some features of substance use among adolescents

Dr. Naim Fanaj & Dr. Fadil Bajraktari & Dr. Imet Poniku & Fitore Azemi Main Family Health Center, Mental Health Unit for Children and Adolescents – NGO FOR HEALTHY MIND Prizren, KOSOVO 04/22/18

6th ADRIATIC DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT CONFERENCE & 8th SEEA net / June 2012,Tirana,Albania

Backgrounds • Substance use among young people in the world is still common and of great health significance (Johnston et al. 2008; Krohn et al. 1997). • Adolescence as Critical Developmental Period for Initiation of Substance Involvement • The onset of substance use during adolescence negatively impacts cognitive, physical, and psychosocial development; increases the progression to more serious addiction and psychopathology; and increases the risk of medical problems(Clark and Winters 2002). • Low self-esteem, hopelessness, emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity and suicidality are linked with substance abuse in large body of literature. 04/22/18


Aims • Measure the level of substance use and possible links with level of hopelessness, selfesteem, suicidal tendencies and the other psychological difficulties - emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity- of adolescents.

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Material/Methods • Adolescents at school have been offered to fill out Hopelessness scale for children, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, SDQ questionnaire and our questionnaire about substance use and suicidal tendencies. • All data has been analyzed by SPSS 14.0.

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Results 04/22/18


Sample • N=768 adolescents,

• From 16 schools in region of Prizren, 2 from Prishtina • Male-341 (44,4 %), Female-414 (53,9 %), not declared -13 (1,7 %). • Age: 13-20 years, mean 16,42. – Early adolescence: 229 (29,8 %) – Middle adolescence: 532 (69,3 %) – Late adolescence: 7 (0,9%).

• Grades: 32 % -5, 25,3 % -4, 21 % -3, 6,1% -2, 1 % -, 14,6 % not declared. • Residence: 241 (31,4 %) rural, 508 (66,1 %) urban, 19 (2,5 %) not declared.

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Tobacco

Valid

Frequency 9

Percent 1,2

Valid Percent 1,2

Cumulative Percent 1,2

Yes

53

6,9

6,9

8,1

Sometimes

45

5,9

5,9

13,9 100,0

Not declared

No

661

86,1

86,1

Total

768

100,0

100,0

6,9 %

Alcool

Valid

Not declared Yes

2,7 %

Sometimes

Frequency 12

Percent 1,6

Valid Percent 1,6


21

2,7

2,7

4,3

49

6,4

6,4

10,7

No

686

89,3

89,3

100,0

Total

768

100,0

100,0

Droga

Valid

Frequency 12

Percent 1,6

Valid Percent 1,6


13

1,7

1,7

3,3

3

,4

,4

3,6

No

740

96,4

96,4

100,0

Total

768

100,0

100,0

Not declared Yes Sometimes

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1,7 %

Tobacco use based on gender

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Alcool use use based on gender

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Substance (only marihuana) use based on gender

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Reasons of substance use (percent ) 4.5

4.2

4.2 3.9

4 3.5 3

3

2.7

2.5

2

1.8 1.4

1.5

0.9

0.8

1

0.4

0.5

0.1

0

Tobacco

Alcool Curiosity

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Problems

Peers/friends

Marihuana Dont know


0

Corelations Kendall's tau-b Gender Reside Success nce

Thinking suic

Plan suic Attempt suic Love (Early, More links)

Fear from test

Tobbaco

m+*

U+

High-*

Yes+* M*F*

Yes+* M*F*

Yes+* F*

Yes+* M*F*

No+

Alcool

m+*

U+

High-

Yes+*

Yes+*

Yes+

Yes+*

No+

U+

M* High-

Marihuana m+

M* Yes+* F* Yes+* M*

M* F* Yes+* F*

* Significative relationship

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Yes+*

M*

Yes+

Corelations cont. Cramer's V

Kendall's tau-b Emotion Hyperactivi Conduc Peer sc Prosoc sc Total sc al sc ty sc t sc

Hopelessness Depresion sc sc

Self-esteem sc

Tobbaco

Ab +

Ab+ * M*

Ab+ * Ab+ M*F*

Ab+ *

Ab+ * M*

High + *

Yes+* M*

Norm+

Alcool

Norm+ Ab+ * M*

Ab + * Ab+ M*

Ab+ * M*

Ab+ * M*

High + * M*

Yes+* M*

Norm+

Ab + M*

Ab + F* Ab +

High + * M*

Yes+ M*

Norm+*

Marihuana Ab +

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Ab+ *

Ab + M*


Spearman rho corel. Tobacco

Gjinia M

Tobacco

Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)

Alcool

1,000 .

Correlation Coefficient

,495(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) Marihuana

Tobacco

,303(**) 0,000


Alcool

1,000

.


Marihuana

Marihuana

,371(**)

Sig. (2-tailed)

,323(**) 0,000

Attempt suic

Love

Fear test

,160(*)

,187(**)

0,044

,247(**)

-0,058

0,000

0,000

0,011

0,003

0,483

0,000

0,357

1,000

,422(**)

,200(**)

,279(**)

0,076

,204(**)

0,069

0,000

0,001

0,000

0,228

0,001

0,276

1,000

0,060

,359(**)

,150(*)

,167(**)

,129(*)

0,340

0,000

0,017

0,008

0,041

,422(**) 0,000. ,371(**)

,323(**)

,227(**)

,256(**)

,278(**)

,215(**)

0,018

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,001

0,773

1,000

,538(**)

0,060

,220(**)

,246(**)

,185(**)

-0,083

0,000

0,333

0,000

0,000

0,003

0,185

1,000

,211(**)

,233(**)

,346(**)

,147(*)

-0,007

0,001

0,000

0,000

0,018

0,908

,538(**) 0,000.

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

b. Gjinia=Mashkull :Listwise N = 252 c. Gjinia=Femër :Listwise N = 258

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Plan suic

,303(**)

0,000.

Correlation Coefficient

Think suic

,495(**)

0,000.


F

Alcool


Spearman rho corel. Gjinia

EMOSC

M

Tobacco

Alcool

Marihuana

F

Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)


Tobacco


Alcool


Marihuana


HIPERSC

CONDSC

PEERSC

-,161(*)

-,139(*)

-,209(**)

-0,022

-0,078

-,196(**)

0,023

-,248(**)

-0,039

0,010

0,028

0,001

0,729

0,215

0,002

0,718

0,000

0,536

-,170(**)

-,190(**)

-,297(**)

-0,117 -,187(**)

-,284(**)

,138(*)

-,344(**)

-,193(**)

0,007

0,002

0,000

0,003

0,000

0,028

0,000

0,002

-,205(**)

-0,113

-,193(**)

-0,119 -,132(*)

-,141(*)

0,036

-,179(**)

-,223(**)

0,001

0,073

0,002

0,059

0,036

0,026

0,570

0,004

0,000

-0,014

-0,076

-,184(**)

-0,084

-0,051

-0,027

0,068

-0,075

-,126(*)

0,820

0,223

0,003

0,178

0,418

0,665

0,276

0,231

0,043

0,042

-0,038

-0,049

0,050

0,034

0,019

0,016

0,033

-0,068

0,498

0,544

0,430

0,428

0,586

0,759

0,803

0,595

0,276

0,039

-0,075

0,001

0,003

0,026

0,016

0,081

-0,001

-,136(*)

0,528

0,227

0,984

0,958

0,680

0,796

0,195

0,990

0,030

0,064

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). b. Gjinia=Mashkull :Listwise N = 252

c. Gjinia=Femër :Listwise N = 258

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PROSO SELFES DEPRESI HOPELES CSC TOTALSC SC ONSC SSCSC


Predictions (Multiple regression) • Tobacco, Alcool, Marihuana use as predictors Standardized Coefficients

Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1

B

Std. Error

(Constant) Tobacco Alkool Droga

a Dependent Variable:

Beta

4,617

,640

-,189 ,324 -,589

,176 ,220 ,246

t

-,047 ,071 -,108

7,218

,000

-1,073 1,471 -2,395

,284 ,142 ,017

Emotional scale

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 45,408

3

15,136

Residual

4097,511

718

5,707

Total

4142,920

721

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Emotional scale

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Sig.


2,652

,048(a)

Only this contributed significantly

Standardized Coefficients


B

Std. Error

Beta

t

(Constant)


3,545

,422

Tobacco

-,446

,110

Alkool

-,308

Droga

,326

8,402

,000

-,167

-4,039

,000

,147

-,099

-2,093

,037

,164

,089

1,981

,048

Conduct scale

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 79,324

3

26,441

Residual

1908,774

733

2,604

Total

1988,098

736

10,154

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Conduct scale

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Sig.


,000(a)




B

(Constant)

Std. Error

Beta

4,344

,551

Tobacco

-,537

,132

Alkool

-,303

Droga

,054

t 7,889

,000

-,164

-4,059

,000

,178

-,078

-1,705

,089

,212

,011

,257

,798

Hyperactivity scale

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 119,965

3

39,988

Residual

2730,203

728

3,750

Total

2850,168

731

10,663

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Hiperactiv ity scale

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Sig.


,000(a)


Unstandardized Coefficients

Model 1

B

Beta

t

Alkool Droga

Peer scale

Model 1

3,036

,511

5,938

,000

-,278

,130

-,089

-2,135

,033

,072

,170

,020

,423

,673

,049

,193

,011

,255

,799

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression

16,855

3

5,618

Residual

2588,133

724

3,575

Total

2604,988

727

ANOVA(b)

a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Peer scale

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Sig.

(Constant)

Tobacco


Std. Error


1,572

,195(a)




B

Std. Error

Beta

t

(Constant) 7,523

,568

Tobacco

,194

,145

Alkool

,397

Droga

-,187

13,242

,000

,056

1,334

,183

,186

,100

2,129

,034

,212

-,039

-,880

,379

Prosocial scale Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression

43,839

3

14,613

Residual

3094,128

726

4,262

Total

3137,967

729

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Prosocial scale

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Sig.


3,429

,017(a)



Model 1

B

Std. Error

t

16,247

1,668

-1,531

,422

Alkool

-,153

Droga

-,403

9,738

,000

-,160

-3,626

,000

,536

-,014

-,285

,776

,634

-,029

-,636

,525

Total scale

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 697,049

3

232,350

Residual

20818,673

654

31,833

Total

21515,722

657

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Total scale

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Sig.

(Constant)

Tobacco


Beta


7,299

,000(a)



Model 1


B

Std. Error

Beta

t

(Constant)

20,753

1,243

Duhani

,314

,327

Alkool

-,695

Droga

-,201

16,691

,000

,041

,960

,337

,445

-,077

-1,561

,119

,487

-,019

-,413

,680

SELFESTEEM

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 99,652

3

33,217

Residual

15937,367

706

22,574

Total

16037,020

709

ANOVA(b)

a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: SELFESTEEM

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Sig.


1,471

,221(a)

Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients Model 1

B

Std. Error

(Constant) Duhani Alkool Droga


5,339

,694

,032 -,321 -,742

,180 ,237 ,266

Beta

t

,007 -,065 -,126

7,696

,000

,176 -1,355 -2,789

,861 ,176 ,005

Hopelesness scale

Model 1

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Regression 137,133

3

45,711

Residual

4734,787

708

6,688

Total

4871,920

711

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Hopeless scale

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Sig.


6,835

,000(a)




Model 1

B

Std. Error

Beta

t

25,101

2,479

Duhani

-,249

,659

Alkool

-1,547

Droga

-,790

10,124

,000

-,017

-,378

,705

,841

-,091

-1,839

,066

,938

-,039

-,843

,400

Depression scale

Sum of Squares Regression

Residual Total

df

Mean Square

856,397

3

285,466

52942,954

662

79,974

53799,351

665

F

ANOVA(b) a Predictors: (Constant), Droga, Duhani, Alkool b Dependent Variable: Depression scale

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Sig.

(Constant)


Sig. 3,569

,014(a)

Conclusions • Students with better success significantly have less smoking and alcohol. • Adolescents who use tobacco, alcohol and marihuana reported significantly more suicidal tendencies. • Adolescents who use tobacco, alcohol and marihuana reported significantly more abnormal hyperactivity level. • Tobacco and alcohol users also reported significantly more abnormal level of conduct problems and psychological difficulties in general. • Substance users do not have any correlation significantly in relation to the level of self-esteem. • Alcohol and drug users have shown higher levels of hopelessness. • Alcohol and tobacco users shown higher levels of depression.

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Thank you for your attention! 04/22/18
