Social Capital and Development ~rends in Rural Areas

Social Capital and Development ~rends in Rural Areas Volume 6

Kiyoshi KOBAYASHl Hans WESTLUND Hayeong JEONG editors

MARG

(Marginal Areas Research Group)

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Social Capital and Development Trends in Rural Areas Volume 6

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This volume contains the examined and selected papers of the 6th International Workshop on "Social Capital and Development Trends in Japan's and Sweden's CounlJ)'side."lt was held on July 1-2,2009 in lshigaki Island. Japan. The workshop aims to discuss sustainable development of rural areas and provide innovative academic perspective regarding social capital. The volume consists of 19 contributions by authors from Japan and Sweden, successfully accepted lhrough peer review. They present interesting and diverse viewpoints on the interface between the concept of social capital and the development of rural regions.

MARC (Marginal Areas Researcb Group) ISBN: 971-4-907IJO-I7-6

Cover: Red-Tiled Roof, Shiisaa, and Stone Wall in Taketomi Island, Japan

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Contents Preface 1

Change the Social Structure and Social Capital 1.1 Introduction........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 The content of this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Part I: The Growth of Social Capital and Entrepreneurship Approach 1.2.2 Part II: r-.lanagcmcllt of Commons and Social Capital 1.2.3 Pari 1Il: MOllilOring aDd ~Ieasuring Social Capital . . . . . . . .. 1.2.4 Part 3. Sponta.lleous Institutional Arrangements Hud Stimulating Local Innovation . . . . . . . . . ..

2 Societal entrepreneurship and social capital 2.1 Social Capital and Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . 2.2 Sectors of Societal Eutrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Is Social Capital Promo! ing Entrepreneurship in Eaell Sector? 2.4 is Social Capital Promoting Inllovath·c. Entrepreneurial Collaboration between Sectors of Societ:y? 2.5 ConclusiOlls for Local and Rcgional Growth Policies 3

Social capital for sustainable rural regions 3.1 Introductioll 3.2 Stratcgic Complementarity and Equilibria. 3.2.1 St.rategic Complementarity . 3.2.2 Extcruality and Strategic Complementarity 3.3 Innoval IOU of Public Policy 3.3.1 The 'l'ypc of Public Policy. 3.3.2 St.ructured Policy . . . . . 3.3.;$ Equilibrium Sclection Policy 3.'1 Public Primte Parnership .. 3.4.1 Voluntary Association 3.4.2 Accountability . . . . 3.4.3 Voluutary Association and L~timacy 3.4.4 Voluntary Association and Professional 3.5 Regional Learning Process . . . . . 3.5.1 Regional Learning Approach . . . . .

iii

1 1 2 2 3 5 6

9 9 10 II 13 18

21 21 22 22 23 ?_0

25 27 28 29 29

30 31 33

34 34

CONTENTS

3.6 4

3.5.2 Trust R.elatiollship between GO'"enuucllt and Citizen conclusion . . . . . . . . .. .

Spontaneous Institutions as Cooperative Equilibriulll in RepeatedlyPlayed and Linked Games 4,1 lUlroduclioll . . . 4.2 fo,lodel 4.2.1 Review of ?o.lodcL'i RclaU..'(! to Our Special Interests 4.2.2 A Ba5elinc l\lodel . . . 4.2.3 A Simplified CalllC ·'1'wo Activity / Two Person Came4.3 NUlUerical Analysis . 4.3.1 Notation for Equilibrium 4.3.2 Numerical Results 4.4 Concluding Remarks

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36 41 41

42 42 42 45 45 45 46 53

5

A Soci~Economic Accounting Model for a Marginal Mountainous Region 55 5.1 I.ntroduction. 55 5.2 The !\Iodcl 57 5.2.1 Assumpt.ions 57 5.2.2 Households' Behavior 58 5.2.3 Finus' Behavior 61 5.2.
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Chapter 8

Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism on Mangrove: Case Study of Kuala Selangor Nature Park Maisarah ALI and

8.1

~lohd

FAIZ Bin

~llIsa

Introduction

Mangrove forest. is one of lhe natural scltings. which fall under wetland forest category ..'iUI diverse ecosystem. "'illl its location bet.ween the upland and coast,al ecosystem, matlgrO\-e forest is all ccolOIiC zone; a region of lr{tllsitioll between two biological comOluuitics with diversity of wild lire Iwbitat nnd human natural resources. The valuable intdnsic (natural) ecological fUllctiOlls ali(I sodo-ecouomic values of lIHlugrove forest make it one of the reasons why lIlangro\"c forest has been exploited under the naJlle of devel:lpmcllt for example aquacuh IIrc production. timber or chip wood production. fuel wood production fllld also tourism dcn>lopmcnt. The success ill generating profit from the tourism sector in ~Ialaysia has led to \~
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8 Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism on Mclngrove: Case Study of Kuala Sel
Research Objectives

Four objcment of ecolOurism facilities and services and the tourists· acti\;ties. In development of ceoLOurislIl in KSNP. I here are also positi\·e e1wirOlllllenl.a1 impacts that deri"ed frOlll the ecot.ourism dc,'cloplllcm as shown ill Table 8.2 ami FigufC 8.10. 8.11 and 8.12:

Figurc 8.4: Pollu1.ioll of solid wa."If'

Figure 8.5: Eutrophication

Figure 8.G: Tourist fC(Xlillg the primates

Figure 8. 7: Noise from tourists

8.7

Laboratory Testing

The laboratory testing of water WIL., COllducted on Illh February 2008 for 4 hours. Three (3) stations were specified to collect the water samples. The 3 stations are:

105

8 Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism on Mdngrove: Case Study of Kuala SelangOf Nature Park

Figure 8.9: Decrease of soil quality

Figure 8.8: l11egal cutting

Figure B.IO: Reforestation activities

Figure B.II: Environmental Education Cell"0

• Station I: The canal. • Slatioll 2: The brackish water lake Systf'lll. • Station 3: River (Sungai Selangor). The laboratory testing of waler s.'unplc in KSi\P that Wa..'i conducted include the pH, Dissoh'ed Oxygen (DO). conductivity and s.'l..linity. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results of Ihe tests arc shown in Table .3. The results show lhat the water qualit.y in Kuala Sclangor Nature Park shown a typical reading in t.erms of the pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), conductivity and salinity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for brackish wat.er. ?o.lany wHdlle organism and birds cun be sighted wit.hin Station 3 followed by StUt.iOll 2 lind Stalion I. This is because watcr within Statioll 3 can sustain mOTC marine organism than Stat ion 2 and 1. The high rate of Aow of Sungai Selangor that, creates more oxygen and the mangrove trees act as a breeding ground and provide food and shelter for marine organism make Station 3 (mangrove forest) the habitat of Illarine organisms. This shows thai the Kuala Selangor i'\ature Park management is successfully managed and monitored .The water quality in KSNP can still sustain the wildlife witllin its n.iche.

8.8

Conclusions

t-.langrove forest is a type of wctlaud tropical minforest which has diversity of abiotic and biOI ic components within the ecosystem. Bot II the abiotic and biotic components of man·

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8.8 Conclusions

Figure 8.12: Erotourism. and illforlllatj\'c centrc.

grO"e ecosystem are ellS)' to dpgrade due to hwnan inten'enl ion Inil hardly nx:o\"(~r frolll any degradation because of it sew.it i\"ellcss towards all)' illten'CIII iOll, Abiot ic COlllPOUCllts of mangrove forest. such as soil and watcr arc subject to fast. rCllcliOll towards any chcm~ ical and biological rcaction thai has contacts with them. The conditiOIl of lIlangro\'c soil such as marine allu\'illlll or lIluddy condition needs sciell1ific and long.tcnn plaulling ill developing ccotourislll facilities alld services within it. This is becausc. wllell tile IOpsoil of mangrove are ploughed nnd expOS