Klaus Antoni, David Weiß (eds)
Sources of Mythology
Klaus Antoni, David Weiß (eds)
Sources of Mythology Ancient and Contemporary Myths Proceedings of the Seventh Annual International Conference on Comparative Mythology (15 – 17 May 2013, Tübingen)
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Cover image: Louis le Brocquy, The Morrígan Lithographic brush drawing from The Táin, Thomas Kinsella (translator), Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1969 Portfolio Edition, 38 × 54 cm © Estate of Louis le Brocquy This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-643-90475-1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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