In his book Kenakalan Remaja, Sudarsono (1990) formulated a definition. âJuvenile ...... the majority of the kind of job is only as manual labor (unskilled jobs).
SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THE FACTORS BEING IDENTIFIERS AMONG GROUPS OF DELIQUENCY (Case Study at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan) 2011
RESA SURYA UTAMA 07.5466
DEPARTMENT
: STATISTICS
SPECIALIZATION
: SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHY
INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS JAKARTA 2013
SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THE FACTORS BEING IDENTIFIERS AMONG GROUPS OF DELIQUENCY (Case Study at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan) 2011
MINI-THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment to Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Applied Science at Institute of Statistics
By: RESA SURYA UTAMA 07.5466
INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS JAKARTA 2013
STATEMENT Mini-Thesis Entitled SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THE FACTORS BEING IDENTIFIERS AMONG GROUPS OF DELIQUENCY (Case Study at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan) 2011
By: RESA SURYA UTAMA SK 07.5466
is actually the result of individual research and not the result of plagiarism or other people’s work. If it turns out later on that this mini-thesis is known as the result of plagiarism or other people’s work, the author is willing that this minithesis is declared invalid and a Bachelor of Applied Science designation is revoked or canceled.
Jakarta, September 2011
RESA SURYA UTAMA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank and praise Allah SWT, whose help I can finally complete this minithesis entitled “Social and Demographic Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents (Case Study at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan) in 2011”. Therefore, I would like to thank: 1. Dr. Bambang Heru Santosa, M.Ec., as the Chairman of Institute of Statistics, 2. Ahmad Prasetyo , S.Si. , M.M., as the supervisor who was willing to spare his time and guide me with patience, 3. Ir . Agus Purwoto , M.Sc. and Lia Yuliana , S.Si. , M.T. as the examiners, 4. My dad, my mum and my sister, as well as my family in Tanjungpinang who had been encouraging me in all respects, 5. Eka Nuvitasari , M.Sc., Yulias Untari, Psi, Rany Komaladewi, S.Psi., Chairani, S.Psi. who had been guiding and helping me in the writing this mini-thesis, 6. All those who had been helping in writing this mini-thesis .
I realize that this mini-thesis still has shortages in its content and structure. Objective assessment on the result of this mini-thesis is not necessarily derived from the me personally, but from the readers who examine it well. Therefore, I welcome any constructive suggestions and criticisms for improvement of this mini-thesis. Finally, hopefully this mini-thesis is beneficial to many parties.
Jakarta, September 2011
Resa Surya Utama
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ABSTRACT RESA SURYA UTAMA , “Social and Demographic Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents and the Factors Being Identifiers Among Groups of Deliquency (Case Study at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan) 2011.
viii+112 pages.
Crimes are generally committed by adults, but according to data compiled by the Headquarters of the Indonesian National Police, that on average, from 2004 to 2009 about 1.4 percent of all offenders were minors (juvelines). The youth is the next generation of the ideals of national struggle as well as the successor of development. The problem on juvenile delinquency needs tackling efforts, both prevention and rehabilitation. By knowing the characteristics of children at each level of delinquency, it is expected to facilitate children’s social rehabilitation. This research aims to examine juvenile delinquents in relation to the depiction of the type of delinquency they do, their social and demographic conditions, the social and demographic characteristics that can differentiate between groups of children based on the level of delinquency, as well as social and demographic characteristics of children/teens delinquents by delinquency levels they perform. Inferential analysis method used is discriminant analysis. Variables expected to be the differentiator are age, the number of family members, the number of siblings, intelligentia (IQ), harmony in family, emotional intelligence, behavior before entering social insitution, child’s education, caretaker’s education, and play time. The results of this research showed that the significant variables become the difference between the groups of delinquency were intelligentia (IQ), harmony in family, emotional intelligence, and behavior before entering social institution. Classification accuracy rate by discriminant function through calculation of the hit ratio, is amounted to be 95.8 percent.
Keywords: juvenile delinquency, discriminant analysis, hit ratio
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ II TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... III TABLE OF TABLES .......................................................................................... V TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE OF APPENDICES ................................................................................ VII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Problem Identification ...................................
1
1.2 Problem’s Identification and Definition ...................................
4
1.3 Problems Formulation ..............................................................
5
1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................
6
1.5 Research Benefits .....................................................................
6
1.6 Writing Systematics..................................................................
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Literature Review .....................................................................
8
2.2 Related Researches ...................................................................
39
2.3 Conceptual Framework ............................................................
42
2.4 Research Hypothesis ................................................................
44
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................... 45 3.1 The Scope of Research .............................................................
45
iii
3.2 Data Collection Method ...........................................................
46
3.3 Analysis Method .......................................................................
57
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 67 4.1 General Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents ......................
67
4.2 The Condition of Juvenile Delinquents’ Families ....................
73
4.3 The Condition of Juvenile Delinquents’ Intelectual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, and Behavior .............................................
79
4.4 Assessment of Discriminant Analysis Assumptions ................
82
4.5 Rancangan Antarmuka Pengguna.............................................
87
4.6 Formation of Discriminant Function ........................................
88
4.7 Evaluation of Discriminant Function .......................................
90
4.8 The Description of Characteristics of Groups Juvenile Delinquency ..................................................................................................
93
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................................ 97 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................
97
5.2 Suggestion ................................................................................
98
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................... 100
iv
TABLE OF TABLES
NO.
TABLE TITLE
Page
1.
Grating research instruments ....................................................................... 49
2.
Scores for each choice of answer to statement item .................................... 52
3. The number of valid and reliable statements based on independent variables 57 4.
The percentage of juvenile delinquents in the PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by age and the latest education level attained in 2011 .................. 68
5.
The percentage of juvenile delinquents at the PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by delinquency category and situation of family harmony in 2011 78
6.
The percentage of juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by emotional intelligence and delinquency category in 2011 ....... 81
7.
The percentage of juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by behavior prior to entering social institution and delinquency category in 2011 ........................................................................................... 82
8 . The test result of equality between variance-covariance matrices through SPSS.. ........................................................................................................... 84 9.
The value of Wilk’s Lambda ....................................................................... 85
10. Discriminant function coefficients of the selected variables ....................... 88 11. The measurement of classification accuracy based on the discriminant function ........................................................................................................ 91 12. The average value of the characteristics and their categories by delinquency group at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 .......................... 93
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TABLE OF FIGURES
NO. 1.
FIGURE TITLE
Page
The number of children (12-18 years old) involved in criminal cases 20052009. ............................................................................................................
2
2.
Conceptual framework of the research ........................................................ 43
3.
The percentage of juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by sex in 2011 ................................................................................ 68
4.
The percentage of the average of juvenile delinquent’s play time duration at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ........................................ 70
5.
The percentage of the types of delinquency committed by juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ................. 71
6.
The percentage of those who send juvenile delinquents to PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ...................................................................... 73
7 . The percentage of primary caretaker of juvenile delinquents in PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ................................................... 73 8.
The percentage of latest education attained by juvenile delinquents’ caretakers at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ................... 74
9.
The percentage distribution of kind of job the juvenile delinquents’ caretakers have at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ............................ 75
10. The percentage of biological siblings of juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011 ................................................... 77 11. The percentage of juvenile delinquents at the PSMP Handayani BRSMP Harapan by intellectual intelligence in 2011 ............................................... 80
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
NO.
APPENDIX TITLE
Page
1.
Research Questionnaire....................................................................... 103
2.
Summary of Validity and Reliability Testing on Instruments ............ 106
3.
The Processing Result of Discriminant Analysis ................................ 107
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problem Identification
The development process in all areas that is rapidly increasing nowadays sometimes have an impact on the neglect of certain aspects of society. Indonesian society is currently faced with the process of transformation of moral and social values as a result of the rapid growth of technology, modernization, globalization, communication and the flow of information from both printed and electronic media. The progress and development of the times from time to time not only have positive effects, but also negative ones. One of the impacts created is crime. According to Ali (1998), modernization has been partly responsible for creating many forms and types of crime (Baro and Jamaluddin, 2005). In general, environmental situation, mental and physical condition as well as socio-economic factors often influence the crime. Economic factors that press someone, or drug addiction, are also ones of the situations that could potentially provide opportunities for crime (BPS, 2003). In general, crimes are done by adults because they are considered as to have stronger power, knowledge and wider opportunities to fulfill more complex life needs. Nevertheless, based on the data compiled by the Headquarters of the Indonesian National Police, on average, from 2004 to 2009 about 1.4 percent of all offenders were children.
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The number of criminals (people)
4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
YEAR
Source: Statistics Indonesia, 2010 (processed) Figure 1. The number of children (12-18 years old) involved in criminal cases 2005-2009.
It can be seen from the graph that the number of crimes committed aged 12-18 years old (Law No. 3 of 1997) continued to increase. In 2005 the were as many as 941 people and the number continued to grow until 2009 it reached 4,186 people. The youth (the children) are the next generation of the ideals of national struggle as well as the successor of development. Children are the assets of the nation, as part of the youth, children have a very strategic role as agents of development of a nation. Basically, a child is the successor to the ideals of national struggle. This strategic role has been recognized by the international community to create a convention that essentially emphasizes the position of children as individuals who should receive the protection of the rights they have. Indonesia is one of the 191 countries that had signed Convention on the Right of Children Children) in 1990. Therefore, Indonesia has an obligation to
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fulfill the rights of all children with no exception. One of the children’s rights which needs attention and protection is the right of children in conflict with the law (ABH). In addition, the government and the other state institutions are obliged and responsible to provide special protection to children in emergency situations, children in conflict with law, children from minority groups and are isolated, economically and/or sexually exploited children, trafficked children, children that are victims of the abuse of drugs, alcohol, psychotropic drugs, and other addictive substances (drugs), children that are victims of abduction, sale and trafficking, children that are victims of abuse both physically and/or mentally, and children that are victims of abuse and neglect (Law of Children Protection No. 23, 2002). Given that the problem of juvenile delinquency is a problem of the youth that occupies a strategic position in the life of the nation and the state, that encourages both the government and the society to undertake mitigation efforts, both in the form of prevention and rehabilitation. Therefore, I wanted to examine the social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents, which happens to be the supervision and responsibility of Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. I picked two (2) places of research which were Social Institution Marsudi Putra (PSMP), located at Jl. PPA Bambu Apus, Cipayung inhabited by 108 children and Social Rehabilitation Institution Marsudi Putra (BRSMP) Harapan located at Jl. Raya Jonggol Kp. Mekar Sari, Bogor, inhabited by 100 children.
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1.2 Problem’s Identification and Definition
In Indonesia, the problem of juvenile delinquency is considered to has reached the level that concerns society. According to the data from the Center of Information Data (PUSDATIN) of Social Affairs Department, it was recorded in 1998 that the number of juvenile delinquents in Indonesia was as many as 148,709 people, or 0.3 percent of Indonesia’s population aged 8-18 years old. Subsequently in 2004, there was an increase of the number of juvenile delinquents to 189,075 people. The condition of the data from 2007 showed that the number of juvenile delinquents increased to 203,151 people (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2010). This condition gave a strong impetus to the government, the society, and families in prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency problem. Someone who commit crimes are not solely based on personal whim, but also caused by other factors that encourage that person committed a crime. Such as demographic factors, social factors, economic factors and environmental factors. Family economic conditions that were not yet sufficient can cause a child to commit illegal acts such as stealing for personal fulfillment. A child’s sex, as well as his position in the family is closely related to the formation of his characters, especially when the child is living in a broken home family. The influence of the social environment and lack of parental supervision is a condition that can cause children to turn bad. The factors later affect and form the personal characters of each individual in line with the process of life (Yuliasih, 2006). The different characteristics of children in each level of delinquency committed have become some sort of bottleneck in the process of rehabilitation to
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improve their behavior. By knowing the characteristics of children at each level of delinquency, it is expected to facilitate their social rehabilitation. Due to the limitations of time, effort and cost, in this research it is limited to the type of delinquency committed by children that up to the date April 30th, 2011 were still being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan based on the classification according to Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 1.3 Problems Formulation
Based on the above background, the problems to be studied in this research are: 1. How is the picture of the type of delinquency committed by children being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan? 2. How are the social and demographic conditions of the juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan? 3. What are the social and demographic characteristics that can differentiate between groups of children based on the level of delinquency at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan? 4. How are the social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents by the type of delinquency committed by children being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan?
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1.4 Research Objectives
Based on the formulation of the problems above, the objectives of this research are as follows:
1. Knowing the picture of the type of delinquency committed by children being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan. 2. Knowing the social and demographic conditions of the juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan. 3. Knowing the social and demographic characteristics that can differentiate between groups of children based on the level of delinquency at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan. 4. Knowing the social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents by the type of delinquency committed by children being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan.
1.5 Research Benefits
Up to these days, Statistics Indonesia (BPS) has been presenting the data on criminality. However, the data on juvenile delinquency that is actually identical with criminality cannot be presented because of a variety of obstacles encountered. Therefore, through this research, it is expected to be useful for BPS in the analysis on crime data, especially with regard to children. The Government through the Ministry of Social Affairs is very concerned to make a variety of programs related to the service and rehabilitation of juvenile
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delinquents. In addition, the society also has an obligation to doing preventing and educating bad children. Therefore, the expected results of this research can be used by the Ministry of Social Affairs, other institutions, and society in regard to the treatment and rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents. In addition, this research is useful for me in development and application of statistical science I possess. The intended application is the one on social demographic statistical science in determining and distinguishing characteristics of juvenile delinquents. 1.6 Writing Systematics
The systematics of this mini-thesis are: Chapter I is introduction that consists of background, problem identification and problem definition, problem formulation, research objectives, research benegits, and writing systematics. Chapter II is a literature review and conceptual framework that consists of theory study, related researches, conceptual framework and research hypothesis. Chapter III is the research methodology that consits of the scope of the research, methods of data collection and analysis methods used in this research. Chapter IV is result and discussion that consits of discussion on the research results conducted both in descriptive way and based on discriminant analysis. Chapter V is conclusion and suggestion that consists of conclusions and suggestions to enhance the application in the future.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review
The Definition of Juvenile Delinquency According to Lombroso in Snare (1991), a criminal can be classified into: (1) Born criminal, that is a human born with evil gene; (2) Insane criminal, that is an idiot/imbicil and a paranoid; (3) Occasional criminal, that is someone becomes a criminal because of ceaselessly; (4) Criminal of passion, that is a criminal that commits their crime because of anger and emotion. In the world of crime, the term for children who break the law is juvenile delinquents. This is to prevent the negative connotations obtained by children which could disturb their mental growth. According to a lawyer in Legal Aid Office (KPBH) Atma Solo, Dian Sasmita in (Ali 1996), there are 2 categories of children behavior that makes them categorized as the bad chidren, namely offender status and juvenile delinquency. The offender status is a child’s delinquency behaviors when being committed by adults are not included as crimes (like truancy, smoking, against the teacher, ran away from home, etc.). While juvenile delinquency is a delinquency behavior which, if being commited by an adult is also categorized as crimes (murder, theft, rape, assault, drugs and other criminal acts).
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Juvenile delinquency is closely associated with values and norms as well as the assessment by the environment in which the children interact (family, school and society) on the behavior of children who do not conform to the norms and values espoused by a particular environment. In Article 489 of the Criminal Code in Soerodibroto (2001), delinquency is all acts in contrary to the public order, aimed at people, animals, or goods, which can put a danger, harm and or distress. Restrictions on child delinquency is still often a debate, both among the general society as well as experts in this field. The term “juvenile delinquency” is something that is deemed appropriate by experts to represent the meaning of a child badness. The term “juvenile delinquency” which is can be etymologically elaborated as the “juvenile” means a child, while the “delinquency” means a crime. Thus, etymologically, “juvenile delinquency” means a child badness. However, by taking into account the negative impact on the use of this term to a child’s psychology, and avoid the designation to used as a trade-mark, hence the term “juvenile delinquency” shift edslightly to get the best sense of understanding (Morash, 1992). A psychologists Drs. Bimo Walgito formulated a more complete meaning of juvenile delinquency that is any act, if it was committed by adults, then the act is a crime, so it is an unlawful act, committed by juveniles, especially teenagers (Sudarsono, 2004).
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Meanwhile, according to Article 1 Paragraph 2 of Law No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice, a juvenile delinquent is: a. A child who commits criminal acts, or b. A child who commits acts declared prohibited for children, either by legislation or by other applicable laws prevailing in life and society. According to Kartini Kartono (1984) in his book Patologi Sosial, “Juvenile delinquency is an evil or ungodly behavior or crime or delinquency of youngsters, a symptom of illness (pathological) socially in children and teenagers that are caused by some form of social neglect, so they develope a form of deviant behavior that” (p. 7). In his book Kenakalan Remaja, Sudarsono (1990) formulated a definition “Juvenile delinquency is an act/crime/offense committed by teenagers which is against the law, anti-social, anti-decency and violates the norms of religion" (p. 11). Romli Atmasasmita (1983) also provided the formulation of juvenile delinquency, which is any act or behavior of a child under the age of 18 and unmarried, who are in violation of the norms of applicable law and could endanger the personal development of the child in question (Soetodjo 2010). According to Simandjuntak (1975), an act is called as delinquent if that act is contrary to the norms in the society in which they live, which is an anti-social act in which contained anti-normative elements. Becker (1984) stated that
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deviance is not a quality of an action that people do, but the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions that others have done to the perpetrator (Sutaat, 1991). Maud A. Merrill (1966) in a book entitled Children Criminal Law, stated that a child is classified as a juvenile delinquent if it appears that there are antisocial tendencies heightened so much that the authorities have to or should take action against them, in terms of holding or alienating (Soetodjo, 2010) . The project team of Juvenile Delinquency at Faculty of Law at Padjadjaran University in December 1967 gives the formula of juvenile delinquency as an act or doing committed by a child who is considered to be contrary to the legal provisions in the country as well as perceived and interpreted as a moral turpitude by the society itself (Sadarjoen, 2005). The understanding and definition of delinquency for each society or country is not the same reality. Although the actual act of delinquency in everywhere is relatively the same, but because of the development of society and shades of each country are different, then the judgment is also different. A country or society call it delinquency if the act violates the norms of criminal law and decency. Society or other countries restrict the definition of delinquency on the acts contrary to the norms exist in the society in which they live. According to the Ministry of Social Affairs, delinquency or juvenile delinquent is a child whose behavior deviates from the norms and values of society that endangers the safety of himself and disturbs the atmosphere of the life
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arrangement and livelihood of the family and his social environment (Sutaat, 1991). The handling of delinquency issues in Indonesia has become one of the concerns of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia through the social services and rehabilitation programs for juvenile delinquents. In running the program, the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia uses the definition of delinquency which have combined with article 1, paragraph 2 of Law No. 3 of 1997 on Child Welfare. According to the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, is a juvenile delinquent is a child who commits criminal acts or a child who performs acts that are outlawed for children, either by legislation or by other applicable laws living and prevailing in the society concerned (Departement of Social Affairs, 2007). The definition of delinquency made by the Ministry of Social Affairs makes the values and norms as a measure to assess whether or not an act can be classified as delinquency. The consequence is that a shift or change in values and norms in society will affect the definition of delinquency for a certain time. An act may be classified as an act of delinquency at a time, but it may not be at another time. Another uniqueness of the definition of delinquency by the Ministry of Social Affairs is that not only solely putting the perpetrators of delinquency as a suspect or offender, but also considering them as children in need of protection and social assistance. The definition of delinquency or juvenile delinquency according to the Ministry of Social Affairs basically imposes limits on the target of social rehabilitation program on juvenile delinquents it does.
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Such several definitions of juvenile delinquency illustrates that the notion of juvenile delinquency has no uniformity. It means that the definition given by each expert depending on which angle one comprehends. Different definitions of delinquency lead to the difficulty in determining and the perceptions of a child’s behaving mischievously. However, based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that juvenile delinquency is acts contrary to the customs and norms of law or specific rules that apply within the family, the society or the country in which the child lives that are anti-social and or contrary to law. In this research, the definition of delinquency or juvenile delinquent used is the definition by Ministry of Social Affairs. It is given that the juvenile delinquent population of the research is juvenile delinquents being fostered by Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Age Limit on Juvenile Delinquency The age limit on children nationwide is based on a child’s age limit according to criminal law, civil law, common law and Islamic law. According to Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, a child is a person under 18 (eighteen) years old, including those who are still in womb (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2009). In each country there is no such same concept in terms of determining the age limit of juvenile delinquency, for example in UK they use the age limit of 8, while in Denmark they use 15. The determination of this age limit is so important that there was once held a seminar in Rio de Janero which took an age limit of 14.
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In Indonesia, the determination of the age limit for child punishment is enshrined in Article 4 of Law No. 3 of 1997 on Juvenile Justice (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2009), which reads as follows:
1) The age limit of juvenile delinquent that can be submitted to the court is at least 8 years old but has yet to attain the age of 18 and has never been married. 2) In the case of a child commits a criminal act on the age limit referred to in paragraph (1) and put on trial, after the child concerned has passed the age limit but has not attained the age of 21, they remain in the child trial. Herein, it appears that the legislators have firmness about what age a person is defined a child under the minimum age so they have right to get leniency for special treatment for the sake of the interest of child psychology. The question arises on what if an offender is a child under the specified minimum age. This is confirmed in Article 5 of Law No. 3 of 1997 (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2009), namely: 1) If the child has not attained the age of 8 (eight) years of committing or suspected of committing a crime, then the child can be examined by investigators. 2) If according to the results of the investigation, investigators found the child referred to in paragraph (1) might still be fostered by parents, guardians, or foster parents, they would hand the child the child back to their parents, guardians, or foster parents.
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3) If according to the results of the investigation, investigators found the child referred to in paragraph (1) could no longer be fostered by parents, guardians, or foster parents, they would hand the child to the Ministry of Social Affairs, after hearing the consultation from Community Advisors. Minimum and maximum age limit of juvenile delinquency is closely related to the process of further action by the parties involved, such as fostering the bad child. In terms of fostering the bad child, there are three (3) things that need to be considered under applicable law. Article 1 paragraph 3 of the MoU of Ministry of Social Affairs-Ministry of Human Rights of 2005 (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2009) states that: 1) A Criminal Child that is sentenced on the Judge’s decision will undergo in Child Prison up to the age of 18 (eighteen), at most. 2) A State Child, that is a child sentenced on the Judge’s decision will be handed over to the State to be educated and placed in Child Prison up to the age of 18 (eighteen), at most. 3) A Civil Child that is according to their parents or guardians’ request, obtains a court warrant to be educated in the Child Prison up to the age of 18 (eighteen), at most. Related to the Social Rehabilitation Service and Program on Juvenile Delinquents conducted by the Ministry of Social Affairs, the children served in scope of PRSAN is a juvenile delinquent under the age of 18 except for “certain circumstances” requires service up to the age of 21. Types of Juvenile Delinquency
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According to the concept from Singgih D Gunarsa cited by Sawo (1999) in his research, adolscent delinquency can be classified into two main categories, namely: 1. Delinquency that is anti-moral and anti-social as well as not being arranged in law so it is hard to classified it into lawlessness. For example; lying, truancy, reading pornographic books and so forth . 2. Delinquency that is against the law in accordance with the legislation applicable law is the same as an unlawful act when being done by an adult. For example; gambling, fraud and so forth . Behaviors that lead to juvenile delinquency problem according to Adler cited by Soedjoto (2010) are: 1. Racing on the streets disrupting traffic safety and endangering the lives of themselves and others’; 2. Reckless, bully, sloppy behavior that disrupts the tranquility of the surrounding environment. This behavior originates in excess of energy and uncontrollable primitive desire as well as the joy in terrorizing the environment; 3. Fights between gangs, inter-group, inter- school, inter- tribal (brawl), so sometimes bringing fatalities; 4. Committing truancy and then wandering around along the roads or hiding in remote places while performing a variety of lawlessness experiments and anti- moral action;
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5. Crimes from children, teens, adolescents, which include behavior of threatening, intimidating, blackmailing, stealing, pickpocketing, extorting, snatching, attacking, robbing, disturbing, plundering, committing murder by slaughtering the victim, choking, poisoning, violences and other breaking-the-law actions; 6. Partying by getting drunk, doing free-sex, or orgy (drunkenness causing chaotic state) that disturbs the surroundings. 7. Rapes, sexual aggressions, and murders with social motives, or driven by compensatory reactions from inferior feeling, demanding recognition of oneself, depression, a sense of loneliness, emotion to getting revenge, disappointment of being rejected by a girl and so forth; 8. Being obsessed and addicted to drugs (drugs, opium, marijuana) that is closely related to crimes; 9. Sexually immoral actions blatantly undisguised, shamelessly in rude manner. Free sex and free love without control (promiscuity) driven by hypersexuality, impulse of demanding rights, and other criminal-kind compensation efforts; 10. Homosexuality, child and oral eroticism as well as other sexual disorders in teenagers followed by sadist acts; 11. Gambling and other forms of high-stakes game, causing access to crimes; 12. Commercialization of sex, feticide by delinquent girls and infanticide by mothers who have not been legally married; 13. Radical and extreme measures by violence, kidnappings and murders committed by teenagers;
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14. Anti-social acts caused by psychiatric disorders in children and psychopathic, neurotic teenagers and other mental disorders; 15. The crimes that are due to sleeping sickness (encephaletics lethargoical) and meningitis blast as well as post-encephaletics, so that the person cannot control themselves; 16. Deviation behavior caused by damage to the character of the children who require compensation . Jensen in Sarwono (1989) divided juvenile delinquency into four types, namely: 1. Delinquency causing physical casualties on others such as fight, rape, robbery, murder, etc.; 2. Delinquency causing material casualties such as vandalism, theft, pickpocketing, extorting, etc.; 3. Social delinquency causing no casualties on the other party such as prostitution, drugs abuse. In Indonesia, premarital sex may also be included into this type; 4. Delinquency against status, for example, denying a child’s status as a student by committing truancy, denying parental status running away from home or refusing their orders, and so on. At their age, their behavior do not violate the law in the real sense because that what’s violated is statuses within the primary (family) and secondary (school) environment which are not regulated by law in detail. However, if the teen is an adult later, the status offense can be committed against their superiors in the office or the
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law officers in society. That’s why this status offense is also classified by Jansen into delinquency and not just an deviant behavior.
According Walgito (in Budiningsih, 2005), the other forms of juvenile delinquency, among others: 1. Often skipping school (truancy) and wandering around aimlessly 2. Copying pictures or blue movies and reading the blue books (pornographic) 3. Consuming drugs and alcohol for the purpose that cannot be accounted for. 4. Disturbing the public order, traffic order (speeding, fighting in the streets, etc.) 5. Violating societal norms (stealing, gambling, fighting, disturbing the girls, and so on) 6. Dancing party until late by stealth way 7. Lodging in any place 8. Visiting places of prostitution and committing adultery 9. Being used to using impolite words 10. Being used to riding public transportation and shoplifting 11. And other deviant acts that are contrary to societal norms. According to one of articles in the Pikiran Rakyat in Supriyadi (2006), when the meaning of delinquency is inferred from parents’ examples and jeremiads about their children, the children’ delinquency is defined as one of the 19
children’s behavior that causes problems for others. However, this formulation is still so wide that it still could be narrowed again be 2 kinds of delinquency, based on the light or severe consequences created, namely:
1. Pseudo-Delinquency Pseudo-delinquency is a juvenile delinquency that is not considered as a delinquency by the third party other than their parents. According to a third-party assessment that is not directly related to the child, the child’s behavior when compared with their playmates around, although a little bit exaggerating but still be within the limits of reasonableness and moral values. Although in the third person view, psuedo-delinquency remains within the limits of normal values and moral values, but this delinquency is considered to have passed the limits of patience and sensitivity of the parents who have given their assessments. Only because of the lack of knowledge, it causes resentment, fear and anger against their children’s behaving bad. An example is that a child who is always breaking his own things/toys since childhood. 2. Real Delinquency Real delinquency is a child’s behavior that is considered to violate social and moral values, so that it can harm himself or others. This
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behavior often alarma and causea parental anxiety. One example that you often find in daily life is children who frequently lie or steal. Based on the results of Listyawati and Iryani’s research (2006), there are several classifications on delinquent behavior, such as those that can cause the physical causalities, material causalities, social delinquency and against the current flow. Of the four delinquent behaviors, they can be classified into three, namely:
1. Severe Delinquency, such as rape, murder, and robbery. 2. Middle Delinquency, such as theft, pickpocketing, extortion, fights, vandalism, drunkenness, carrying weapons, causing chaos, and gambling. 3. Light Delinquency, like skipping school, leaving home without letting people know, breaking traffic rules, being the members of gangs, and threatening teachers. In the Handbook of Social and Rehabilitation Services on Juvenile Delinquents in Family (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2007) it is mentioned about the types of delinquency according to orphaned children and children Prisoners, namely: 1. According to Orphaned Children a) Adversing others, such unfair behavior towards others, disturbing others, ignorant/prankster to others, tampering public facilities, committing violation on the norms of decency/courtesy, disturbing the
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public, joking with no limits, being unwilling to be invited to goodness; b) Violating religion, as if not caring about religion at all, and not doing worship; c) Worrying the parents, such as not obeying them, arguing/ fighting an the old men, and not listening to their advice; d) Because of oneself, such as keep skipping school, being apathetic, illegal motor racing and speeding, drugs, promiscuity, smoking, drinking, making noise, and rape; e) Violating the law, such as not meeting regulations, and committing crimes. 2. According to the Children Prisoners a) Because of oneself, like watching VCD/seeing pictures and pornographic books, love seeing sensual-dressed women, fighting, womanizing, and drinking; b) Violate the law, such as sexual abuse, sexual harassment, theft , assault, rape, disposing of crime evidence (drugs), consuming drugs, and a Commercial Sex Workers (CSW) c) Worrying others, such as disobeying the teacher, damaging the neighbors’ plants, disrupting and other categories d) Worrying parents, such as running away from home and fighting parents Factors Contributing to Delinquency
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Childhood to adolescence is a period that is very prone to act on things, because childhood is a vulnerable period with the desire to achieve something or do desire and hope to achieve something or do something. A child, in doing things, often does not care/care less about the end consequences of his doing. If being considered in terms of the factors that lead to juvenile delinquency, it can be recognized that the problem of juvenile delinquency is a complex issue, in the sense that the causal factors are related to each other with with various aspects of human life. Sawo (1999) in his research on the function of the family in dealing with juvenile delinquency, formulated some factors that cause juvenile delinquency, among others: 1. Family Environment a) Family Disharmony & Broken Home Adolescence is a critical period. At this time, adolescents are in need of guidance and protection so that children or teens feel safe and have a handle in overcoming or passing through the critical period. If a family had a broken home, the teens will lose guidance in their lives and it encourages children to find their own way of solving the problems they experience. The solving way or escaping from problems that is not true leads to anti-social acts that can harm themselves, families and others; b) Over-Protection
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Children who are over-protected by parents will result in the children being less independent, less confident and immature in social interactions. Displayed behavior that will not budge for others, being hard in making friends, and selfish. These nature and character will bring them to the anti-social behavior and tend to be juvenile delinquency; c) Neglected Childhood Education (Educational Children is Wrong) One of the forms of neglected education is excessive indulgence in material, and concerned parents having an excessive material conception and not paying attention to aspects of development and developing the spiritual and potential as well as abilities of children who can be developed properly and for the children to be selfsufficient. 2. Socio-Cultural Environment a) School and Out-of-School Environment (Influences of School Friends and Playmates) In adolescence, a child has grown and evolved in widening social intercourse, also followed by a growing sense of solidarity among the teenagers in their groups. Teens interact with their groups or their friends not only in school but also in the environment outside of school. Their friendship is based on solidarity, that they tend to no longer look at nor investigate exactly who their friends are. The
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presence of such friends can give negative effects such as fights, drugs use, sex irregularities and so forth; b) Mass Communication Media Under conditions of reality, the thing considered to give many influences adolescent behavior in particular and society in general, with the rapid advancement of communication and transportation technologies that have given eases to get in touch as well as obtain information. If such a thing does not get the attention of the public, especially parents, would adversely affect children. Children are very easily aroused to do the things they saw through the information media; c) Culture Conflicts There are many values and norms that mingle in society arise vagueness patterns and norms that social control get weakened so that individuals develop action trial & error. According to research by Kathleen Salle cited by Marlina (2009) in her book it revealed that there are several social factors that lead to juvenile delinquency, namely: 1. Sex of the child. Girls’ involvement is less in delinquency and is less frequent in crime compared to boys;
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2. The influence of the child’s playmates, children get along with children who do not attend school and get less attention from their parents, will be more likely commit delinquency; 3. Most children who commit crimes are the children from low/weak economic class. This criminality behavior is caused by the lack of facilities for playing and learning in accordance with the child’s mental development state. In addition, parents pay less attention to the needs of their children due to economic constraints, so in the end the children have to do the activities that they consider fun things. In addition, due to the lack of money children take other people’s stuff to make them their possession/their personal needs. Like a child stealing sandals and clothes, a child taking his friend’s toys, a child taking a car tape and so on; 4. In addition to the economic shortcomings, most children involved in delinquency are those who come from broken homes. Professor Nick Stinnet and John Defrain in Hawari (1996) suggested that in order to create a healthy and happy family creating a harmonious one that can prevent the child delinquency, one needs the following aspects, among others:
a. Religious life in the family. A harmonious family is characterized by the creation of religious life in the house. This is important because in religion, there are moral values and life ethics. Based on several studies, it was found that families who are not religious and in which commitment is low or no religion values at all tend
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to have conflict and strife inside, with such an atmosphere, children will not feel at home in the house and most likely they will seek another environment that can accept them. b. Time with the family Harmonious family always make time to be with family, that could be family gathering, having meal together, accompanying children playing and listening to children’s problems and complaints. In such togetherness, children will feel that they were needed and cared for by their parents, so they will feel at home. c. Adequate communication among family members Communication is the basis for the creation of harmony in the family. Teens will feel safe when their parents seem to be harmonious, because such harmony will give a sense of security and peace for children, an adequate communication within the family will also be able to help teens to solve the problems they face outside the house. In this case in addition to playing role as parents, mothers and fathers should also act as a friend, so that children can freely and openly share all their problems. d. Mutual respect among family members A harmonious family is the one that provides a place for every member of the family, appreciates the changes that occur and teaches children interaction skills as early as possible to with the wider environment. With
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the existence of mutual respect, the atmosphere in the family will be healthier and happier. e. Crises or conflicts that arise in the family Another factor is no less important in creating family harmony is a conflict in the family, if the family disputes and quarrels often the atmosphere in within is no longer joyful. In a harmonious family every member of the family tries to resolve problems calmly and find the best solution of every problem. Conflict in the family should be handled positively and constructively. f. The existence of a close relationship or bond among family members Close relationships between family members also determine the harmony of a family, if a family does not have such close relationships, there is no longer a sense of belonging and there is less sense of togetherness among the members. Close relationships among the family members can take form with togetherness, adequate communication among family members and mutual respect. According to the results of research conducted by Dr. Marlina, SH, M. Hum in April 2005 with 20 inmate informants at children penitentiary Tanjung Gusta Medan, it was concluded the cause of children committing crimes, such as: 1. Effect of Social Intercourse Children get into penitentiary Tanjung Gusta because they often make friends with bad children, for example, making friends with kids who do
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not go to school, even if the friends are still student they often skip school or bother their friends that they often get into fight, or making friends with kids who likes to take other people’s stuff even though it’s just taking sandals or toys of the other kids. 2. Getting Inattention With both parents busy and the lack of attention from the siblings at home for the child, the child will feel like he’s getting inattention. The inattention makes the child act in accordance with the his own mind and will, consequently he commits acts that should not be done by children such as, stealing, hitting, kicking and other acts of violence. Parents should have the time to give directions properly to their children about the actions that may and may not be done. 3. A broken home Most children who come from a broken home become bad ones, because their lives has been chaotic and it’s been hard for their parents to provide guidance. 4. Economy The low economic levels generally cause the parents to not have the time and resources to fulfill their children needs. As a result, children will seek fulfillment of desires and needs in accordance with the mindset they have. Therefore, sometimes children do something to take the property of others or commit immoral acts.
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5. Education Low levels of education lead children to not have the opportunity to do useful activities. As a result, sometimes what they do is breaking-the-law things such as the doodling the wall, bombarding people, fighting, skipping school, and so forth. In the Handbook of Social and Rehabilitation on Juvenile Delinquents in Family (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2008) it is mentioned that there is not just one factor contributing to juvenile delinquency, there are several of them instead and are related to one another. The factors contributing juveline delinquency are as follows: a. Individual Factors 1) Physical abnormalities or due to genetic (talent), so that the perpetrators tend to be aggressive and hyperactive. 2) Psychiatric problems experienced by the perpetrator, e.g. because of the obstacles in the moral development of the perpetrator. b. Environmental Factors 1) Family: a) Parenting system b) Inconsistent children disciplining system, forming confusion in children c) The parents’ or other family members’ having negative and aggressive behavior/ a broken home. d) Low education
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e) Low-income parents f) Families living in slums 2) School a) Teachers’ discriminating treatment to students that are less capable economically and academically b) A less conducive teaching-learning situation c) Confusing curriculum that makes most students not understand the information they are receiving d) Less secure school environment (close to markets or public places) e) Lack of extra-curricular facilities. 3) Society a) Racism b) High level of poverty c) The high unemployment rate d) The presence of gangs within the society the child lives in. Children who are not able to manage their emotions well will bring bad influences on themselves. According to Goleman (1999), emotion refers to a feeling and typical thoughts, a biological and psychological state, and a set of action tendencies. Series of behaviors performed by children actually has been unconsciously influenced by their cognitive ability to manage emotions according to the pressure happening to them on the current condition. A child who had poor emotional intelligence will not be able to control his emotions that he tends to act out of bounds, even commits unlawful acts.
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There are several dimensions of emotional intelligence by Goleman, including: a. Self-Awareness Self-awareness is recognizing the feelings of oneself when that feelings happens, which is the basis of emotional intelligence. The ability to monitor the feelings from time to time is important for psychological insight and self-understanding. The onability to observe the feeling actually makes human under the dominance of feelings. People who have more confidence about their own feelings are a reliable pilot for human life, because they have a higher sensitivity on real feelings of the decisionmaking of personal problems. b. Self-Control Self-control is dealing with emotion so that it gives a positive impact to the performance of duties, makes one sensitive to one’s conscience and able to delay the enjoyment before achiving a certain target, capable of recovering from emotional stress. The ability to control one’s own emotions, manage one’s own emotion in order that it can be expressed well. People who are able to control their own emotions will not continue to struggle with negative feelings, they are able to quickly get back up from that feelings and the failure of their lives. The purpose of emotional control is a balance and a harmony in expressing emotion and is not out of control. People whose ability in these skills is poor will continue to fight against feelings of 32
depression, while the smart ones can wake up back far more quickly from the downturn and the fall-off in life. c. Motivation Motivation is using the deepest desire to move and to drive to the point, helping to take the initiative and act very effectively as well as to encounter the failure and frustration. The characteristics of the individual with this ability is having high confidence, optimistic in facing difficult circumstances, quite skilled and flexible in finding alternative ways in order to achieve the target or change targets if the target is unattainable, and quite capable of solving a formidable task into lighter tasks thea are easy to conduct. People who have these skills tend to be much more productive and effective in whatever they do. d. Empathy Empathy is sensing what the other’s feelings, being able to understand the others’ perspectives, growing a relationship of trust and aligning oneself with all sorts of people. Empathy is built on selfawareness, the more open someone at oneself emotions, the more skilled that someone at reading feelings. The ability to empathize is the ability to know how others feel. People who have more empathy are able to capture hidden social signals. Emotions are rarely expressed in words, more often expressed through gesture instead. The key to understanding the feelings of others is being able to read nonverbal message from the tone of voice, gestures, and facial expressions.
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e. Social Skills Social skills are the ability to handle emotions well in interacting with others and carefully read the situation and social networks, interact smoothly, using these skills to influence and lead, deliberate and resolve disputes, as well as cooperate and work in teams. According to Sarwono (1989), in his book entitled Adolescent Psichology, there are so many factors contributing to both adolescent delinquency and adolescent behavioral disorders in general. The various theories that attempt to explain the causes of adolescent delinquency can be classified as follows: 1. Rational choice. This theory prioritizes individual factors rather than environmental factors. Delinquency is done on top of choice, interest, motivation or one’s own accord. In Indonesia, there are many who believe in this theory, such as juvenile delinquency being considered as a lack of faith that the child is sent to flash boarding schools or incorporated into religious schools. Others consider that bad teens lack of discipline so they are given military training. 2. Social disorganization. Generally, positivists prefer the cultural factor. What causes juvenile delinquency is the reducing or disappearing public institutions which so far maintain the balance or harmony in the society. Busy parents and overloaded teachers are the cause of the reduced function of family and school as control institutions. 3. Strain. This theory was put forward by Merton which in essence is that the pressure of the society, such as poverty, causes most of the society
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members who chose the path of rebellion to commit crimes or delinquency. 4. Differential association. According to this theory, juvenile delinquency is a result of differential association (social intercourse). Children become delinquents because they associate with bad children as well. This concept is shared by many parents in Indonesia, which often forbid their children to hang out with friends who are considered as bad, and sent their children to make friends with those who are good and studious. 5. Labeling. It has been argued that the juvenile delinquent have always been considered or labeled as naughty. In Indonesia, there is a number of parents (especially a mother) who wants to make a chit-chat with her guests, so when her son shows up in the living room, she says to her guests, “Goodness, this is my eldest son. His figure may be tall, but his naughtiness is untolarable”. If the son is too often labeled as such, then they will be actually really naughty. 6. Male phenomenon. This theory believes that a boy is more mischievous than a girl. The reason is that because delinquency is the nature of boys or because masculinity culture states that it is natural that boys are naughty. According to the results of research conducted by Listyawati (2004) on Dominant Factors Affecting Bad Behavior in Children, it was concluded that the most dominant factor is the child’s needs that are not met physically, psychologically and socially, deprived children rights, children not getting a chance to actualize themselves, and the influence of an unhealthy environment.
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According Atmasasmita (in Soetodjo, 2010) it was expressed his opinion about the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of child delinquency, namely: 1. Intrinsic Motivation a) Intelegentia Factor b) Age Factor c) Sex Factor d) Factor of Children Status in Family 2. Extrinsic Motivation a) Household Factor b) Education and School Factors c) Children Social Intercourse Factor d) Mass Media Factors Fostering of Juvenile Delinquents Delinquency issues are the responsibility of the all parties like family (parents), society environment, school environment, and the state. The handling of delinquency issues could be done through the legal process that is regulated by legislation if the kind of mischief was classified as a crime. But it would be an certain difficulty when what’s being faced is delinquency issue categorized as mild and not considered as crime, such as skipping school, argueing the parents, smoking, bothering the peers, and so forth. In relation to delinquency acts that are criminal offenses committed by children, Indonesia has laws and regulations that govern it, as in Article 45 of the Penal Code which provides:
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“In terms of criminal prosecutions against people who have not grown for committing an act before the age of 16, the judge may verdict, order that the guilty be submitted to the government without any penalty, if the act constitutes a crime or any offense under articles 489, 490, 492, 496, 497, 503, 504, 505, 514, 517, 519, 526, 531, 532, 536, and 540, and it has yet to be two years passed since the one had been found guilty of committing a crime or violation of the above, and the verdict will remain; or impose punishment on the guilty.” According Sudarsono (1990) in his book Adolescent Delinquency, it is said that there are 3 types of possible verdict in children court, namely: 1. The child is handed over to his parents/guardians/foster parents without getting sentenced. In this case the judge orders that the guilty get handed over to the his parents/guardians/foster parents and it is given to his parents/guardians/ foster parents the right to educate the guilty child 2. The judge orders that the child is handed over to the government, the child is not sentenced to anything. In this case the child should be put into social house/institutions or force education home, so it can restore his social condition. 3. The judge may impose the punishment. In this possibility, the guilty child must undergo a punishment. In this regard, if the convicted undergoes imprisonment, he will undergo the punishment in special in prison for children and the maximum punihsment period is reduced by one third. If
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the convicted shall be punished by death or life imprisonment, then he will be dropped a imprisonment of 15 (fifteen) years, at most. Today, the handling of juvenile delinquents has been beginning to lead to a method that is restorative (restorative justice). Basically, this method is a process in which all parties associated with a particular criminal offense deliberate together to solve the problem and consider the consequences in the future. Restorative justice can be done with discretion and diversion. Discretion is the police’s authority to legally continue or discontinue a certain case. While diversion is the diversion of the handling of cases from a child alleged to have committed crime in order to avoid the detention of the child. Children’s deviant behavior may ultimately have a negative impact on the the children’s future and worry the families, communities and nations. Various efforts have been made by the government in handling the problem of children’s deviant behavior through social services and rehabilitation, which is a series of professional activities aimed at solving problems, growing, restoring and enhancing the children’s physical, mental and social condition in order to run their social function (Ministry of Social Affairs, 2007). This is realized by the Juvenile Services and Rehabilitation (PRSAN) that is the responsibility of the Ministry of Social Affairs. There are 3 (three) types of Social Children Institution that deliver services and social rehabilitation for juvenile delinquents, including: 1. Children Fostering Social Instituion (PSBR), is a social institution that has the task of providing guidance and services for dropped-out waifs in order to be able to be independent and play an active role in public life
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2. Children Raising Social Institution (PSAA), is a social institution that provides guidance and services for orphans with no father, orphans with no mother, and poor orphans with no father nor mother, and waifs in order that the potential and studying capacity recover and be able to develop naturally. 3. Social Institution Marsudi Putra (PSMP), is a social institution that has the task of providing social services and rehabilitation for juvenile delinquents in order to be independent and play an active role in public life. In Indonesia there are 8 (eight) PSMP spread out in several areas in Indonesia, four of them which are directly under the control of the Ministry of Social Affairs, are the PSMP Toddopuli Makassar, PSMP Paramita Mataram, PSMP Magelang, and PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus East Jakarta. While 4 (four) other PSMPs is the responsibility of Social Service in regional government namely PSMP/UPTD Andhika Surabaya, PSMP Pekanbaru Tengkuyuk, PSMP Dharmapala Palembang, and BRSMP Harapan Bogor. 2.2 Related Researches
According to the results of research conducted by Listyawati and Iryani (2004 ) on 60 children, which were a random sample of children in Semarang, it was found that: a) As much as 46 percent of children who engaged in delinquent behavior were aged 13-15, 43 percent aged 16-18, while the remaining 11 percent were 7-12 years old.
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b) If being considered in the family’s economic background, in general (80 percent of the sample) were from underprivileged and prosperous families with a job classification as a handyman (33 percent), selling/grocery shop (22 percent), farming (8 percent), factory laborer (7 percent) , private/garage/dealer (8 percent) and teachers (2 percent). c) The most frequent type of delinquent behavior was the middle one (theft, pickpocketing, extortion, fights, vandalism, drunkenness, carrying weapons, doing mischief and gambling) that was equal to 61.67 percent, while for severe delinquent behavior (rape, murder, and robbery) was equal to 31.66 percent. While the remaining 6.66 percent performed light delinquent behavior (skipping school, leaving home without letting people know, breaking traffic rules, being the members of gangs, and threatening teachers). d) Based on the results of the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) revealed by the public stated that a child gets involved in delinquency due to unmet needs of children physically, psychologically, and socially. In addition to family economic limitations, educational limitations, lack of role models or figures of parents. Baro and Jamaluddin (2003) conducted a research on Factors Contributing to Crimes in South Sulawesi on a sample of 600 people (consisting of the general society as many as 400 people and as many as 200 inmates) that were selected with purposive sampling, showed that: a) Based on the secondary data, it was found that the type of crimes that was most common to happen in South Sulawesi in 2003 was theft (54 percent). 40
Next up was the assault cases by 20 percent. While the rest were cases of decency (11 percent), economic crime cases (7), robbery (6 percent) and murder (2 percent). b) The results of interviews with respondents, it was obtained the opinions of respondents about the main trigger factor for the occurrence of crime. The result was equal to 46.5 percent that considered economic and poverty factors as major trigger factors for the occurrence of crime. The rest was social environmental factors (31.5 percent), moral and opportunities (15.5 percent) and social and cultural conditions factors (6.5 percent). Of 21.5 percent (43 of 200 respondents in prison) did not work or did not have enough regular work to help support their families, even making stealing make-living activities, and by 44.8 pe cent (94 respondents) worked as a farmer or fisherman who did not have enough income to support their families. While 33.7 percent claimed to be “self-employed” as their occupations. Based on the above theory study and related researches, the classification of types of delinquency are categorized into two, namely the upper middle delinquency, light delinquency. As for knowing the characteristics of juvenile delinquents, using previous research variables and combining several theories that have been mentioned in the literature review were then adjusted to the state of the field. The variables were age, the number of family members, the number of siblings, intelligentia (IQ), harmony in family, emotional intelligence, behavior before entering social insitution, child’s education, caretaker’s education, and play time with friends.
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2.3 Conceptual Framework
According to the theories from Atmasasmita, Sawo, Sarwono and Marlina, it is concluded that the social and demographic condition of a child will form delinquent characteristics of that child. Family environment in which the child lives may determine his mental development. The condition of family harmony, housing density, and the number of siblings also has association with delinquent behavior in him. In addition, the education level the caretaker also links to the development of the child’s behavior as it relates to the pattern of care provided. The child’s playing environment is also associated with delinquency. The the child’s play time duration in daily life is associated with the delinquency done. The child’s level of education, intelligence, and emotional intelligence, the child has is also associated with the type of delinquency done. These ideas can be simplified into the framework model as in Figure 2.
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Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency Harmony in Family (X1)
Child’s Education (X2)
Caretaker’s Education (X3)
Child’s Age (X4)
Types of Delinquency (Y) 1. Upper Middle Delinquency 2. Light Delinquency
IQ Test Score (X5)
The Average of Play Time (X6)
The Number of Family Members (X7) The Number of Biological siblings (X8) Behavior Before Entering Social Institutuion (X9) Emotional Intelligence (X10)
Figure 2. Conceptual framework of the research
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2.4 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis to be tested in this research is there happen to be the divergence of conditions of family harmony, child’s education, caretaker’s education, child’s age, child’s IQ, the average of play time, the number of family members, the number of biological siblings, and emotional intelligence, among groups of children belonging to upper middle and light delinquents.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Scope of Research
The scope of this research includes the research variables, place and time of the research, as well as the period of data used. Independent variables used in this research were age, the number of family members, the number of siblings, intelligentia (IQ), harmony in family, emotional intelligence, behavior before entering social insitution, child’s education, caretaker’s education, and play time with friends. While the basis for respondents grouping is variable of types of delinquency that is divided into 2 (two) namely upper middle delinquency and light delinquency according to Listyawati Iryani (2006) which had been adjusted. This research is a case study in the PSMP Handayani, located at Jl. PPA Bambu Apus, Cipayung and BRSMP Harapan located at Jl. Kingdom Jonggol Kp. Mekar Sari, Bogor. The time and conducting of this research were divided into several stages, namely surveys at the two places on the recommendation of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. After getting permission, I conducted a preliminary study of these data of the juvenile delinquets that were up to April 30th 2011 were still being fostered at the two institution. Then I determined the sample unit through sampling procedures. The last stage was collecting the data from which spent 2 weeks at PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus, East Jakarta, and 2
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weeks at BRSMP Harapan Bogor West Java, which started on April 1st to 29th, 2011. 3.2 Data Collection Method
The data used in this research were primary data and secondary ones. Secondary data were obtained from the monthly summary list of the names and types of problems faced by juvenile delinquents who entered the PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus, East Jakarta and BRSMP Harapan Bogor, West Java. While the primary data were obtained from structured interviews a research instrument in the form of questionnaires as a tool to gather some social, and demographic information on juvenile delinquents that were not found in the secondary data. Population and Sample Research object retrieval system began with the selection of specific social institutions that fostered juvenile delinquents in Indonesia. Juvenile delinquents fostering in Indonesia is formally the responsibility of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemensos RI) through a number of Social Institution Marsudi Putra (PSMP). There are 8 (eight) PSMP spread out in several areas in Indonesia, four of them which are directly under the control of the Ministry of Social Affairs, are the PSMP Toddopuli Makassar, PSMP Paramita Mataram, PSMP Magelang, and PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus East Jakarta. While 4 (four) other PSMPs is the responsibility of Social Service in regional government namely PSMP/UPTD Andhika Surabaya, PSMP Pekanbaru Tengkuyuk, PSMP Dharmapala Palembang, and BRSMP Harapan Bogor. In
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general, the implementation of fostering throughout the all the PSMPs equally follow the implementation guidelines from the Ministry of Social Affairs. Due to limitations of time, effort, and cost, the research is limited to case study in 2 (two) PSMP, namely PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus, East Jakarta and BRSMP Harapan Bogor, West Java. Population is the overall subject of the research. Sample is representative of the majority or the population studied (Arikunto, 2006). The population in this research is that juvenile delinquents that were up to April 30th 2011 were still being fostered at PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus, East Jakarta, inhabited by 108 people in total and BRSMP Harapan Bogor West Java, by 100 people. The name list of the children who were receiving social services in both institution would be used as a sampling frame as the basis for sampling. Determination of minimum sample size used Slovin theorem because the population size was known (Riduwan and Kuncoro, 2007). The tolerance towards the error value set was 10 percent, then the minimum size of sample obtained was 67.5325
68 people with the following formula.
(1)
where: n = minimum sample size N = number of units in the population e = precision specified/percent of inaccuracy tolerance due to population sampling error (in this study it was used e by 10%)
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The sampling technique used in this study was a linear systematic sampling with a sample frame in the form of combined name lists of children getting social services at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan with 208 children in total. Systematic sampling will facilitate sampling, because it uses only one random number selection, while the next random number will be followed by counting the interval. Sample interval is obtained by the following formula:
(2) where: n = sample size N = number of units in the population The linear systematic sampling steps are as follows: 1. Calculate the interval (I) according the formula above. 2. Determine the first random number (R1) that is less than or equal to I. The next random numbers are: R2
= R1+ I
R3
= R1+ 2I
, and so forth. 3. Further random numbers are then applied to the sampling frame to obtain a number of n respondents. Research Instruments
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Primary data obtained in this research were the result of structured interviews using questionnaires. A questionnaire is a list of questions that must be filled by a person who will be studied (respondent). “A questionnaire is a number of written questions used to obtain information from respondents in terms of statements about their personality, or the things that they know." (Arikunto, 2006, p.151) . The purpose of using a questionnaire is to obtain information that is relevant to the purpose of the survey and obtain information about the validity and reliability as high as possible (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1989). Based on the theory study in Chapter II, the grating instruments used in this research are shown in the following table: Tabel 1. Grating research instruments The Number for Statement Items Variables Indicators Positive Negative (1) (2) (3) (4) Religious life 1, 15 23 in the family Time together in 2, 4, 5, 20, 28 families Adequate communication 9, 10 3, 6, 16 among family members Harmony in Respect among Family 7, 17 family members Crisis or conflict arising in the 12-14, 18, 21 family The existence of a close relationship 11, 19, 22, 8, 25, 27 or bond among 24, 26 family members Behavior at Behavior 2, 17 1, 3, 5, 7, 16 School Before Entering Social intercourse 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 10, 15, 18 Social outside of school 14, 21-24 Institution Behavior in the 11, 13, 19, 20
The Number of Items (5) 3 5
5
2 5
8
7 13 4
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Emotion Intelligence
family Self-awareness Self-control Motivation Emphaty Social skill
1 8, 9, 12, 20
3, 24 4, 16, 18, 21, 26 TOTAL
2, 7 5, 15, 17, 22 6, 14, 23, 25 10, 13, 18
3 8 4 4
11
6 78
The three variables described in Table 1 are variables measured with a Likert Scale. While the other variables in research instruments that cannot be measured by a Likert Scale can be explained by the operational definition as follows: Independent Variables: 1) Age, the age of the respondents at the time of enumeration . 2) The number of family members , the number of family members including the respondents themselves . 3) The number of biological siblings, the number of biological siblings including the the respondents themselves. 4) Child’s Education, child education level approached by the duration of the child’s education. 5) Child Caretaker’s Education, education level of parents approached the duration of the caretaker’s education. 6) Intelegentia, approached the respondents’ IQ test scores which were obtained through the General Intelligence Test (TIU) .
50
7) Duration of Play Time, the average duration of play time on every day with playmates outdoors by the respondents before entering the social institution. Dependent Variables: Juvenile delinquency, is an act contrary to the customs and norms of law or specific rules that apply within the family, the society or the country in which the child resides that are anti-social and or contrary to the law . Delinquency types, i.e. types of juvenile delinquents that were being fostered at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan that had been grouped according to Listyawati and Iryani (2006) and had undergone adjustments to: 1. Upper Middle Delinquency , such as rape/sexual harrassment, murder, drugs, robbery, stealing, pickpocketing, extortion, fights, vandalism, negligence which causes loss of life of others, drinking, carrying weapons, doing mischief, and gambling. 2. Light Delinquency, like skipping school/lack of motivation, wandering off at night, leaving home without letting people know, breaking traffic rules, being a gang member, pornography, neglects, threatening teachers , and family conflicts. Likert Scale Likert scale is one of the most commonly used method for measuring the value of variables through the scale score. According to Riduwan and Kuncoro (2007), “Likert Scale is used to measure the attitudes, opinions and perceptions of
51
a person or a group of people on events or social phenomena." (p.20). in this research, the measurement of variables of the level of family harmony, behavior before entering social institution, and emotional intelligence used a Likert scale. In addition to showing the interval between each respondent, it is also to provide additional information i.e. the location of the respondents in the levels of measured characteristics (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1989). In making research instrument with Likert Scale, it is needed the variables to be translated into dimensions based on certain theories. Dimensions obtained are then presented to obtain indicators that can be measured through a statement or a question. There are five alternative answers used in this questionnaire, namely strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree. These five alternative answers have different scores. To choices of answer on the positive items were scored from the highest to the lowest, while the negative ones were scored on vice versa; from lowest to highest as shown in the following table. Tabel 2. Scores for each choice of answer to statement item Score for Each Choice of Answer to Statement Alternative Answer Positive Negative (1)
(2)
(3)
Strongly Agree (SS)
5
1
Agree (S)
4
2
Neutral (N)
3
3
Disagree (TS)
2
4
Strongly Disagree (STS)
1
5
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Scores on each statement will next be summed to produce a cumulative score of each respondent on each variable that will be used to measure the variables of family harmony, behavior before entering social institution, and emotional intelligence. Testing Research Instruments The accuracy of testing a hypothesis about the relationship of research variables is highly depending on the quality of the data used in the test (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1989). Thus, the research instrument which in this case is the questionnaire, must have the relatively high degrees of validity and reliability. The hypothesis testing will not reach the target if the data used to test the hypothesis were the data that are not reliable and do not accurately depict the variables measured. Test Validity Valid or validity term has the meaning of how extent the accuracy and the precision of the measuring instruments in performing their measuring functions. According to Singarimbun and Effendi (1989), “Validity indicates how extent a measuring instrument measures what it is supposed to be measure” (p.124). According to Arikunto (2006), “Validity is a measure that indicates the levels of validity or authenticity of a certain instrument” (p.168). A valid instrument is measuring instrument used to obtain valid data and can be used to measure what needs to be measured. Practically, both in the field of exact and social, the precision of measurement still has errors. The errors may be a too-high result (overestimate) or too-low one (underestimate). These errors are known as
53
measurement error. A valid indicator is an indicator that has a small degree of measurement error. The steps are as follows: 1. Operationally defining the concept to be measured. 2. Conducting a test on the measuring scale on a number of respondents. It is suggested that the number of respondents for the test is at least 30 people, with such amount the score distribution will get closer to a normal curve. 3. Preparing answers tabulation tables. 4. Calculating the correlation between the scores of each statement with the total score using the formula of product moment correlation technique, the formula is as follows:
rtest
N X
N XY X Y 2
X
2
N Y
2
Y
2
(3)
Where: rtest = product moment correlation coefficient N = sample size X = score point of each respondent Y = each total score of respondent 5. The basis of decision-making is a. When the value of ruji > rtable with the degrees of freedom (n - 2), the item is valid and can be incorporated into the questionnaire. When the question items are significant/valid, they have construct validity or internal consistency within them.
54
b. When the value of ruji < rtable with the degrees of freedom (n - 2), the item is valid and cannot be used further as a measuring tool in the questionnaire. When the value of r is negative it means that the statement is contrary to the other ones, which means that the statement is inconsistent with the others (Singarimbun, 1989). Reliability Test The term of reliability is derived from the words rely and ability. It can be interpreted as the consistency. Reliability is an index that indicates how trustworthy or reliable a measuring instrument (questionnaire) is. That is, if a measuring instrument is used to measure the same symptoms twice and the result of each measurement obtained is relatively consistent, the instrument can be considered as reliable (Singarimbun and Effendi, 1989). According Arikunto (2006 ), a reliable instrument can be trusted to be used as a means of collecting data because that instrument is good. The result of a measurement can be convincing if the implementation of several measures of the same subject obtain results that are relatively similar, which means it has a good measurement consistency. A reliable measurement instrument is the one that has a high reliability coefficient. There are various methods that can be used to calculate the reliability index, including re-measurement method (re-test), split-half method, and internal consistency method. In this study the method used to calculate the reliability index was internal consistency method. Reliability index can be demonstrated by the value of the Cronbach Alpha (α), with the following formula:
55
( where: α k
∑
)
(4)
= reliability of the instrument (Cronbach Alpha) = the number of the questions
S2(xi) = variance of score in each question item Sx2
= variance of total score
According to Riduwan and Kuncoro (2007), in order to interpret the correlation coefficient, reliability is determined based on the following criteria : a. Between 0.000 to 0.199 is classified as very low b. Between 0.200 to 0.399 is classified as low c. Between 0.400 to 0.599 is classified as quite high d. Between 0.600 to 0.799 is classified as high e. Between 0.800 to 1.000 is classified as very high Validity and Reliability Testing Procedure in SPSS In order to check out the validity of each question of variable tested using SPSS, it can be understood in the output of Item-Total Statistics on coloumn Corrected Item-Total Correlation. If the value is greater than rtable (take a look at r table with a sample size of 34, the value of rtable 0.339), the question is considered as valid. Meanwhile, in order to check out the validity of tested variables, it can be understood in the output Reability Statistics on coloumn Cronbach’s Alpha. The validity and reliability testing (Appendix 2) on each statement to measure the variables of the level of family harmony (28 statements), the attitude and behavior
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of the child (24 statements), and emotional intelligence (26 statements) in this research produced rtable values and Cronbach’s Alphas as follows: Table 3. The number of valid and reliable statements based on independent variables No Independent Variable The Number of The Number of Cronbach’s . Statement Item Statement Item Alpha Before Validity After Validity (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 Family Harmony 28 12 0.856 2 Behavior Before 24 12 0.837 Entering Social Institution 3 Emotional Intelligence 26 10 0.823 TOTAL 78 34 Source: Research Questionnaire (processed) 3.3 Analysis Method
Descriptive Analysis A descriptive analysis presents the result of observation without any hypothesis testing. It is a simple method of statistical analysis that aims to facilitate the interpretation and explanation by analyzing tables, charts, or diagrams . Descriptive analysis is used to provide a general overview of the characteristics of the research’s sample by using tables and diagrams. In addition, this analysis is also used to describe the characteristics of the two variables simultaneously using cross tabulation. A cross-tabulation analysis method is quite simple but has a great ability to explain the relationship betweens the variables under research (Singarimbun and Effendi, 2006: 273). In the cross tabulation,
57
observations are divided into subgroups in order to study how the dependent variables differ from one subgroup to another. Descriptive analysis in this research was used to explain the general idea of social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents in PSMP Handayani Bambu Apus, East Jakarta and BRSMP Harapan, Bogor West Java. Discriminant Analysis Discriminant analysis is a part of a statistical analysis technique named multivariate that aims to assess the accuracy of classification that is formed by forming a discriminant function (Supranto, 2010). This assessment is based on variables that are substantially/theoratically related to the classification. According to Johnson and Winchern (1988) the purpose of discriminant analysis is to describe the characteristics of an observation of a variety of known populations, both in means of graphic and algebraic by forming discriminant functions . In order that discriminant analysis to be conducted, the assumptions that must be met are as follows: 1. There are distinction among groups If µk is the average in the k-th group, the hypotheses used to test the distinctions among the groups are as follows:
There are at least two distinct groups
58
Statistical test used in the hypothesis testing is V-Bartlett statistic that distributes according to the distribution of Chi -Square (
) with
degrees of freedom p(k - 1) where p specifies the number of variables and k specifies the number of groups. If there is some particular difference (H0 is rejected), then the discriminant function can be formed, discriminant analysis can be performed. In processing with SPSS, when the number of variables is p then at least we should get the 50 percent significance of p variables so that discriminant analysis can be performed . 2. Observed variables are normally distributed (multivariate normality) According to Hair et al. (2006), one of the most fundamental assumptions of multivariate analysis is normality, referring to the distribution pattern of the data of variables that are normally distributed . If the variation of the normal distribution is large enough, all the test results would be statistically invalid , because normality is a requirement to conduct statistical test of Fisher and t-Student (p: 79). The multivariate normality is independent variables is difficult to assess. In a simple way, multivariate normality means that the variables are normal as univariate and normal if combined with other independent variables together. Thus, a variable that has met the assumption of multivariate normality will also meet the assumptions of univariate normality. However, a variable that has is normal as univariate may not necessarily meet the assumptions of multivariate normality. Assumption of univariate normality of each variable will make the assumption of
59
multivariate normality easy to meet when the variables are being tested together. One of the means to test multivariate normality is by looking at the distribution pattern of the data points on Normal Probability Plot. The multivariate normality is obtained when the distribution pattern of the data points form a straight line and follow the diagonal line on the Normal Probability Plot (Siswadi, 1999) . In addition through the Normal Probability Plot, the multivariate normality can also be viewed through statistical tests by using the values of skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of the data in possession. Statistic value (z) for skewness can be obtained with the following formula:
√
(5)
while the statistical value (z) for kurtosis can be obtained with the following:
√
(6)
The results of calculation of skewness z and kurtosis z are compared to the critical value at a certain significance level. 3. All groups have significantly equal variance-covariance matrices The similarity of variance-covariance matrix for each group is an important assumption in discriminant analysis. Violation towards this
60
assumption will have a negative impact on the classification of observations based on the discriminant function. The negative impacts is that there is overclassification or inclination that an observation to be classified into groups that have a larger variance-covariance matrix. To test the hypotheses that: Equality of Covariance Matrices There are at least two distinct groups p = the number of discriminating variables it is used Box’s M test statistic, as follows: |
∑
| |
∏ |
|
(7) (8)
where: k
= the number of groups
W/(n-k)
= variance-covariance matrix in combined group
Sj
= variance-covariance matrix in j-th group
When the null hypothesis (Ho) is true, then -2 ln λ* / b will follow the F distribution with degrees of freedom v1 and v2 at α significance level. Discriminant function is a function or a linear combination of the original variables that produces the best way of separating the groups. This function will give values as close as possible within groups and as far as possible between groups (Dillon, 1984).
61
According to Hair et al. (2006), there are two methods of calculation which can be used in the formation of the discriminant function, namely simultaneous method that is more known as enter method and stepwise method. Simultaneous method is calculating method of discriminant function in which all the independent variables are considered together. So the discriminant function is formed based on the entire set of independent variables without concerning discriminating power of each independent variable. Simultaneous method is appropriate to use when for some theoretical reason, the researcher wants to include all independent variables in the analysis and is not interested see the results that are based only on variables that have a very strong discriminating power. Stepwise method is used to see the most significant independent variables (independent variables that can be included in the formation of the discriminant function), which can be done with two criteria, namely: 1. Independent variable that has the largest F . 2. Independent variable that has the smallest value of Wilk’s Lambda . The minimum value of F to-enter was 3.84 and the maximum value of F to remove was 2.71. The values of both Fs were obtained from the formula: [
][
⁄
( ⁄
)
]
(9)
where n is the total number of rows, k is the number of groups, p is independent variables added, λp is Wilk’s Lambda prior to the addition of independent variables and λp+1 is Wilk’s lambda after adding/including
62
independent variables. Independent variables that have been chosen can be removed from the discriminant function if the information contained on group differences exists in several combinations of other elected independent variables (Hair et al., 2006: 84). The main discriminating independent variables resulting from stepwise process is a general characteristic of all the groups studied. The formation of the discriminant function in this research used stepwise method because according to Nourosis in Yeni (2004), if a research uses a lot of independent variables, for the sake of the efficiency in determining independent variables playing a role in the formation of the discriminant function performed by stepwise discriminant analysis. This procedure is used to remove information from independent variables that is less useful in forming the discriminant function. Stepwise discriminant procedure begins with the selection of the most significant independent variables. Havng obtained the most significant independent variables, the discriminant function can be formed. This function will give values as close as possible within groups and as far as possible between groups (Dillon, 1984). The number of discriminant functions formed generally depends on minimum (p, k 1), and p is the number of dominant independent variables and k is the number of groups that have been established (Dillon, 1984). Discriminant function is defined as the variance of independent variables chosen as the discriminating power. If there is more than one discriminant function formed, it can be considered that the first discriminant function will be the biggest discriminating power, as well as the next function(s).
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The discriminant function formed has the a general form of a linear equation (Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Function Sample), namely: ̂
̂
̂
(10)
or can be written as ̂
(11)
where: y = discriminant score ̂ =[̂ =[
̂
̂ ]= vector of estimate coefficients ]= vector of independent variables
The value is chosen as such that the discriminant functions differ as far as possible between the groups, or that the ratio of the sum of squares between groups with the maximum number of squares within groups. According Ghozali (2005), in order to determine the power of a discriminant function in assessing each observation and classify them into some defined groups, it can be done by considering the following indicators: 1. The Canonical Correlation Canonical correlation is a measure of the relationship between the groups formed by y with existing discriminant function. When R is 0 (zero), then this may mean that there is no relationship between the existing groups with discriminant function formed. Vice versa, when R is large, then it shows a high correlation between the discriminant function with the
64
existing groups. R is used to explain how useful each function in determining groups distinction. 2. Eigen Value Eigen values indicate the presence or absence of multicollinearity or correlation occurs between independent variables in the discriminant function. Multicollinearity will occur when the eigen value is close to 0 (zero). 3. Group Centroid Group Centroid is the average value of the discriminant of each observation in each group. If the difference in group centroid between groups is larger, the obtained discriminant function can discriminate the existing groups. An observation is measured based on all the independent variables used and then put in a discriminant function to obtain the score. The criterion for grouping variables into the existing groups is based on cutting score. The level of grouping accuracy largely determines whether or not a grouping (Santoso, 2010) is adequate. The percentage of grouping accuracy can be calculated from the classification matrix that shows the true value (actual members) and predictive value (prediction members) of each group. The formula for the percentage of grouping accuracy by the discriminant function (hit ratio) is: ∑ ∑
(12)
65
where:
= the number of observation of = the number of observation of
that is precisely classified into that is misclassified into
with i = 1,2,…,k dan j = 1,2,…,k In practice, the results of the hit ratio is often compared to a standard specified percentage. There are two (2) percentage standards that are often used, namely the proportional chance criterion and the maximum chance criterion. The proportional chance criterion is used if the size of each group is not the same and the researcher wants to identify exactly each observation of two (2) or more groups. The formula used for this criterion is: ∑
(13)
where: = proportional chance criterion of probability model p
= the proportion of the number of observation in the group
The maximum chance criterion is determined by calculating the percentage of total observations indicated by the highest percentage of two or more groups. Hair et al. (2006) suggested that the percentage of classification accuracy obtained through discriminant analysis is least 25 percent larger than the percentage obtained by the probability model (p. 324).
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CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents
The handling of the delinquency issue is the responsibility of all parties. The government through the Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) has been working to provide solutions in preventing and tackling juveline delinquency, including social institutions for juvenile delinquents . In an attempt to overcome the problem of juvenile delinquency all parties need to know the demographic and social characteristics of the problematic children. Most of Juvenile Delinquents Are Male Juvenile delinquency can be done by boys and girls, although in practice the number of boys who commit delinquency is far higher than of girls. This is because boys are considered to have a stronger power and wider opportunities in the social intercourse, so are more likely to get bad influences in the environment. Such condition can also be seen through the results of a research on fostered children at both social institutions that shows that the proportion of male juvenile delinquents is much larger than the female juvenile delinquents .
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12%
Laki-laki Boy
Girl Perempuan 88%
Figure 3. The percentage of juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by sex in 2011
In addition that there is a difference between the quantity of delinquency between boys and girls, the difference in quality is also perceptible in everyday life. This is because the culture of masculinity which states that it is reasonable if tads are more mischievous than lads. There Are Quite A Lot of The Dropped-Out Juvenile Delinquents School is a medium for fostering children’s souls. In other words, school is also partly responsible for the education of both children’s knowledge and behavior. That children cannot finish the education they should have completed at their age indicates a low level of education. The following table is showing the percentage of juvenile delinquents by age and the latest education level attained. Table 4. The percentage of juvenile delinquents in the PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan by age and the latest education level attained in 2011 Education Level Attained Dropped Elementary Middle Total High School/ Age out from School/ School (percent) Equivalent Elementary Equvalent /Equivalent (percent) School (percent) (percent) 68
(percent) (1) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(2) 60.00 28.57 44.44 11.11 7.69 -
(3) 40.00 57.14 33.33 27.78 21.74 7.14 23.08 -
(4) 14.29 22.22 55.56 78.26 78.57 61.54 50.00
(5) 5.56 14.29 7.69 50.00
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Education is one of the things important in relation to the development of child’s behavior. The government has had a 9-year compulsory education program which means that every citizen shall attend school at least until middle school. From Table 4 it can be seen that there is a tendency of children dropped out of school at a certain level. Of the overall 13-year old juvenile delinquents who should have graduated from elementary school level (SD), there is still 40 percent who have completed it. It also happened to 16-year-old juvenile delinquents who should have graduated at least on the level of Middle School (SMP), only 50 percent have completed it. It can be seen also that of the juvenile delinquents aged 16 there is still 11 percent who did not complete elementary school/equivalent. These conditions also occurs to 19-year-old juvenile delinquents who theoritically should have completed high school level of education (SMA), but only 7 percent who have completed their education at the high school level/equivalent. As for the 20-year-old juvenile delinquents, only half of it who have completed high school education/equivalent.
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Juvenile Delinquents’ Play Time Duration Low levels of education lead children to not having the opportunity to do beneficial positive activities. With large amount of time children have, they will often associate with friends who are at risk of giving bad influences on their attitudes and behavior. This is proved from the research that shows that the average duration of juvenile delinquent’s play time on every day is 5-6 hours. Even so, there are several juvenile delinquents whose the per day average of play time duration exceeds 5-6 hours.
34, 36% 61, 64%
=6 6jam hours
Figure 4. The percentage of the average of juvenile delinquent’s play time duration at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
There Are Quite Various Types of Delinquency Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem. Along with the development of times, the variety of types of delinquency children commit is also growing. It is very sad when the offense actions that are usually only commited by adults have now been commited by the children.
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Rape/ FamilyConflict Sexual [PERCENTAGE] Harassement 2%
Drugs/ Psychotropics 10%
Truancy/Lack of Motivation [PERCENTAGE] Neglect [PERCENTAGE]
Wandering at Theft night [PERCENTAGE] [PERCENTAGE]
Fights [PERCENTAGE]
Drinking 24%
Laziness [PERCENTAGE]
Pornography [PERCENTAGE]
Figure 5. The percentage of the types of delinquency committed by juvenile delinquents at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
Based on Figure 5 it can be seen that nowadays, the types of delinquency very vary from the light form, such as wandering around at night, pornography (activities of viewing/saving/deploying pornographic images and or videos), and truancy/less motivation, to relatively severe delinquency such as drugs/ psychotropic substances and theft. The largest percentage of juvenile delinquency is drunkenness of liquor, which is 24 percent. Circumstances such as family conflicts that are equal to 4 percent, and child neglect that is equal to 14 percent belong to delinquencies because such circumstances has high potential to become even more serious delinquency. Therefore, the Ministry of Social Affairs through children social institution, is
71
trying to overcome these through fostering the children with such vulnerable condition. Juvenile delinquency is not only harming the children themselves, some also harms others. Cases of theft, rape, and fights are a few examples of delinquency that can harm others. Activities of being drug addicts or drug dealers even have been classified into actions that violate the law in Indonesia. Furthermore, juvenile delinquents with such diversed types of actions will be pursued to be fostered in juvenile delinquents rehabilition institutions which have been appointed by the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Departement in several provinces in Indonesia. If being considered from the party that sends /reports juvenile delinquents to finally receive guidance in juvenile delinquents rehabilition institutions, the largest percentage goes to the authorities and the families. Based on Figure 6, it can be seen that about 16 percent of children apparently voluntarily and of their own accord to be fostered in juvenile delinquents rehabilition institution. It is considered to be very good, because within these children there has been an intention to make their behavior better.
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Rujukan BAPAS 9%
Keluarga 38% Aparat Berwenang 37%
Kemauan Sendiri 16%
Figure 6. The percentage of those who send juvenile delinquents to PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
4.2 The Condition of Juvenile Delinquents’ Families
92%
8%
Orang tua Parents
Wali Guardian
Figure 7 . The percentage of primary caretaker of juvenile delinquents in PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
Family is the primary environment for each child before knowing the wider environment. The patterns of education and parenting provided by the family will create certain values and norms that can be provision for children to
73
begin to recognize the external environment. Parenting can be done by parents, or guardians. Based on the results of this research, 92 percent of juvenile delinquents are raised by parents. Although most juvenile delinquents are raised by their parents, that does not mean children will become delinquents if getting cared for by their parents. Figure 7 only shows the most dominant percentage of caretakers in the family life of juvenile delinquents. The education process and parenting for children are not emphasized on who is parenting, but rather about how parenting is executed. Children will perform the identification process indirectly to things that happened in the family, especially their caretakers. The low economic levels generally cause the parents to not able to fulfill their children needs. This is related to the level of education the caretakers had. SMP/Equivalent [PERCENTAGE]
SMA/ Equivalent
[PERCENTAGE]
SD/Equivalent [PERCENTAGE]
Not completed SD [PERCENTAGE]
Figure 8. The percentage of latest education attained by juvenile delinquents’ caretakers at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
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Based on Figure 8, it can be seen that 17 percent of caretakers of juvenile delinquents did not complete elementary school. In addition, 42 percent of parents/guardians of juvenile delinquents completed only elementary school. Both of these conditions indicate the level of education of parents/guardians is still relatively low. These conditions may be associated with the kind of job the parents/guardians which is closely related to the economic level of the family. A low educational level is often associated with low economic level as well. The higher someone’s education, the greater the chance to choose the kind of job one considers appropriate to meet one’s needs .
Civil Servant/Soldier /Policeman 4%
Others (Driver/Ojeg/ Measseur) 11% Private Employee [PERCENTAGE]
Laborer/Agricu ltural laborer [PERCENTAGE]
Farmer [PERCENTAGE] Entrepreneur [PERCENTAGE]
Unemployed [PERCENTAGE]
Figure 9. The percentage distribution of kind of job the juvenile delinquents’ caretakers have at PSMP Handayani and BRSMP Harapan in 2011
Based on the results of this research, it can be seen that the largest percentage the juvenile delinquents’ parents/guardians’ jobs is laborer/agricultural laborer (31 percent). Additionally, there is 11 percent works as a driver/ojeg/masseur. From Figure 8 and Figure 9 it can be concluded that the
75
education of the parents/ guardians of juvenile delinquents is relatively low and the majority of the kind of job is only as manual labor (unskilled jobs). Children As a Family Member Family is the primary environment of each individual, since he was born until his time came to leave home to form his own families. Human relationships are the most intensive and earliest thing occurred in family environment. Family conditions determine the relationship, the communication and the possibility of conflict in it. A crowded house where people will make greater likelihood of conflicts. This is due to too many demands from every member of the family who has distinct nature and character. Based on the results of obtained data, 71 percent of juvenile delinquents live in a house inhabited by more than 4 people. For comparison, the average household size in Indonesia is between 3-4 people. These conditions show that juvenile delinquents are living in a relatively occupants-crowded house. The condition that the pity number of family members (too crowded) would be the cause of juvenile delinquency. Another aspect in the family that theoretically could lead to juvenile delinquency is the number of son and daughter, because it is considered to be able to influence mental development of the children. A relatively large family size (the large number of children) results in a lack of supervision from parents to their children. It would be the cause that children are easy to receive negative effects outside the family environment.
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> 5 people [PERCENTAGE]
