREVHUYHG
E\&DFHWREXW\OLFXP%HVLGHVVXFURVHVXJDUEHHWFRQWDLQVRWKHU
•
OLPLWHGIRUPDWLRQRIODFWLFDFLGDQGVXFFLQLFZDV
FDUERK\GUDWHVVXFKDVFHOOXORVHDUDELQDQDQGSHFWLQ
REVHUYHG
9DORULVDWLRQRIWKHVHFRPSRXQGVE\WKHVROYHQWRJHQLF&ORVWULGLD
IRUPDWLRQRIRQO\WUDFHVRIPHWKDQROEXWDQRODQGDFHWLF
LVDQLPSRUWDQWVWHSWRZDUGWKHHFRQRP\IHDVLELOLW\RIWKH$%(
DFLGZDVREVHUYHG,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWWRRI
IHUPHQWDWLRQXVLQJVXJDUEHHWDVVXEVWUDWH%XWDVWKH\DUH
DOOVXJDULVXVHGIRU\HDVWSURSDJDWLRQ
SRO\PHULFDQH[WUDSURFHVVVWHSLVQHFHVVDU\WRFRQYHUWWKHPWR
•
WKHIHUPHQWDWLRQWRRNWRKRXUVWRFRPSOHWH
IHUPHQWDEOHVXJDUVWKDWFDQEHFRQYHUWHGWR$%(LQWKH
•
SHDNSURGXFWLRQRIHWKDQROWRRNSODFHZLWKLQKRXUV
VXEVHTXHQWIHUPHQWDWLRQ3DUWRIWKHFHOOXORVHZDVFRQYHUWHGWR
IURPWKHVWDUW
JOXFRVHE\WUHDWPHQWZLWKFRPPHUFLDOFHOOXODVH
•
•
•
RIDOOHWKDQROSURGXFWLRQRFFXUUHGZLWKLQWKH¿UVW KRXUV
$OWKRXJKWKHYLVXDODSSHDUDQFHRIWKHJURXQGVXJDUEHHWGRHV
³7KHWHVWLQJRIWKHGLUHFWSURFHVVLQFRQFHSW
VHHPWREHFKDQJHGLQWKH%HWD3URFHVVWUHDWPHQWDFOHDUHIIHFW
XVLQJ%HWDSURFHVVRQWKH:DJHQLQJHQ
RQWKHVSHHGRU¿QDO\LHOGRIWKHVXEVHTXHQWSLORWVFDOHHWKDQRO
8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFKLQ/HO\VWDGKDVVXSSRUWHG
IHUPHQWDWLRQUHPDLQVWREHVKRZQ$QHZVHULHVRIUXQVLV
WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHWHFKQRORJ\WRDODUJH
FXUUHQWO\XQGHUZD\XVLQJQHZO\KDUYHVWHGEHHWV
H[WHQW:HDUHQRZDWWKHSRLQWZHUHZHDUH
7KHJURXQGVXJDUEHHWGRHVVHHPWROLTXHI\GXULQJIHUPHQWDWLRQ
GHYHORSLQJDGHPRSODQWLQZKLFKZHZLOO
EXWGLVWLOODWLRQRIWKHIHUPHQWHGPDWHULDOUHTXLUHVDGLIIHUHQWVHW
FRQWLQXHWKHFRRSHUDWLRQ´
XSWKDQFXUUHQWO\SUHVHQWDWWKH$FUUHVHWKDQROSLORWSODQWDVWKH IHUPHQWHGPDWHULDOFORJVWKHFXUUHQWO\SUHVHQWGLVWLOODWLRQ
| 35
2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQW
ABE fermentation •
• •
$%(IHUPHQWDWLRQVQHHGWREHRSWLPL]HGIRU$%(\LHOG DQGSURGXFWLYLW\E\DGMXVWPHQWRIRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
Ethanol production $GLVWLOODWLRQVHWXSLVQHHGHGFDSDEOHRISURFHVVLQJWKH
•
,QDGGLWLRQWRVXFURVHFXUUHQWO\QRQIHUPHQWDEOH
WKLFNIHUPHQWHGVXJDUEHHWPDVV
SRO\PHULFFRPSRQHQWVRIVXJDUEHHWVXFKDVFHOOXORVH
$SDUWIURPIHUPHQWDWLRQVSHHGDQG\LHOGWKH
DUDELQDQDQGSHFWLQQHHGWREHFRQYHUWHGWR
%HWD3URFHVVWUHDWPHQWPD\KDYHHIIHFWVRQWKHFUXVKHG
IHUPHQWDEOHVXJDUVWREHXVHGIRU$%(IHUPHQWDWLRQLQ
VXJDUEHHWWKDWSOD\DUROHGXULQJGLUHFWIHUPHQWDWLRQ
RUGHUWRLQFUHDVHRYHUDOOHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\
IRUH[DPSOHRQQHHGHGLQWHQVLW\RIVWLUULQJRQ OLTXHIDFWLRQDQGRQWKHHDVHRI&2HVFDSLQJIURPWKH
+DQVYDQ.OLQN &HHVYDQ/RRQ'6'
IHUPHQWLQJPDWHULDOLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKHRFFXUUHQFHRI
³:RUNLQJZLWK:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\
ULVLQJ7KHVHPHQWLRQHGH[DPSOHVDOOLQÀXHQFH
5HVHDUFKLQ/HO\VWDGKDVSURYHQWREHUHDO
SURGXFWLRQFRVWV
FROODERUDWLRQWRHDFKWKHLURZQH[SHUWLVH SURYLGHFODULW\DQGPRYHIRUZDUG7KH SUDFWLFDOPLQGHGUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHKHOSHGXVWR UHDFKJUHHQVROXWLRQV´
)LJXUH3URFHVVLQJGLDJUDP%HWDSURFHVV
BETAPROCESS Vacuüm
Suikerbietenteelt Verhitten
Reinigen
Gist Fermenteren Vermalen
Opslag Ethanol Destilleren Elektriciteit Warmte
Biogas WKK Vergisten
Groen gas
Gas opwerking Digestaat
36 |
)LJXUH6XJDUEHHWFOHDQLQJLQSURJUHVVRQWKH/HO\VWDGSLORWIDFLOLW\
_
38 |
)LJXUH%HWDSURJUHVVSLORWLQWKH/HO\VWDG
_
_
5H¿QHU\RIJUHHQ OHDYHVWRSURGXFH SURWHLQSURGXFWV
6
| 41
$XWKRU(.HLMVHUV
7ZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVFDQEHGLVWLQJXLVKHGEDVHGRQWKHWUHDWPHQW RIWKHUDZPDWHULDOGLUHFWO\DIWHUKDUYHVW7KH¿UVWW\SHHQVLODJHV
,QWKLVUHVHDUFKSURMHFWWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUDVPDOOVFDOH
WKHUDZPDWHULDOWREHDEOHWRSURGXFH\HDUURXQG7KHVHFRQG
ELRUH¿QHU\EDVHGRQJUHHQOHDYHVKDYHEHHQVWXGLHG7KH
W\SHSURFHVVHVDVIUHVKDVSRVVLEOHDIWHUKDUYHVWUHVXOWLQJLQ
UHVHDUFKIRFXVVHGRQVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDQGVSLQDFKDVUDZ
VHDVRQDOSURGXFWLRQ7KHSURFHVVLQJVHDVRQLVOHQJWKHQHGE\
PDWHULDO'XULQJWKHIRXU\HDUVRIUHVHDUFKDODUJHQXPEHURI
GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHUDZPDWHULDOVHJJUDVVIROORZHGE\
VPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGHQWHUSULVHVKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWRWKLV
FRQVHFXWLYHO\VXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDQGJUHHQPDQXUHV %LRUH¿QHU\
ZRUNSDFNDJHDQGMRLQWO\GLUHFWHGWKHUHVHDUFKWRSLFV,QWKH¿UVW FRQFHSWVEDVHGRQVLODJHPDLQO\SURGXFHDUHODWLYHFOHDQ¿EUH WZR\HDUVWKHSURMHFWIRFXVVHGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQ
SURGXFWDQGDSHSWLGHDPLQRDFLGSURGXFWWREHXVHGDVFKHPLFDO
HFRQRPLFDOO\YLDEOHELRUH¿QHU\EDVHGRQVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVWR
RUIHHG$OWHUQDWLYHSURGXFWVIRUWKHVHFRQFHSWVLQFOXGHHQHUJ\
SURGXFHDSURWHLQULFKIHHGSURGXFWLQFOXGLQJWKHVLGHHIIHFWRQ
DQGKHDWIURPDQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQDQGFKHPLFDOVOLNHODFWLFDFLG
VRLORUJDQLFPDWWHUDQGQXWULHQWDYDLODELOLW\,QWKHODWWHU\HDUV
DQGVXJDUV%LRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVEDVHGRQIUHVKPDWHULDOVPDLQO\
WKHSURMHFWIRFXVVHGPRUHRQGHYHORSLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQRID
SURGXFHDFRDJXODWHGSURWHLQSURGXFWDQGD¿EURXVSUHVVFDNHWR
SURWHLQSURGXFWIURPVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDQGVSLQDFKZLWKDKLJKHU EHXVHGUHVSHFWLYHO\DVSLJRUFKLFNHQIHHGDQGFRZIHHG DGGHGYDOXHWRRYHUFRPHWKHSRRUHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\RIWKH
$OWHUQDWLYHSURGXFWVIRUWKHVHFRQFHSWVDUHDOVRHQHUJ\DQGKHDW
ELRUH¿QHULHVSURGXFLQJIHHGDQGHQHUJ\DVPDLQSURGXFWV
IURPDQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQIHUWLOLVHUSKRVSKDWHDQGPLQHUDOV DQG ¿EUHVIRUWHFKQLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKUHODWLYHO\ORZTXDOLW\,Q ¿JXUHDJHQHUDORYHUYLHZRIJUHHQELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVLV
*UHHQ%LRUH¿QHULHV
JLYHQ *UHHQELRUH¿QHULHVLQFOXGLQJJUHHQOHDIHELRUH¿QHULHVKDYH
%LRHWKDQRO
EHHQVWXGLHGIRUDWOHDVW\HDUVLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVRI(XURSH
6XJDUV
DQGDEURDG3LORWVFDOHGHPRVFDOHDQGLQGXVWULDOVFDOHSODQWV
Lactic acid
KDYHEHHQVHWXSLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV$XVWULD*HUPDQ\ 'HQPDUN6ZLW]HUODQGDQGRWKHUFRXQWULHV:KLOHWKHUDZ
3XOSLQJ
PDWHULDOIRUWKHVHELRUH¿QHULHVDUHVLPLODUWKHFRQFHSWVGLIIHUWR
'LVVROYLQJ FHOOXORVH 0HFKDQLFDOSXOS
&KHPLFDOSXOS
DODUJHH[WHQW 8SJUDGLQJ IUDFWLRQLVDWLRQ
)LJXUH*UHHQELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSW
)LEHV
&DNH Pellets Smart 6HSDUDWLRQ
Filler
6LODJH Feed
Fresh Biomass OHDYHV JUDVV
Pretreated material
6HSDUDWLRQ &KORURSK\OO
0HFKDQLFDO SUHWUHDWPHQW
-XLFH
&RDJXODWLRQ
3URWHLQ&DNH
5XELVFR Smart 6HSDUDWLRQ $QLPRDFLGV
2UJDQLFDFLGV
0LQHUDOV
42 |
,VRODWLRQPDWHULDO
2WKHU FRPSRQHQWV
&RPSRVLWHV
*UHHQOHDIELRUH¿QHU\
3 URGXFWLRQRIKHDWDQGHQHUJ\E\DQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQ DIWHUHQVLODJH
7KHJUHHQOHDYHVVHOHFWHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKOLPLWWKHW\SHRI SURGXFWVWKDWFDQEHSURGXFHG,QFRQWUDVWZLWKJUDVVHVWKH
$OOFRQFHSWVZHUHWHVWHGRQODEVFDOHWRREWDLQGDWDIRUWKHPDVV
VHOHFWHGUDZPDWHULDOVVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDQGVSLQDFK GRQRW
EDODQFHVXVHGLQWKHHFRQRPLFDOHYDOXDWLRQ%HVLGHVSUHVVLQJE\
FRQWDLQD¿EUHIUDFWLRQZLWKVLJQL¿FDQW¿EUHVWUHQJWKWRXVHDV
XVLQJDVFUHZSUHVVWKHYDFXXPH[SORVLRQSURFHVV%HWD
UDZPDWHULDOIRUHJFRPSRVLWHVSDSHURUEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV
SURFHVV IURP'6'ZDVXVHG7KHHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIDOOWKUHH
%LRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVEDVHGRQVLODJHDOWKRXJKVWLOOKDYLQJWKH
SURFHVVHVZDVFDOFXODWHGWREHYHU\SRRUDQGPDMRULQFUHDVHVRI
EHQH¿WRI\HDUURXQGSURGXFWLRQWKHUHE\ORVHWKHLUPDLQRWKHU
\LHOGDQGVHOHFWLYLW\RIWKHVHOHFWHGELRUH¿QHU\SURFHVVHVZHUH
EHQH¿WWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDUHODWLYHO\FOHDQ¿EUHSURGXFW7KH
LGHQWL¿HGWREHQHFHVVDU\WRREWDLQDSUR¿WDEOHEXVLQHVV
PDLQEHQH¿WRIDELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWEDVHGRQIUHVKUDZPDWHULDO FRQFHSW WKHSRVVLELOLW\WRSURGXFHKLJKYDOXHSURWHLQSURGXFWVZDV SURFHVVHVVWXGLHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK
7KHHIIHFWRIDVXJDUEHHWELRUH¿QHU\RQVRLOIHUWLOLW\DQG 1LWURJHQORVV
(FRQRPLFHYDOXDWLRQRIDVXJDUEHHWOHDIELRUH¿QHU\
%HVLGHVWKHEHQH¿WVRIXVLQJVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDVUDZPDWHULDO
GHFLVLYHIRUWKHFKRLFHRIWKHGLIIHUHQWJUHHQOHDIELRUH¿QHU\
IRUWKHELREDVHGDQGFLUFXODUHFRQRP\WKHHIIHFWRIUHPRYDORI ,QWKH¿UVW\HDURIWKLVSURMHFWWKHHFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIWKUHH
VXJDUEHHWOHDYHVIURPWKH¿HOGZDVFRQVLGHUHG'LMN )RU
GLIIHUHQWELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVZDVVWXGLHG:ROI
WKHWKUHHELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHHIIHFWRQVRLO IHUWLOLW\DQGQLWURJHQORVVZDVFDOFXODWHGLQUHIHUHQFHWRWKH
7KHWKUHHFRQFHSWVZHUHVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQDVHWRIFULWHULD
FXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWKHOHDYHVDUHOHIWRQWKH¿HOGDIWHUWKH VXJDUEHHWKDUYHVW7KHGLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWVUHVXOWLQGLIIHUHQW
7 KHSURFHVVKDGWREHVPDOOVFDOHDQGGHFHQWUDOLQOLQH
DPRXQWVRIPLQHUDOVDQGSKRVSKDWHWKDWDUHUHWXUQHGWRWKH
ZLWKWKHJRDORIWKHRYHUDOOVPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\
¿HOG$OOFRQFHSWVUHVXOWLQDORVVRIHIIHFWLYHRUJDQLFPDWWHULQ
SURMHFW
WKH¿HOGDQGDORZHUQLWURJHQDYDLODELOLW\7KHDPRXQWRI
7 KHSURFHVVKDGWREHORZWHFKDQGORZFRVWEHFDXVHRI
SKRVSKDWHDQGSRWDVVLXPLVDOVRUHGXFHG2QWKHSRVLWLYHVLGH
WKHORZYDOXHRIWKHSURSRVHGHQGSURGXFWV
WKHUHPRYDORIVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVZLOOUHVXOWLQDORZHUHPLVVLRQ
7 KHSURFHVVKDGWRFRQVLVWRIQHDUWRPDUNHWRUPDUNHW
RIWKHJUHHQKRXVHJDVQLWURXVR[LGHGXULQJZLQWHUWLPH,WZDV
UHDG\WHFKQRORJ\IRFXVVLQJRQDPDUNHWUHDG\
FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHHIIHFWRIDVXJDUEHHWELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWWKDW
ELRUH¿QHU\LQDIHZ\HDUVWLPH
UHWXUQVPRVWRIWKHVLGHSURGXFWVGLUHFWO\EDFNWRWKH¿HOGZDV
7 KHSURFHVVKDGWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKDWVXJDUEHHW
WKHSUHIHUUHGFKRLFHEDVHGRQVRLOIHUWLOLW\
OHDYHVDUHDVHFRQGDU\SURGXFW7KHSURFHVVVKRXOGQRW LQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHVXJDUEHHWKDUYHVWRUWKHTXDOLW\RI WKHKDUYHVWHGVXJDUEHHWV %DVHGRQWKHVHFULWHULDWKHWKUHHVHOHFWHGFRQFHSWVZHUH
3LORWVFDOHSURGXFWLRQRI5XELVFRSURWHLQIURPVXJDUEHHW OHDYHV %DVHGRQWKHHFRQRPLFHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHWKUHH³ORZFRVWVORZ YDOXHSURGXFWV´ELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVDQGWKHIRFXVRIWKH
3 URGXFWLRQRIFRDJXODWHGSURWHLQIURPWKHMXLFHREWDLQHG
LQGXVWULDOSDUWQHUVODUJHVFDOHSLORWWULDOVZHUHSHUIRUPHGLQWKH
DIWHUSUHVVLQJRIWKHVXJDUEHHWOHDYHV
VHFRQG\HDUWRSURGXFHDKLJKYDOXHZKLWHSURWHLQSURGXFW
3 URGXFWLRQRIDSURWHLQULFKSUHVVFDNHREWDLQHGDIWHU
5XELVFR,QGRLQJVRWKHLGHDRIDORZFRVWFRQFHSWZDV
FRQVHFXWLYHKHDWLQJDQGSUHVVLQJRIWKHVXJDUEHHW
H[FKDQJHGIRUDFRQFHSWIRFXVVLQJRQ5XELVFRDVPDLQSURGXFW
OHDYHV
DQGVHYHUDOORZYDOXHVLGHSURGXFWV7KHWULDOVZHUHEDVHGRQD
| 43
SURFHVVSDWHQWHGE\7127KH\ZHUHSHUIRUPHGDWWKHIDFLOLWLHV
ZRXOGEHPRUHHDV\WRLQWURGXFHLQWRWKHIRRGPDUNHWWKDQZKLWH
RI%RGHFLQ+HOPRQGSDUWO\XVLQJVHSDUDWLRQHTXLSPHQWVKLSSHG
SURWHLQIURPVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVDQGSDUWO\RQWKHOHVVULJLGFHOO
IURPWKHELREDVHGSURGXFWVLQQRYDWLRQSODQWLQ:DJHQLQJHQ
ZDOOVWUXFWXUHRIVSLQDFK7KHODWWHUZRXOGHQDEOHDOHVVULJRURXV
%DVLFDOO\WKHSURFHVVFRQVLVWVRIDVHULHVRIVHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVHV
FHOORSHQLQJSURFHVV'LIIHUHQWSURFHVVHVZHUHVWXGLHGRQ
XVLQJDSUHVVLQJVWDJHDQGDVHOHFWLYHFKHPLFDOO\DLGHG
ODEVFDOHSURGXFLQJZKLWHDQGJUHHQSURWHLQV7HVWVWRSURGXFH
FRDJXODWLRQVWDJHIROORZHGE\VHYHUDOFHQWULIXJDODQG¿OWUDWLRQ
SURWHLQIURPVSLQDFKXVLQJWKH%HWDSURFHVVWHFKQRORJ\LQ
VWDJHV$OWKRXJKWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHSLORWWULDOVZHUHOHVVRSWLPDO
FRPELQDWLRQZLWKVHOHFWHGFKHPLFDOVZHUHUHSRUWHGLQ.RRWVWUD
EHFDXVHRIWKHODFNRIODEVFDOHH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKHSURFHVVWKH
2QODEVFDOHDUHODWLYHO\VLPSOHSURFHVVFRQVLVWLQJRID
LQVLJKWVJDLQHGLQWKHSURFHVVZHUHYHU\YDOXDEOH5HVXOWV
FHOOGLVUXSWLRQVWDJHDFRDJXODWLRQVWDJHDQGDGLDO\VLVVWDJH
VKRZHGWKDWLQWHQVLYHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIDOOPDMRU
ZDVGHYHORSHGUHVXOWLQJLQDZKLWHSURWHLQSURGXFWIURPVSLQDFK
SURFHVVLQJVWDJHVLVQHFHVVDU\WRREWDLQPD[LPXP\LHOGDQG
$OWHUQDWLYHURXWHVLQFOXGLQJDPRQJRWKHUVWKHDGGLWLRQRI
VHOHFWLYLW\RIWKHSURFHVV
FKHPLFDOVGXULQJFRDJXODWLRQDQDFWLYDWHGFDUERQVHSDUDWLRQ VWDJHDQGH[WHQVLYHZDVKLQJVWDJHVUHVXOWHGLQOHVVRSWLPDO
'HYHORSPHQWRISURFHVVHVRQODEVFDOHWRSURGXFHZKLWH SURWHLQIURPJUHHQOHDYHV
SURGXFWV+RZHYHUWKH\LHOGRIWKHZKLWHSURWHLQSURGXFWZDV VPDOODERXWRIWKHRULJLQDOSURWHLQFRQWHQWRIWKH VSLQDFK 7KLVVPDOO\LHOGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHUHVXOWVDQGLQVLJKWV
7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHSLORWWULDOVVKLIWHGWKHIRFXVRIWKHLQGXVWULDO
RIWKHSLORWVFDOHWULDOVRIWKHVHFRQG\HDUJDYHULVHWRWKH
SDUWQHUVWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDPRUHVLPSOHSURFHVVWRREWDLQ
DVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHDPRXQWRIZKLWHSURWHLQSUHVHQWLQVSLQDFK
ZKLWHSURWHLQIURPJUHHQOHDYHV$VDUDZPDWHULDOVSLQDFK
DQGVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVLVDFWXDOO\VPDOO0RVWZKLWHSURWHLQ
LQVWHDGRIVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVZDVFKRVHQ7KLVFKRLFHZDVSDUWO\
VHHPVVRPHKRZERQGHGZLWKFRORXUHGVXEVWDQFHV
EDVHGRQWKHLGHDWKDWWKHXVHRIZKLWHSURWHLQIURPVSLQDFK
44 |
)LJXUH3UHVVSXOSIURPJUHHQOHDYHV
'HYHORSPHQWRISURFHVVHVRQODEVFDOHWRSURGXFHJUHHQ SURWHLQZLWKLPSURYHGWDVWH
IUDFWLRQVRILQVXI¿FLHQWTXDOLW\WRVHUYHDVYDOXDEOHSURGXFW7KH
7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHNQRZOHGJHREWDLQHGIURPWKHHFRQRPLF
DPRXQWRIHQHUJ\DQGKHDWREWDLQHGE\DQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQ$VD
HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHORZFRVWELRUH¿QHU\WKHODUJHVFDOHSLORWWULDOV
³ORZFRVWVORZYDOXHSURGXFWV´ELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWZDVQRW
DQGWKHODEVFDOHGHYHORSPHQWRIDSURFHVVWRREWDLQZKLWH
HFRQRPLFWKHIRFXVZDVVKLIWHGWRELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWV
SURWHLQUHVXOWHGLQDIRFXVVKLIWLQWKHIRXUWK\HDU2QODEVFDOHD
SURGXFLQJKLJKYDOXHIRRGTXDOLW\SURWHLQSURGXFWV7KH
SURFHVVZDVGHYHORSHGWRREWDLQDJUHHQSURWHLQSURGXFWIURP
SURFHVVHVGHYHORSHGDQGSDUWO\RSWLPLVHGRQODEVFDOHZLOOKDYH
VSLQDFKZLWKRXWWKHQRUPDOO\REWDLQHGELWWHUWDVWH' 7KLV
WREHIXUWKHUVWXGLHGEHIRUHDVPDOOVFDOHOHDIELRUH¿QHU\ZLOOEH
VPDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWIRFXVVHVRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRID
WHFKQLFDODQGHFRQRPLFYLDEOH7KHREWDLQHGLQVLJKWVLQWRWKH
KLJKHUDGGHGYDOXHSURWHLQSURGXFWZLWKDUHODWLYHO\KLJK\LHOG
GLIIHUHQWSURFHVVHVDQGFRQFHSWVKDYHEURXJKWWKHVSLQDFKDQG
FRPSDUHGWRWKHZKLWHSURWHLQRSWLRQ $JDLQWKHSURFHVVZDV
VXJDUEHHWOHDYHVELRUH¿QHU\DVWHSFORVHU
LQLWLDOO\GHYHORSHGIRUVSLQDFKLQVWHDGRIVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVWR
)RULQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHSLORWVFDOHWULDODQGWKH
VLPSOLI\PDUNHWLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH)RRGSURGXFW$IWHU
GHYHORSHGSURFHVVHVWRREWDLQZKLWHDQGJUHHQSURWHLQFRQWDFW
HVWDEOLVKLQJDORQJOLVWRISRVVLEOHUHDVRQVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW
WKHDXWKRU
HFRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIWKHELRUH¿QHU\FRQFHSWVWKHUHIRUHVWURQJO\ GHSHQGRQWKHTXDOLW\DQG\LHOGRIWKHSURWHLQSURGXFWVDQGWKH
RIELWWHUWDVWHGXULQJSURWHLQVHSDUDWLRQWZRPDLQIRFXV SDUDPHWHUVZHUHVHOHFWHGDQGVWXGLHGWKHHIIHFWRISURFHVVLQJ
5HSRUWV
WLPHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJWKHWRWDOSURFHVV2QODEVFDOHWKH RSWLPLVDWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVLQJSDUDPHWHUVUHVXOWHGLQSURGXFWV
'LMN:YDQ*HHO:&$YDQ9RRUW03-YDQGHU
ZLWKLPSURYHGVPHOODQGWDVWH
(IIHFWYDQYHUVFKLOOHQGHYDULDQWHQYDQUDI¿QDJHYDQELHWHQEODG RSERGHPYUXFKWEDDUKHLGHQVWLNVWRIYHUOLH]HQ(IIHFWVRIGLIIHUHQW UH¿QHU\VROXWLRQVRIVXJDUEHHWOHDYHVRQVRLOIHUWLOLW\DQG QLWURJHQORVVHV KWWSHGHSRWZXUQO
3DXOXV.RVWHUV*UHHQ3URWHLQ 7KH336SURMHFWKDVJLYHQXVDFFHVVWRDZLGH
:ROI3/GH9LVVHU&/0GH.HLMVHUV(530HHVWHUV
DUUD\RINQRZOHGJHZLWKLQ:85DQGFROOHDJXHV
.3++HHVDNNHUV-:0$HUWV0.OHLQVFKDOLJH
LQSDUWLFLSDWLQJFRPSDQLHV7KHZRUNFDUULHG
UDI¿QDJHYDQELHWHQEODGHHUVWHYHUNHQQLQJYDQGH
RXWKDVLQFUHDVHGRXULQVLJKWVLQWRRXURZQ
PRJHOLMNKHGHQ6PDOOVFDOHELRUH¿QHU\RIVXJDUEHHWOHDYHV
TXHVW
H[SORUDWLRQRISRVVLEOHURXWHV KWWSHGHSRWZXUQO .RRWVWUD$0-+XXUPDQ63URWHLQH[WUDFWLRQIURP VSLQDFKMXLFHXVLQJYDFXXPH[SORVLRQDQGWKHLUVHSDUDWLRQE\
&RQFOXVLRQV
DFWLYHFDUERQKHDWDQG&D&O:DJHQLQJHQ85332$&55(6 5DSSRUW332$*9 S
*UHHQELRUH¿QHULHVEDVHGRQJUDVVHVDUHFXUUHQWO\ERRPLQJLQ WKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGDEURDG%DVHGRQIUHVKJUDVVSLORWVFDOH PRELOH SODQWVDUHLQRSHUDWLRQLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV*UDVVD DQG RWKHUFRXQWULHV'HQPDUN %DVHGRQVLODJHLQGXVWULDOVFDOH SODQWVDUHUXQQLQJLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV1HZIRVV DQGHJ *HUPDQ\%LRZHUW $OOJUDVVELRUH¿QHULHVDUHSDUWO\GULYHQE\ WKH¿EUHSURGXFWIRUIHHGSDSHURULQVXODWLRQ7KHJUHHQ ELRUH¿QHULHVVWXGLHGLQWKLVSURMHFWDUHEDVHGRQOHDYHVZLWK¿EUH
| 45
46 |
_
48 |
$FLGL¿HGZDWHU H[WUDFWLRQDQG SXUL¿FDWLRQRI VWHYLROJO\FRVLGHV IURPIUHVK6WHYLD
_
_ )LJXUH6WHYLDSODQWIURPJUHHQKRXVHFXOWLYDWLRQ
$XWKRU$0-.RRWVWUD
$FKLHYHGUHVXOWV
%DFNJURXQG
:DWHUDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHLVDGGHGWRIUHVK6WHYLDSODQW PDWHULDO6RPHVDFFKDURVHLVDGGHGWRDLGWKHPLFURRUJDQLVPV
6WHYLDUHEDXGLDQDLVDVRXUFHRIQDWXUDOKLJKSRWHQF\ORZFDORULH
WKDWDUHQDWXUDOO\SUHVHQWRQWKHSODQWLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
VZHHWHQHUVLQLWVOHDYHVVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHV6WHYLRVLGHDQG
RUJDQLFDFLGVDQGWKHPL[WXUHLVOHIWWRDFLGLI\$IWHUDFHUWDLQ
UHEDXGLRVLGH$H[WUDFWHGIURP6WHYLDOHDYHVKDYHEHHQZLGHO\
WLPHWKHDTXHRXVIUDFWLRQWKHSULPDU\H[WUDFWLVVHSDUDWHGRII
XVHGIRU\HDUVDVDVZHHWHQHULQDZLGHYDULHW\RIIRRGVLQ
WREHSXUL¿HG
-DSDQ6RXWK.RUHD&KLQD6RXWK(DVW$VLDDQG6RXWK$PHULFD
,QWKHIRFXVZDVRQWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHDFLGLFZDWHU
6LQFHWKHDSSURYDORI6WHYLDVZHHWHQHUVLQWKH86E\WKH)'$LQ
H[WUDFWLRQE\FRPSDULQJWKUHHFRQVHFXWLYH6WHYLDKDUYHVWVIURP
DQGE\WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQLQDSSOLFDWLRQRIVWHYLRO
WKHVDPHSORWLQ5RPDQLD3XUL¿FDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGE\XOWUD
JO\FRVLGHKDVULVHQPDLQO\IRUVRIWGULQNVDQGLQGXVWULDOLQWHUHVW
8) DQGQDQR¿OWUDWLRQ1) 5HVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWRZW
KDVULVHQDFFRUGLQJO\>@
RIDOOVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVSUHVHQWLQWKHSODQWHQGHGXSLQWKH H[WUDFWDQGLQWKHVDPHUHODWLYHFRQFHQWUDWLRQDVLQWKHSODQW
)RUWKHH[WUDFWLRQDQGSXUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVIURP
7KHSXULW\RIWKH¿QDOSURGXFWZDVORZHUWKDQGHVLUHGZLWKWR
WKHSODQWPDWHULDOVHYHUDOSRVVLELOLWLHVH[LVW$FRPPRQO\XVHG
ZWRIWKHGU\PDWWHUFRQVLVWLQJRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHV7KH
H[WUDFWLRQPHWKRGFRQVLVWVRIH[WUDFWLQJGULHGDQGSRZGHUHG
UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHGQRGLIIHUHQFHVLQH[WUDFWLRQHI¿FDF\EHWZHHQ
OHDYHVZLWKKRWZDWHUIROORZHGE\DSXUL¿FDWLRQSURFHVVWKDW
WKHWKUHHKDUYHVWV7KHGU\PDWWHUFRQWHQWRIWKHSODQWVGLG
PD\LQFOXGHFODUL¿FDWLRQE\¿OWUDWLRQRUFHQWULIXJDWLRQFKHODWLQJ
LQFUHDVHZLWKKDUYHVWWLPHPDLQO\GXHWRWKLFNHQLQJRIWKH
DJHQWVDGVRUSWLRQFROXPQVHWFHWHUD>@)RUSXUL¿FDWLRQ
VWHPVDQGDVZDVWREHH[SHFWHGWKLVOHGWRDVRPHZKDW
SXUSRVHVXOWUDDQGQDQR¿OWUDWLRQDUHDOVRVXJJHVWHGLQFOXGLQJ
GHFUHDVHGDYHUDJHJO\FRVLGHOHYHOLQWKHSODQW$VWULNLQJO\ODUJH
DFHQWULIXJDWLRQVWHSIRUSULPDU\FODUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHH[WUDFWLQD
YDULDELOLW\RIJO\FRVLGHOHYHOVZDVIRXQGLQWKHSODQWPDWHULDO
VWXG\XVLQJGULHGDQGSRZGHUHG6WHYLDOHDYHV>@
)LJXUH
7RUHGXFHSURFHVVFRVWVUHODWHGWRGU\LQJLWPD\EHSUHIHUDEOHWR SURFHVVIUHVK6WHYLDSRVVLEO\DWUHODWLYHO\VPDOOVFDOH±IRU LQVWDQFHFORVHWRWKHDUHDRIFXOWLYDWLRQ7KHFRPSDQ\1HZ)RVV SURSRVHVWRH[WUDFWIUHVK6WHYLDSODQWPDWHULDOLQZDWHUDWURRP WHPSHUDWXUH±DOVRVDYLQJHQHUJ\LQWKHH[WUDFWLRQSKDVH,Q RUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHH[WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVWKURXJKWKH FHOOZDOOWKHZDWHULVDFLGL¿HGLQRUGHUWRSURPRWHFHOOZDOO SHUPHDELOLW\7KHDFLGL¿FDWLRQLVDFKLHYHGE\PLFURRUJDQLVPV SUHVHQWRQWKHSODQWPDWHULDOWKDWSURGXFHRUJDQLFDFLGV
*RDO 7RGHYHORSDQGHYDOXDWHWKHDFLGL¿HGZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLRO JO\FRVLGHVIURPIUHVK6WHYLDSODQWVLQFOXGLQJSXUL¿FDWLRQ7KH UHVHDUFKLVSHUIRUPHGZLWKSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQLQPLQGZKLFK PHDQVWKDWLQGXVWULDOO\DYDLODEOHWHFKQRORJ\DQGPDWHULDOVDUH XVHGDQGPRVWO\DWEHQFKSLORWVFDOH$IDFWRU\GHVLJQLVWREH PDGHWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWZDWHUUHF\FOH
| 51
50
,QWKHIRFXVZDVRQLPSURYLQJWKHFODUL¿FDWLRQRIWKH SULPDU\H[WUDFW)LJXUH LQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKHORDGRQWKH
40
XOWUD¿OWUDWLRQIRUZKLFKDVPDOOHUSRUHVL]HRIWKH8)PHPEUDQH ZDVFKRVHQWRLQFUHDVHWKHSXULW\RIWKH¿OWUDWH$OWKRXJKWKH
30
LPSURYHGFODUL¿FDWLRQUHVXOWHGLQDPXFKFOHDUHUOLTXLGHQWHULQJ WKH8)VWHSWKHUHVXOWLQJ¿OWUDWHRQO\FRQWDLQHGaZW
20
JO\FRVLGHVLQWKHGU\PDWWHUZKLFKZDVVLPLODUWRWKHRULJLQDO H[WUDFW&OHDUO\WKHLPSURYHGFODUL¿FDWLRQDQGVPDOOHU8)SRUH
10 0
VL]HGLGQRWLPSURYHWKHSXUL¿FDWLRQ
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
,QXVLQJ6WHYLDSODQWVFXOWLYDWHGLQDJUHHQKRXVHRQVLWH
6WHYLRVLGH
)LJXUH WKHIRFXVLVRQHYDOXDWLQJWKHSXUL¿FDWLRQSRWHQWLDO RIWKHDFLGL¿HGZDWHUH[WUDFWXVLQJLQGXVWU\VWDQGDUG SXUL¿FDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\VXFKDVFODUL¿FDWLRQDGVRUSWLRQUHVLQ
30
)LJXUH DQGLRQH[FKDQJHUHVLQV$FRPSDULVRQLVPDGH
25 25
ZLWKKRWZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQRIGULHG6WHYLD3UHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWV
20
VKRZYHU\QLFHSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHDFLGL¿HGZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQ
15 15
GHYHORSHGE\1HZ)RVV
UHJDUGLQJSXULW\RIWKH¿QDOSURGXFW$IDFWRU\GHVLJQLV
10 55 0 1
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
8
5HE$ 88 7
g g
66 55 44 33
2 12 1 11 0 1
1
5
6
8
5HE& )LJXUH6WHYLROJO\FRVLGHVLQ¿UVWKDUYHVWRI6WHYLD PJJGU\PDWWHU $YHUDJHYDOXHVRIWZRVDPSOHV HUURUEDU VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ
52 |
)LJXUH&ODUL¿FDWLRQRISULPDU\H[WUDFWE\¿OWUDWLRQ
2SSRUWXQLWLHV
5HSRUWV
7KHDFLGL¿HGZDWHUH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVFDQ
.RRWVWUD0([WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVIURPIUHVK6WHYLD
EHGHYHORSHGWRDODUJHUVFDOH0DQDJLQJIXUWKHUVFDOHXSZRXOG
XVLQJDFLGL¿HGZDWHUFODUL¿FDWLRQE\XOWUD¿OWUDWLRQDQG
EHLQWHUHVWLQJDQGDOVRWKHRSWLPLVDWLRQRIWKHSXUL¿FDWLRQE\
FRQFHQWUDWLRQE\QDQR¿OWUDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ85332
IRUH[DPSOHFRPELQLQJPHPEUDQH¿OWUDWLRQZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQRI
$FUUHV5HSRUW332$*9
DGVRUSWLRQLPSURYLQJSXUL¿FDWLRQE\LQWURGXFLQJDGHFRORXUDWLRQ VWHSRUSRVVLEO\VHSDUDWLQJJO\FRVLGHVGXULQJSXUL¿FDWLRQ
.RRWVWUD$0-HWDO([WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVIURPIUHVK
$QRWKHUSRLQWRIIRFXVPD\EHWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHDFLGL¿FDWLRQ
6WHYLDXVLQJDFLGL¿HGZDWHUFODUL¿FDWLRQIROORZHGE\
DQGH[WUDFWLRQDVLVSURSRVHGLQWKHRULJLQDO1HZ)RVVSURFHVV
XOWUD¿OWUDWLRQDQGQDQR¿OWUDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ85332
ZKLFKZRXOGPHDQWKDWDFLGL¿HGZDWHUFDQEHXVHGPXOWLSOH
$FUUHV5HSRUW332$*9
WLPHVDQGUHPRYHWKHQHHGIRUDGGLQJVDFFKDURVH$WKLUGSRLQW RIIRFXVFRXOGEHRQWKHIDFWRU\GHVLJQ)RUH[DPSOHZRXOGLWEH
.RRWVWUD$0-DQG6+XXUPDQ([WUDFWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHV
SUHIHUDEOHWR¿UVW¿OWUDWHDQGFRQFHQWUDWHDQH[WUDFWLQD
IURPIUHVK6WHYLDXVLQJDFLGL¿HGZDWHUFRPSDULVRQWRKRWZDWHU
GHFHQWUDOVHWXSZLWKIXUWKHUSXUL¿FDWLRQDWDFHQWUDOVLWHRUWR
H[WUDFWLRQLQFOXGLQJSXUL¿FDWLRQ:DJHQLQJHQ85
GRWKHH[WUDFWLRQDQGHQWLUHSXUL¿FDWLRQRQRQHFHQWUDOVLWH"
:DJHQLQJHQ3ODQ5HVHDUFK$FUUHV,QSUHSDUDWLRQ
,YR.UHW]HUV 5RE.ZLQWHQ1HZ)RVV ´7KDQNVWRDVWURQJFROODERUDWLRQDQGFOHDU FRPPXQLFDWLRQWKHFRPELQHGHIIRUWVRI 1HZ)RVVDQG:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFK KDYHOHGWRDYHU\SRVLWLYHHQGUHVXOW
/LWHUDWXUH 6WR\DQRYD6HWDO7KHIRRGDGGLWLYHVLQXOLQDQGVWHYLRVLGH FRXQWHUDFWR[LGDWLYHVWUHVV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)RRG 6FLHQFHVDQG1XWULWLRQ S *RQ]iOH]&HWDO0DLQSURSHUWLHVRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVDQG WKHLUSRWHQWLDOLQWKHIRRGLQGXVWU\DUHYLHZ)UXLWV S &KKD\DHWDO&ODUL¿FDWLRQVRIVWHYLDH[WUDFWXVLQJFURVVÀRZ XOWUD¿OWUDWLRQDQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQE\QDQR¿OWUDWLRQ6HSDUDWLRQDQG 3XUL¿FDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\ S )LJXXU(OXWLRQRIVWHYLROJO\FRVLGHVIURPDGVRUSWLRQFROXPQ
| 53
54 |
8
)DWW\DFLGDQG 3+$SURGXFWLRQ IURPUHVLGXHV
| 55
$XWKRUV+DQV0RRLEURHNDQG&KULVWLDDQ%ROFN
+LVWRU\
%DFNJURXQG
)RUGHFDGHVZRUNKDVEHHQGHYRWHGWRWKHSURGXFWLRQDQG GHYHORSPHQWRIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI3+$VDQGWKHLUVSHFL¿F
'HVSLWHWKH¿QDQFLDOFULVLVLQ(XURSHWKHELRSODVWLFVPDUNHWLV
LQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQV)RUWKHSURGXFWLRQXVHZDVPDGHRI
JURZLQJVWHDGLO\E\DERXWSHUFHQWSHU\HDU3+$VDUHD
PLFURRUJDQLVPVWKDWVWRUHWKH3+$LQWKHFHOODVDUHVHUYHRI
WH[WERRNH[DPSOHRIELRGHJUDGDEOHSODVWLFVPDGHIURPELRPDVV
FDUERQDQGHQHUJ\7KHFXOWLYDWLRQRIWKHVHEDFWHULDWRRNSODFHLQ
DQGPLFURRUJDQLVPV)RUWKLVIDPLO\RISRO\PHUVDQLQFUHDVHLQ
IHUPHQWHUVLQZKLFKWKHJURZWKFRQGLWLRQVFDQEHDGMXVWHG
WKHZRUOGSURGXFWLRQLVH[SHFWHGZKLFKDOUHDG\URVHWR
SHUIHFWO\DQGPDLQWDLQHG
NLORWRQVLQZLWKDSULFHRI¼¼NJ
7KHGHVLUHGW\SHVRI3+$ VHVSHFLDOO\PHGLXPFKDLQOHQJWK
&KDQSUDWHHS $PRUHUHFHQWHVWLPDWHRIWKHFXUUHQW
PFO3+$VZLWKPRUHWKDQ&DWRPVFRQWDLQLQJIXQFWLRQDOL]HG
YDOXHIRUPDQ\GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI3+$VLVEHWZHHQ¼
&FKDLQVRUVKRUWFKDLQOHQJWKVFO3+$ VZLWK&DWRPV FDQ
NJ5DYHQVWLMQ $QLPSRUWDQWDGYDQWDJHRI3+$VLVWKDW
EHREWDLQHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIVSHFL¿FIDWW\
PLFURRUJDQLVPVVWRUHWKHPDVDUHVHUYHVXEVWDQFHDQGERWK
DFLGV7KHVHIDWW\DFLGVFDQEHLQFRUSRUDWHGE\WKH3+$
FDQSURGXFHWKHPDVZHOODVEUHDNWKHPGRZQLQDOPRVWDQ\
SURGXFLQJEDFWHULXPLQRUGHUWREHFRQYHUWHGE\PHDQVRIWKH
HQYLURQPHQWFRPSRVWLQJWUD\JURXQGDQGVHD )HDWXUHVRIWKH
VRFDOOHGǃR[LGDWLRQLQWKHDF\O&R$K\GUR[\DONDQRDWHV7KHQHW
VLPSOHVWW\SH3+$3RO\K\GUR[\EXW\UDWH3+% DUHFRPSDUDEOH
HIIHFWLVWKDWRIWKHDGPLQLVWHUHGIDWW\DFLGLVDQDFHW\O&R$
WRLQWHUDOLDSRO\SURS\OHQHDQGSRO\HWK\OHQH7KHUHDUH
PROHFXOHDQGDQDF\O&R$PROHFXOHDUHIRUPHGZKLFKDUHWZR
QXPHURXVDSSOLFDWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUWKHRWKHUDERXWW\SHV
FDUERQDWRPVVKRUWHUWKDQWKHIDWW\DFLGLQFOXGHG7KLV&R$
RI3+$VFRQVXPHUDJULFXOWXUDODQGKRUWLFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV
IXQFWLRQDOL]HGIDWW\DFLGPD\LQWXUQDUHWKHQXVHGLQWKH
FDWHULQJSDFNDJLQJPDWHULDOVFRDWLQJVDQGUXEEHUVDQG
SRO\PHUL]DWLRQWRPFO3+$
PRUHRYHUKLJKTXDOLW\SKDUPDFHXWLFDODQGPHGLFDOSURGXFWV +RZHYHUDWWKLVWLPHWKHFRVWIRUSURGXFWLRQRI3+$VE\WKH
3+$VKDYHPDQ\DGYDQWDJHV0LFURRUJDQLVPVFDQSURGXFH3+$V
FRQYHQWLRQDOIHUPHQWDWLRQURXWHLVVWLOOWRRKLJK7KLVLVFDXVHG
DQGDOVRGHJUDGHWKHPDJDLQWKH\DUHQRWSURGXFHGIURPWKH
E\WKHXVHRIH[SHQVLYHFRPSRQHQWVLQJURZWKPHGLDIRUWKH
PLQHUDORLODQGDUHELRGHJUDGDEOHLQWKHFRPSRVWLQJFRQWDLQHU
EDFWHULDKLJKLQYHVWPHQWFRVWVIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQIDFLOLWLHVDQG
WKHERWWRPDQGWKHVHD3URSHUWLHVRIDPXFKLQYHVWLJDWHGW\SH
GXHWRKLJKFRVWVIRUWKHH[WUDFWLRQGRZQVWUHDPSURFHVVLQJ %XWWKHUHDUHVPDUWURXWHVSRVVLEOHWRUHGXFHWKHFRVWSULFH)RU H[DPSOHE\FKRRVLQJIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI3+$VIURPYDULRXV ZDVWHVWUHDPVVXFKDVZDVWHZDWHUVOXGJH FRPLQJIURP VHZDJHWUHDWPHQWSODQWV::73 DQGRULQGXVWULDOZDVWH ZDWHUIRUH[DPSOHIURPWKHSDSHUIRRGSURFHVVLQJRUFKHPLFDO LQGXVWU\$OVRH[XGDWLRQFRPLQJIURPIUHVKKHWHURJHQHRXV ELRPDVVVXFKDVPXQLFLSDOVROLGZDVWH06: RURWKHUELRPDVV VXFKDVIUHVKH[XGDWLRQIURPEHHWOHDYHVDQGHYHQPDQXUHFDQ SRWHQWLDOO\EHXVHGDVIHHGVWRFN$QGWKDWVHHPVWR¿WZHOOLQWR H[LVWLQJSURFHVVHVDQGV\VWHPV7KXVDVHZDJHWUHDWPHQWSODQW LVDQDOUHDG\ZRUNLQJV\VWHPLQZKLFKELRORJLFDOFRQYHUVLRQ SURFHVVHVRFFXULQFOXGLQJORJLVWLFVDQGSHUPLWV
)LJXUH3VHXGRPRQDVROHRYRUDQVFRQWDLQLQJ3+$
56 |
&DUERK\GUDWHV )DWW\DFLGV $73
$FHW\O&R$
$F\O&R$
$F\O$&3
3KD$
1$'3+
WUDQV
)DWW\DFLG
.HWR
(QR\O$&3
GHQRYR
DF\O$&3
)$'+
$FHWRDFHW\&R$
)DWW\DFLG
WUDQV-2-
R[LGDWLRQ
(QR\O&R$
1$'3+
V\QWKHVLV
1$'3+ 5 +\GUR[\
Pha B
DF\O$&3
1$'+
5 +\GUR[\ DF\O&R$
3KD-
3KD* 5 3RO\K\GUR[\DF\O&R$
PhaC 3RO\K\GUR[\DONDQRDWH )LJXUH%LRV\QWKHVLVRI3+$V'RGGHPD
8
VFO3+$SRO\K\GUR[\EXW\UDWHK\GUR[\YDOHUDWH3+%+9 DUH
JURZWKPHGLXPIRUWKHEDFWHULDWKHKLJKLQYHVWPHQWFRVWVIRU
FRPSDUDEOHWRLQWHUDOLDSRO\SURS\OHQHDQGSRO\HWK\OHQH,Q
IHUPHQWDWLRQIDFLOLWLHVWKHH[WUDFWLRQDQGGRZQVWUHDP
DGGLWLRQRWKHUW\SHVRI3+$VPFO3+$VWKHDSSOLFDELOLW\LQ
SURFHVVLQJ
SDLQWVFRDWLQJVUXEEHUDQGGHPRQVWUDWHGLQEOHQGVZLWKRWKHU SRO\PHUV7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI3+$DUHLQWKHPDUNHWVHJPHQWVRI
$SUHUHTXLVLWHLVPDNLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQDQGGRZQVWUHDP
FRQVXPHUSURGXFWVSKDUPDFHXWLFDODQGPHGLFDOSURGXFWV
SURFHVVLQJVWDEOH,IWKHTXDOLW\LVVWDEOHWKLVNQRZOHGJHFDQ
DJULFXOWXUHDQGKRUWLFXOWXUHFDWHULQJDQGSDFNDJLQJPDWHULDOV
DOVREHDSSOLHGWRLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIDPDWHULDOEDVHGRQ
$QH[DPSOHRIDKLJKTXDOLW\DSSOLFDWLRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLQ
3+$7KHSURGXFWLRQFRVWVRIFRQYHQWLRQDO3+$SURGXFWLRQZLOOEH
SKDUPDFHXWLFDODQGPHGLFDOSURGXFWVHJWLVVXHHQJLQHHULQJ
DSSUR[LPDWHO\EDVHGRQWKHUDZPDWHULDOV7KHVHUDZ
FRQWUROOHGUHOHDVHVXUJLFDOVXWXUHVZRXQGGUHVVLQJVRUWKRSHGLF
PDWHULDOVLQFOXGHDFDUERQVRXUFHJOXFRVHVWDUFKRUYHJHWDEOH
XVHDQGDVSHULFDUGLDOVXEVWLWXWH +RZHYHUWKHUHDUHDOVR
RLO DQGQXWULHQWV7KHFRVWRIWKHFDUERQVRXUFHDPRXQWWR
GLVDGYDQWDJHV,WLVVWLOOGLI¿FXOWHYHQXQGHUZHOOFRQWUROOHG
DSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQ
FRQGLWLRQVLQDIHUPHQWHULQWKHHQGDOZD\VWRREWDLQWKH
3+$SURGXFWLRQIURPLQGXVWULDOZDVWHVWUHDPVDQGSULPDULO\
DSSURSULDWH3+$FRPSRVLWLRQDQGTXDOLW\7KHSURGXFWLRQSULFHLV
VHZDJHVOXGJHPD\EHRILQWHUHVWEHFDXVHWKLVVOXGJHFRVWVYHU\
DOVRVWLOOWRRKLJKFDXVHGE\H[SHQVLYHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH
OLWWOHDQGDIWHUSURFHVVLQJFDQEHXVHGDVDQDOWHUQDWLYH
_
VXEVWUDWHIRUWKH3+$SURGXFLQJEDFWHULD,WLVH[SHFWHGWKDW3+$
,QDGGLWLRQPLFURRUJDQLVPVSURGXFH3+$VDQGDOVRFDQGHJUDGH
IURPZDVWHDQGVHZDJHVOXGJH¿UVWLVXVHIXOLQDSSOLFDWLRQVVXFK
LWWKH\DUHQRWSURGXFHGIURPWKHPLQHUDORLODQGDUH
DVELRGHJUDGDEOHSODVWLFVIRUDJULFXOWXUHDQGKRUWLFXOWXUH
ELRGHJUDGDEOHLQWKHFRPSRVWLQJFRQWDLQHUWKHERWWRPDQGWKH
,QUHFHQW\HDUVPXFKDWWHQWLRQKDVEHHQGHYRWHGWRWKH
VHD:LWKLQWKLVRSWLPXP336FKDLQVDUHGH¿QHGIRUWKH
SURGXFWLRQRIWKH3+$ULFKELRPDVV9DULRXVPLFURELDOSURGXFWLRQ
SURGXFWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRI3+$WKHEULQJLQJWRJHWKHURIWKH
V\VWHPVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGWRUHGXFHWKHFRVW1HWKHUODQGV
VWDNHKROGHUVDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI3+$VDQG
KDYHDSURPLQHQWSRVLWLRQLQWKLVDUHD7KHFRPPRQFKDOOHQJH
WKHLUVSHFL¿FLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQV
VHHPVWREHWKHSURFHVVLQJRIWKH3+$ULFKELRPDVVLQWRD PDUNHWDEOHSURGXFWVZLWKDVRXQGEXVLQHVVFDVH2QHRIWKH
$SSURDFK
ERWWOHQHFNVLVWKHH[WUDFWLRQ7KHFXUUHQWPHWKRGLVDGPLWWHGO\ SUHWW\VHOHFWLYHEXWDOVRYHU\H[SHQVLYHDQGQRWYHU\
7KHSURMHFWDLPHGDWJHQHUDWLQJFULWLFDOLQGLFDWRUVUHODWHGWRHQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\3DUWO\EHFDXVHRIFRVWRI3+$
XVHFRQYHUVLRQSURFHVVIHDWXUHV3+$ULFKELRPDVV3+$
ELRSODVWLFVIRUXVHDVKLJKHUWKDQWKHUHIHUHQFHSURFHVVWKH
SURGXFWLRQSURFHVVDQGUDZPDWHULDOV7KHDSSURDFKZDVWRZRUN
SURGXFWLRQRIELRJDV6HDUFKIRUPRUHHI¿FLHQWH[WUDFWLRQRIWKH
IURPWKHHQGRIDSSOLFDWLRQVE\PHDQVRIDV\VWHPRIEDFNZDUG
3+$ULFKELRPDVVDQGSXUL¿FDWLRQRIWKH3+$DUHQHFHVVDU\IRU
LQWHJUDWLRQLQWDVNVDVVKRZQLQWKHIROORZLQJGLDJUDP
WKHVXFFHVVRIWKHSODQQHGEXVLQHVVFDVHV,QDGGLWLRQUHVHDUFK
)LJXUH
LVQHHGHGLQWRWKHWHFKQLFDODQGHFRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\RIYDULRXV EXVLQHVVFDVHVDQGWKHUROHRIFRPSDQLHVKHUHLQ7KHFRQYHUVLRQ RIORZYDOXHZDVWHVWUHDPVLQWRKLJKTXDOLW\SURGXFWVVXFKDV ELRSODVWLFVEDVHGRQ3+$VLVRQHRIWKHPRVWSURPLVLQJURXWHV IRUYDORUL]DWLRQUHODWLYHO\ZHWELRPDVVRQDVPDOOVFDOH 7DVN%DFNZDUGLQWHJUDWLRQHQPDQDJHPHQW
7DVN
%HHWOHDYHV
7DVN
6LODJHMXLFH
3+$SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHP
3+$DSSOLFDWLRQV
7DVN
&RQFHQWUDWLRQ RIELRPDVV
7DVN
([WUDFWLRQ 3+$
6OXGJHIDWW\DFLGV
5LFKFXOWXUH 0L[HGFXOWXUH %LRJDV IHUPHQWDWLRQ
0LQHUDOV :HDOWK\FXOWXUH 2WKHUUHVLGXHV
3+$DSSOLFDWLRQV
0RQRFXOWXUH (QHUJ\ &RJHQHUDWLRQ
)LJXUH%LRV\QWKHVLVRI3+$V'RGGHPD
58 |
0LQHUDOVVOXGJH
)LJXUH:DWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQW%DWK
_
%DVHGRQNH\¿JXUHVJHQHUDWHGIURPSXEOLFOLWHUDWXUHDQDO\VLV
IDWW\DFLGSURGXFWLRQ7KHVHLQFOXGHGWKHXVHRIPLFURELDO
RIVDPSOHVIURPSDUWQHUFRPSDQLHVDQGVSHFL¿FWHVWVSDUWQHUV
SURGXFWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVW\SHDQGSXULW\IDWW\DFLGV IDWW\DFLG
ZLOOEXLOGSURPLVLQJ3+$YDOXHFKDLQV
VRXUFHVXFKDVVOXGJHRUJDQLFZDVWHHQVLOHGEHHWOHDYHVRU RWKHUUHVLGXHV
7KHZRUNLQFOXGHG¿YHWDVNVDVIROORZV
3HUVSHFWLYH 0DQDJHPHQWEDFNZDUGLQWHJUDWLRQ 7KHHQWLUHEXVLQHVVFDVHKDVEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGLQSDUWLFXODU
,QDGGLWLRQWRDFKHDSHUVRXUFHRIVKRUWFKDLQ3+$VIURP
WKHGHVLUHG3+$SURSHUWLHVDQGWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHHQGXVHU
DJULFXOWXUDOUHVLGXHVDQGVHZDJHWUHDWPHQWSODQWVZKLFKRIWHQ
KDYHEHHQEDFNWUDQVODWHGLQWRDFWLYLWLHVXSVWUHDPLQWKHVXSSO\
\LHOGVKRUWFKDLQ3+$VVXFKDV3+9DQG3+%FR+9DQGZKLFK
FKDLQ$OVRWKHSURMHFWORRNHGDWWKHWHFKQRORJLFDODQGHFRQRPLF
FDQEHSURFHVVHGLQWRELRSODVWLFVWKHSURMHFWDOVRFRQVLGHUHGWKH
IHDVLELOLW\RIWKHFKDLQDQGWKHUROHRIFRPSDQLHVKHUHLQ
SURGXFWLRQRIPFO3+$V+HUHORQJHUIDWW\DFLGVZHUHRIIHUHGWR WKHEDFWHULDZKLFKVKRXOGFUHDWHDPXFKZLGHUUDQJHRIGLIIHUHQW
$SSOLFDWLRQV
PROHFXODUIRUPVWKDWDUHOHVVFU\VWDOOLQHE\WKHLUORQJHUFKDLQV
$OODFWLYLWLHVLQWKLVWDVNZHUHIRFXVHGRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI
7KHVHFDQWKHQEHSURFHVVHGLQRWKHUDSSOLFDWLRQVVXFKDV
SUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVRI3+$VVXFKDVWKHUPRSODVWLFSURFHVVDEOH
FRDWLQJVKRWPHOWV3+$UXEEHU,QDGGLWLRQUHVHDUFKKDVDOVR
PDWHULDOSODVWLFV FRDWLQJDQGUXEEHUIURPWKHLQWHUPHGLDWH
EHHQFRQGXFWHGRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI3+$VLQGLIIHUHQWEOHQGV
SURGXFWVIURPWDVN3URGXFWGHYHORSPHQWVKDYHHPSOR\HG
IRUH[DPSOHZLWKRISRO\ODFWLFDFLG3/$ ZKLFKWKHUHE\
UHIHUHQFHSURGXFWVLQFOXGLQJ3+$VDOUHDG\FRPPHUFLDOO\DQG
JHWVHQWLUHO\GLIIHUHQWGHVLUDEOHSURSHUWLHV7KHVOLJKWO\KLJKHU
SLORWVFDOHSURGXFHGE\RWKHUSDUWLHV
SULFHRI3+$VLVWKHQOHVVLPSRUWDQW
([WUDFWLRQ
:KDWKDVEHHQDFKLHYHG
,QWKLVWDVNPHWKRGVZHUHGHYHORSHGIRULVRODWLQJ3+$VIURPWKH EDFWHULDOELRPDVV'LIIHUHQWPDWWHUVVXFKDVSXULW\ZDWHU
,QWKLVUHVHDUFKFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKDQXPEHURIFRPSDQLHVDQG
FRQWHQWW\SHV PROHFXODUZHLJKWPHOWLQJEHKDYLRUHWFZHUH
RUJDQLVDWLRQVZDVUHDOLVHG5RGHQEXUJ5%ELREDVHG,QVWLWXWH
FRQVLGHUHG
DSSOLFDWLRQVRI3+$V 0RRQ5HVHDUFK 'HYHORSPHQW DSSOLFDWLRQV )H\HFRQ' ,VXSHUFULWLFDOH[WUDFWLRQ .11
3URGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
DSSOLFDWLRQVUHF\FOLQJ %,211'SURGXFWLRQ 2SXUH
2SWLPL]DWLRQRISURGXFWLRQFRQGLWLRQV3+$ XQGHUODESLORW
SURGXFWLRQ %UDEDQWVH'HOWD:DWHUDQG:DWHU%RDUG'H
DQGUHDOOLIHFRQGLWLRQV,QWKLVSDUWWKHSURMHFWDOVRH[DPLQHG
'RPPHO::73SURGXFWLRQERWKLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWK9HROLD
ZKHWKHUWKHDGGLWLRQRIH[WUDDGGLWLYHVFRXOGLQFUHDVHWKH3+$
$QR[.DOGQHV :LWKDOOSDUWQHUV:)%5KDVRUJDQL]HGLQWHUYLHZV
SURGXFWLYLW\DQGRUTXDOLW\$OVRWKHSURMHFWORRNHGDWVHOHFWHG
LQZKLFKWKHVSHFL¿FUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHLQWHQGHGXVHVZHUH
EDFWHULDOVSHFLHVDQG VXLWDEOHIRUPL[HGULFKDQGSRVVLEO\SXUH
EDFNWUDQVODWHGLQWRDSSURSULDWHW\SHV RI3+$VRUEOHQGV
FXOWXUHVLQFO:HDOWK\FXOWXUHV DQGWHVWHGWKHLUXQGHU
UHTXLUHG6WULNLQJH[DPSOHVDUHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRI5RGHQEXUJ
ODERUDWRU\FRQGLWLRQVWKURXJKPXWDJHQHVLV $OVRGHWHUPLQLQJ
SODQWSRWV DQG0RRQKRWPHOWVJOXHV 0DNLQJXVHRIWKH
WKHDEXQGDQFHRILQGLYLGXDOVSHFLHVXQGHUODESLORWDQGUHDOOLIH
SUHVVMXLFHIURPJUDVVVLODJH:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFK
FRQGLWLRQVFRXSOHGZLWKWKH3+$ SURGXFWLYLW\¿WWHGZLWKLQWKLV
KDVGHYHORSHGDQLQH[SHQVLYHJURZWKPHGLXPRQZKLFKWKH
WDVN
3+$SURGXFLQJ3VHXGRPRQDVSXWLGDZDVIRXQGWRJURZZHOO7KH SURFHVVFRQGLWLRQVVWLOOQHHGEHRSWLPL]HGIRUPRUH HI¿FLHQW
5DZ0DWHULDOVVLODJHMXLFHIDWW\DFLGV
3+$SURGXFWLRQ7KLVZRUNDOVRIRUPHGWKHEDVLVIRUDQHZ
7KLVWDVNFRQFHUQHGDOODFWLYLWLHVUHODWHGWRWKHGH¿QLWLRQDQG
GHYHORSPHQWVRFDOOHG:HDOWK\FXOWXUHVZKLFKHPSOR\HV
SURYLVLRQRIKHWHURJHQHRXVELRPDVVUHVLGXHVIRUWKHEHQH¿WRI
PRQRFXOWXUHVLQRSHQV\VWHPVWKDWDUHDEOHWRPDNHWKH
_
SUHIHUUHGW\SHVRIPFO3+$V7KHVHDUHQRW\HWRUKDUGO\ FRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH'LIIHUHQWW\SHVRI3+$VZHUHSURGXFHG E\%,211'IURP SRWDWRIROLDJHE\2SXUHDQGWKH:DWHU %RDUGVLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK9HROLD$QR[.DOGQHV3KDULRSURMHFW )H\HFRQDQG:DJHQLQJHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5HVHDUFKFRQWLQXHWKHLU UHVHDUFKLQWRPRUHHI¿FLHQWDQGFKHDSHUH[WUDFWLRQPHWKRGV XVLQJVXSHUFULWLFDO&2H[WUDFWLRQDQGEHDGPLOOH[WUDFWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFRQWLQXRXVEHDGPLOOH[WUDFWRULVQRZ RSHUDWLRQDOIRUWHVWLQJRIODUJHUVDPSOHV3+$FRQWDLQLQJEDFWHULDO ELRPDVV$7HFKQR(FRQRPLF$QDO\VLVRISURFHVVHVPRGL¿HG ZLWKLQWKLVSURMHFWHJXVHRIYDULRXVZDVWHVWUHDPVH[WUDFWLRQ PHWKRGVFDOH DVFRPSDUHGWRWKHH[LVWLQJFRPPHUFLDO SURFHVVHV&KRL /HH LVSDUWRIWKH'HOLYHUDEOHUHSRUW
/LWHUDWXUH &KDQSUDWHHS-&XUUHQWWUHQGVLQELRGHJUDGDEOH SRO\K\GUR[\DONDQRDWHV%,26&,%,2(1* &KRL-L/HH6