South East Asia

Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade: South East Asia

2007 Compiled by UNEPWCMC

Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK About UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre www.unepwcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEPWCMC aims to help decisionmakers recognize the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policyrelevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEPWCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world.

© Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2007

The designations of geographical entities in this report and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP WCMC concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover photo: Ulu Sg. Palutan, Sarawak ©Saw Leng Guan

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org

Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................... 4 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................ 5 SUMMARY OF SELECTED SOUTH EAST ASIA TIMBER TREE SPECIES..................... 6 SPECIES PROFILES .................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Acer laurinum Hassk. ........................................................................................................................ 14 2. Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S. Vidal................................................................................................ 15 3. Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib .......................................................................................................... 16 4. Agathis borneensis Warb. .................................................................................................................. 17 5. Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich. & A. Rich........................................................................................ 19 6. Agathis endertii Meijer Drees ............................................................................................................ 20 7. Aglaia perviridis Hiern. ..................................................................................................................... 21 8. Aglaia silvestris (M. Roemer) Merr.................................................................................................... 22 9. Ailanthus integrifolia Lamk ............................................................................................................... 23 10. Albizia splendens Miq. .................................................................................................................... 25 11. Alloxylon brachycarpum ( Sleumer ) P.H.Weston & Crisp ............................................................... 25 12. Alstonia pneumatophora Backer ex L.G. Den Berger........................................................................ 26 13. Anisoptera costata Korth.................................................................................................................. 27 14. Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don......................................................................................... 29 15. Calophyllum canum Hook. f. ........................................................................................................... 31 16. Calophyllum carrii P.F. Stevens var. longigemmatum P.F. Stevens................................................... 32 17. Calophyllum euryphyllum Lauterb................................................................................................... 33 18. Calophyllum inophyllum L. ............................................................................................................. 34 19. Calophyllum insularum P.F. Stevens................................................................................................ 36 20. Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb. ..................................................................................................... 37 21. Canarium luzonicum Miq................................................................................................................. 38 22. Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh................................................................................................ 39 23. Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) R.A. Howard ....................................................................................... 40 24. Cephalotaxus oliveri Masters ........................................................................................................... 41 25. Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm....................................................................................... 42 26. Cynometra elmeri Merr.................................................................................................................... 43 27. Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray....................................................................................................... 44 28. Cynometra malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen ..................................................................................... 45 29. Dactylocladus stenostachys Oliv. ..................................................................................................... 46 30. Dalbergia annamensis A. Chev......................................................................................................... 47 31. Dalbergia bariensis Pierre ................................................................................................................ 48 32. Dalbergia cambodiana Pierre ........................................................................................................... 49 33. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre...................................................................................................... 50 34. Dalbergia mammosa Pierre .............................................................................................................. 51 35. Dalbergia oliveri Gamble ex Prain ................................................................................................... 52 36. Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain.............................................................................................................. 53 37. Dehaasia caesia Blume .................................................................................................................... 54 38. Dehaasia cuneata Blume .................................................................................................................. 55

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39. Dialium cochinchinense Pierre......................................................................................................... 56 40. Diospyros blancoi A.DC. ................................................................................................................. 57 41. Diospyros ferrea .............................................................................................................................. 58 42. Diospyros mun A.Chev.................................................................................................................... 59 43. Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. ....................................................................................................... 60 44. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco......................................................................................................... 60 45. Diospyros rumphii Bakh. ................................................................................................................. 62 46. Durio dulcis Becc. ........................................................................................................................... 62 47. Durio kutejensis Becc. ..................................................................................................................... 64 48. Dyera costulata Hook.f. ................................................................................................................... 65 49. Dyera polyphylla (Miq.) Steenis....................................................................................................... 67 50. Erythrophleum fordii Oliver............................................................................................................. 68 51. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. ........................................................................................... 69 52. Fagus longipetiolata Seemen............................................................................................................ 71 53. Gmelina arborea Roxb. .................................................................................................................... 72 54. Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. ................................................................................................. 74 55. Hydnocarpus sumatrana (Miq.) Koord.............................................................................................. 75 56. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze .......................................................................................................... 76 57. Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale.................................................................................................... 79 58. Kalappia celebica Kosterm............................................................................................................... 80 59. Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr................................................................................... 81 60. Kokoona leucoclada Kochummen .................................................................................................... 81 61. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. ................................................................................................... 82 62. Koompassia grandiflora Kosterm. .................................................................................................... 83 63. Koompassia malaccensis Benth........................................................................................................ 84 64. Lophopetalum javanicum (Zoll.) Turcz. ........................................................................................... 86 65. Lophopetalum multinervium Ridley................................................................................................. 87 66. Lophopetalum pachyphyllum King .................................................................................................. 88 67. Lophopetalum rigidum Ridley.......................................................................................................... 89 68. Madhuca betis (Blanco) J.F. Macbr. ................................................................................................. 90 69. Madhuca boerlageana (Burck) Baehni.............................................................................................. 90 70. Madhuca pasquieri H.J.Lam............................................................................................................. 91 71. Mangifera decandra Ding Hou ......................................................................................................... 92 72. Mangifera macrocarpa Blume .......................................................................................................... 93 73. Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & Meeuse ....................................................................................... 94 74. Merrillia caloxylon Swingle............................................................................................................. 95 75. Neesia altissima Blume.................................................................................................................... 96 76. Neesia malayana Bakh..................................................................................................................... 97 77. Neobalanocarpus heimii Ashton....................................................................................................... 98 78. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. ...................................................................................................... 99 79. Octomeles sumatrana Miq.............................................................................................................. 101 80. Palaquium bataanense Merr. .......................................................................................................... 102 81. Palaquium impressinervium Ng ..................................................................................................... 102 82. Palaquium maingayi (C.B. Clarke) King & Gamble........................................................................ 103 83. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume...................................................................................................... 104 84. Parinari oblongifolia Hook.f........................................................................................................... 105 85. Pericopsis mooniana Twaites ......................................................................................................... 107 86. Phoebe elliptica Blume .................................................................................................................. 108 87. Pinus merkusii Jungh & de Vriese.................................................................................................. 109 88. Planchonia valida Blume................................................................................................................ 110 89. Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don ........................................................................................................ 111 90. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz....................................................................................................... 113 91. Pterocarpus santalinus.................................................................................................................... 114 92. Pterocymbium beccarii K. Schumann............................................................................................. 115 93. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr........................................................................................ 116

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94. Pterocymbium tubulatum (Masters) Pierre...................................................................................... 118 95. Santiria laevigata Blume ................................................................................................................ 118 96. Scaphium longiflorum Ridley ........................................................................................................ 119 97. Shorea albida Sym. ........................................................................................................................ 120 98. Shorea curtisii Dyer ex King .......................................................................................................... 121 99. Shorea negrosensis Foxw. .............................................................................................................. 123 100. Shorea rugosa Heim..................................................................................................................... 124 101. Sindora beccariana de Wit............................................................................................................ 125 102. Sindora inermis Merr. .................................................................................................................. 126 103. Sindora supa Merr........................................................................................................................ 127 104. Strombosia javanica Blume.......................................................................................................... 128 105. Syzygium flosculiferum (M.R. Hend.) Sreek ................................................................................ 129 106. Syzygium koordersianum (King) I.M. Turner............................................................................... 130 107. Syzygium ridleyi (King) Chantar & J. Parn. ................................................................................. 130 108. Tectona grandis L. ....................................................................................................................... 131 109. Tectona hamiltoniana Wall........................................................................................................... 136 110. Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook.f. ...................................................................................... 137 111. Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe ...................................................................................................... 137 112. Triomma malaccensis Hook. F. .................................................................................................... 138 113. Vavaea amicorum Benth. ............................................................................................................. 139 114. Vitex parviflora A.L. Juss. ........................................................................................................... 141 115. Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.............................................................................................. 142 116. Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taubert .................................................................................................. 142 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................... 145 Appendix 1: Species excluded from the list.......................................................................................... 145 Appendix 2: Trade of teak (Tectonia grandis) from 19962003............................................................. 146

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Acknowledgement This document is based on a previous desk study Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES listing criteria, compiled by UNEPWCMC in 1998 with funding from the government of the Netherlands. This study reviewed the conservation and trade status of tree species in the Americas, Afria and Asia. A history of subsequent activites implemented in relation to this study are provided on the CITES website in PC16 Doc. 19.2 http://www.cites.org/eng/com/PC/16/EPC161902.pdf. These activities were funded by the governments of the Netherlands and the UK. The work presented here, updating and enhancing information on trees of South East Asia, was made possible during the time when the principle researcher, Soh Wuu Kuang, was a UNEPWCMC Chevening Scholar in Biodiversity 2005/2006. Thanks are due to Harriet Gillett, Sarah Ferriss and Gerardo Fragoso for their guidance, supervision and support that lead to the production of this document.

Summary Species profiles of 116 timber tree species in South East Asia have been prepared as material for a workshop, to be held in South East Asia in September 2007, on strategies for the sustainable use of tree species in international trade. The document Tree species evalution using the new CITES listing criteria prepared by UNEPWCMC in 1998 was used as guidance for the species selection. Eight species were excluded from the current list and an additional seven species are included. Of the current 116 species: · 72 are known to be traded internationally · 10 species are suspected to be traded internationally · 7 species are traded domestically, · 1 species is thought not to be in trade and · 26 species are without sufficient trade information to be assigned to one of the categories above. The selected species fall into various IUCN conservation categories: 3 critically endangered, 15 endangered, 33 vulnerable, 19 at lower risk and 17 data deficient. Twentysix species have not been evaluated for conservation status. Other conservation categories were also noted. None of the selected species are listed in the Appendices to CITES, however at least 24 species are thought to meet the CITES listing criteria.

Page 4 of 150


Introduction Biodiversity is the crux to the survival of humanity. Forest resources are widely used throughout the world for a host of reasons and trees may be specifically exploited, due to the particular properties of their timber, fruit or sap. An internationally important timber species may also be important locally for its medicinal and cultural value. This can result in heavy pressure for use at the local and international scale. If international demand leads to the decline of a species in its natural habitat, the poorest of the poor may therefore suffer directly from the loss, in addition to the general impoverishment of the environment. Efforts to ensure the sustainable use of forests have, however, generally considered the impact of habitat destruction, rather than species targeted for specific exploitation. In response to the call for integrated international action, to address the illegal and unsustainable international trade in timber trees, a series of regional stakeholder workshops are being implemented. to identify species threatened by international trade and the areas in which they grow and to agree management actions to ensure the sustainable use of these species. These actions may include CITES listing or identification of critical areas needing protection. The first workshop, for Mesoamerica was held in 2005, funded by the governments of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Foresters and botanists from governmental and nongovernmental organisations throughout the region were invited to participate. The same concept is now being applied in South East Asia. The material presented here will be used for the sakeholder workshop to be held in Kuala Lumpur 57 September 2007.

Methodology A list and species profiles of selected timber tree species in South East Asian region were extracted from CITES document on the Tree species evalution using the new CITES listing criteria. Initially a total of 117 species from South East Asia were extracted. Eight of these species (see Appendix 1) were excluded as they have recently been discussed during CITES meetings. Seven new additional species were later added to the list: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Afzelia xylocarpa Anisoptera costata Dactylocladus stenostachys Shorea albida

5. Shorea negrosensis 6. Shorea rugosa 7. Xylia xylocarpa.

The decision to include these species was made based on available information on trade, conservation status, distribution and ecology of the species. The existing species profiles were updated based on recently available information, mainly from published literature, internet resource, and online species (e.g. GBIF, ILDIS, IUCN Red List and Kew databases) and trade databases (e.g. ITTO). Due to constraints in availability of resources, we recognise that the information presented here is by no mean exhaustive. Though the information is preliminary, it is a crucial document for a stakeholder consultation workshop to be held in South East Asia. It is hoped that during the stakeholder workshop, expert opinion on the species will be made available to fill in the gaps.

Page 5 of 150


Summary of selected South East Asia timber tree species Meet criteria 1 Conservation status for CITES

Species

Family

1

Acer laurinum

Aceraceae

2

Afzelia rhomboidea

Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae)

3

Afzelia xylocarpa


4

Agathis borneensis

Araucariaceae

5

Agathis dammara

Araucariaceae

VU A1cd

√

6

Agathis endertii

Araucariaceae

LR/nt

√

7

Aglaia perviridis

Meliaceae

VU A1c

8

Aglaia silvestris

Meliaceae

LR/nt

9

Ailanthus integrifolia

Simaroubaceae

LR/lc

10

Albizia splendens

Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)

NE

11

Alloxylon brachycarpum

Proteaceae

12

Alstonia pneumatophora

Apocynaceae

LR/lc

13

Anisoptera costata

Dipterocarpaceae

EN A1cd+2cd

14

Araucaria cunninghamii

Araucariaceae

Not threatened

15

Calophyllum canum

Guttiferae

NE

16

Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum

Guttiferae

VU B1+2abcde

√

Traded internationally.

17

Calophyllum euryphyllum

Guttiferae

LR/lc

√

Traded, probably internationally.

1 ‡

II Bi

Brunei

II Bi

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

√

√

DD

√

√

VU A1cd

√

√

EN A1cd

II Bi

Cambodia

√

VU A1cd

√

√

√

Singapore

√

EN A2cd

Vietnam

Notes

√

√

Unlikely to be in trade.

√

Traded domestically.

√

√

√

√


√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Insuffiicient information on trade.

√

√


√


√

√

√


√

√


√

√

‡

√

√

New additional species. Traded internationally. Traded internationally. Current assigned conservation status applied to de Laubenfels (1988) species concept, where A. dammara and A. borneensis are treated as same species.

√

√

√

Thailand

√

√

√

√

√

√


√

√

New additional species. Traded internationally.

√

√


√

√


Unless stated all conservation status shown are IUCN conservation categories (ver. 2.3, 1994) Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 298 pp.

Page 6 of 150


Species

Family

18

Calophyllum inophyllum

Guttiferae

19

Calophyllum insularum

Guttiferae

20

Calophyllum papuanum

21

Canarium luzonicum

Meet criteria 1 Conservation status for CITES LR/lc

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Notes

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ (R Rare)*

√

√


EN B1+2c

√


Guttiferae

LR/lc

√


Burseraceae

VU A1cd

22 Canarium pseudosumatranum

Burseraceae

LRcd

√

√

23

Cantleya corniculatum

Icacinaceae

VU A1c,d

√

√

24

Cephalotaxus oliveri

Cephalotaxaceae

VU A1d

25

Cinnamomum porrectum

Lauraceae

DD

√

26

Cynometra elmeri


VU A1d

√

27

Cynometra inaequifolia


VU A1d

28

Cynometra malaccensis


VU A1d

29

Dactylocladus stenostachys

Crypteroniaceae

NE

30

Dalbergia annamensis

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae)

II Bi

EN A1cd

31

Dalbergia bariensis


II Bi

EN A1cd

√

32

Dalbergia cambodiana


II Bi

EN A1cd

√

33

Dalbergia cochinchinensis


II Bi

VU A1cd

√

34

Dalbergia mammosa


II Bi

EN A1cd

* #

II Bi

II Bi

√



√

√

√

√

√


√

√ (Endangered)


√

√ (K insufficiently # known)


#

Traded internationally. This assessement refers to three Cynometra species (currently recognised as C. elmeri Merr., C. inaequifolia A. Gray and C. malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen).

√

√

√

√

√

√

√


√ #

√ (Endangered)

√

√

√

√

√ (V # Vulnerable)


√

Insufficient information trade and biology.


Traded, probably internationally. More information needed.

√ (V Vulnerable)


#

Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

Page 7 of 150

Traded internationally. Species with taxonomic uncertainties.


Meet criteria 1 Conservation status for CITES

Species

Family

35

Dalbergia oliveri


II Bi

EN A1cd

36

Dalbergia tonkinensis


II Bi

VU A1cd

37

Dehaasia caesia

Lauraceae

LR/nt

38

Dehaasia cuneata

Lauraceae

NE

39

Dialium cochinchinense


LR/nt

40

Diospyros blancoi

Ebenaceae

VU A1cd

41

Diospyros ferrea

Ebenaceae

NE

42

Diospyros mun

Ebenaceae

II Bi

CR A1cd

43

Diospyros philippinensis

Ebenaceae

?II

EN A1c, B1 + 2abc

44

Diospyros pilosanthera

Ebenaceae

NE

45

Diospyros rumphii

Ebenaceae

DD

√

46

Durio dulcis

Bombacaceae

VU A1c

√

√


47

Durio kutejensis

Bombacaceae

NE

√

√

√


48

Dyera costulata

Apocynaceae

LRlc

√

√

√

49

Dyera polyphylla

Apocynaceae

II Bi

EN A1cd

√

√

√

50

Erythrophleum fordii


?II Bi

EN A1cd

51

Eusideroxylon zwageri

Lauraceae

II Bi

VU A1cd & 2cd

*

Brunei

Cambodia

√

√

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Notes

√

√



Traded, probablly internationally. More information needed. Insufficient information on trade and biology. Insufficient information on trade and biology.

√

√

√

√ (K insufficiently # known)

Insufficient information on trade.

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Excluded: very widespread and taxonomic problem, difficult to assign conservation categories

√ √ (V # Vulnerable)

√

√

√

√

√

√

√



Traded internationally. *

√ (R Rare)

√

√

Insufficient information on trade. Traded internationally.

*

√ (R Rare)

√



√

√

√

Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp.

Page 8 of 150

√

Insufficient information trade.




Species

Family

52

Fagus longipetiolata

Fagaceae

VU A1cd

53

Gmelina arborea

Verbenaceae

NE

54

Homalium foetidum

Flacourtiaceae

LR/lc

55

Hydnocarpus sumatrana

Flacourtiaceae

DD

56

Intsia bijuga


VU A1cd

57

Jackiopsis ornata

Rubiaceae

58

Kalappia celebica

59 Kjellbergiodendron celebicum

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Notes

#


√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

NE

√

√

VU D1+2c

√


Myrtaceae

NE

√

Insufficient information on trade and biology.

60

Kokoona leucoclada

Celastraceae

VU D2

61

Koompassia excelsa


LR/cd

62

Koompassia grandiflora


63

Koompassia malaccensis


LR/cd

64

Lophopetalum javanicum

Celastraceae

65

Lophopetalum multinervium

66

II Bi

√

√

√

√

√

√

√


√

Leguminosae ?I B/ II Bi (Caesalpiniaceae)

√

√ (R Rare)


√

√

√

√ *

√ (R – Rare)

√


√

*


√ (R Rare)

Traded domestically, not of commercial importance.

√

√

VU A1cd+2cd

√

√

√

√

√


√

Traded internationally. √ (V * Vulnerable)

√

√

NE

√

√

Celastraceae

NE

√

√

Lophopetalum pachyphyllum

Celastraceae

NE

√

√


67

Lophopetalum rigidum

Celastraceae

NE

√

√


68

Madhuca betis

Sapotaceae

VU A1cd

√

69

Madhuca boerlageana

Sapotaceae

NE

√

70

Madhuca pasquieri

Sapotaceae

# *

?II Bi

√


√

√

√


√


√ (V * Vulnerable)


√

Traded domestically. Insufficient information on trade. √ (K insufficiently # known)

VU A1cd

Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp.

Page 9 of 150




Species

Family

71

Mangifera decandra

Anacardiaceae

LR

72

Mangifera macrocarpa

Anacardiaceae

VU A1c

73

Manilkara kanosiensis

Sapotaceae

74

Merrillia caloxylon

75

Brunei

Cambodia

√

√

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

√

√

√

√

Myanmar

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Notes

Traded internationally. √ (V * Vulnerable)

√


EN A1cd+2cd, C2a

√

Rutaceae

VU B1+2c

√

√

Neesia altissima

Bombacaceae

NE

√

√



76

Neesia malayana

Bombacaceae

NE

√

√

√ (En * Endangered)


77

Neobalanocarpus heimii

Dipterocarpaceae

78

Ochanostachys amentacea

Olacaceae

DD

√

√

79

Octomeles sumatrana

Datiscaceae

NE

√

√

80

Palaquium bataanense

Sapotaceae

VU A1d

81

Palaquium impressinervium

Sapotaceae

NE

√

√


82

Palaquium maingayi

Sapotaceae

VU B1+2a

√

√


83

Parinari costata

Chrysobalanaceae

DD

√

√

√

84

Parinari oblongifolia

Chrysobalanaceae

DD

√

√

√

85

Pericopsis mooniana


VU A1cd

√

√

86

Phoebe elliptica

Lauraceae

NE

√

√

87

Pinus merkusii

Pinaceae

VU B1+2ce

88

Planchonia valida

Lecythidaceae

NE

# *

II Bi

?II Bi

II Bi + ii


VU A1cd

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp.

Page 10 of 150

√


√

√


√


√


√

*


*


√ (R Rare)

√ (R Rare) √

Traded internationally. Insufficient information on trade and biology.

√

√


√

√

√





Species

Family

89

Podocarpus neriifolius

Podocarpaceae

90

Pterocarpus macrocarpus


91

Pterocarpus indicus


92

Pterocymbium beccarii

Sterculiaceae

DD

93

Pterocymbium tinctorium

Sterculiaceae

DD

94

Pterocymbium tubulatum

Sterculiaceae

NE

√

√

95

Santiria laevigata

Burseraceae

LR/lc

√

√

96

Scaphium longiflorum

Sterculiaceae

VU B1+2c

√

√


97

Shorea albida

Dipterocarpaceae

EN A1cd+2cd/ † Critically endangered

√

√

√


98

Shorea curtisii

Dipterocarpaceae

LR/lc

√

√

√

99

Shorea negrosensis

Dipterocarpaceae

CR A1cd

100

Shorea rugosa

Dipterocarpaceae

CR A1cd, C2a/ † Endangered

√

√

√


101

Sindora beccariana


DD

√

√

√


102

Sindora inermis


VU A1d

103

Sindora supa


VU A1d

* †

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

DD

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

DD

√

VU A1d

√

√

√

√

Singapore

√

√

√

√

√

Thailand

Vietnam

Notes

√

√


√

√


√

√

Excluded: irrelevant, widespread and planted.

√


√

√

√

√

√

√

Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw and R.C.K. Chung (eds.). 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 5: 542 pp.

Page 11 of 150

Traded domestically and internationally.





√

√

√

√

√

Traded internationally. New additional species. Traded internationally.

√


√




Species

Family

104

Strombosia javanica

Olacaceae

DD

105

Syzygium flosculifera

Myrtaceae

NE

√

106

Syzygium koordersiana

Myrtaceae

LR/lc

√

107

Syzygium ridleyi

Myrtaceae

LR/lc

√

108

Tectona grandis

Verbenaceae

NE

109

Tectona hamiltoniana

Verbenaceae

NE

110

Tectona philippinensis

Verbenaceae

111

Toona calantas

Meliaceae

DD

√

√

112

Triomma malaccensis

Burseraceae

NE

√

√

113

Vavaea amicorum

Meliaceae

DD

√

√

√


114

Vitex parviflora

Verbenaceae

DD

√

√

√

Traded, probably internatinally.

115

Wallaceodendron celebicum

Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)

DD

√

√

Insufficient information trade and biology

116

Xylia xylocarpa


NE

* † +

IB

Brunei

Cambodia

√

Indonesia

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

√

√

√

√

√

†

√

√+

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand


√

Vietnam


√ (Ex * Extinct)

Insufficient information on trade. Insufficient information on trade.

√ (V * Vulnerable) √


√

√

√

EN B1 & 2abc

√

Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343 pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw and R.C.K. Chung (eds.). 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 5: 542 pp. Introduced species

Page 12 of 150

√


√

Insufficient information on trade. √ (V Vulnerable)*

√

Traded internationally. Insufficient information on trade.

√

√

Notes

†

√

√

†


√

√


DRAFT April 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org

Species Profiles

Page 13 of 150


1. Acer laurinum Hassk. Aceraceae Common names Walik elar, wuru dapang, wuru putih (van Gelderen et al., 1994). Trade name: maple (English); Indonesia: huru kapas (Sudanese), madang alu (Minangkabau), walik sana, wuru kembang (Javanese); Malaysia: perdu (Sarawak); Philippine: maple (English), baliag, laing (Tagalog); Myanmar: Himalayan maple (English); kuam (Thailand) (Sosef et al., 1988). Vietnam: thích muoi nhi (Vũn, 1996). Synonyms Acer cassiaefolium, Acer chionophyllum, Acer curani, Acer decandrum, Acer javanicum, Acer laurinum ssp. decandrum, Acer niveum, Acer philippinum, Acer pinnatinervium (van Gelderen et al., 1994). Habitat A. laurinum occurs scattered in primary or occasionally secondary, hill or montane forest up to 2550m. It grows in seasonal to nonseasonal climates (Sosef et al., 1988). In Sabah and Sarawak populations are apparently confined to soils of relatively high nutrient status, on igneous rocks between 200 and 1500m in the upper limits of mixed dipterocarp forest and on granodiorite rocks in lower montane oaklaurel forest between 1200 and 1600m (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Widespread and relatively uncommon (Sosef et al., 1998). China: Occurrence reported in Hainan (Vũn, 1996). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Sumatra and Timor (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah only two collections have been made and the species is frequent within a very local distribution in Sarawak (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Kayin, Mon and Taninthayi (Kress et al., 2003). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Mindanao (Sosef et al., 1998). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Sosef et al., 1998). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Lao Cai, Cao Bang, Vinh Phu, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quant Tri, Thua ThienHue, Gia Lai, Kong Tum and Lam Dong provinces (Vũn, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats A. laurinum though uncommon is fairly widespread and seldom harvested and does not seem to be threatened (Sosef et al., 1998). Utilisation The white undersides to the leaves provide an attractive ornamental attribute to the species. Utilisation of the timber is very limited due to its scarcity and absence of heartwood, it is used domestically. Ocassionally the species is used for furniture and musical instruments (Sosef et al.,1998). Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures It was planted in the Botanical Garden of the University of Groningen, The Netherlands (van Gelderen et al., 1994). Cultivated in Cibodas Botanical Garden, Java, Indonesia [1]. Forest management and silviculture The species is of low forestry interest (WCMC, 1997). A. laurinum can be propagated by seed: per kg there are about 4900 dry, winged fruits. It may be planted at 10001500 m altitude, but planting on open sites is not recommended. Conversion of the wood should be done rapidly after harvest to avoid serious discolouration from mould and sapstain fungi (Sosef et al., 1988).

Page 14 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. van Gelderen, D.M., P.C. de Jong & H.J. Oterdoom. 1994. Maples of the world. Timber Press, Portland. 458 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.. Additional web references [1] The maple. http://homepage2.nifty.com/chigyoraku/EIndones.html. Downloaded 4 May 2006.

2. Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S. Vidal Leguminosae – Caesalpinoideae Common names Trade name: Afzelia; Indonesia: kupang, tanduk tarum (Sumatra); Philippines: tindalo (Tagalog), balayong (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Afzelia acuminata, Afzelia borneensis, Eperua rhomboidea, Instia acuminata, Instia rhomboidea, Pahudia acuminata, Pahudia borneensis, Pahudia rhomboidea (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Habitat The species is scattered on low hills and ridges or in areas which are temporarily inundated with freshwater in primary rain forests at low and medium altitudes up to 350m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Ding Hou et al., 1996). In the Philippines it is found near the coast and along the edges of dipterocarp forests (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra, native (East coast and Palembang) (Ding Hou et al., 1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah, native(Ding Hou et al., 1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Cebu, Leyte, Northern Luzon, Marindoque, Masbate and Mindanao, native (Ding Hou et al., 1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Populations in the Philippines have become depleted through logging and kaingin making (de Guzman et al, 1986). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Habitat Habitat destruction and degradation through agriculture and logging activities (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998) Utilisation A valuable timber tree (Ding Hou et al., 1996). The wood is widely used in local crafts and in high grade construction, cabinet and furniture work (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Probably still in trade in the Philippines and highly valued (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Asian Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures The Philippines environmental laws Act No. 3572 prohibits the cutting of tindalo forest or molave trees less than 60cm in diameter measured at breast height [1]. Forest management and silviculture Slowgrowing (Asian Regional Workshop, 1997). Afzelia wood is often obtained from natural forests which are managed under selective cutting systems (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Page 15 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Viet Nam). 1998. Afzelia rhomboidea. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006. de Guzman, E.D., Umali, R.M, Sotalba, E.D. 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna vol. III. Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994 Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wagenigen. 610 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.chanrobles.com/actno3572.htm. Chan Robles Virtual Law library. Downloaded 4 May 2006.

3. Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Leguminosae – Caesalpinoideae Common names Trade name: Afzelia; Cambodia: beng (general); Laos: tê 2 kha 1 , kha 1 (general); Thailand: makhamong, makhaluang (general), makhahuakham (northern); Vietnam: c[af] te, g[ox] d[or], g[ox] t[of] te (southern) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Pahudia xylocarpa, Pahudia cochinchinensis, Afzelia siamica (Soerianegara & Lemmens) 1994). Habitat Found in mixed deciduous or dry evergreen forest on clayey or laterite soil at 100600 m altitude (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Cambodia: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). China: Occurrence reported in Guandong, Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan, introduced (ILDIS, 2006). Laos: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Song Be and Dong Nai provinces, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Vũn, 1996) (ILDIS, 2006). The species is considered endangered due to habitat loss and wood extraction (Vũn, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat loss and wood extraction (Ngia, 1998). The tree is highly valued in Thailand making it susceptible to genetic erosion (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation A valuable general purpose timber used for furniture, flooring, craft and interior finish. The bark is used for tanning hides and skin. The seeds are edible (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade The wood production in Thailand was 25 000 m 3 in 1985, 28 000 m 3 in 1986, 40 000 m 3 in 1987, and 34 000 m 3 in 1988. The average price of sawn Afzelia timber in Thailand was US$ 430/ m 3 in 1985 and 1986, increasing to US$ 715/ m 3 in 1988. The wood, though, is used mostly domestically and is not important in Trade in Southeast Asia except Thailand (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). The average price of Afzelia log was US$ 390/ m 3 in 2003 in which Thailand exported 21 000 m 3 worth US$ 561 000 (ITTO, 2004). The wood is much sought in Vietnam for domestic use and is sold by kilograms (Vũn, 1996).

Page 16 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Import log from Thailand (ITTO, 20032004) Year 2002 2003

Volume (m 3 ) 21 000 21 000

Average Price $/m 3 27 390

Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (Ngia, 1998). Conservation measures In Vietnam, the species protected in Cat Tien National Park (Don Nai province) and Nam Ca Nature reserve (Dac Lac province). The tree has been planted in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city (Vũn, 1996). Forest management and silviculture In Thailand, trees were formerly cut selectively in a 1330yearrotation. At present the minimum girth of the bole permitted for cutting is 200cm at breast height. The tree is planted in mixed plantations, together with Dalbergia spp. and teak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. ITTO. 20032004. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. st http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 January 2006. Ngia, N.H. Afzelia xylocarpa. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wagenigen. 610 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

4. Agathis borneensis Warb. Araucariaceae (Taxonomic note: In de Laubenfels (1988), A. borneensis and A. dammara were treated as the same species. Later, the Committee for Spermatophyte Nomenclature rejected this combination and hence both species should be treated as different (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Farjon (1988) accidently placed A. borneensis in A. dammara (Gymnosperm Database, 2006) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006) [1])). Common names Trade name: kauri; Brunei: bindang; Indonesia: bembueng (southeastern Kalimantan), damar pilau (Dayak, Kalimantan), hedje (Sumatra); Malaysia: damar minyak (general), bindang (Sarawak), tambunan (Sabah) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Agathis beccarii, Agathis alba, Agathis beckingii, Agathis latifolia, Agathis macrostachys, Agathis rhomboidalis (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Habitat Found scattered in upland rainforest up to 1200 m altitude in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, but is often found in pure stands on sandy peat soil at low elevation in Borneo. In Kalimantan, the species is associated with ramin population in swamp forest (Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Occurring in west Malaysia (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan and Northern Sumatra. Huge stands of A. borneensis in South Kalimantan have been exploited heavily (Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia,Sabah and Sarawak (Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information.

Page 17 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Threats Wood extraction is a threat. In the past the tree has been destructively exploited for copal (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Utilisation Kauri wood is used as generalpurpose softwood, it is used for joinery, boat building, construction under cover, household utensil, music instrument, tools, panelling, turnery, paper, charcoal, moulding and packaging. Resin is tapped for producing varnish and linoleum (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Export of kauri round logs from Indonesia: Year Volumes Value 1970 425 000 m 3 1973 760 000 m 3 1987 67 000 m 3 US$ 20.1 1988 83 000 m 3 US$ 22.2 Export of kauri from Peninsular Malaysia: Year 1967 (Peninsular Malaysia – round logs) 1973 (Peninsular Malaysia – round logs) 1981 (Peninsular Malaysia – sawn wood) 1986 (Peninsular Malaysia – sawn wood) 1989 (Peninsular Malaysia – sawn wood) 1990 (Peninsular Malaysia – sawn wood) 1992 (Peninsular Malaysia – sawn wood)

Volumes 8300 m 3 3250 m 3 800 m 3 3300 m 3 6000 m 3 5500 m 3 3500 m 3

Export of kauri from Sabah and Sarawak: 1987 (Sarawak – round logs) 22 000 m 3 1987 (Sabah – round logs) 130 000 m 3 1992 (Sabah – sawn wood) 37 000 m 3 1992 (Sabah – round logs) 9000 m 3

Value US$ 230 000 US$ 740 000 US$ 2.5 m US$ 3.0 m US$ 1.9 m

Value US$ 17.3 m US$ 18 m

The area planted with kauri in Java is estimated to be about 85000 ha. Elsewhere, kauri is planted on a small scale (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation measures IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). This assigned conservation status applied to the Laubenfels (1988) species concept, where A. dammara and A. borneensis are treated as same species. Conservation measures In 1979, a worldwide provenance trial was coordinated by the Oxford Forestry Institute whereby the seed from the entire range distribution of Agathis was sent to 19 countries. Breeding of Agathis trees has been included in the national forest tree improvement programme in Indonesia. Some protected areas contain very important gene pools of Agathis species, e.g. Badas Forest Reserve in Brunei, Gunung Palung Nature reserve in Kalimantan, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Sumatra and Taman Negara National Park in Peninsular Malaysia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Recommendation on the conservation of A. borneensis population genetics in Brunei was made by Kitamura and Rahman (1992). Forest management and silviculture Much information is available on propagatation and silviculture of kauri (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3). Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 298 pp. Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Agathis dammara. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006. Kitamura, K. & M.Y.B.A. Rahman. 1992. Genetic diversity among natural populations of Agathis borneensis (Araucariaceae), a tropical rain forest conifer from Brunei Darussalam, Borneo, Southeast Page 18 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Asia. Canadian Jounal of Botany 70:19451949. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wagenigen. 610 pp. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/ag/dammara.htm. Downloaded 5 May 06. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. 2006. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 6 June 2006. Additional web references [1] http://www.agathis.info/taxonomy.php. Systematics of Agathis. Downloaded 5 May 06.

5. Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich. & A. Rich. Araucariaceae (Taxonomic note: In de Laubenfels (1988), A. borneensis and A. dammara were treated as same species. Later, the Committee for Spermatophyte Nomenclature rejected this combination and hence both species should be treated as different (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Farjon (1988) accidently placed A. borneensis in A. dammara (Gymnosperm Database, 2006) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006) [1])). Common names Trade name: kauri; Indonesia: dammar raja (general), kisi (Buru), salo (Ternate); Philippines: dayungon (Samar) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Agathis loranthifolia, Agathis celebica and Agathis hamii. It is sometimes regarded as conspecific with A. philippinensis (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Habitat Agathis dammara is scattered but locally common in lowland rain forest up to 1200m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Occurs in central Malesia (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sulawesi and Maluku. Population of A. dammara in Maluku has been depleted. Planted in Java. (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Palawan and Samar (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Wood extraction is a threat. In the past the tree has been destructively exploited for copal (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Utilisation A. dammara wood is used as kauri and also an important source of copal resin (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Traded as kauri. In 1926 the world production of copal was 18 000 t., 88% of which came from Indonesia, 7% from the Philippines and 5% from Sabah. In 1977 the Philippines exported a total of 778 t. of Manila copal worth US$ 325 000. In 1987 the export of copal from Indonesia was still 2650 t (US$ 1.7 m), but decreased to 1230 t. (US$ 650 000) in 1989 (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

Page 19 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade of Agathis spp. (ITTO, 19972003) Volume m 3

Year

Countries

Trade

1996

Malaysia

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Indonesia

Import log Import sawnwood Export veneer

Philippines

Export sawnwood

Average Price US$/m 3

18783.0000 883.0000 1000 17000 4000 15000 2000 10000

138 146 0 122 196 136 131 56

Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). This assigned conservation status applied to the Laubenfels (1988) species concept, where A. dammara and A. borneensis are treated as the same species. Conservation measures There is a total ban on cutting and exporting Agathis tree in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Large plantation of A. dammara exist in Java (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture In plantation in Java, A. dammara starts to produce cones at the age of 15 years, but viable seeds are usually not produced before 25 years. Data from A. dammara plantations indicate that the usual rotation for pulpwood production in plantations is 20 years. More time is needed for timber production. Annual wood production is 2332m³/ha in 30 years and 2228m³ in 50 years. A total yield of 570m³/ha may be obtained after 40 years (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Agathis dammara. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006. de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana series I spermatophyta, flowering plants 10(3). Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 298 pp. ITTO. 19972003. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/ag/dammara.htm. Downloaded 5 May 06. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. 2006. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 6 June 2006. Additional web references [1] http://www.agathis.info/taxonomy.php. Systematics of Agathis. Downloaded 5 May 06.

6. Agathis endertii Meijer Drees Araucariaceae Common names Trade name: kauri; Bulok (Iban) (de Laubenfels, 1988). Habitat Isolated stands are confined to moist lowland forest or heath forest, often associated with sandstone kerangas up to 1440 m (de Laubenfels, 1988).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Population status and trends Endemic to Borneo. Although the species is widespread, it occurs in isolated populations in Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Farjon, 1998) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006) [1]. Brunei: Occurrence reported (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan (de Laubenfels, 1988). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (de Laubenfels, 1988). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Timber is heavily exploited. Habitat loss due to clearfelling or logging (Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Utilisation The wood is used as kauri (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Although present in much smaller quantities in trade, the species is included in the export figures outlined for Agathis in Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/nt (Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Conservation measures In 1979, a worldwide provenance trial was coordinated by the Oxford Forestry Institute whereby the seed from the entire range distribution of Agathis was sent to 19 countries. Breeding of Agathis trees has been included in the national forest tree improvement programme in Indonesia. Some protected areas contain very important gene pools of Agathis species, e.g. Badas Forest Reserve in Brunei, Gunung Palung Nature reserve in Kalimantan, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Sumatra and Taman Negara National Park in Peninsular Malaysia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest Management and Silviculure No information. References Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Agathis endertii. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 22/11/05. de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 10: 337453. Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 298 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wagenigen. 610 pp. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/ag/dammara.htm. Downloaded 5 May 06. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.agathis.info/taxonomy.php. Systematics of Agathis. Downloaded 5 May 06.

7. Aglaia perviridis Hiern. Meliaceae Common names Trade name: aglaia; Malaysia: tengkorak lang, tenkohalang ; Vietnam: g[ooj] xanh (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonyms Aglaia kingiana (Mabberley et al., 1995). Habitat Occurring between 100 1330 m altitude, the species is commonly found in tropical or subtropical primary evergreen forest, monsoon and secondary forest on limestone or deep ferralitic wet and well drained soils (Mabberley et al., 1995). In Vietnam, occurs from 400 1500 m altitude on hill slopes or flat ground on deep ferralitic, light to medium textured, wet and welldrained soil (Vũn, 1996). Page 21 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Population status and trends Although a common species much of the habitat is threatened with destruction (Pannell, 1997). Bangladesh: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Bhutan: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). China: Occurrence reported in the south (Mabberley et al., 1995). India: Occurrence reported in southwestern India, Andaman and Nicobar Is. (Mabberley et al., 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence recorded in Peninsular Malaysia (Mabberley et al., 1995). Thailand: Occurrence recorded (Mabberley et al., 1995). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in the north (Mabberley et al., 1995). Found sporadically in Que Phong and Qui Chau districts (Vũn, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat loss (Pannell, 1998). Utilisation The fruit is eaten locally. The timber is used in construction, ship and boatbuilding, for household utensils and agricultural tools. It is often planted as an ornamental tree (Lemmens et al., 1995). In Vietnam, often cultivated as a shade or ornamental tree due to its beautiful crown (Vũn, 1996). Suitable for agroforestry [1]. Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1c (Pannell, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Regeneration is said to be poor in Vietnam and saplings are rarely found under the canopy of mother trees (Vũn, 1996). References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Mabberley, D.J., C.M. Pannell and A.M. Sing. 1995. Meliaceae. Flora Malesiana. Series I, vol. 12(1)1: 1─407. Pannel, C.M. Aglaia perviridis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/index.asp. AgroForestryTree Database. Downloaded 8 June 2006.

8. Aglaia silvestris (M. Roemer) Merr. Meliaceae Common names Trade name: aglaia; Indonesia: ganggo (general), pacar kidang (Sumatra), kayu wole (Sulawesi); Malaysia: bekak (Peninsular Malaysia), segera (Sarawak), lantupak (Dusun, Sabah); Philippines: salamingai (Tagalog), panuhan (Negrito); Thailand: chanchamot (Chanthaburi) (Pannell, 1992) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonyms Aglaia acuminata, Aglaia cedreloides, Aglaia forstenii, Aglaia ganggo, Aglaia microcarpa, Aglaia obliqua, Aglaia pyrrholepis (Mabberley et al., 1995). Habitat Primary forest, swamps, savanna, kerangas, monsoon forest, mossy forest, along roads, along rivers on clayey loam, sandstone, sand, limestone, sealevel to 2100m. Few and scattered to common (Mabberley et al., 1995). Page 22 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Population status and trends A widespread, variable species found throughout Malesia and Indochina (Mabberley et al., 1995). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi and Sumatra (Mabberley, 1995) India: Occurrence reported in Andaman and Nicobar Is. (Mabberley et al., 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Mabberley et al., 1995) Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Philippines: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Solomon Islands: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Mabberley et al., 1995). Solomon Islands: Occurrence reported in the South in Kon Tum, Gia Lai and Lam Dong provinces (Mabberley et al., 1995) (Vũn, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat destruction is a continuous and potentially very serious threat (Pannell, 1998). Utilisation An important source of timber, the wood is light and used in housebuilding and for making agricultural tools (Lemmens et al., 1995). The fruits are edible. (Pannell, 1992) Trade Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are a main source of Japan’s Aglaia timber. Most Aglaia timber are sold domestically. In 1992, Papua New Guinea sawn logs of Aglaia fetched a minimum price of US$ 50/m 3 . Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/nt according to Pannell (1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Mabberley, D.J., C.M. Pannell & A.M. Sing. 1995. Meliaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 12: 1─407. Pannell, C.M. 1992. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae). London: HMSO. 1379. Pannel, C.M. Aglaia silvestris. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

9. Ailanthus integrifolia Lamk Simaroubiaceae Common names Trade name: White siris (English); Indonesia: ai lanit (Moluccas), kayu ruris (Minahassa), pohon langit (Ambon); Philippines: malasapsap (general), balokas, makaisa (Tagalog) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: aylanto, kaju langit (Ambon), raden, tawa (Java); Papua New Guinea: kokop, kunkun (New Britain), aisasa, broes, limoetiti, won; Philippines: balokas, makaisa, malaaduás, malasapsáp (Nooteboom, 1962). Trade name: gokul; India: gokul; Assam: borpat, saragphula, borkeseru, koronga, ring (Forest Compendium, 2006) Synonyms Ailanthus blancoi, Ailanthus peekelii, Ailanthus grandis, Pongelion grandis (Nooteboom, 1962). Page 23 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Habitat The subspp. integrifolia is found in nonseasonal primary and secondary rain forest, the subspp. calycina is found in mixed primary forest under seasonal conditions (Nooteboom, 1962). The subspp. integrifolia is locally common in North New Guinea and in New Ireland it occurs from the lowland up to 900 m (Nooteboom, 1962). In Borneo, subspp. integrifolia is found scattered on low hills or level ground below 150 m, on yellow, sandy loam soil containing lime and in both primary and secondary forest (Argent et al., 1997). Population status and trends There are two subspecies viz. subspp. integrifolia and subspp. calycina. The subspp. integrifolia is found in New Guinea, Solomon Islands and all island in Malesia except Java and Lesser Sunda Islands. The subspp. calycina is found only in India (Assam and Sikkim), Vietnam, Java and Lesser Sunda Islands (Nooteboom, 1962). Although the species has a large distribution it is rare in most regions. It is locally common in Borneo and New Guinea (Nooteboom, 1962) (Argent et al., 1997). India: Occurrence reported in Assam and Sikkim of subspp. calycina (Nooteboom, 1962). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Java, Kalimatan, Sulawesi, Maluku Islands and Irian Jaya. The subspp. integrifolia occurs on all islands except for Java, in which subspp. calycina is found (Nooteboom, 1962). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Argent et al., 1997). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported of subspp. integrifolia (Nooteboom, 1962). Philippines:Occurrence reported of subspp. integrifolia (Nooteboom, 1962). Singapore: Occurrence reported from Seletar reservoir (Whitmore, 1973). Solomon islands: Occurrence reported (Nooteboom, 1962). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Nooteboom, 1962). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The wood is used for house building, furniture manufacture, paper pulp, fuel and charcoal amongst other things. The leaves, bark, roots and resin have medicinal properties. The leaves also provide a black dye and the resin is burnt for its fragrance (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade The timber is sometimes traded together with similar timber as ‘mixed lightcoloured hardwood’. Japan imports small amounts of white siris mainly from Papua New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea logs fetched a minimum price of US$43/m³ in 1992. Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures In India this species had been taken up in a germplasm bank (Lemmens et al., 1995). Forest management and silviculture The species is propagated by seed. Plantations have been developed in certain areas, for example in Java and India, but the timber is sourced from the wild in Papua New Guinea. It is believed that the establishment of plantations may benefit from a taungya system in which a low annual crop such as chilli or eggplant is planted in the first year. The species is fastgrowing. Planted trees in Java showed an annual increment of 15m³/ha in the first ten years. In India increments of 20m³/ha have been attained. On suitable sites the timber may be harvested at 3540 years. Natural regeneration of planted trees has been observed to occur after four years but seed production is variable. In the wild, regeneration is poor in the shade but more successful in open weedfree situations. In summary the species has great plantation development, especially if seed production can be better controlled (Lemmens et al., 1995). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 2. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 364 pp. Forest Compendium. http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/AIL_IN.htm. Downloaded on 8 May 06.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp.Nooteboom, H.P. 1962. Simaroubiaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 6: 193226. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.. Whitmore, T.C. (ed.). 1973. Tree flora of Malaya, volume 2. Longman: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.`

10. Albizia splendens Miq. Leguminosae Mimosaceae Common names Indonesia: benatan (Sumatra). Malaysia: kungkur (general) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonyms Pithecellobium splendens, Pithecellobium confertum (Nielsen, 1992) Habitat Found in primary lowland rain forest, old secondary forest on ridges and steep hillsides, altitude to 800 m (Nielsen, 1992). Population status and trends Brunei: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra and Kalimantan, native (Nielsen, 1992) (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, native (Nielsen, 1992) (ILDIS, 2006). Singapore: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Peninsular Thailand, native (Nielsen, 1992) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Suitable for furniture (Nielsen, 1992). The outer bark is used for lighting fires in humid condition (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade Albizia splendens timber was exported from Sabah together with Parkia spp. as a total volume of 2100 m 3 of sawn timber and a total value of about US$ 480 000 (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Albizia is easy to propagate from seed (Sosef et al., 1998). References WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. Nielsen, I.C. 1992. Mimosaceae (LeguminosaeMimosoideae). Flora Malesiana Series 1, vol. 11(1): 1 226. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp.

11. Alloxylon brachycarpum ( Sleumer ) P.H.Weston & Crisp Proteaceae Common names Trade name: Pink silky oak (English); Indonesia: kawoli (Je, Merauke, Irian Jaya) (Sosef et al., 1998). Page 25 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Synonym No Synonym. Habitat A. brachycarpum occurs scattered but is locally common in welldrained, primary, mixed rain forest on hills, ridges and high river banks, up to 800 m altitude. It seems to prefer gallery forest but has also been found in bambooeucalypt forest. It is often found growing together with Acacia, Flindersia and Grevillea spp. (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya and Moluccas (Sosef et al., 1998). In Irian Jaya the species is confined to Western Province in the south, Digul district and extending into the Aru Islands (Eddowes, 1997). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported, the population in Papua New Guinea is restricted in range and confined to a fragile ecosystem in the Oriomo River area in Western Province, where logging and habitat destruction are serious threats (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat destruction from logging activities (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation This nicely figured and attractive wood of this species is used for boatbuilding, interior trim, fine finish, furniture and cabinet work, mouldings, decorative wall panelling and marquetry, turning and fancy veneer. It is also a potential ornamental plant (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade The timber is found in international trade in small quantities. In 1996 Papua New Guinea exported 121 m 3 of ‘pink silky oak’ logs at an average freeonboard (FOB) price of US$ 99/cu m (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A2cd according to Eddowes (1997). This evaluation refers to the situation in Papua New Guinea only, however the species is undoubtedly endangered in Indonesia as well (Eddowes, 1997). Conservation measures There are no known conservation measures and it is not thought to be in cultivation (Eddowes, 1997). References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Alloxylon brachycarpum. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp.

12. Alstonia pneumatophora Backer ex L.G. Den Berger Apocynaceae Common names Trade name: pulai; Malaysia: pulai lilin (Sabah). pulai paya (Sarawak) (Soepdamo et al., 2004); Indonesia: pulai rawang, Basung (Sumatra), pulai akar napas (Kalimantan) (Argent et al., 1997); Brunei: pulai puteh; Malaysia: pulai basong (peninsular); Indonesia: basung (Sumatra) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym No Synonyms. Habitat The species occurs in mixed peatswamp forest on shallow peat, often where it overlies sand near the coastal fringe. It becomes abundant near the mouth of large rivers (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Swampy areas, on periodically inundated habitats along stream, on sandy loam or heavy loam soils, at altitudes to 50m (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Population status and trends Most Alstonia species are common and widespread. They do not seem vulnerable to genetic erosion because they often easily invade severely disturbed places. However stands are heavily depleted in places as a result of deforestation caused by logging and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Indonesia: Found in Sumatra, Sulawesi and Kalimantan (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Logging and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation Pulai is a lightweight hardwood used to make boxes and crates, veneers and plywood, interior trim, furniture components and carvings. The wood of the aerial roots is used as a substitute for cork. The latex is used medicinally and when mixed with oil make glue sticks (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Present in trade with other members of the genus. Pulai, as applied to the genus as a whole, is one of the six most important export timbers of Indonesia. Export of sawnwood increased from 50,000m³ in 1987 to 70,000m³ in 1989, raising a price of US$18.5 million. Sarawak and Sabah also export smaller amounts; Sabah exported 20,000m³ of round logs and 9500m³ of sawnwood in 1992 (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Peninsular Malaysia reported in 1995 the presence of 2000 m³ of sawnwood in exports valued at an average price of US$312/m³ (ITTO, 1997). [note: trade not traceable in ITTO 2004 Annual Report] Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Alstonia spp. in general are fastgrowing but often show scarce natural regeneration. Seedlings are found scattered or in groups particularly at forest edges and in secondary forest. In most countries pulai is harvested selectively from natural forest and there is little experience of silviculture (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw and R.C.K. Chung (eds.). 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 5: 542pp. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997.

13. Anisoptera costata Korth. Dipterocarpaceae Common name Trade name: mersawa; Brunei mersawa kesat. Indonesia: masegar (Sumatra), meraswa daun lebar (Java), ketimpun (Kalimantan); Malaysia: mersawa kesat, mersawa terbak (Peninsular), pengiran kesat (Sabah); Philippines: Mindanao palosapis (general), balingan (Sulu). Myanmar: kabanthangyin; Cambodia: phdiek, phdiek krâham, phdiek sâ; Laos: bak, maiz bak; Thailand: krabak (central), krabak Page 27 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org khok (northeastern), krabak daeng (peninsular); Vietnam: v[ee]n v[ee]n, v[ee]n v[ee]n tr[aws]ng, v[ee]n v[ee]n xanh (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Anisoptera cochinchinensis, Anisoptera marginatoides, Anisoptera mindanensis (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Occurs in evergreen and seasonal mixed dipterocarp forest at up to 700 m altitude (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, western Java and Kalimantan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Laos: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Philippines: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Only a single collection of specimen exist for Philippines (Ashton, 1998). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Southern Vietnam (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Timber is used as mersawa for ship, planking, interior finish, construction, veneer and plywood Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Import of Anisoptera costata from Thailand (ITTO, 19971998): Year 1996 1997

Import

Volume m 3


Log Sawnwood Log Sawnwood

25000 32000 17000 6000

165 335 128 217

Import of Anisoptera spp. from Thailand (ITTO, 19972004): Average Price Import Year Volume m 3 US$/m 3 Log 1997 52000 127 Sawnwood 1997 18000 279 Log 1998 24000 117 Log 1998 29000 106 Sawnwood 1998 12000 214 Sawnwood 1998 12000 214 Log 1999 29000 106 Sawnwood 1999 12000 204 Log 2000 39000 107 Log 2000 35000 114 Sawnwood 2000 24 693 Sawnwood 2000 28000 172 Sawnwood 2000 24000 194 Log 2001 28000 123 Log 2001 27660 116 Page 28 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Import

Year

Sawnwood Sawnwood Log Log Sawnwood Log

2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2003

Average Price US$/m 3 40000 168 40000 156 53010 161 106000 181 53400 175 56000 164

Volume m 3

Conservation status IUCN Conservation category: EN A1cd+2cd (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Ashton, P. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp. ITTO. 19972004. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp.

14. Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don Araucariaceae Common names Pien (Pidgin), ungwa (Kapauku), sumgwa (Manikiong), alloa (Marconi R.), kiriwi (Wandammen), ningwik (Tambuni Valley), makut (Pikpik), domooimer, tororomooi (Dajo), jarujosuwa (Tanahmerah), flabbito (Wapi), d’li (Telefomin), escera (Foie), sari (Bembi), bontuan (Kaigorin), wariri (Gurumbu), nimola (Esa’ala) (de Laubenfels, 1988). Trade name: Araucaria; hoop pine, colonial pine, Richmond river pine (English); Indonesia: alloa, ningwik, pien (Irian Jaya) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Hoop pine, Moreton Bay pine, colonial pine, arakaria, Dorrigo pine (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Kolonialkiefer (German); yau (Portuguese); son naam (Thailand) [1]. Synonyms Synonyms of Araucaria cunninghamii var. cunninghamii: Eutacta cunninghamii, Araucaria glauca, Araucaria cunninghamii var. glauca, Araucaria cunninghamii var. longfolia (Farjon, 1998). Synonym of Araucaria cunninghamii var. papuana, Araucaria beccarii (Farjon, 1998). Habitat Emergent in rainforest from 602745 m, more common above 1000 m altitude on a variety of soils and in areas with high rainfall and temperature range from 926 o C. Found in a variety of rainforest soils along ridges, in swampy conditions and submontane oak forest. A. cunninghamii is a pioneer tree and a nurse for the invasion of rainforest after disturbance and burning. In Papua New Guinea it is commonly associated with Castnopsis acuminatissima, Cinnamomum sp., Podocarpus neriifolius, Prumnopitys amara and Schizomeria sp. (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Distributed from the coastal regions of New South Wales and southeastern Queensland to Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). There are two varieties each exclusively found in Australia and New Guinea (de Laubenfels, 1988). Australia: Occurrence reported of the var. cunninghamii from northern Queensland to Coffs Harbour in NSW (de Laubenfels, 1988). Large amounts of timber are being produced from plantation sources in Australia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Native [1]. Page 29 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Eritrea: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya of the var. papuana (de Laubenfels, 1988). Native [1]. Kenya: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Nigeria: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported of the var. papuana found scattered in isolated to extensive stands from one end of the island to the other, both in the central range and along the north coast, including Japen and Ferguson Island (de Laubenfels, 1988). In New Guinea, stands have been heavily exploited, especially for the plywood industry. Areas such as Bulolo in Papua New Guinea are exhausted. Numerous small patches, however, still remain in a range of habitats and large scale logging is no longer viable. Large scale plantation of the species has been established (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Native [1]. Solomon Islands: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Uganda: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Zimbabwe: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Role of species in the ecosystem A dominant species. Regeneration in the wild takes place in disturbed habitats (de Laubenfels, 1988). Threats Commercial overexploitation of natural population (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation The timber is useful as a light structural timber, for ships and buildings, furniture, veneer, plywood, pulpwood, joinery and turnery. The seeds are edible and trees are planted as ornamentals (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Suitable for agroforestry [1]. Trade Araucaria timber is commercially important but mainly traded domestically. Araucaria plywood was a major export item from Papua New Guinea until 1980 when the supplies of logs from natural sources became low. The export of Araucaria logs from Papua New Guinea has been banned to obtained added value from processed product (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). The species is reported in plywood exports in 1995 from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 1997). In Australia, A. cunninghamii is important in plywood industry (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). [note: species trade not traceable in ITTO 2004 Annual Report, but trade reported for the genus] Export of Araucaria spp. plywood from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 19972002). Year

Volume m 3


1996 2000 2001 2001

372 450 1000 1000

497 600 372 372

Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): not evaluated. Not threathened based on Farjon (1998). Conservation measures Extensive plantation has already been established in South Africa, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and have produced large amounts of timber. In New Guinea natural stands are no longer being logged on a large scale (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Australia the tree is found in National Parks and plantations (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Forest management and silviculture In Australia 44,500 ha have been planted and provided an annual timber production of 211,000 m³ in 19881989 and 248,000 m³ in 19891990. Plantations mixed with A. hunsteinii cover 8000 ha in Papua New Guinea, where trees have reached heights of 30m after 38 years growth. Trees in Queensland are reported to reach 33 m in 34 years and in Peninsular Malaysia the same height is reached in 30 years. Plantation material produces a premium quality pulp. Trees usually start to bear cones at 15 to 25 years age. Propagation can be achieved from seed, which can be stored for up to six years. A. cunninghamii has shown good regeneration under the parent canopy and within gaps, and is regarded as a shade tolerant species (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Page 30 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana Ser.1, vol. 10: 337453. Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 298 pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization. ITTO. 19972002. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/ag/dammara.htm. Downloaded 5 May 06. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. 2006. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 6 June 2006. Additional web references [1] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/index.asp. AgroForestryTree Database. Downloaded 8 June 2006.

15. Calophyllum canum Hook. f. Guttiferae Common names Trade name: bintangor; Malaysia: bintangor merah (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Calophyllum borneense (Stevens, 1980). Habitat Occurs in welldrained mixed dipterocarp forest and peat swamps up to 1200m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Brunei:Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra (main island and Riau) and East and Central Kalimantan (Stevens, 1980) (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Stevens, 1980). Role of species in the ecosystem Calophyllum is pollinated by insects such as bees. It often bears fruits throughout the year. The fruits are eaten and dispersed by mammals (bats, squirrels, monkeys) and birds (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Threats No information. Utilisation A source of bintangor, it is a good general purpose timber. It is suitable for light construction, flooring, moulding, decking, panelling, joinery, furniture, making tools, veneer and plywood, wooden pallets, boat construction and diving boards. Heavier wood is sometimes used for beams and columns, for railway carriages and crane shafts. The poisonous latex from the bark is used to stupefy fish and poison rats (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade Bintangor is the trade name to timber derived from all members of the genus. In Sarawak, this species represents one of the most important sources of bintangor. Bintangor is exported in large quantities to Japan, especially from Borneo. Round logs exported from Sabah in 1987 amounted to 42,000m³ with a value of US$2.8 million. In 1992 17,500m³ of logs and 41,500m³ of sawnwood was exported at a value of US$10.3 million (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Peninsular Malaysia reported the presence of 16,000m³ of Calophyllum sawnwood in exports in 1995, valued at an average price of US$167/m³ (ITTO, 1997) [note: trade not traceable in ITTO 2004 Annual Report]. Conservation Status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slowgrowing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50 cm (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1980. A revision of the Old World species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 61: 117—699.

16. Calophyllum carrii P.F. Stevens var. longigemmatum P.F. Stevens Guttiferae Synonym No Synonym. Common names Trade name: calophyllum (Eddowes, 1997). Habitat Scattered in primary, lowland, moist, nonseasonal, broadleaved, closed forest between 15 300m (Stevens, 1980). Population status and trends There are two varieties of Calophyllum carii, viz var. carii and var. longigemmatum. The var. carii is found in Central and Northern provinces in Papua New Guinea. The var. longigemmatum is only known from small area long the northern coast of New Guinea in an area near Jayapura, Irian Jaya, and West Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea. It occurs in areas that are subject to intensive logging activities (Stevens, 1980) (Eddowes, 1997). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya (Stevens, 1980) (Eddowes, 1997). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980) (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Bats, feral pigs, birds and water act as dispersal agents. Pollinated by insects and wild bees (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Logging and habitat loss is the major threat (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used for plywood, furniture and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade The timber is found in major international trade (Eddowes, 1997). In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m³ of Calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m³ (ITTO, 1997). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU B1+2abcde (Eddowes, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Stevens, P.F. 1980. A revision of the Old World species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 61: 117—699.

17. Calophyllum euryphyllum Lauterb. Guttiferae Common names Trade name: Calophyllum (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat This tree is scattered in primary rainforest up to 610 m, sometimes on coral (Stevens, 1980). Population status and trends Distributed in Northern New Guinea (Stevens, 1980). It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya in Aru, Wakatoebi, Vogelkop and Geevink Bay (Stevens, 1980). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported in Morobe and Bismark Archipelago, except New Ireland (Stevens, 1980). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation A source of bintangor, it is a good general purpose timber. It is suitable for light construction, flooring, moulding, decking, panelling, joinery, furniture, making tools, veneer and plywood, wooden pallets, boat construction and diving boards. Heavier wood is sometimes used for beams and columns, for railway carriages and crane shafts. The poisonous latex from the bark is used to stupefy fish and poison rats (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade The species is probably traded as calophyllum in Papua New Guinea. In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m³ of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m³ (ITTO, 1997). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc according to Stevens (1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Calophyllum carrii var. longigemmatum. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. (Unpublished)

18. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Guttiferae Common names Alexandrian laurel, Borneo mahogany (English); Indonesia: njamplung (Java), dingkaran (Sulawesi); Malaysia: bintangor laut, penaga laut (Peninsular Malaysia), penaga (Sabah); Papua New Guinea: beach calophyllum; Phillipinnes: palo maria (Sp), bitaog (general); Myanmar: ponnyet, ph’ong. Thailand: krathing (general), saraphee naen (northern), naowakan (Nan); Vietnam: c[aa]y m[uf] u (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Balsamaria inophyllum, Calophyllum bintagor, Calophyllum blumei, Calophyllum tacamahaca (Stevens, 1980). Population status and trends At local levels populations are heavily harvested. Widely distributed ranging from Eastern Africa to South Asia, Malesia, Australia and the pacific islands in the tropics (Stevens, 1980). Australia : Occurrence reported in Queensland and Northern Territory (Stevens, 1980). British Indian Ocean Territory: Occurrence reported in Diego Garcia Atolls Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Cameroon: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). China: Occurrence reported in Hainan island (Stevens, 1980) Comoros: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Djibouti: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Ethiopia: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Eritrea: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. French Polynesia: Occurrence reported in Marquesas, Tuaomotu archipelago, Society Islands and Mangareva Island and Tubuai Islands (Stevens, 1980) Ghana: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Guinea: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). India: Occurrence reported in Maharashtra, Mysore, Tamilnadu, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Stevens, 1980). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya (Stevens, 1980). In Borneo recorded throughout the island (Argent et al., 1997)

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Ivory Coast: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Japan: Occurrence reported in Okinawa and Bonin Islands (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Kenya: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Exotic [1]. Kiribati: Occurrence reported in Phoenix Islands, Line Islands and Tarawa (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Laos: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Madagascar: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Maldives: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Marshall Islands: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Mauritius: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Mozambique: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. New Caledonia: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. New Zealand: Occurrence reported in Cook islands (Stevens, 1980) Nigeria: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Exotic [1]. Northern Mariana Islands: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Palau: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Philippines: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Reunion: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Rodrigues: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Samoa: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Seychelles: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980) Singapore: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Solomon Islands: Occurrence reported, native [1]. Somalia: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Taiwan: Occurrence reported, native [1]. Tanzania: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Exotic [1]. Thailand: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Tonga: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Tuvalu: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Uganda: Occurrence reported, exotic [1]. United Kingdom: Occurrence reported in Pitcairn Island (Stevens, 1980) United States: Occurrence reported in Hawaii (Stevens, 1980). Exotic [1]. Vanuatu: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Native [1]. Wallis and Futuna: Occurrence reported (Stevens, 1980). Habitat A widespread tree of sandy beaches near the coast and occasionally inland on sandy soils up to 200 m (Stevens, 1980). Ecology Fruits are dispersed by the sea and animals, eaten by fruit bats and squirrels (Stevens, 1980). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Compared to other Calophyllum the timber is more durable and stronger, with a finer grain. It is used for construction work, furniture, cartwheel hubs, musical instruments, canoes and boats. The oil from the seed is used for illumination, soap making and medicinal purposes. The latex and pounded bark also have medicinal uses. Fruit are edible. Trees are planted for shade and ornament (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Suitable for agroforestry [1]. Trade The timber is often traded separately as beach calophyllum. Fiji is recorded as exporting Calophyllum spp. as plywood, veneer and sawnwood in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). In the same year Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m³ of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m³ and Page 35 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Peninsular Malaysia reported the presence of 16,000m³ of Calophyllum sawnwood in exports, valued at an average price of US$167/m³ (ITTO, 1997). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc according to Stevens (1997). The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng & Wee, 1994) Conservation measures Trees are widely planted both within and outside the natural range, e.g. in West Africa and tropical America, as a source of oil (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture Preliminary data from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that members of the genus may be slow growing, taking 70 years to attain a diameter of 50cm (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Phengklai, Chamlong & Sanan Khamsai. 1985. Some nontimber species of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 1(15): 108148. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1980. A revision of the Old World species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 61: 117—699. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Additional web references [1] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/index.asp. AgroForestryTree Database. Downloaded 8 June 2006.

19. Calophyllum insularum P.F. Stevens Guttiferae Common names Bintangor (Stevens, 1980). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat A tree scattered in primary colline rainforest up to 200 m (Stevens, 1980). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya, the entire population is restricted to an island in Geelvink Bay (Stevens, 1980) (Eddowes, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are pollinated by birds and the seeds are dispersed by birds (Eddowes, 1997). Threats Expansion of human settlements, extensive agriculture and wood extraction. Utilisation The wood is used for plywood, furniture and as a veneer (Eddowes, 1997). Trade The timber is possibly traded internationally (Eddowes, 1997). Conservation status IUCN Conservation categories (ver 2.3, 1994): EN B1+2c according to Eddowes (1997). Page 36 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures None exist. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Eddowes, P.J. 1997. Calophyllum insularum. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 09 January 2006. Stevens, P.F. 1980. A revision of the Old World species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 61: 117—699.

20. Calophyllum papuanum Lauterb. Guttiferae Synonym No Synonym. Common names Trade name: calophyllum (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Usually canopy tree of hilly or montane forest often dominated by Fagaceae, more rarely in swampy forest or depleted Agathis forest over limestone with thick clay cover; 1201830m (Stevens, 1980). Population status and trends It is expected that Calophyllum species will be more heavily harvested when other timber supplies have become exhausted (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Maluku Island. (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The timber is used in building and is considered a decorative substitute for darkcoloured mahogany, if suitably stained, and for all kinds of mahogany if transparently coated. It is also substituted for red meranti (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade The timber is traded in Papua New Guinea as calophyllum. In 1995 Papua New Guinea recorded the export of 231,000m³ of calophyllum logs, valued at an average price of US$156/m³ (ITTO, 1997). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc according to Stevens (1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Stevens, P.F. 1980. A revision of the Old World species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 61: 117—699. Stevens, P.F. 1997. Annotations to a listing of draft species summaries for New Guinea for the Conservation and sustainable management of trees project

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21. Canarium luzonicum Miq. Burseraceae Common names Philippines: pilingliitan (Filipino), belis (Tagalog), malapili (Bikol) (Lemmens et al.,1995). Philippines: alangi (Ilk.), alanki (Ilk.), antang (Ibn.), anteng (Ilk.), bakan (Ting.), bakoog (Ilk.), belis (Tag.), bulau (Pang.), malapili (Bik.), pilauai (Tag.), pili (Tag., Bik., S. L. Bis., P. Bis., Ibn.), pisa (Tag.), sahing (Tag.), tugtugin (Tag.) [4]. Synonyms Canarium carapifolium, Canarium polyanthum, Canarium oliganthum (Lemmens et al.,1995). Pimela luzonica, Canarium album,Canarium commune, Canarium carapifolium, Canarium polyanthum, Canarium triandrum [4]. Habitat This species occurs in primary forest at low to medium altitudes (Lemmens et al.,1995). Population status and trends Philippines: Occurrence reported, endemic to the island found in Northern Luzon (Cagayan) to Mindoro, Ticao, and Masbate (Merrill, 1923) (Lemmens et al.,1995) [4]. Role of species in the ecosystem Flowers are probably insect pollinated. Fruit eating pigeons, monkeys and occasionally bats act as seed dispersers (Lemmens et al.,1995). Threats Habitat loss is likely to be the greatest threat to remaining populations. The timber has not been of great commercial importance to date (Lemmens et al.,1995). Utilisation The kedondong timber is used for light construction. Manila elemi is derived from C. luzonicum and C. ovatum [4]. Manila elemi is distilled from the resin and used locally for caulking ships, in torches, varnishes and glues (Lemmens et al.,1995) [2]. Elemi is used for aromatheraphy [1][3] and as a medicinal ointment to treat bronchitis, catarrh, cough, mature skin, scar, stress and wounds [2]. The average yield of resin from a single mature tree of C. luzonicum is about 45 kg. It is also commercially exported for the manufacture of varnish and medicinal ointments. Some are exported to Europe for preparing medicinal ointment while much is exported to China for manufacturing transparent paper used got window panes (Lemmens et al.,1995) [4]. The greater part of the world’s supply of elemi (Burseraceae oleoresin) is derived from the Philippines [4]. The seeds are edible and the bark yields a tannin of reasonable quality (Lemmens et al.,1995). Trade Canarium timber is usually mixed with the timber of other members of Burseraceae and sold as kedondong. The production of fruits appears to be more commercially important than of timber (Lemmens et al. 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Canarium spp. can be propagated by seed. Natural regeneration is believed to be scarce because of the scattered distribution of trees and possibly also because of levels of fruit harvesting (Lemmens et al.,1995). References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Merrill, E.D. 1923. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants vol. 2. Publication no. 18, the government of the Philippines islands department of agriculture and natural resources bureau of science manila: 530 pp. Page 38 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Canarium luzonicum. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.buyaromatherapy.com/store/elemi_oil.html. Pure Elemi Oil. Downloaded 8 June 2006. [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemi. Elemi. Downloaded 8 June 2006. [3] http://www.fromnaturewithlove.com/product.asp?product_id=eoelemi. Essential oil: Elemi. Downloaded 8 June 2006. [4] http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/p/pili.pdf. Canarium luzonicum. Downloaded on 8 June 2006.

22. Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh. Burseraceae Common names Malaysia: kala, kedondong senggeh, lamshu senggi (Lemmens et al.,1995). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat This species is scattered as very large trees in lowland forest and hill forest between 300 and 920m (Lemmens et al.,1995). Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. In Peninsular Malaysia, population recorded in the state of Perlis, Kedah Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang (Whitmore, 1983). Indonesia: Occurrence recorded in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In Kalimantan reported in the East, West and Central provinces (Argent et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Flowers are probably insect pollinated. Fruit eating pigeons, monkeys and occasionally bats act as seed dispersers (Lemmens et al.,1995). Threats Habitat loss due to clearfelling/logging, infrastructure development and expansion of human settlement (Chua, 1997). Utilisation The wood is used as kedondong timber for house buidling, light construction, floorings, interiors, furniture, joinery, canoes, veneer and plywood (Lemmens et al.,1995). Trade Canarium timber is usually mixed with the timber of other members of Burseraceae and sold as kedondong. The production of fruits appears to be more commercially important than of timber (Lemmens et al. 1995). The export of kedondong as sawnwood, valued at US$638/m³, is recorded in 1995 (ITTO, 1997). In 1983 16,350m³ of kedondong sawnwood at a value of US$675,000 was exported to Singapore (69%), South Korea (19%) and Hong Kong (12%). The following year 9500m³ at a value of US$395,000 was exported to Singapore (99%) and Japan (1%) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LRcd (Chua, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Canarium spp. can be propagated by seed. Natural regeneration is believed to be scarce because of the scattered distribution of trees and possibly also because of levels of fruit harvesting (Lemmens et al.,1995). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Page 39 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Chua, L.S.L. 1997. Canarium pseudosumatranum. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 10 January 2006. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation. 1996. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Whitmore, T.C. (ed.). 1983. Tree flora of Malaya. Volume 1. Longman, Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. 473 pp.

23. Cantleya corniculata (Becc.) R.A. Howard Icacinaceae Common names Trade name: dedaru; Brunei: cendana, samala, seranai; Indonesia: bedaru (general), garu buaya (Sumatra), mendaru (Bangka); Malaysia: bedaru (Sarawak), darudaru (Peninsular Malaysia), dedadu (Sabah) (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: bedaru, Kalimantan: kajo, kakal (Argent et al., 1997). Bedaru, daru, dedaru, endaru, garu, pedar, tempilai (Sleumer, 1971). Synonyms Cantleya johorica, Stemnourus corniculatus and Urandra corniculata (Sosef et al., 1998). A genus with only one species (Sleumer, 1971). Habitat The species is comparatively rare and scattered, and occurs as canopy trees in primary forest, from sea level up to about 300 m altitude. It is found in the drier parts of freshwater and peatswamp forest, in kerangas as well as in drier hill forest, on marshy or sandy soils. It has been found together with Shorea uliginosa, Tetramerista glabra and Koompassia malaccensis (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Riau and Lingga Islands, Banka and Central Kalimantan (Sleumer, 1971). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (Sleumer, 1971). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Sleumer, 1971). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The population is scattered and the timber is in high demand, this makes the species easily become endangered because of its habitat destruction or overcutting (Sosef et al., 1998). Utilisation The timber is highly valued and much sought after. It is heavy and hard with a fragrance similar to sandalwood for which it is used as a substitute. It is also used for house and ship building and heavy construction. In Borneo it has been regarded as the second most valuable wood for house building. The fruit can be eaten but is said to be rather poor in quality (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade At the beginning of the 20 th Century the timber was reported to have been found in the Singapore market, supplies coming from Sumatra and Borneo. It is still exported from the latter areas but it is also used locally. As supplies are very limited, dedaru seldom comes on the market, and when it does it is generally sold in mixed consignments. Some of it may be marketed as ‘balau’ (Shorea spp.). The fragrant wood is reputed to have been exported to China (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1c,d (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There are no records of the species in seed or germplasm banks (Sosef et al., 1998). Forest management and silviculture Natural regeneration is generally sparse and silvicultural research is urgently needed (Sosef et al., 1998). Page 40 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Cantleya corniculata. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. Sleumer, H. 1971. Icacinaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 7: 1─87.

24. Cephalotaxus oliveri Masters Cephalotaxaceae Common name Vietnam: Phi luoc bí (Vũn, 1996). China: bi zi san jian shan (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Synonym No Synonyms. Habitat This species is mainly found in evergreen broadleaved forests or in evergreen and deciduous broad leaves mixed forests in valleys and by streams (Fu & Jin, 1992) (Vũn, 1996), or at low altitude of 300 1000 (1500) m in subtropical closed forests. Population status and trends Distributed in China, Indochina and eastern India. However specimens from Indochina and eastern India may be considered conspecific with C. mannii (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). It is not recorded as being grown in the U.S.or U.K. (Tripp, 1995). China: Occurrence reported in eastern and nortwestern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong, northeastern and southeastern Guangxi, Hunan, southwestern Hubei, northern and southeastern Guizhou, southeastern and central Sichuan, western and southeastern Yunnan (Fu & Jin, 1992). In China, the population is scattered in low to middle altitude forests in subtropical regions of China. The C. oliveri population has reduced rapidly due to overexploitation of forest, and land conversion (Fu & Jin, 1992). Laos: Occurrence reported (Vũn, 1996). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Vũn, 1996). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Lam Dong province (Vũn, 1996). India: Occurrence reported in eastern India (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Regeneration Shade tolerant species with moderately slow growth. Seeds germinate after ripening for one year in the broadleaf litter; once the seeds have germinated the seedlings require shade (Fu & Jin, 1992). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats Threatened by overexploitation and habitat loss (Fu & Jin, 1992) (Vũn, 1996). The dioecious nature of C. oliveri means that this species is further threatened by frequent regeneration (Fu & Jin, 1992). Utilisation Timber used for furniture, stationary, tool handles and the fine arts. The oil in the seeds is used in painting (Vũn, 1996). C. oliveri contains alkaloids, extracted from leaves, shoots and seeds which hold medicinal value for treating leukaemia and lymphoma (Fu & Jin, 1992). Trade No information. Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1d (Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). China Plant Red Data Book: Vulnerable (Fu & Jin, 1992). Considered an endangered species in Vietnam (Vũn, 1996). Considered endangered thoroughout its range (Tripp, 1995).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures This species is found in several nature reserves (Emei Mountain in Sichuan, Shuanghuang Mountains and Zhangjiajie in Hunan (Fu & Jin, 1992). In Vietnam, the species requires protection in the Bidoup and Langbian Nature Reserves (Vũn, 1996). References Conifer Specialist Group. 1998. Cephalotaxus oliveri. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006. Fu, Likuo & Jianming, Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii 741. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ce/ce/oliveri.htm. Downloaded 8 June 06. Tripp, Kim E. 1995. Cephalotaxus: the plum yews. Arnoldia 55(1): 2439. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

25. Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. Lauraceae Common name Safrol laurel (English). Indonesia: medang leash (general), ki sereh (Sudanese, Java), selasihan (Java), rawali (Kalimantan). Malaysia: medang kemangi (Peninsular), keplah wangi (Sarawak), bunsod (Sabah). Myanmar: karawa. Thailand: theptharo. Vietnam: re huong (Lemmens et al., 1995). Karawe (Myanmar), sinkosi (Myanmar), thitlainyin (Myanmar) (Kress et al., 2003). Synonym Cinamomum glanduliferum, Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, Cinnamomum sumatranum (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat Found in lowland to montane forest, sometimes in regions with dry season on fertile and poor soils up to 2000(3000) m altitude (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends Widely distributed and locally common from Tibet through India, China (Yunnan), IndoChina and Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Jawa and Borneo. China: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). India: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Jawa and Kalimantan (Lemmens et al., 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Mon and Taninthyai (Kress et al., 2003) Singapore: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The wood of this species is used in furniture making, construction, flooring, utensils and woodcarving. The wood contains essential oil (safrol) which is used in perfumery and medicine. The roots are used as medicine for fever, childbirth or as spices (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade Cinnamomum timber is traded as medang together with other Lauraceae genera. The total export of medang in 1984 from Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore was 1500 m 3 with a value of US$ 62000, the export from Sabah in 1992 was 52000 m 3 with a total value of US$ 4.3 million (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: K Insufficiently known (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture Cinnamomum can be propagated by seed. However the seed of C. porrectum has a short viability period (Lemmens et al., 1995). Light demanding. Natural and coppice regeneration good in secondary forests (Vũn, 1996). Conservation measures No information. References Asia Regional Workshop. 1997. Discussions held during the Third Regional Workshop for the WCMC/SSC Conservation and sustainable management of trees project, Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Asian Regional Workshop. Cinnamomum porrectum. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C.Wong (Eds). 1995. Plant Resources of South East Asia. No. 5(2). Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

26. Cynometra elmeri Merr. LeguminosaeCaesalpinoideae (Taxonomic note: the name Cynometra inaequifolia has been commonly used and confused with C. malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia and C. elmeri in Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994)). Common name Trade name: kekatong (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Cynometera inaequifolia auct. non A. Gray (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Cynometera inaequifolia sensu Ridl. (ILDIS, 2006). Habitat Forest back mangrove and swamps, 50300 m altitude (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Luzon, Rial Prov (Ding Hou et al., 1996).Native (ILDIS, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan, native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Wood is used as kekatong: wood used for interior construction, door and window frames, heavyduty flooring and interior trim. When treated it is suitable for heavy outdoor construction, poles, posts, beams, railway sleepers, fenders and for boat and ship building. The wood is also suitable for tool handles, toys and novelties. The wood yields good quality charcoal (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade This is not an important export timber, and only very small amounts are exported. Export of round logs from Sabah in 1987, which amounted to only 200 m 3 with a value of US$16 000 (price: US$ 80/m 3 ) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1d (WCMC, 1998). This assessement refers to three Cynometra species (currently recognised as C. elmeri Merr., C. inaequifolia A. Gray and C. malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture All timber extraction for kekatong is from natural forest, and there has been no replanting or enrichment planting (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMCWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Cynometra inaequifolia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 8 June 2006.

27. Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray LeguminosaeCaesalpinoideae (Taxonomic note: the name Cynometra inaequifolia has been commonly used and confused for C. malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia and C. elmeri in Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994)). Common name Trade name: kekatong (Malay); Philippines: diladila (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Habitat Forest at low and medium altitudes (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends Philippines: Occurrence recorded in Luzon, Panay and Negros, native (Ding Hou et al., 1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat loss through clear cutting and agriculture (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation Wood is used as kekatong: wood used for interior construction, door and window frames, heavyduty flooring and interior trim. When treated it is suitable for heavy outdoor construction, poles, posts, beams, railway sleepers, fenders and for boat and ship building. The wood is also suitable for tool handles, toys and novelties. The wood yields good quality charcoal (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade This is not an important export timber, and only very small amounts are exported. Export of round logs from Sabah in 1987, which amounted to only 200 m 3 with a value of US$16 000 (price: US$ 80/m 3 ) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1d (WCMC, 1998). This assessement refers to three Cynometra species (currently recognised as C. elmeri Merr., C. inaequifolia A. Gray and C. malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen) and therefore do not truly reflect the threat status of C. inaequifolia. Conservation measures No information.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture All timber extraction for kekatong is from natural forest, and there has been no replanting or enrichment planting (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMCWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Cynometra inaequifolia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 8 June 2006.

28. Cynometra malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen LeguminosaeCaesalpinoideae (Taxonomic note: the name Cynometra inaequifolia has been commonly used and confused for C. malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia and C. elmeri in Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994)). Common name Trade name: kekatong (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Cynometera inaequifolia auct. non A. Gray (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Cynometra inaequalifolia Baker (ILDIS, 2006). Habitat Common in the lowlands and hills to 600 m; sometimes locally abundant (e.g. Genting Sempah, Peninsular Malaysia); in suitable sites up to c. 900 m altitude (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends India: Occurrence reported in Assam, native (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah (Ding Hou et al., 1996) and Peninsular Malaysia, native (ILDIS, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Luzon, Rial Prov (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Thailand: Occurrence reported in Thailand, native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Wood is used as kekatong: wood used for interior construction, door and window frames, heavyduty flooring and interior trim. When treated it is suitable for heavy outdoor construction, poles, posts, beams, railway sleepers, fenders and for boat and ship building. The wood is also suitable for tool handles, toys and novelties. The wood yields good quality charcoal (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade This is not an important export timber, and only very small amounts are exported. Export of round logs from Sabah in 1987, which amounted to only 200 m 3 with a value of US$16 000 (price: US$ 80/m 3 ) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1d (WCMC, 1998). This assessement refers to three Cynometra species (currently recognised as C. elmeri Merr., C. inaequifolia A. Gray and C. malaccensis Knaap v. Meeuwen). Conservation measures No information. Page 45 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture All timber extraction for kekatong is from natural forest, and there has been no replanting or enrichment planting (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMCWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1998. Cynometra inaequifolia. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 8 June 2006.

29. Dactylocladus stenostachys Oliv. Crypteroniaceae Common name Trade name: jongkong ; Brunei: medang tabak, tabak; Indonesia: mentibu (Indonesian), merubung, sampinur (Kalimantan); Malaysia: medang miag (Kedayan Sabah), medang tabak, tabak (Sabah, Sarawak), merebong (Iban, Sarawak) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Dominant tree in peatswamp forest in Sarawak and Brunei, forming the GonystylusDactylocladus Neoscortechinia association in mixed peat swamp forest and the CombretocarpusDactylocladus association. Found also in kerangas vegetation and in East Kalimantan it is forming an important element in the Cratoxylum glaucum Dactylocladus stenostachys community. Usually found at low attitudes rarely going up to 800 m (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Monotypic genus endemic to Borneo (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sarawak and Sabah (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan (Sosef et al., 1998). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The tree has been heavily exploited but is thought to be abundant. In Sarawak, its natural regeneration is encouraging and thus is not at risk of genetic erosion (Sosef et al., 1998). Utilisation Exported wood of jongkong is used for furniture and interior construction. Domestically it is used for concrete shuttering, weatherboard, paticle boare, flooring, interior construction, partitioning, and sometimes veneer and plywood (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade The species is the third most important swamp timber exported from Sarawak after ramin and meranti (Sosef et al., 1998). Sarawak export Year Export 1987 log 1988 sawnlog 1993 sawnlog Sabah export Year Export

Volume (m 3 ) 41500 254650 186750

Value (US$)

Volume (m 3 )

Value (US$)

10.2 m 15.5 m

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org 1987 1992 Sawn timber 1992 log (Source : Sosef et al., 1998)

183 598 898

11000 141500 61000

Malaysia export 187100 m3 (average price US$ 77.28/m 3 ) of jongkong log in 1996. Japan imported 74000 m3 of jongkong log in 1998 (average price US$ 113/m 3 ) in 1998. Most of jongkong timber is exported to Japan (ITTO, 19972004) Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Little is known on the silvicultural management of peatswamp forest for the production of D. stenostachys (Sosef et al., 1998). References ITTO. 19972004. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. st http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 January 2006. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp.

30. Dalbergia annamensis A. Chev. Leguminosae Papilionoideae (Taxonomic note: not found in ILDIS and IPNI database. Possibly invalidly published name and related to D. velutina var. annamensis to check with the following articles: C. NIYOMDHAM & PHAM HOANG HÔ. Nouveautés taxonomiques concernant le genre Dalbergia (Fabaceae) dans la péninsule Indochinoise (Thaïlande, Cambodge, Laos et Viêtnam). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle , Paris, 4e sér., 18, 1996 Section B, n° 12 : 137149 Abstract: The revision of the genus Dalbergia for the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam and for Flora of Thailand has led to establish the following taxonomic novelties: 3 new species (D. darlacensis Pham Hoang Hô & C. Niyomdham, D. suthepensis C. Niyomdham, D. vietnamensis Pham Hoang Hô & C. Niyomdham), 1 new variety (D. velutina Benth. var. annamensis C. Niyomdham) and 8 new combinations. Chawalit NIYOMDHAM, The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. PHAM HOANG HÔ , 7005 St Dominique, # 3, Montréal, P.Q., H2 S3 B6, Canada. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.)

Habitat Lowland dry open forest, at altitudes up to 500m (?). Population status and trends The species is scattered in lowland dry open forest (Nghia, 1997). Vietnam: Endemic to Vietnam, occurring in Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa provinces (Nghia, 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats This species is endangered by overexploitation for its valuable wood and clearfelling (Nghia, 1997). Utilisation No information. Trade Minor international trade. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category: EN A1cd according to Nghia (1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: E – Endangered (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures No information. Page 47 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture The species is not in cultivation (?). References Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Dalbergia annamensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Note: Check this reference Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of IndoChina. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp.

31. Dalbergia bariensis Pierre Leguminosae Papilonoideae Common name Vietnam: Cam lai (Vũn, 1996). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Lowland and submontane broadleaved, dense evergreen tropical forests or semideciduous forest up to 1000 m altitude (Nghia, 1997) (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends The species is widely distributed and scattered in IndoChina. A rapid decline in number of large trees has occurred because of overexploitation of the timber (Nghia, 1997). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Nghia, 1997). Laos: Occurrence reported (Nghia, 1997). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Nghia, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006) Vietnam: Occurrence reported in southern provinces such as Ba Ria, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, Song Be and Tay Ninh (Vũn, 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Timber exploitation and general clearfelling/logging of the habitat. There has been rapid decline in the number of large trees because of overexploitation of the precious timber (Nghia, 1997). Utilisation A precious tree species, timber used for furniture, fine art and in wood turnery (Vũn, 1996). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd according to Nghia (1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: V Vulnerable (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures It is legally protected from cutting in Vietnam and occurs in protected areas in Cat Tien national park, Nam Ca and Krong Trai nature reserves. The species is not in cultivation (Nghia, 1997). Forest management and silviculture No information. References ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Page 48 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Nghia, N.H. 1997. Dalbergia bariensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Note: Check this reference Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of IndoChina. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp.

32. Dalbergia cambodiana Pierre Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common name No information. Synonym No information. Distribution Cambodia, Vietnam (Nghia, 1997). Habitat This species occurs in moist lowland forest up to an altitude of 500m (Nghia, 1997). Population status and trends Widely distributed but scattered (Nghia, 1997). Cambodia: Occurrence recorded, native (Nghia, 1997) (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence recorded, native (Nghia, 1997) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Illegal exploitation and habitat loss through clearfelling/logging (Nghia, 1997). Utilisation The wood is valuable (Nghia, 1997). Trade Minor international trade (?). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (Nghia, 1997). Conservation measures This species is not in cultivation. Forest management and silviculture No information. References ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Nghia, N.H. 1997. Dalbergia cambodiana. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Note: Check this reference Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of IndoChina. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp.

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33. Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common name Vietnam: Trac (Vũn, 1996). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat In Vietnam the tree grows sparsely in open and semideciduous forests, occasionally in pure stands. Mainly concentrated at altitudes of 400500 m preferring deep sandy clay soil and calcareous soil (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Vũn, 1996) (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Laos:Occurrence reported (Vũn, 1996) (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Vietnam: Occurrence reported, found south of Quang NamDa Nang, mainly in Gia Lai and Kon Tum, in other provinces it is sparsely distributed in a few localities (Vũn, 1996) (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Deforestation and exploitation are threats to this species (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Utilisation D. cochinchinensis is considered a `first class prime timber', as it is hard, durable, easy to work and resistant to insects. The distinctive heartwood makes beautiful patterns when cut and the wood is used to make furniture, carvings, musical instruments and sewing machines (Vũn, 1996). Trade No specific information on trade in this species is available. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: V – vulnerable (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996) (Vũn, 1996). It is also of conservation concern in Thailand (Phengklai, pers. comm. 1989). Conservation measures A current IPGRI project is looking at the distribution of genetic resources of this species in its range countries. It is found in some nature reserves (WCMC, 1997). Forest management and silviculture This species is shade tolerant as a sapling and becomes light demanding. D. cochinchinensis has quite a slow growth rate. It regenerates well by coppicing (Vũn, 1996). References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Dalbergia cochinchinensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp.Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Correspondence and personal communications Phengklai, pers. comm. 1989. Additional web references http://www.gilmerwood.com/speciespage2.htm

Note: Check this reference Lock, J.M. & J. Heald. 1994. Legumes of IndoChina. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 164pp.

34. Dalbergia mammosa Pierre Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common name Vietnam: cam lai vu (Vũn, 1996). Synomym No Synonym. Habitat Dense semideciduous forest or transitional forest between evergreen and dry dipterocarp forest, up to 800 m. altitude, sometimes along streams. Found on deep and welldrained old basalt or old alluvial soils (Vũn, 1996) (Nghia, 1997). Grows in association with Terminalia chebula, Terminalia nigrovenulosa, Stereospermum cylindricum, Hymenodyction exselsum, Allospondias lakoensis and Hopea odorata (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Central and Southern Vietnam (Nghia, 1997). Found in Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dac Lac, Dong Nai and Song Be provinces (Vũn, 1996). Scattered in broadleaved forest, the entire population has declined through overexploitation of the valuable timber (Nghia, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Overexploitation of the valuable timber through illegal felling; clearfelling/logging of the habitat (Nghia, 1997). Utilisation Timber used for furniture and housebuilding. Leaves provide black dye (Vũn, 1996). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (Nghia, 1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: V Vulnerable (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures The species is legally protected as it is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to overexploitation (?). It is not in cultivation (?). Forest management and silviculture No information. References ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Nghia, 1997. Dalbergia mammosa. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp Page 51 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

35. Dalbergia oliveri Gamble ex Prain LeguminosaePapilionoideae Common names Vietnam: cam lai bong (Vũn, 1996). Myanmar: Burmese rosewood, maihogwan, tabauk, tamalan (Kress et al., 2003). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Dense evergreen or semideciduous forest up to 1200 m (Nghia, 1997). Grows in association with Dalbergia cochinchinensis, Albizzia chinensis, Sindora siamensis and Dipterocarpus alatus (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends Scattered in dense evergreen or semideciduous forest within a relatively restricted area of distribution (Nghia, 1997). India: Occurrence reported in Arunachal Prades, possibly introduced (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported (ILDIS, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Bago and Mandalay (Nghia, 1997) (Kress et al., 2003). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Vũn, 1996) (Nghia, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported , found in Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong and Dong Nai (Bien Hoa) provinces (Vũn, 1996) (Nghia, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Overexploitation and habitat loss through clearfelling/logging (Nghia, 1997). Utilisation Produces a beautiful hard red wood, suitable for furniture and handles of agricultural tools (Vũn, 1996). Trade Occurs in international trade. Export of Dalbergia oliveri from Myanmar (ITTO, 19972003): Average Price Year Trade Volume m 3 US$/m 3 1996 30 1999 368 302 Log 2001 98 136 2002 43 233 2003 53 151 1999 17 122 1999 630 94 Sawnwood 2000 689 90 2001 3575 90 2002 2618 285 Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (Nghia, 1997). Conservation measures In Vietnam the species is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to overexploitation (?). A protected population occurs in Nam Cát Tiên National Park (Nghia, 1997). Page 52 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture No information. References ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. ITTO. 19972003. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Nghia, 1997. Dalbergia oliveri. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Additional web references http://www.gilmerwood.com/speciespage2.htm

36. Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common names No information. Synonym No information. Habitat Primary and secondary lowland forest up to 500m. Associated species are Aglaia gigantea, Canarium album and Ailanthus altissima (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends The tree is known from scattered populations in forest areas in Vietnam and Hainan Ialand in China (Ban, 1997). China: Occurrence reported in Hainan island (Ban, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Habitat loss on Hainan Island through logging has also been significant (Ban, 1997). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Lang Son, Ha Bac, Quang Ninh and Ninh Binh provinces. Planted in Hanoi city and some other towns in northern Vietnam as shade trees (Vũn, 1996). In Vietnam heavy exploitation of the timber has led to considerable population declines (Ban, 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Logging of the species; clearfelling/logging of the habitat; forest clearance for agriculture (Ban, 1997). Utilasation The timber is utilised in construction, tools, furnitures, carving and art. The species is also grown as an shade tree (Vũn, 1996). Trade Minor international trade (?). Conservatin status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Ban, 1997). Red Data Book of Vietnam: V Vulnerable (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures Require protection in nature reserves in Lang Son province (Vũn, 1996). Forest management and silviculture No information.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References Ban, N.T. 1997. Dalbergia tonkinensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

37. Dehaasia caesia Blume Lauraceae Common names Trade name: medang; Indonesia: huru kacang (Sudanese), madang intalo (Kalimantan), medang batu (Sumatra) (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: medang batu, Dayak: panguan tulang (Argent et al., 1997). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Lowland forest (Argent et al., 1997). Population status and trends The risk of genetic erosion for Dehaasia spp. is generally considered to be small because this species is not restricted in distribution (Sosef et al., 1998). Brunei: OccuranceOccurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997). Indonesia: OccuranceOccurrence reported in Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: OccuranceOccurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Argent et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The wood of Deehasia is used for light construction under cover, house posts, house piling, interior finish, panelling, partitioning and ceilings, furniture and cabinet work, turnery, carvings, picture framing, musical instruments, tools, oars, boat building and knife sheaths. Veneer and ply wood of varying quality can be manufractured from the wood (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade This is one of the main species traded as medang and constitutes a small portion of the trade. In 1992, the export of medang from Sabah amount to 52 000 m 3 with a total value of US$ 4.3 million (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation category The species has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC.

38. Dehaasia cuneata Blume Lauraceae Common names Trade name: medang; Indonesia: medang kelaban, medang telur (Sumatra), medang penguan (Kalimantan); Malaysia: medang paying (Peninsular Malaysia) (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Population status and trends The species is naturally scattered. It has been recorded as Rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). The risk of genetic erosion for Dehaasia spp. is generally considered to be small because they are not restricted in distribution (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurence reported in Sumatra and Kalimantan, possibly extinct in Java (WCMC, 1991) (Argent et al., 1997) (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurence reported in Peninsular Malaysia (WCMC, 1991) (Sosef et al., 1998), Sabah and Sarawak (Argent et al., 1997). Thailand: Occurence reported (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem No information Threats No information. Utilisation This species is not used as timber in Malaysia or Indonesia (WCMC, 1997). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category: DD (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.

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39. Dialium cochinchinense Pierre Leguminosae Caesalpinoideae Common name Trade name: keranji. Velvet tamarind (English); Malaysia: keranji kertas kecil (Peninsular Malaysia); Cambodia : krâlanh lomië; Laos: kheng. Thailand: khleng (general), idang (northern), kayi (peninsular); Vietnam: xoay, x[aa]y, nh[ooj] (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994. Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Dense evergreen and semideciduous forest and in transistional forest between evergreen and open dipterocarp forest, the species is recorded up to 800 m altitude (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends Trees of the genus Dialium are naturally scattered and largescale logging may endanger species (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Occurring in various forest types throughout IndoChina south into Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, this species is becoming rare in many places because of overexploitation (WCMC, 1998). Brunei: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Laos: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia (Ding Hou et al., 1996) and Sarawak (ILDIS, 2006). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported from Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Kon Tum, Dong Nai and Song Be provinces, listed as threatened (Vũn, 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem The fruits are eaten by animals and are carried in water currents (Vũn, 1996). Threats Exploitation of the species and clearfelling/logging of the habitat (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation The timber is used as keranji which is highlyvalued locally. Keranji is a good generalpurpose timber. It is used for ship and boat building, constructing vehicle bodies, furniture, panelling, tood handles, gymnasium equipment, toys and novelty items. The wood is mainly used for construction, however it is not suitable for purposes in contact with the ground due to its moderate natural durability. The sweet pulp of the fruits is edible and the tree is used locally as a shade tree (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Tree of minor international trade. Trees are difficult to cut because of the dense wood and as they are also scattered, commercial extraction is not favoured. During the late 19 th Century and the beginning of the 20 th Century, logs were exported from Peninsular Malaysia to China, but when the number of the large trees diminished, keranji timber lost its importance. However when timber is becoming more valuable, there is a tendency to view any timber left in the forest as worth harvesting (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservatin status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/nt (WCMC, 1998). Red Data Book of Vietnam: K – Insufficiently known (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures A protected population occurs in Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve, Vietnam (Vũn, 1996). Planted in villages of northern Peninsular Malaysia for its fruits (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture Research is required on silvicultural and management aspects (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 14 June 2006. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. WCMC. Dialium cochinchinense. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp.

40. Diospyros blancoi A.DC. Ebenaceae Common name Trade name: streaky ebony; English: Mabolo, velvet apple, butter fruit. Indonesia: buah mentega (Malay, Sumatra), bisbul, mabolo (Sudanese); Malaysia: buah lemah, buah sagalat, kayu mentega; Philippines: mabolo, kamagong (general), talang (Tagalog) (Lemmens et al. 1995). Synonym Diospyros discolor (Lemmens et al. 1995). Habitat Found in primary and secondary forest up to 800 m altitude (Lemmens et al. 1995). Population status and trends Native to the Philippines and Taiwan; occasionally planted elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and other topical areas (Lemmens et al. 1995). Philippines: Occurrence reported, very common and widespread (Lemmens et al. 1995). Taiwan: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al. 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat loss through logging and shifting cultivation has led to considerable population declines (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation The wood is used for carving and special furniture. This species is occasionally cultivated for its fruits (mabolo) and as a roadside tree (Lemmens et al. 1995). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Page 57 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org WCMC. Diospyros blancoi. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp.

41. Diospyros ferrea Ebenaceae Distribution Angola, Australia, Benin, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Fiji, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Zimbabwe. Habitat In Papua New Guinea the species is found in tropical, lowland, moist, broadleaved, closed forest, open forest; mainly in primary rainforest and on limestone (Eddowes, 1997). It is associated with Syzygium, Palaquium, Aglaia spp and Eucalypopsis papuana (Eddowes, 1997). Altitude: 0 – 50(?)m (Eddowes, 1997) Population status and trends This family is in dire need of an orderly revision, especially the Papua New Guinea species; the major species that produce the famed commercial striped and black ebony from Papua New Guinea are still broadly lumped under the very doubtful Diospyros ferrea group (Eddowes, 1997b). Therefore the major species of Papua New Guinea, which are clearly highly endangered through overexploitation, cannot be correctly classified due to the insatisfactory taxonomy of the group (Eddowes, 1997b). Role of species in the ecosystem Threats In Papua New Guinea the species is threatened mainly by clearfelling or logging of the habitat (Eddowes, 1997). Secondary threats include the expanding human settlements and increased subsistence farming (Eddowes, 1997). Utilisation Trade The timber is found in major international trade (Eddowes, 1997). The export of Diospyros spp. is banned in round log form from Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). IUCN Conservation category EN A1cd+2cd, B1+2abcde according to Eddowes, P.J. (1997). Conservation notes: A valuable ebony timber tree. Due to the doubtful status of the Diospyros ferrea species group, as applied, it is difficult to assign a specific IUCN threat category. In Papua New Guinea, it occurs in primary rainforest and is all but restricted to Woodlark Island and possibly some other small islands in the D'Entrecasteaux group. Although the export of Diospyros spp. is banned in round log form from Papua New Guinea, this tree has been vigorously exploited in this and other regions and is highly endangered. This species is in dire need of immediate and strict conservation measures if this species is to survive in perpetuity. The above category applies to Papua New Guinea but could well be applied to other countries in its range. Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Status in cultivation: small scale References Ake Assi, L. 1990. Annotated WCMC list of timber species for the Ivory Coast. (Côte d'Ivoire). Balakrishna, P. & T. Ravishankar. 1993. Letter with list of corrections to TPU printout for India. 3pp. Dassanayake, M.D. & F.R. Fosberg (eds.). 1980. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. New Delhi: Amerind Publ. Co. Eddowes, P.J. 1997a. Completed data collection forms for New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J. 1997b. Letter from Peter Eddowes to Sara Oldfield dated 13 October, 1997. Hawthorne, W.D. 1995. Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford Forestry Institute. 345pp. Hutchinson, J., J.M. Dalziel, & F.N. Hepper. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Published by the English Ministry of State for the Colonies. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Page 58 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 1989. Facts and figures 1989. Boroko NCD: Papua New Guinea Department of Forests. 46pp. Phengklai, C. 1978. Ebenaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 11: 1103. Said, I.M. & Z. Rozainah. 1992. An updated list of wetland plant species of Peninsular Malaysia, with particular reference to those having socioeconomic value. Asian Wetland Bureau. 109pp. Timberlake, J.R. 1995. Annotations to WCMC printout entitled "Conservation status listing for Zimbabwe". 79pp. White, F. 1978. The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Ebenaceae, I. The GuineoCongolian species. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 48: 245358. Wild, H. & T. Müller. 1979. Rhodesia. Part of appendix to: Possibilities and needs for conservation of plant species and vegetation in Africa. pp. 99100. In Hedberg, I. (ed.). Systematic botany, plant utilization and biosphere conservation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.

42. Diospyros mun A.Chev Ebenaceae Common names Vietnam: Mun (Vũn, 1996). Trade name: Mun ebony [1] Synonym No Synonym. Habit The species grows on limestone mountains in the Northern provinces, up to elevations of 800 m. Further south it occurs on yellow ferallitic soils developed from schists (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends Populations of this slowgrowing species have declined in the wild because of the demand for timber for the export market. Vietnam: Endemic to Vietnam. In the northern provinces it is found at Ha Tuyen, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh; in the south it occurs at the communes of Cam Thinh Dong and Cam Thinh Tay, district Cam Ranh, province Khanh Hoa (Vũn, 1996). Laos: Occurrence reported [1]. Threat No information. Utilisation Diospyros mun yields back heartwood which is valued for craft objects and especially for chopsticks. Fresh seeds give black dye for dyeing fabric (Vũn, 1996). Trade In trade [1][2]. Conservatin status IUCN Conservation Category: CR A1cd (Nghia, 1998). Red Data Book of Vietnam: V – Vulnerable (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures No information. Additional protection needs Protection of the species is needed, especially at the Nature Reserve of Cam Thinh Dong, district Cam Ranh and at another reserve in Quang Binh province. Ex situ Conservation measures are also urgently needed (Vũn, 1996). Forest management and silviculture No information. References Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Page 59 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Nghia, N.H. Diosyros mun. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp Additional web references [1] http://www.exoticwoodgroup.com/order_mun_ebony.htm. Exotic Wood Group. Downloaded 3 May 06 [2] http://www.hobbithouseinc.com/personal/woodpics/ebony,%20mun.htm. Exotic Wood. Downloaded 3 May 2006.

43. Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. Ebenaceae Common name Trade name: black ebony; Indonesia: boniok (Sulawesi); Philippines: kamagong, ooi (general), bato bantilan (Mindoro) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonyms Diospyros cunalon, Diospyros cumingii, Diospyros flavicans (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat Found in primary forest at altitudes up to 200 m (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Northern Sulawesi (Lemmens et al., 1995). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Philippines (Lemmens et al., 1995). In the Philippines the exploitation of ebony has caused the species to become rare, very little lowland forest remains and records of Philippines ebony are often from forest fragments smaller than 50 km 2 . Despite a ban on log exports which came into force in 1989, there have been reports of illegal trade (Asian Regional Workshop, 1998). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats Logging has depleted black ebony resource in the wild (Lemmens et al., 1995). Utilisation The timber is used as black ebony, for furniture, carving, tool, toy, decorative veneer and musical instrument (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade Illegal trade in D. philippinensis is widespread, even though there has been a ban on log exports since 1989 (CITES Proposal, 1992). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation Category: EN A1c, B1 + 2abc (Asian Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures Philippine ebony is protected in the Philippines (Lemmens et al., 1995). D. philippinensis is found in many of the Philippine protected areas such as Mount Arayat National Park, Mounts Palay Palay Mataas NA Gulod National Park and Initai National Park (CITES Proposal, 1992). References Asian Regional Workshop. Diosyros philippinensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. CITES Proposal, 1992. Proposal to include Diospyros philippinensis in Appendix II of CITES. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp.

44. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Ebenaceae Common name Trade name: streaked ebony. Indonesia: semetik (Sumatra), balun injuk (Java), kayu arang Page 60 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org (Kalimantan). Malaysia: buey, kayu arang (Peninsular). Philippines: bolongeta (general). Thailand: nian (peninsular), damdong (southeastern), kaling (northeastern) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonym Diospyros hiernii (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat D. pilosanthera occurs in primary lowland and medium altitude forest (up to 900 m) and is frequently found in peat swamp forest, swampy areas, and in river valley forests (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends This species is widespread across Southeast Asia and apparently very variable, 8 varieties have been distinguished (Lemmens et al., 1995). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Maluku and Sulawesi (Lemmens et al., 1995). D. pilosanthera var. elmeri is endemic to Borneo and in Indonesia reported in East and Central Kalimantan. D. pilosanthera var. oblonga is reported in Sumatra and Kalimantan. D. pilosanthera var. polyalthioides is reported in Sumatra, Java, Kalimatan, Sulawesi and Maluku (Argent et al. 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995). D. pilosanthera var. elmeri is endemic to Borneo and in Malaysia reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo et al., 2002) . D. pilosanthera var. oblonga reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. D. pilosanthera var. polyalthioides is reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Argent et al. 1997). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Taninthayi (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Kress et al., 2003). Philippines: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). D. pilosanthera var. oblonga and D. pilosanthera var. polyalthioides were reported (Argent et al. 1997). Singapore: Occurence reported Ng& Wee, 1994). Thailand: Occurrence reported. D. pilosanthera var. oblonga and D. pilosanthera var. polyalthioides were reported (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al. 1997). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Role of Species in its Ecosystem No information. Threats According to Madulid (1996) this species is rarely exploited for timber. Utilisation The wood is used as streaked ebony for fancy woodwork, furniture, cabinet making and tool handles (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade No information. Conservation Status The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures D. pilosanthera occurs in the protected forests of Palawan and Mt. Makiling, Philippines (Madulid, in litt., 1996); the rest of the range in the Philippines (i.e. any public land) are under the jurisdiction of the Dep't of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). There are no known plantations of D. pilosanthera in the Philippines (Madulid, in litt., 1996). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw & Richard C.K. Chung, (eds.). 2002. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 4: 388 pp. Page 61 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Correspondence and personal communications Madulid, D. A., 1996. Letter to Amy MacKinven dated 11th July 1996 re: Diospyros pilosanthera and D. philippinensis.

45. Diospyros rumphii Bakh. Ebenaceae Common name Trade name: black ebony, Macassar ebony, streaked ebony; Indonesia: maitem, moyondi (Sulawesi), mologotu (Maluku) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonym: Diospyros utilis Habitat Lowland forest up to 400 m altitude (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sulawesia and Maluku (Lemmens et al., 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Used as black and streaked ebony, for furniture, carving, tool, toy, decorative veneer and musical instrument (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade The species is an important source of black and streaked ebony (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation Category: DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Asian Regional Workshop. Diosyros rumphii. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.globalwoodsource.com/store.php?ctgid=9. Global Wood Source. Downloaded 2 August 06.

46. Durio dulcis Becc. Bombacaceae Common names Trade name: durian; Kalimantan: durian (bala, tinggang), duyen, pesasang, lah(o)(u)ng, Lay(j)ung (Argent et al., 1997)). Indonesia & Malaysia (Borneo): lahong, layung, durian bala (Dayak), durian merah (Malay), durian isa (Iban), pesasang (Tidung) (Lemmens et al., 1995).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Synonyms Durio conicus (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat A large tree found scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest to 200 800 m (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Population status and trends Endemic to Borneo (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence recorded in all provinces in Kalimantan (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence recoded in Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Forest clearance and degradation because of agriculture and logging are major threats to the habitat (WCMC, 1998). Genetic erosion has been reported for this species in Indonesia and protection is required (Lemmens et al., 1995) (WCMC, 1998) [1]. Utilisation The fruits and timber are utilised. The wood is probably one of the most important sources of durian timber in Sarawak and Kalimantan (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Trade The fruits are sold in local and urban markets (WCMC, 1998). Timber of Durio is traded together with timber of other Bombacaceae genera (Lemmens et al, 1995). Durian timber is exported primarily from Sabah and Sarawak mainly to Japan (Lemmens et al, 1995). In 1987 Sabah exported a total of 5,300 m 3 round logs for US$67/m 3 and in 1992 they exported 8,500m 3 round logs and sawn wood with a total value of US$655,000 (US$170/m 3 for sawn wood and US$68/m 3 for round logs) (Lemmens et al, 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation Category: VU A1c (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures No specific conservation measures known. Forest management and silviculture The species is occasionally planted for food, but this is rare because of its short fruiting period (WCMC, 1998)[1]. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. WCMC. Durio dulcis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18193. AgroForestryTree Database. Downloaded 2 August 06.

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47. Durio kutejensis Becc. Bombacaceae Synonyms Lahia kutejensis (Lemmens et al, 1995). Common names Trade name: durian ; Borneo: durian kunin (Brunei); lai, sekawi (Dayak, Kalimantan); durian tinggang (Malay, Kalimantan), durian merah (Sabah) and rain isu (Iban, Sarawak) (Lemmens et al, 1995). Lai (Dayak, Kalimantan), lae (Dayak benuag) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) Durian (kuning, tinggang), lai, layuk, lembunyu, pekawai, putuk, ruas, sekawi. (Argent et al., 1997) Habitat The wild populations are found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on foothills of undulating land on fertile clay rich soils (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (WCMC, 1998) [1]. Population status and trends Found naturally in Borneo, very often cultivated in other areas such as Java (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Argent et al., 1997). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in East, West and Central Kalimantan. Cultivated in Java (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sarawak and Sabah (Argent et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem The fruits of Durio sp. are eaten by animals, especially orangutans, which act as seed dispersers (Lemmens et al, 1995). Threats The natural habitat of this species is threatened by forest degradation due to logging and shifting agriculture. In Indonesia there is evidence of genetic erosion within populations (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation The tree is planted for fruit, it is an ornamental tree. The fruit is popular and is the durian relative that comes closest to the 'real' durian (Durio zibethinus) (Coronel & Verheij, 1992) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Argent et al., 1997). The wild populations may be very important for improving cultivated species (Lemmens et al, 1995), Durio kutejensis having an aromatic but less pungent odour than the true durian, and could be used in breeding a variety appealing to nonAsian markets (SoegengReksohihardjo, 1961 in Smith et al, 1992). The wood is thought to be utilised as durian timber (Lemmens et al, 1995). Durian timber is not durable and is only suitable for construction indoors; it is also used for cheaper furniture, cabinets, lighttraffic flooring, fittings, panelling, partitioning, plywood, chests, boxes, wooden slippers, lowquality coffins and ship building (Lemmens et al, 1995). Trade This species is traded on a large scale in E. Kalimantan and has the potential for more widespread trade (van Valkenburg, 1997). Lai is traded in local markets at the height of the durian season, sometimes between January and April and there is sometimes a second season in July/August (van Valkenburg, 1997). Prices vary between Rp.500 to RP.1000/fruit depending on size of the fruit and the supply (van Valkenburg, 1997). Timber of Durio is traded together with timber of other Bombacaceae genera (Lemmens et al., 1995). Durian timber is exported primarily from Sabah and Sarawak mainly to Japan (Lemmens et al, 1995). In 1987 Sabah exported a total of 5,300 m 3 round logs for US$67/m 3 and in 1992 they exported 8,500m 3 round logs and sawn wood with a total value of US$655,000 (US$170/m 3 for sawn wood and US$68/m 3 for round logs) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1c (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures No information.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture The seeds of Durio spp. tend to be recalcitrant as they cannot withstand descication or low temperatures (Lemmens et al, 1995). Often management systems do not take into account the sporadic occurrence and regeneration of Durian species (Lemmens et al, 1995). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Coronel, R.E. & Verheij, E.W.M. (Eds.). 1992. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. 330 pp. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Smith, N.J.H., Williams J.T., Plucknett, D.L. and J.P. Talbot. 1992. Tropical Forest and their Crops. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, U.S.A. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. 1997. Nontimber forest products of East Kalimantan. Potentials for sustainable forest use. Tropenbos Series 16. The Tropenbos Foundation:Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.6195. WCMC. Durio kutejensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18193. AgroForestryTree Database. Downloaded 2 August 06.

48. Dyera costulata Hook.f. Apocynaceae Synonym Alstonia costulata, Dyera laxiflora (Lemmens et al. 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Common names Trade name: jelutong; Indonesia: jelutung bukit (general), melabuai (Sumatra), pantung gunung (Kalimantan); Malaysia: jelutung bukit (general), jelutong pipit, jelutung daun lebar (Peninsula); Thailand: teenpet daeng (Peninsula), yeluutong, luutong (Malay, Peninsular) (Lemmens et al., 1995), jelutung gunung (Dayak, Malay), pantung (Dayak), pulu (Dayak) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Habitat The species is scattered in open or primary evergreen lowland or hill forest, more often on undulating land in welldrained locations up to 1220 m (Lemmens et al. 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Population status and trends Jelutong has a scattered natural distibution ranging from Peninsular Thailand to Indonesia (Lemmens et al., 1995). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997) (Soepadmo et al. 2004). Indonesia: Sumatra, East and Central Kalimantan (Argent et al., 1997) (Soepadmo et al. 2004). Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Ng & Wee, 1994). Thailand: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Thailand (Lemmens et al. 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Jelutong has declined as a result of tapping for latex and felling for timber. In Peninsular Malaysia the species has been reported to be threatened (Ng et al., 1984). Jelutong does, however, regenerate readily in loggedover forest. It is also planted commercially for timber (Lemmens et al., 1995).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Utilisation It has a number of special uses such as pattern making in foundry work, for drawing boards, pencils, picture frames, dowels, carving, blackboards, wooden toys, clogs, brush handles and battery separators, and it is also used for furniture parts, door knobs, ceilings, partitioning, matchsticks, matchboxes and packing cases. The roots are used as a substitute for cork and their wood for axe handles. The latex is used in the manufacture of chewing gum, in paints, as priming for concrete, or for sizing paper. Follicles are occasionally used as torches by the local population or burnt to repel mosquitos (Lemmens, et al., 1995). Trade Timber is traded [1][2]. In the period from 19801990 the export of jelutong sawn timber from Peninsular Malaysia was 3200044000m 3 /year with a value of US$ 5.110.8 million a year; in 1992 it was 19000 m 3 with a value of US$ 8.3 million (US$440/m 3 ) (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). In 1995, Malaysia (Peninsular) exported 5000 m 3 of sawnwood at an average price of 710$/m 3 (ITTO, 1996). The export of jelutong from Sabah was 67000 m 3 in 1987 with a value of US$4.5 million and 23000 m 3 (55% as sawn timber, 45% as logs) in 1992 with a total value of US$ 3.5 million (US$ 215/m 3 for sawn timber, US$ 82/m 3 for logs). Japan imports comparatively large amounts of jelutong, mainly from Sarawak and Sabah (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). In 1987, Indonesia exported 2,183,462US$ worth of this species as jelutong (WWF and IUCN, 1994 1995). In Malaysia, the trade in latex has declined since the peak production period 19301940. The export of jelutong latex from Indonesia was still around 3500 t in 1989 (Lemmens, Soerianegara and Wong, 1995). Indonesia is the main source of jelutong gum. Most is exported to Singapore, mainly for reexport to the US. Some is exported directly to Japan and Europe, where Italy is the main importer (Coppen, 1995). Import of Dyera spp. (ITTO, 19972000): Year

Import Log

1996 Sawnwood 1999

Veneer

Country

Volume m3

Malaysia Rep. of Korea Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Japan

551 11000 551 504 504 100

Average Price US$/m3 81 223 81 138 138

Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LRlc (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng & Wee, 1994) Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture In Peninsular Malaysia D. costulata is chosen for enrichment planting because it is easy to handle in the nursery, survives well when planted out, has a good rate of growth and has good market potential. Prolonged contact with acid water in peat forest harms young plants. D. costulata is a very light demanding species and once a young tree is well established in full light, it tends to spread its crown and develop into a pronounced 'wolf tree'. Sudden opening of the canopy is favourable for its development (Lemmens et al., 1995). D. costulata coppices readily and is extremely resistant to girdling (Lemmens et al., 1995). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Coppen, J. J. W. 1995. Gums, resins, and latexes of plant origin. Nonwood forest products No. 6. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ITTO. 1996. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. Page 66 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org ITTO. 19972000. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong, W.C. (Eds.) 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia (PROSEA) 5(2) Timber Trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 655pp. Ng, F.S.P., Wong, K.M., Kochummen, K.M., Yaf, S.K., Bin Mohamad, A. and Chan, H.T. 1984. Malaysian case study. In: Roche, L. and Dourojeanni, M.J., A Guide to in situ conservation of genetic resources of tropical woody species. FORGEN/MISC/84/2. FAO, Rome Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw and R.C.K. Chung (eds.). 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 5: 542 pp. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished. WWF and IUCN. 19941995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol. 2. IUCN publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. Additional web references [1] http://www.gilmerwood.com/species.htm. Gilmer Wood Company. Downloaded 2 August 06. [2] http://www.timbermerchant.co.za/jelutong.html. Imported Timber. Downloaded 2 August 06.

49. Dyera polyphylla (Miq.) Steenis Apocynaceae Common names Trade name: jelutong, swamp jelutong (English); Indonesia: jelutung paya, gapuk (Sumatra), pantung (Borneo); Malaysia: jelutong paya (Sabah and Sarawak). Synonym Alstonia polyphylla, Dyera lowii, Dyera borneensis (Lemmens et al. 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Habitat A tree restricted to and scattered in swamp forest, peatswamp forest and kerangas on ground water podzols. Frequently associated with Alstonia pneumatophora (Lemmens et al. 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Population status and trends Brunei: Occurrence reported (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan and Sumatra (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2004). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The risk of extinction due to overexploitation was recognised 60 years ago. It is considered endangered in Sarawak. Relatively little is known about this species compared the more common Dyera costulata, but considering its restricted distribution and threatened habitat it is apparently at a greater risk of extinction. Over exploitation and habitat loss; the current burning of peat swamp forests is likely to seriously impact this species (Lemmens et al., 1995). Utilisation The wood is traded as 'jelutong' timber and trees are tapped for the valuable latex. Uses similar to Dyera costulata (Lemmens et al., 1995). The tree is of less commercial importance than D. costulata (Argent et al., 1997). Trade See information for D. costulata.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation Status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture There is some plantation development in Sarawak and Kalimantan. In southern Kalimatan, line plantation of D. polyphylla by the local population needed thinning two years after planting to provide more light for the planted stumps. Tapping of plantationgrown D. polyphylla may start 3035 years after planting when trees reach a diameter of about 35 cm. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw and R.C.K. Chung (eds.). 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 5: 542 pp. WCMC. Dyera polyphylla. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp.

50. Erythrophleum fordii Oliver Leguminosae Caesalpinoideae Common names No information. Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Monsoon or rainforest up to 800 m on deep loamy and clay soil (Nghia, 1998) (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends The Chinese populations are largely reduced to trees left standing around populated areas. Scattered or dominant in forest (Nghia, 1998). China: Occurrence reported in Southern China in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and also in Taiwan (Ngia, 1998) (ILDIS, 2006) (Vũn, 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (Ngia, 1998) (ILDIS, 2006)(Vũn, 1996). Mainly found in Northern Vietnam in NamDa Nang province, sparsely distributed in Vinh Phu, Lang Son, Bac Thai, Quang Ninh and Ha Bac provinces. Common in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh and Quang Binh provinces (Vũn, 1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem The species constitutes a dominant stand making up to 6070% in some forests in Vietnam. They are usually associated with other tree species such as Gironniera subaequalis, Madhuca pasquieri, Pygeum arboreum, Canarium album, Rhaphiolepis indica and Pterospermum heterophyllum (Vũn, 1996). In China, it is the dominant tree stand in Guangxi province (Fu & Jin, 1992). Threats In China, overcutting is the main threat (Fu & Jin, 1992). Utilisation A valuable and durable timber tree used for construction, ship building, plank, sleeper and furniture. Bark contain tannin used for dyeing fabric (Vũn, 1996). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd (Nghia, 1998). Page 68 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures Plantation has been established in China since 1950s, however supply of timber still falls short of demand (Fu & Jin, 1992). Forest management and silviculture In China, plantations were established in the 1950s to increase supplies of the hard wood but demands are still in excess of what can be sustainably provided (Fu & Jin, 1992). References Fu, Likuo & Jianming, Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii 741. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. Nghia, N.H. Erythrophleum fordii. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

51. Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. Lauraceae Common name Trade name: ulin; Ironwood, Bilian, Borneo Ironwood (En.); bois de fer (Fr); Brunei: belian; Malaysia: belian (Sarawak, Sabah), tambulian (Sabah), im muk (Cantonese, Sabah), Ulin; Indonesia: belian (general), onglen, tulian, tebelian (Kalimantan); Philippines: tambulian, sakian, biliran (Sulu) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Ulin (Dayak), teluyan (Dayak benuag) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) Synonym No Synonym. Habitat In lowland primary and secondary forest, from sealevel up to 500(625) m altitude, on sandy well drained soils. Often common along rivers and adjacent hills. Found in a climate with an average annual rainfall of 25004000 mm. Ulin generally occurs on sandy soils of Tertiary origin, on clayloam soils or on sandy siltloam soils, but large specimens have also been found on limestone. Ulin occurs scattered or is gregarious and is often the dominant canopy species, sometimes forms pure stands e.g. in Sumatra the ‘ironwood forest’ is recognised as a distinct forest type characterized by an exceptionally low species diversity. Ulin occurs also in mixed dipterocarp forest and has been found associated with Koompassia, Shorea aand Intsia species (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Population status and trends A monotypic genus. Belian is one of the most renowned timbers of Borneo. It has been favoured both for local use and the export trade (Partomihardjo, 1987). Population reduction caused by overexploitation and shifting agriculture has been noted in the following regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. (Asian regional Workshop, 1998). Indonesia: Occurence reported in Southern Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung and Kalimantan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). On the flat lowlands of southern Sumatra, great stands of ironwood, (E. zwageri) once stood, these have now been almost entirely destroyed (WWF and IUCN, 19941995). E. zwageri is considered to be Vulnerable in Indonesia by Tantra (1983) and was in a shortlist of Endangered species of the country (Anon., 1978). The increased availability of forest roads opened by concessionaires is leading to greater problems of uncontrollable exploitation in Kalimantan (Partomihardjo, 1987). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Over 30 years ago, the scarcity of E. zwageri in Sarawak was noted by Browne (1955), who pointed out that, "Our surviving supplies of Belian are by no means very large and are undoubtably dwindling." The main causes given for this are shifting cultivation and wasteful use. The species is considered to be almost extinct in Sabah (Meijer, pers. comm. 1997). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Sulu Archipelago, Palawan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). It is included in a list of vanishing timber species of the Philippines (de Guzman, 1975). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Page 69 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Threats Overexploitation and shifting cultivation (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Asian regional Workshop, 1998). Ulin used to be a common species in primary forest, but overexploitation for its valuable timebr has caused a serious depletion of stands and many stands are in critical condition. Ulin often occurs near rivers, places which are easily accessible, and stands are also endangered by shifting cultivation. Control of exploitation and trade together with enrichment planting after logging is desirable (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation Ulin is one of the most important timbers for local use. Ulin is used locally in house construction and for water butts. Its commercial uses are for heavy construction, marine work, boat building, printing blocks, industrial flooring, roofing and furniture. Ulin has been esteemed by the Chinese as a coffin wood. The fruits have been used medicinally against swelling (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Primarily used locally with limited exports recorded by Sabah. In southern Kalimantan this timber is felled by the owners of concession rights and also by local people coordinated by Ulin Traders (Partomihardjo, 1987). Kartawinata et al. (1981) note that transmigrant settlers in East Kalimantan cut this species for sale to supplement their income from cultivation. In 1987 Sabah exported 3836070 m 3 of Belian (source: Forestry Department), in 1992 the export was 7350 m 3 (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). The wood is traded internationally [1]. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd &2cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Conservation measures There are attempts to conserve supplies of this species in Sarawak (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997). Legislation: Indonesia has banned the export of belian and Sarawak has placed restrictions on export; Sabah continues to export it . Indonesia Thought to be totally protected by law (Anon., 1978). Indonesian law forbids its export (out of the country) and restricts cutting to trees over 60 cm diameter at breast height (Peluso, 1992). The need for control of exploitation and better cutting criteria are pointed out by Partomihardjo (1987). Sarawak Under the Forest Rules of Sarawak, export of E. zwageri in log, sawn or hewn form is not allowed without special permission. Export controls have been in force since 1950. Presence in protected areas: Indonesia Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan has pure stands of Eusideroxylon zwageri, Tanjung Putting National Park, Kalimantan, Gunung Penrisen/Gunung Nyiut Game Reserve, Kalimantan, Lempakai Botanical Park, East Kalimantan Sabah Tabin Wildlife Reserve Forest management and silviculture Browne (1955) noted that the patchy distribution, limited extent and inaccessibility of many Belian forests in Sarawak made assessment of remaining stands and sustained yield management very difficult. Poor seedling regeneration in logged forests has been noted (Kartawinata, 1978). Some plantation was carried out in secondary forest in Sumatra (Browne, 1955) and plantation continues on a trial basis both in Sumatra and West Kalimantan. Inadequacies of seed and seedling supply limit more extensive plantation and the need for tissue culture has been suggested by Suselo (1987). In natural forests ulin is usually cut selectively with a diameter limit of 50 cm. Harvesting is usually done manually. Regeneration in logged over forests is often not sufficient, although ulin may coppice freely and be persistent (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). So far the species is only planted on a small scale because the supply of seeds and seedlings is inadequate (Asian regional Workshop, 1998) Ulin can be propagated by seed, but nurseryraised wildings are also often used for planting. In natural forest ulin is cut selectively with a diameter limit of 50 m. Regeneration in loggedover forest is often not sufficient. In South Kalimantan seedlings of ulin often dominate the regeneration in virgin forest, together with meranti, but in loggedover forest regeneration of ulin is often considerably less prolific. More research on appropriate methods of propagation is needed. Ulin does not seem to be suitable for largescale plantation establishement as it grows too slowly (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References Anon. 1978. Endangered species of trees. Conservation Indonesia 2(4). Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997 Asian Regional Workshop. Eusideroxylon zwageri. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp. Browne, F.G. 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching. de Guzman, E.D. 1975. Conservation of vanishing timber species in the Philippines. In: Williams, J., Lamourak, C.H. and WulijarniSoetjipto, N. (Eds), SouthEast Asian plant genetic resources. Symposium Proceedings Bogor, Indonesia, March 1975. IBPGR, Bogor. Kartawinata, K. 1978. Biological changes after logging in lowland dipterocarp forest. In: Suparto, R.S. et al. (Eds), Proceedings of a Symposium on the longterm effects of logging in Southeast Asia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 3, pp. 4356. Kartawinata, K., Adisoemarto, S., Riswan, S. and Vayda, A.P. 1981. The impact of man on a tropical forest in Indonesia. Ambio 10(23): 115119 Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Partomihardjo, T. (1987). The ulin wood which is threatened to extinction. Duta Rimba 8788(13): 1015. Peluso, N.L. 1992. The Ironwood Problem: (Mis)Management and Development of an Extractive Rainforest Product. Conservation Biology Vol. 6, No. 2: 210219 Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Suselo, T.B. (1987). Autecology of E. zwageri T. & B. (Lauraceae) as applied to forest regeneration. In: Proc. Symp. Forest Regeneration in South East Asia. Biotrop Special Publication No. 25 BIOTROP, Bogor. Tantra, G.M. (1983). Erosi plasma nutfah nabati. J. Penelitian & Penembangan Pertanian 2(1): 15. WWF and IUCN. 19941995. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol 2. IUCN publications Unit, Cambridge, UK. Additional web references [1] http://czjieli.en.ecplaza.net/. Changzhou Jieli Wood Industry Co., Ltd. Downloaded on 8 July 2006. Correspondence and personal communications Meijer, W. 1997. Personal communication to Amy MacKinven

52. Fagus longipetiolata Seemen Fagaceae Common name No information. Synonym No information. Habitat A dominant tree in subtropical dense broadleaved forest. Found on wet mountain yellow soils at altitude 300 – 2600 m (Vũn, 1996) [1]. Population status and trends China: Occurrence reported. In China this species is quite widespread but nowhere very abundant (FAO, 1986) (Vũn, 1996). Reported in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces [1]. Vietnam: Occurrence reported in from Sapa and Moc Chau (Vũn, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Utilisation The wood is used in construction, to make furniture, implements and musical instruments. The tree also provides a useful source of gum, resin and oil (Vũn, 1996). Trade No information. Conservatin status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Nghia, 1998). Red Data Book of Vietnam: R rare (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Can be propagated by seeds [2]. References FAO Forestry Department. 1986. Databook on endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. Rome: FAO. 524pp. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. Nghia, N.H. Fagus longipetiolata. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006255 . eFlora – Flora of China. Downloaded 2 August 06. [2] http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Fagus+longipetiolata . Plants For A Future. Downloaded 2 August 06.

53. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Common name Trade name: yemane (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Maisaw, thebla, thunvong, yemane (Myanmar) (Kress et al., 2003). Yunnan shizi (Fu & Jin, 1992). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat: Occurs in rain and deciduous forest. Found at altitudes up to 1300 m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends The species is commonlyplanted in SouthEast Asia and naturally occurring in IndoChina and the Indian subcontinent (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Africa:Occurrence reported, introduced (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Bangladesh: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Brazil: Occurrence reported, introduced for plantation in Jarilandia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Cambodia: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). China: Occurrence reported, confined to southern and southwestern Yunnan (Fu & Jin, 1992) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). The population in China have reached a low levels due to logging and forest clearing for agriculture (Fu & Jin, 1992). India: Occurrence reported, native (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan, introduced (Kessler et al., 1992). Laos: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported, introduced (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Bago, Kachin, Mandalay, Shan and Yangdon, native, Page 72 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Kress et al., 2003) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Nepal: Occurrence reported, native (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Pakistan: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported, introduced (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported, native (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). There is evidence in many parts of its range that populations are declining through use; during the extensive surveys carried out by the Sri Lankan National Conservation Review, only 3 individuals were found (Green and Gunawardena, 1997). Thailand: Occurrence reported, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in Tuyen Quang, Lang Son, Lai Chau, Son La, Vinh Phu, Bac Thai and Ha Bac province, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Vũn, 1996) (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information Utilisation: The entire plant is utilised for medicine. The stem is used for timber in light construction and as pulpwood. Leaves are good cattle fodder (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade: A popular source of medicine and timber. The majority of yemane timber is for domestic use in Southeast Asia, not until 1990 it was not exported. In Sri Lanka all parts of the tree are used, especially the roots, to obtain medicinal extracts (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). The medicinal products play a major role in international trade. Log export of Gmelina arborea (ITTO, 19972002): Average Price Year Country Volume m 3 US$/m 3 1996 Malaysia 13600 38 1999 1025 44 Myanmar 2000 285 72 2001 975 69 Conservation status Not threatened with extinction (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). China Plant Red Data Book: Rare (Fu & Jin, 1992). Conservation measures The species is protected in nature reserves in Mengla and Menglun, Xishuangbanna, China. It has been brought into cultivation in South Guangxi and Hainan. Yemane has been introduced into plantation forestry and in Southeast Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia) an extensive programme has been introduced. An international breeding trial has been established in the region by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture Plantation grown throughout the tropics. In the wild this species regenerates naturally only in the open or on the edge of forests. In cultivation, Yemane has a high light requirement and a high sensitivity to competition. Good growth and establishment is ensured by good site preparation e.g weeding or clearance by fire. In order to produce long clear boles pruning is essential. A straight bole is ensured by cutting all the leaves off saplings with exception of the upper 23 pairs. Rotations of 6 years are used for those trees destined for pulpwood and of 10 years for those used for sawnwood. The second rotation is produced by coppicing, Stump or seedling planting is employed for a third rotation. During the first two years weeding is carried out 34 times. Stands of 10 year rotation are thinned to 50% after 5 and 7 years. It has been shown that in order to maintain sufficient growth of Yemane during the second cycle extensive adittion of fertiliser is required (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org References: Fu, Likuo & Jianming, Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii 741. Green, M.J.B. and E.R. N. Gunawardena (comps.). 1997. Designing an optimum protected areas system for Sri Lanka's natural forests. (unpublished). Prepared by IUCNThe World Conservation Union and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre for the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. ITTO. 19972002. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Kessler, P.J.A., K. Sidiyasa, Ambriansyah & A. Zainal. 1992. Checklist for the flora of the Balikpapan Samarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropenbos Series 8. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 79 pp. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. 2006. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 6 June 2006.

54. Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. Flacourtiaceae Common names Trade name: malas; Ternate ironwood (English); Indonesia: gia (general), melmas (Kalimantan), momala (Sulawesi); Malaysia: petaling padang (Peninsular), keruing renkas, bansisian (Sabah); Papua New Guinea: malas (general); Philippines: aranga (general), kamagahai (Bikol), yagau (Cebu Bisaya). Solomon Islands: malasatu (Kwara’ae) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonym Homalium luzoniense, Homalium platyphyllum, Homalium novoguineense (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat Occurs in scattered places in primary and secondary rain forest or in thickets, often along rivers on clayey or sandy soil, sometimes on periodically inundated land, up to 200(530) m altitude (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Philippines: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Solomon: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Exploitation for timber and destruction of habitat through logging are the main threats to the species. It is particularly vulnerable due to its occurrence in accessible, lowland, primary rainforest (WCMC, 1997). Utilisation It is a fairly important source of malas timber, it is used for houses, bridges and combs (Lemmens et al., 1995) Trade The timber is not thought to occur in European Trade (WCMC, 1991). This species makes up approximately 9% of the total log exports of Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1977). In 1995, Papua New Page 74 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Guinea exported 326,000 m 3 of logs at an average FOB price of 115$/m 3 . Japan is the major importer of malas logs. Australia and New Zealand import sawn timber for decking (ITTO, 1996). Export of Homalium foetidum from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 19972002): Average Price Year Trade Volume m 3 US$/m 3 1996 340000 113 1997 324000 142 Log 1998 177000 131 2000 160000 2001 140400 2001 Sawnwood 461 336 Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/lc, however, further review is desirable (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Eddowes, P. J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea, their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. Xiv 195 pp. ITTO. 1996. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation. ITTO. 19972002. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. st http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 January 2006. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.

55. Hydnocarpus sumatrana (Miq.) Koord. Flacourtiaceae Common name Trade name: senumpul; Indonesia: buntut kayu (Sumatra), limus buntu (Javanese), wulosu (Sulawesi); Philippines: bagarbas (Lanao), kamupang (Sulu), mangasaluka (Yakan) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonyms Hydnocarpus hutchinsonii, Hydocarpus pentagyna, Ryparosa sumatrana (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Brunei: Occurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Java, East Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Argent et al., 1997). Philppines: Occurrence reported (Argent et al., 1997). Habitat In forest on hilly and steep ground, never in flood areas up to 800 m. (Argent et al., 1997). Role of species in the ecosystem No information.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Threats No information. Utilisation The wood of Hydnocarpus is used for for firewood, construction, interior finishing, panelling, frames, flooring, tool and furniture (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade There are no specific records of trade in timber of this genus although it may possibly occur in mixed consignments of mediumweight hardwood (Sosef et al., 1998). Timber is traded as senumpul [1]. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1997), more information is needed. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. 341 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/senumpul.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 4 th August 2006.

56. Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Leguminosae Caesalpinoideae Common names Trade name: merbau;. Myanmar: Sagalun, Tattalum (Kress et al., 2003); Cambodia: krakas prek; Indonesia: merbau (general), ipil (Sulawesi), ipi (Nusa Tenggara); Malaysia: merbau ipil (Sarawak, Sabah), kayu besi (Peninsular); Philippines: Ipil, Ipil laut, Moluccan Ironwood, Borneo Teak (UK), Kwila; Papua New Guinea: bendora, kwila, pas; Thailand: lumpaw, lumphothale (Surat Thani), pradu thale (Central). Guam: Ifil. Samoa: Ifilele; Fiji: Vesi; Solomon Islands: U'ula; Vietnam: Go Nuoc, g[ox] n[uw] [ows]s (general), b[aaf]n [ooj]i (southern) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Afzelia bijuga, Intsia madagascariensis (Ding Hou et al., 1996) Habitat It is a tree of lowland, primary and secondary tropical rain forest which is often found in coastal areas bordering mangrove swamps, rivers, or floodplains. It is also found inland up to 600m, in primary or old secondary forests (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends I. bijuga produces one of the most valuable timbers of South East Asia. The species has been exploited so intensively for timber that in most countries few trees are left in natural stands. There have been few attempts to cultivate the species in plantations and the species was said to face imminent disappearance as an economic plant (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Good stands still exist in parts of Indonesia, mainly Irian Jaya, and Papua New Guinea where it is found mainly in the Sepik and Madang provinces. In Papua New Guinea, I. bijuga is the more dominant than I. palembanica; however, this is reversed in Peninsular Malaysia. I. bijuga is never abundant in Peninsular Malaysia and rarely achieves timber size (Ser, 1982).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Widely distributed from Tanzania, islands in Indian Ocean, tropical Asia, through Malesia to N Australia, Melanesia and Micronesia (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Australia: Occurrence reported in Queensland, native (ILDIS, 2006). Bangladesh: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Brunei: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Cambodia: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Federated States of Micronesia: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Fiji: Occurrence reported, origin uncertain (ILDIS, 2006). India: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Java, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Maluku, Sumatra and Sulawesi, native (ILDIS, 2006). Japan: Occurrence reported in Ryuku Is, native (ILDIS, 2006). Madagascar: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, native (ILDIS, 2006). Marshall Is.: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Mauritius: Occurrence reported, introduced (ILDIS, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Taninthayi, native (Kress et al., 2003). Northern Mariana Is.: Occurrence reported, origin uncertain (ILDIS, 2006). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Philippines: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Samoa: Occurrence reported, origin uncertain (ILDIS, 2006). Seychelles: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Singapore: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Solomon: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Tanzania: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Tonga: Occurrence reported, origin uncertain (ILDIS, 2006). Vanuatu: Occurrence reported, origin uncertain (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Utilisation This very attractive wood is one of the most valued timbers throughout South East Asia (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Merbau is a very good generalpurpose timber. It is used for construction work in house building, windows, door, framing, making decorative veneer and flooring (it produces the famous 'merbau floors'). It generally too hard for plywood manufacture. The seeds are eaten locally after soaking in salt water for 34 days and then boiled. A brown and yellow dye is obtained from an oily substance present in the wood and bark. Bark and leaves are used medicinally against rheumatism, dysentery, diarrhoea and urinary disease (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade In trade [1]. The main importing countries are the Netherlands, where the wood is used for windows and doors, and Germany. Production of merbau has recently become more important in Indonesia, with production of about 137,000 m 3 in 1992. The main production area is Irian Jaya and production is also significant in Aceh and the Moluccas. Japan imports kwila from Papua New Guinea, Sabah and Sarawak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Approximately 4% of logs exported from Papua New Guinea are I. bijuga and I. palembanica (Eddowes, 1997). In 1995, Fiji exported 1000 m 3 of sawnwood at an average FOB price of 413$/m 3 (ITTO, 1996). Malaysia (Peninsular) exported 42000 m 3 of sawnwood a an average FOB price of 466$/m 3 in 1995 (ITTO, 1996). Japan was reported to import the timber (ITTO, 19972003). Export of Instia spp. from Papua New Guinea (ITTO, 19972002): Year Trade Volume m 3 Average Price US$/m 3 1996 125000 226 1997 173000 247 Log 1998 79000 261 2000 40000 2001 7800 Sawnwood 1997 6000 164 Page 77 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Year 1998 2000 2001

Trade

Volume m 3 6000 7157 7649

Average Price US$/m 3 239 423 405

Export of Intsia bijuga (ITTO, 19972003): Year Trade Country Volume m 3 1996 Malaysia (Penins.) 36000 Sawnwood Malaysia (Penins.) 1998 36000 2002 Fiji 186

Average Price US$/m 3 505 505 409

Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (WCMC, 1998). The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures No information. Legislation: Philippines Classified as a premium hardwood under the DENR Administrative Order No. 78 Series of 1987, Interim Guidelines on the cutting/gathering of Narra and other premium hardwood species. Under this Order special permission from the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources is required to fell Intsia bijuga, and various conditions are specified. Presence in protected areas Indonesia Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Manusela Wai Nua/Wai Mual National Park, Moluccas Philippines St Paul Subterranean River National Park, Quezon National Park, Calauit Island National Park Forest management and silviculture Trials in the Solomon Islands have shown that it is easily established either from seed or as forest wildings potted in the nursery. The potential of the species in these trials was shown by the fact that the quickest growing individuals added 2 m height each year, but little general information is available about the full plantation potential of the species. Further research on silviculture is urgently needed (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Some planting in Madagascar (Departement des Eaux et Forets, 1993). References Departement des Eaux et Forets. 1993. Choix des essences pour la sylviculture a Madagascar. Akon'ny Ala 1213. Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. ITTO. 1996. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation . ITTO. 19972003. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Ser, C.S. 1982. Malaysian timbers Merbau. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 65. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMC. Instia bijuga. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Page 78 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/merbau.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 4 th August 2006.

57. Jackiopsis ornata (Wall.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae Common name Malaysia: medang gambut, pokok segan paya, selumar (Peninsular) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym No information. Habitat Locally frequent although never abundant in lowland swamp forest and riverine Habitats. This species occurs in peatswamp forest in northern Borneo (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends This species occurs scattered in the forest and is fairly common, it is not thought to be endangered (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Riau Archipelago (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Sosef et al., 1998). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The current burning of peat swamp forests in Borneo is likely to impact severely on this species. Utilisation The timber is hard, heavy, reddish brown and fine textured, it is used locally in house building and for implement such as rice pounders and carrying poles (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade The wood is rarely and only locally used (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). The new IUCN categories have not yet been applied. The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Little is known about the silviculture of this tree, although it is thought more promising as an ornamental than timber species. Prospects for timber production are hard to judge (Sosef et al., 1998). References Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (Eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3): Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC.

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58. Kalappia celebica Kosterm. Leguminosae Caesalpinoideae Common name Indonesia: kalapi, nanakulahi, palapi (South Sulawesi) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat This species usually occurs on poor rocky soils containing iron of around pH4, scattered in lowland rainforest near the coast to up to 500 m altitude but more common below 100 m. forest (Ding Hou et al., 1996) (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Indonesia: A monotypic species endemic to South Sulawesi, found only around Malili, native (Ding Hou et al., 1996) (Sosef et al., 1998) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem Very locally it can be one of the dominant species (Sosef et al., 1998). Threats Populations were already seriously depleted by the 1950’s as a result of largescale logging for it’s valuable timber (Sosef et al., 1998). This species is highly threatened by a continued timber trade and lack of proper management. Utilisation The most common use is as a light construction timber used in building ships, bridges and for various housing construction purposes. A timber form with beautiful grain pattern was once highly sought after for cabinet and other furniture making (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade Up until the beginning of the 1950’s considerable amounts of Kallapia timber was transported from the surrounding areas of Malili and Wotu (South Sulawesi), where K. celebica was common, to be processed in Ujung Pandang. Current supplies are probably very limited, and the wood has become rare and expensive on the local markets, no trade statistics are known (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU D1+2c (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures Protection of large areas of forest where it grows is essential for it’s survival. This protection may also protect Diospyros celebica, another superior timber speceis associated with K. celebica (Sosef et al. 1998). Forest management and silviculture Regeneration in closed forest is poor and in some examples nonexistent. A forest near Wotu containing approximately 65 trees per Ha displayed no signs of natural regeneration, however natural regeneration was observed in logged over areas. This poor germination may require special forest management techniques. Tests with enrichment planting in logged over areas may be worth considering, any current activities of propogation by seed have not been reported, although it is known to be possible. There is currently no evidence of attempts at cultivation of this species. Very little research has been carried out on wood properties, propagation, silviculture and forest management of such a valuable timber species (Sosef et al., 1998). References Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 8 August 2006. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (Eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3): Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. WCMC. Kallapia celebrica. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Page 80 of 150


59. Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. Myrtaceae Common names No information. Synonym No information. Distribution Indonesia (Sulawesi) Habitat This species occurs in mountainous areas. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as rare in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation No information. Trade No information. Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. Note: more information needed.

60. Kokoona leucoclada Kochummen Celastraceae Common name Trade name: mata ulat (Malay) (Lemmens et al., 1995) Synonym No information. Habitat Tropical lowland forest (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Malaysia: Endemic to Sabah, the species has only been collected once from Ranau and once from Sandakan in lowland forest (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The species is threatened by the largescale clearance of the forest (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation Trees of the genus are cut for mata ulat timber which is used locally (WCMC, 1998). Page 81 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade The genus is of minor commercial importance, only very small amounts of mata ulat timber are exported if at all. The trees of the genus are generally too scattered and slowgrowing to be of commercial importance. (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU D2 (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. WCMC. Kokoons leucoclada. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Note: Check Sandakania, 5: 51 (1994)

61. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. Leguminosae – Caesalpinoideae Common name Trade name: tualang; Brunei: mangaris; Indonesia: mangaris, (Kalimantan), sialang (Sumatra);. Malaysia: sialang (Peninsular), kayu raja (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular), tapang, kussi (Sarawak), mengaris (Sabah); Philippines: manggaris (Sulu, tagbanua), ginoo (Palawan);. Thailand: yuan, tolae (Yala, Pattani) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia, Kalimantan: Kempas madu (Malay), menggeris (Malay), tanjid (Dayak), puti (Dayak benuag) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonym Koompassia parvifolia (Ding Hou et al.,1996). Habitat Primary forest, stream valleys and lower slopes of ridges, up to 400(600) m altitude. The trees are often remaining in areas of secondary growth because they are rarely felled (Ding Hou et al.,1996). Population status and trends A common but usually not very abundant species. Solitary trees standing alone in the open are encountered comparatively often because they are difficult to cut and because local people harvest honey from the tree crowns (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Brunei: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan and northeast Sumatra, native (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Ding Hou et al.,1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, native (Ding Hou et al.,1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Philippines:Occurrence reported in Palawan, native (Ding Hou et al.,1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Singapore: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006) (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported southern Thailand, native (Ding Hou et al.,1996) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem An important species for bees (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Threats No information. Utilisation Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in the trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. Koompasia wood is suitable for structural usage. Treated tualang is suitable for all heavy construction purposes such as railway sleepers, telegraph and transmission posts, beams, joists, Page 82 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org rafters, piling, heavy duty columns, fender supports, pallets, door and window frames and sills, tool handles and marine constructions. When not treated it can be used for structural purposes under cover such as parquet and strip flooring, panelling, vehiche bodies and heavy duty furtniture. Tualang is used for firewood and medicine. Villagers value tualang trees as souces of honey, which account for their objection to felling these trees (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Timber traded [1]. The average annual production of tualang log for Peninsular Malaysia for the period 19821987 was 77000 m 3 . In that period the average price of logs was US$ 45/ m 3 . The average annual export of sawn timber in Peninsular Malaysia over the same period was 34 000 m 3 . (average price US$ 86/ m 3 ). The export of sawn timber of tualang in 1990 and 1992 was 71 000 m 3 (valued US$ 8 million) and US$ 9.5 milion respectively. Major export destinations are eastern Asia, Europe, North America and western Asia. For Sabah, export of round logs of tualang in 1987 was 4000 m 3 with a value of US$ 260 000; in 1992 the export of tualang was 70 000 m 3 of logs and 69 000 m 3 of sawn timber valued US$ 16.9 million (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures In Borneo Koompassia species are locally protected, e.g. Koompassia excelsa is a protected species under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill, 1990 where it is known to occur in protected areas. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is conserved in few virgin jungle reserves and big tree plots. At the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), there is a 1.6 ha of planted tualang (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture No information. References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 2. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 364 pp. Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. ITTO. 1997. Annual Review and Assessment of the World Tropical Timber Situation, 1996. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMC. Koompassia excelsa. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/tualang.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

62. Koompassia grandiflora Kosterm. Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae Common name Kempas, Tualang (Trade name) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym No information. Habitat A primary rain forest, coastal plain foothills, stony low hill, loamsoil or sandy loamsoil, up to 840 altitude (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends Koompassia grandiflora is highly vulnerable because it occurs in primary rainforest, mostly at low, readily accessible altitudes (Eddowes, 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Manokwari, Irian Jaya (Ding Hou et al.,1996). The species is fairly common in the lowland in Manokwari (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Page 83 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported in Morobe, Gulf and Central Provinces (Ding Hou et al.,1996). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Observations of active exploitation for the timber of this species in Papua New Guinea were made in the 1960s ; the timber continues to be in high demand and is heavily exploited in areas subject to logging (Eddowes, 1998). Utilisation The wood is used as kempas and tualang for heavy construction, beams, flooring, decking and plywood. In addition it is used as veneer (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade This species is and will continue to be heavily exploited in Papua New Guinea for both log export and for domestic processing due to its very good bole form, wood quality and market acceptance (Eddowes, 1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd+2cd (Eddowes, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References: Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. Eddowes, P.J. Koompassia grandiflora. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp.

63. Koompassia malaccensis Benth. Leguminosae – Caesalpinoideae Common name Trade name: kempas; Brunei: impas. Indonesia: (m)engris (Acheh, Bangka, Belitung, Kalimantan), (h)ampas (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Keranji (Sumatra); Malaysia: impas (Sabah, Sarawak), mengris (Peninsular, Sarawak), makupa (Peninsular); Thailand: thongbung (Phuket), makupa (Malay, Narathiwat), sifai (Patthalung) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia, Kalimantan: Kempas merah (Malay, Kalimantan), berniung (Malay, Kalimantan), meryang (Dayak, Kalimantan) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonym Koompassia beccariana (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Found in lowland forest, up to 800 m, often favouring an altitude not exceeding 150 m, also found in peat and fresh water swamps (Ding Hou et al., 1996). Population status and trends Brunei: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Biliton and Kalimantan (Ding Hou et al.,1996) (Argent et al., 1997). Native (ILDIS, 2006) Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Ding Hou et al.,1996). In Peninsular Malaysia it is considered to be the third commonest big forest tree (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Native (ILDIS, 2006). Page 84 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Singapore: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported in southern Thailand, native (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in the trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. Koompasia wood is suitable for structural usage. Treated kempas is suitable for all heavy construction purposes such as railway sleepers, telegraph and transmission posts, beams, joists, rafters, piling, heavy duty columns, fender supports, pallets, door and window frames and sills, tool handles and marine constructions. When not treated it can be used for structural purposes under cover such as parquet and strip flooring, panelling, vehiche bodies and heavy duty furtniture. Kempas is produces charcoal of high quality (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Wood is traded [1] [2]. Average annual log production of kempas for Peninsular Malaysia for the period 19821987 was 571 000. In that period the average price for logs was US$68/m 3 for kempas. The average annual export of sawn timber in Peninsular Malaysia over the same period was 126 000 m 3 (average price US$ 108/ m 3 ) for kempas. The export of sawn timber of kempas from Peninsular Malaysia in 1990 was 114 000 m 3 valued US$ 14.6 million. In 1992 the export amounted to 49 000 m 3 valued US$ 9.2 million. In Sabah the export of kempas was 29 000 m 3 of logs and 23 000 m 3 of sawn timber with total value of US$ 6.3 million. Major export destinations are eastern Asia, Eurpoe, North America and western Asia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In 1996, Malaysia exported 2882 m 3 of Kompassia malaccensis sawnwood worth US$144/m 3 and Japan was reported to import kempas log in the same year (ITTO, 1997). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR/cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). The Singapore Red Data Book: Vulnerable [V] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures Koompassia malaccensis is a protected species under Sarawak's Wildlife Protection Bill, 1990. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is conserved in few virgin jungle reserves and big tree plots. At the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), there is a 9 ha of planted kempas (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture No specific information is available (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 2. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 364 pp. WCMC. Koompassia malaccensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Eds.) 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia (PROSEA) 5(1) Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen. Ding Hou, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen. 1996. LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae. Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol. 12: 409730. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/kempas.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded 8 August 2006. Page 85 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org [2] http://cn.tradekey.com/selloffer_view/id/152136.htm. Zhejiang Chanx Wood Co. Ltd. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

64. Lophopetalum javanicum (Zoll.) Turcz. Celastraceae Common names Perupok (Trade name); Indonesia: madanggambici (Batak, Sumatra), mandalaksa (Javanese, Java), tatokwa (Irian Jaya) ; Malaysia: perupok, kachang rimba (Peninsular), perupok dual (Sabah); Philippines: abuab (general), sampol (Bisaya), buyun (Sulu); Thailand: phuamphrao (Trang) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Perupok gunung (Malay), medang bora (Malay), kay sang (Dayak), takorang (Malay) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonyms Lophopetalum fuscescens, Lophopetalum oblongifolium, Lophopetalum toxicum (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Found mainly in lowland rainforest, sometimes in hill and montane forest up to 1500 m. Often in periodically inundated areas or peat swamps and on riverbanks (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Argent et al., 1997). In Sabah and Sarawak, mainly in mixed dipterocarp forest (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Population status and trends A widespread species that is probably most common on Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Ocurrance reported in Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi and Sumatra (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Thailand: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Luzon, Mindoro, Samar, Sulu Islands and Palawan (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and the winged seeds are probably wind dispersed (Ding Hou, 1962). Threats Increasing demand for perupok may put this species under threat and could result in genetic erosion (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber. The wood is used for light general construction, interior finishing, panelling, furniture manufacture, match boxes, pencil and food container. The bark is used as a poison and the tree also provides fuel wood (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Trade In trade [1]. Perupok has been generally used on a local scale. It has gained importance particularly in Kalimantanin the late 1980s.. Export figure from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that in 1983, 3200 m 3 of sawlogs with a value of US$ 125 000 was exported to Singapore, and in 1984, 2500 m 3 with a value of US$ 100 000. In 1987 logs with a volume of 13 500 m 3 and a value of US$ 940 000 (US$ 70/ m 3 )were exported from Sabah and in 1992, 23 000 m 3 . of logs and 27 000 m 3 of sawn timber with a total value of US$ 13 million. Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok. The timber is very popular in Japan. Indonesia exports perupok to japan, in 1991, the price of sawn timber from Kalimantan was about US$ 1000/ m 3 and US$ 1400/ m 3 for moulding (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status No information.

Page 86 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures In East Kalimantan, a project has selected out the "superior mother trees" (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara &Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Ding Hou. 1962. Celastraceae I. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 6: 227291. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/perupok.asp. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

65. Lophopetalum multinervium Ridley Celastraceae Common names Indonesia: perupuk talang (Palembang), pupu (Bengkalis), bako (Dayak, Kalimantan). Malaysia: tinjau tasek (general), perupok (Sabah), dual (Sabah), pasana (Iban) (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym Solenospermum aquatile (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat This tree is found in freshwater and peat swamp forest and very occasionally in submontane forest up to 1500m (Ding Hou, 1962). It is widely distributed in Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Population status and trends A widespread species that is probably most common on Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Bangka and Kalimatan and Sumatra (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Malaysia: Reported from Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Ng & Wee, 1994) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and the winged seeds are probably wind dispersed (Ding Hou, 1962). Threats Increasing demand for perupok may put this species under threat and could result in genetic erosion (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade In trade [1]. Perupok has been generally used on a local scale. It has gained importance particularly in Kalimantanin the late 1980s. Export figures from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that in 1983, 3200 m 3 of sawlogs with a value of US$ 125 000 was exported to Singapore, and in 1984, 2500 m 3 with a value of US$ 100 000. In 1987 logs with a volume of 13 500 m 3 and a value of US$ 940 000 (US$ 70/ m 3 )were exported from Sabah and in 1992, 23 000 m 3 of logs and 27 000 m 3 of sawn timber with a total value of US$ 13 million. Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok. The timber is very popular in Japan. Indonesia exports perupok to japan, in 1991, the price of sawn timber from Kalimantan was about US$ 1000/ m 3 and US$ 1400/ m 3 for moulding (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status The Singapore Red Data Book: Vulnerable [V] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Page 87 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures In East Kalimantan, a project has selected out the "superior mother trees" (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Ding Hou. 1962. Celastraceae I. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 6: 227291. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/perupok.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

66. Lophopetalum pachyphyllum King Celastraceae Common names Terupuk (Malay) perupuk (Peninsular) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Dry forest on slopes, ridges and limestone cliffs up to an elevation of 450 m (Ding Hou, 1962). In Sarawak found in lowland forest near coastal area (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. In Sarawak, the species is only known from two collections from Bako National Park (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and seed wingeddispersed (Ding Hou, 1962). Threats Increasing demand for perupok may put this species under threat and could result in genetic erosion (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade In trade [1]. Perupok has been generally used on a local scale. Export figure from Peninsular Malaysia indicate that in 1983, 3200 m 3 of sawlogs with a value of US$ 125 000 was exported to Singapore, and in 1984, 2500 m 3 with a value of US$ 100 000. In 1987 logs with a volume of 13 500 m 3 and a value of US$ 940 000 (US$ 70/ m 3 ) were exported from Sabah and in 1992, 23 000 m 3 . of logs and 27 000 m 3 of sawn timber with a total value of US$ 13 million. Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Sarawak exports a considerable amount of perupok. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). 2000m 3 of species of Lophopetalum, otherwise known as Perupok, was exported from Peninsular Malaysia in 1995 at $607 per m 3 (ITTO,1997). Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Page 88 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Ding Hou. 1962. Celastraceae I. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 6: 227291. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/perupok.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

67. Lophopetalum rigidum Ridley Celastraceae Synonym Lophopetalum subsessile (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Common names Indonesia: galagah, parupuk, kerupok (Kalimantan) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Distribution Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Kalimantan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995) (Ding Hou, 1962). Habitat Understory tree that occurs in freshwater and peat swamp forest and kerangas forest in lowland and montane forest up to 2400 m (Ding Hou, 1962) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Population status and trends Endemic to northern half of Borneo (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou, 1962) (van Steenis, 1962) Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan (Ding Hou, 1962). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sarawak and Sabah. The species is locally frequent in Sarawak and recorded from Lahad Datu, Keningau and Ranau district in Sabah (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem The flowers are insect pollinated and seed dispersed by wind (Ding Hou, 1962). Threats Increasing demand for perupok may be a threat to this relatively restricted species and current forest burning is expected to impact negatively on the species (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation The wood is utilised as perupok timber (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade In trade [1]. Trade in perupok, particularly from Kalimantan, has gained in importance over the past ten years. The timber is very popular in Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Exploitation of stands of perupok is seldom based on sustainable management. Research is needed to determine management requirements (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Ding Hou. 1962. Celastraceae I. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 6: 227291. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Page 89 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/perupok.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

68. Madhuca betis (Blanco) J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Common names Trade name: bitis; Indonesia: puntik (Kalimantan), lotoo tulu, sulewe (Sulawesi); Philippines: betis (general), manilig (Magindanao), banitis (Bikol) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Madhuca philippinensis (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat Primary lowland forest species at altitudes up to 300 m altitude (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends In the Philippines stands have been depleted by logging and shifting agriculture (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Argent et al., 1997). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Luzon, Mindoro and Mindanao (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Logging and shifting agriculture posed a threat. Bitis and nyatoh are sometimes harvested as meranti and not subject to enrichment planting, this might lead to genetic erosion or extinction (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Utilisation Used as bitis for heavy construction work, e.g. for wharf, bridge and ship building, and for posts, foundation sills, sleepers, paving blocks and tool handles. In the Philippines it is considered an excellent wood for purposes requiring great strength and durability. The seeds of betis yield an oil which is used for illuminating and the bark and leaves are used in traditional medicine (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Bitis is only obtainable in small quantities and is used domestically (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Very little attention is given to bitis in silvicultural practices (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMC. Madhuca betis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp.

69. Madhuca boerlageana (Burck) Baehni Sapotaceae Page 90 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Synonym Ganua boerlageana (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Common name Indonesia: arupa merah, arupa putih (Ambon), araka (Morotai) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Habitat A tree of lowland rain forest at altitudes to 800 m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya and Maluku. Plant from Irian Jaya has been distinguished as var. latifolia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported. This species is extremely rare and known from a single collection from Vanimo area, West Sepik Province. This part of Papua New Guinea is heavily logged and there is grave doubt as to its continuing existence in this country (Eddowes, 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats The main threat to this very rare species is logging of the habitat (Eddowes, 1998). Utilisation The wood is used for house building and for ship masts (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Threat category (ver 2.3, 1994): CR A1cd, C2ab, D1 ,the threat category applies to the situation in Papua New Guinea only (Eddowes, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Silviculture and forest management No information. References Eddowes, 1998. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp.

70. Madhuca pasquieri H.J.Lam Sapotaceae Synonym No Synonym. Common name No information. Habitat Mainly grow on low elevation mountains or hill at 100600 m altitude, always below 1100 m altitude (Fu & Jin, 1992). In Vietnam, Madhuca pasquieri grows sparsely in mixed stands with Vatica odorata, Hopea molissima, Castanaopsis indica, Gironniera subaequalis, Paralbizzia turgida and Cinnamomum obtusifolium, sometimes associated with Vatica odorata and Erythropholoeum fordii on mountain slopes and crests (Vũn, 1996). Population status and trends This large light demanding timber tree species has a scattered distribution. Populations have been heavily exploited throughout the range and few large trees remain (WCMC, 1998). China: Occurrence reported in southwest Guangdong, southern Guangxi, Malipo and Pingbian in Yunnan (Fu & Jin, 1992) (WCMC, 1998). Vietnam: Occurrence reported in northern provinces in Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Vinh Phu, Ha Bac, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh (Vũn, 1996) (WCMC, 1998). Page 91 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Role of species in the ecosystem Seeds are produced in large amounts and eaten by bats and squirrels (Vũn, 1996). Threats The species is threathened by clearfelling/logging of the Habitat, expansion of human settlement and extensive agriculture (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation The timber is used for furniture making. The seeds are eaten and provide a source of oil (Fu & Jin, 1992). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (WCMC). Red Data Book of Vietnam: K Insufficiently known (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, 1996). Conservation measures The species range coincides with protected areas in both countries (Fu & Jin, 1992). In Vietnam this species is included in the Council of Ministers Decision 18/HDBT (17 January 1992) as a species with high economical value which is subject to overexploitation. It is also categorised as a priority for genetic conservation. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Fu, Likuo & Jianming, Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii 741. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Red Data Book. Vol. 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Science and Technical Publishing House, Hanoi. 484pp. WCMC, 1998. Madhuca pasquieri. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006 Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp.

71. Mangifera decandra Ding Hou Anacardiaceae Common name Indonesia: kemang badak (Sumatra), konyot, palong besi (East Kalimantan). Malaysia: binjai hutan (Tidon), belunu hutan (Dusun, Sabah) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat This large tree grows in primary lowland evergreen rainforest up to 900 (1440) m (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993); it is sometimes found in freshwater swamp forest and secondary forests (Lemmens et al, 1995). Population status and trends This species is common but very scattered (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). It is planted in Dayak home gardens in E. Kalimantan (van Valkenburg, 1997). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Soepadmo et al, 1996). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Kostemans and Bompard, 1993). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Soepadmo et al, 1996). Role of species in the ecosystem The fruits are likely to be eaten by animals i.e. monkeys, bats and hornbills (Lemmens et al, 1995). Threats No information. Page 92 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Utilisation The fruits are edible and the wood is believed to be used as machang timber; machang is used for light construction or heavy construction under cover and the beautiful streaked heartwood is used for fine furniture (Lemmens et al, 1995). Being a wild relative of the mango, this species could be useful for breeding purposes (Smith et al, 1992). Trade The fruits of this species are found in local markets is E. Kalimantan (van Valkenburg, 1997). Machang timber is exported from Borneo in fairly large quantities. In 1987, Sabah exported 40,000 m 3 of round logs worth US$2.5 million and in 1992 38,000 m 3 were exported as sawn timber and round logs for US$5.7 million (Lemmens et al, 1995). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): LR (WCMC, 1997). The given conservation status is not finalised. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture There are no reports of machang being planted for timber. Natural regeneration of species is usually abundant. Machang stones are recalcitrant (Lemmens et al., 1995). References Kostermans, A.J.H. and Bompard, J.M. 1993. The mangoes. Their botany, nomenclature, horticulture and utilization. IBPGR and Linnean Society. Academic Press. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Soepadmo et al. (eds). 1996. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak volume 2. Smith, N.J.H., Williams J.T., Plucknett, D.L. and J.P. Talbot. 1992. Tropical Forest and their Crops. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, U.S.A. van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. 1997. Nontimber forest products of East Kalimantan. Potentials for sustainable forest use. Tropenbos Series 16. The Tropenbos Foundation:Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp.6195. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.

72. Mangifera macrocarpa Blume Anacardiaceae Common names Indonesia: gompor (Sudanese, western Java), n’cham busur (East Kalimantan), asem busur (South Kalimantan). Malaysia: machang lawit (Peninsular ). Thailand: mamuangkhikwang (Peninsular) (Lemmens et al, 1995). Synonyms Mangifera fragrans (Lemmens et al, 1995) Habitat Restricted to primary wet evergreen lowland forest, at altitudes of 0 800 m. It occurs scattered in lowland rainforest (Lemmens et al.,1995). Population status and trends The species is very scattered. It flowers and fruits rarely but profusely (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (Ding Hou, 1978). Indonesia: Occur in Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra (Ding Hou, 1978). It is possibly extinct in Java (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). Malaysia: Occur in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (Soepadmo et al. 1996). Thailand: Occurrence in Southern Thailand (Ding Hou, 1978). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Page 93 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Threats General threats to the forests where this species occurs include conversion for agriculture and logging (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation The wood is reputed to be used (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade Machang timber is exported from Borneo in fairly large quantities. In 1987, Sabah exported 40,000 m 3 of round logs worth US$2.5 million and in 1992 38,000 m 3 were exported as sawn timber and round logs for US$5.7 million (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1c (WCMC, 1998). The Singapore Red Data Book: Vulnerable [V] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture There are no reports of machang being planted for timber. Natural regeneration of species is usually abundant. Machang stones are recalcitrant (Lemmens et al., 1995). References Ding Hou. 1978. Anacardiaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 8: 395548. Kostermans, A.J.H. and Bompard, J.M. 1993. The mangoes. Their botany, nomenclature, horticulture and utilization. IBPGR and Linnean Society. Academic Press. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Soepadmo et al. (eds). 1996. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak volume 2. WCMC. Mangifera macrocarpa. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp.

73. Manilkara kanosiensis H.J.Lam & Meeuse Sapotaceae Common name Manilkara (Trade name) (Papua New Guinea) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym No information. Habitat A medium to large sized tree scattered in primary lowland rainforest between 0 500m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Population status and trends A relatively widespread but uncommon species occurring mainly in areas where intense logging is being carried out, such as New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago and the north west of Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Maluku in Tanimbar Islands (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Role of species in the ecosystem It regenerates in primary forest (Eddowes, 1998). Threats Felling is the main threat to Manilkara kanosiensis. As it only occurs in lowland primary forest, exploitation of the species and habitat destruction render it vulnerable (Eddowes, 1998). Utilisation The wood is used to build bridge and wharf superstructures; also it is used for flooring, decking, turnery and carving (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade The timber is found in international trade (Eddowes, 1998). It is reported to be exported to Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Threat category (ver 2.3, 1994): EN A1cd+2cd, C2a (Eddowes, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Eddowes, P.J. Manilkara kanosiensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp.

74. Merrillia caloxylon Swingle Rutaceae Common name Malay lemon (English). Indonesia: kemuning hutan (Sumatra). Malaysia: kemuning gajah, kemuning limau, keteng(g)ah (Peninsular). Thailand: katingka, kaeo khe khwai (peninsular) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym Murraya caloxylon (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Found along river banks in lowland primary or secondary rain forest to 400 m altitude. It is able to grow on a variety of well drained soils (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (Sosef et al., 1998). Collected only once from Sabah. This species is presumed extinct in Peninsular Malaysia (WCMC, 1998). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in southern region (Sosef et al., 1998). Thailand: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Thailand (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Exploitaiton of the timber and general forest loss (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation In Peninsular Malaysia, the durable handsome wood of M. caloxylon has been used to make walking sticks, smoking pipes, parang handles and sheaths and other small objects (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). The species is also used for making furniture and boxes. Medicinal applications for M. caloxylon include an infusion of the wood for stomachache, and as powder which is rubbed into the skin against aches and pains. Often planted in villages in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore for its wood (Sosef et al., 1998). Page 95 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade The wood is rarely and only locally used. Prices are high and it is sold by the piece (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU B1+2c (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures With the exception of the few individuals in botanic gardens and those occurring in small villages there are no reports of active exsitu conservation (Sosef et al., 1998). Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate M. caloxylon by seed. An experiment in Peninsular Malaysia has shown that approximately 75% of seeds germinate within 2373 days. The growth rate of this species is probably to low to make it a suitable plantation species (Sosef et al., 1998). References Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC. Merrillia caloxylon. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp.

75. Neesia altissima Blume Bombacaceae Common name Durian (Trade name). Indonesia: durian hantu (Sumatra), bungan, ki bengang (Argent et al., 1997) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym Neesia ambigua (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Neesia occurs in primary rainforest, often along streams or in freshwater swamp at altitudes of 1001800m. Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction (WCMC, 1991). Logging is seldom, even in concession areas (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan (Argent et al., 1997) (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia (Sosef et al., 1998). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation This genus produces a light timber and is suitable for light construction, cheap furniture and fittings, flooring, planking, wooden shoes, floats, lowgrade coffins, sliced veneer and plywood. Dried fruits are hung above doors in Sumatra to ward off spirits. The wall of the fruit, of this species, has been used medicinally against gonorrhoea. There is no expected increase in the use of Neesi (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade This is one of the main Neesia species traded with Durio and Coelostegia spp. as Durian. Neesia wood makes up only a small proportion of this trade group. Neesia may also be traded in mixed consignments as “red meranti” (Sosef et al., 1998). Exports of Durio spp. from Peninsular Malaysia totalled 16,000m 3 in 1995 which was traded at an average 248$/m 3 (ITTO, 1997). Conservation status The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991), although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction. Logging is seldom, even in concession Page 96 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org areas (Sosef et al., 1998). The Singapore Red Data Book: Vulnerable [V] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures There are no records of ex situ conservation of Neesia, however there are some N. altissima in arboretum and botanical gardens like Forest Research Institute Malaysia (Sosef et al., 1998). Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate Neesia from seeds. Other fundamental data has been recorded, for e.g. N. altissima aged 23 years in the arboretum of the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia were to 12.5 m tall and 17 cm diameter. In Java, the species flowers from February to July (Sosef et al., 1998). References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. WCMC. 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (Eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3): Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation, 1996.

76. Neesia malayana Bakh. Bombacaceae Common name Trade name: durian (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Fresh water swamp forest (Whitmore, 1983). Population status and trends The species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia although the genus does not seem to be in immediate danger of genetic erosion or extinction. Logging is seldom, even in concession areas (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: Occurrence reported (Whitmore, 1983) (Sosef et al., 1998). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Whitmore, 1983) (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation This genus produces a light timber and is suitable for light construction, cheap furniture and fittings, flooring, planking, wooden shoes, floats, low grade coffins, sliced veneer and plywood. There is no expected increase in the use of Neesia (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade This is one of the main Neesia species. Traded with Durio and Coelostegia spp. as Durian. Neesia wood makes up only a small proportion of this Trade group. Neesia may also be traded in mixed consignments as “red meranti” (Sosef et al., 1998). Exports of Durio spp. from Peninsular Malaysia totalled 16,000m 3 in 1995 which was Traded at an average 248$/m 3 (ITTO, 1997). Conservation status The Singapore Red Data Book: Endangered [En] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures Neesia is not recorded to be conserved exsitu (Sosef et al., 1998). Page 97 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture It is possible to propagate Neesia from seeds (Sosef et al., 1998). References ITTO. 1997. Annual review and assessment of the world tropical timber situation, 1996. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (Eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3): Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden Whitmore, T.C. (ed.). 1983. Tree flora of Malaya. Volume 1. Longman, Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. 473 pp.

77. Neobalanocarpus heimii Ashton Dipterocarpaceae Common name Chengal (Trade name). Malaysia: chengai, penak. Thailand: takhianchan, takhian chantamaeo (peninsular), chingamat (Narathiwat) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat N. heimii grows under a wide range of ecological conditions but appears to grow best on undulating land with a light sandy soil (Thomas, 1953). It is found in mixed dipterocarp forest below 1000 m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Thailand it occurs in Hill Dipterocarp forest along slopes and in valleys, often growing with Shorea curtisii (Smitinand et al., 1980). Population status and trends Chengal has been one of the most popular hardwoods of Peninsular Malaysia and has been heavily logged throughout the state. The species is the best known and most highly valued timber in the country. By the 1950s chengal had been exterminated from some accessible areas, particularly in the western regions of Malaya (Thomas, 1953). In Malaysia the species is common but never abundant (WCMC, 1997). The species is listed as Vulnerable in Anon (1985). FAO (1990) notes that the species has been over exploited, has poor regeneration and is need of in situ conservation. Inventory data have been used to indicate the depletion of chengal in Peninsular Malaysia in the period between the First (197172) and Second (198182) National Forest Inventories. There was a measured decrease in volume/ha and number/ha for trees over 45 cm in diameter in both virgin and logged over forests (WCMC, 1997). Malaysia: Occurrence reported throughout Peninsular Malaysia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Singapore: Reported extinct (Chua, 1998). Thailand: Occurrence reported in Southern Thailand, possibly extinct (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Threatened by timber extraction and habitat destruction (Chua, 1998). Utilisation Chengal is used for heavy construction, in bridgemaking and for sleepers and telegraph poles. It is also used for boat building, flooring, in sea defences and carving. Resin is used for varnish (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade For the period 1986 1990, Peninsular Malaysia exported an average of 28,500 m 3 of sawn wood annually, and the domestic market consumed an average of 69,000 m 3 annually. In 1992, the export of sawn chengal timber was 8000 m 3 with a value of US$ 2.1 m. Thailand is the main importer (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Chua, 1998). Chengal stock has been depleted and it might be endangered in near future because of its limited distribution and commercial value (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Conservation measures Peninsular Malaysia Occurs in a number of Virgin Jungle Reserves including those in Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Johore, Panti Forest Reserve, Johore, Balah Forest Reserve, Pahang, Lesong Forest Reserve, Pahang, Gunung Besut Forest Reserve, Perak, Sungai Lalang Forest Reserve, Selangor, Angsi Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan and Pasoh Forest Reserve; it also occurs in Taman Negara National Park (Chua, 1998). Most of areas populated with chengal in Malaysia’s virgin jungle reserve system have been designated as research plot [1]. Under the Forest Genetic Resources Information System (FORGRiS), about 47 chengal mother tree have been selected for germplasm documentation [1]. Important information like phenology, ecology, genecology and sivilculture has been collected and documented [1]. Thailand Neobalanocarpus heimii does not occur in any protected areas within Thailand (Phengklai pers. comm., 1989). In 1987, the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia took steps to ensure some protection of chnegal by increasing the cutting limit of 60 cm diameter at breast height (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Legislation Peninsular Malaysia The export of chengal in log form is banned in Peninsular Malaysia (Chua, 1998). Thailand Conserved as a valuable source of Dammar. Prior to the general logging ban, exploitation of chengal timber could only be carried out by special permission granted by the Ministry of Agriculture (?). Forest management and silviculture Natural regeneration beneath parent trees is rarely abundant in primary rainforest except on ridges in hill forest. Seedlings need shade for development and some success has been achieved with planting in secondary forests (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Malaysia there has been some success in enrichment planting trials in advancing secondary forest (WCMC, 1997). A great deal of experience in cultivation chengal has been gained around 19001913. This information is considered adequate for current planting efforts. The limited availability of seed sources is still a constrain to conservation programmes for this species [1]. References Chua, L.S.L. Neobalanocarpus heimii. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Smithinand, S., Santiasuk, T. and Phengklai, C. 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland SouthEast Asia. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Thomas, A.V. 1953. Malayan timbers Chengai and Balau. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 20. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished. Additional web references [1] http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e0c.htm#bm12. Exsitu conservation efforts for Neobalanocarpus heimii in Malaysia – in FAO: Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Moving Workshop on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Forest Genetic Resources. Downloaded on 8 June 2006. Correspondence and personal communications Phengklai, C. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, pers comm., November 1989.

78. Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. Olacaceae Common names Indonesia, Malaysia: Petaling. Indonesia: petikal (Sumatra), ampalang, empilung (Kalimantan). Malaysia: imah (SarawakBidayuh Bau), mentalai (Peninsular Malaysia), petikal (Sarawak, sagad berauth (SarawakMurud), santikal (SarawakIban) and tanggal (SabahDusun), (Lemmens et al., 1995). Ampilung (Dayak, Kalimantan), petaling (Malay, Kalimantan), oos (Dayak benuag, Kalimantan) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonyms Petalinia bancana, Ochanostachys bancana (Lemmens et al., 1995).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Habitat Primary and secondary lowland rain forest, often in mixed Dipterocarp forest in undulating country, on hill sides and ridges up to 950 m. It is found on loamy or sandy and rarely periodically inundated ground. It is scattered or locally frequent (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends A fairly common monotypic genus found scattered in the understorey, occasionally reaching the canopy, of primary and secondary lowland rainforest, often mixed dipterocarp forest (Lemmens et al., 1995). India: Occurrence reported from Nicobar and Andaman Islands is probably erronaeous (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah and Sarawak widespread and common (Lemmens et al., 1995) (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Ng & Wee, 1994). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Petaling timber is used for house posts and other heavy construction purposes, such as bridge bearers for logging roads and railways, for telephone poles foundation piles, fence posts, flooring and tool handles. Utilisation for pallets, boxes and crates has also been reported. The bark and roots are used medicinally. The seeds are edible (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade Timber is traded [1]. Petaling is generally too scarce to be of economic importance as an export timber. It is most frequently traded together with other mediumweight and heavy woods as mixed hardwood. Petaling is generally too scarce to be of economic importance as an export timber. The amount exported are insignificant. In 1983, about 3400 m3 of sawlogs were exported from Peninsular Malaysia, with a value of US$ 120 000 (US$ 35/m3), and in 1984 it was 3500 m 3 with a value of US$ 140 000 (US$ 40/m 3 ), the export was mainly to Singapore (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservatin status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture Petaling does not have potential as a timber plantation species due to its slow growth,however it is useful for underplanting in forest plantations to reduce weed growth. Natural regeneration of this shade tolerant species is sparse and scattered, but it can be good under favourable conditions. The tree is slow growing; taking about 150 years to reach a diameter of 50 cm. (Lemmens et al., 1995). eferences Asian Regional Workshop. Ochanostachys amentacea. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/petaling.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

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79. Octomeles sumatrana Miq. Datiscaceae Common names Binuang (Trade name). Indonesia: benuang, winuang, binuang bini. Papua New Guinea: erima, irima, ilimo. Philippine: bilus (Tagalog), barong (northern Luzon), barousan (southern Luzon) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Malaysia: Binuang (SabahMalay), benuang (SarawakIban), Binong (SarawakBidayuh), lemeng (SarawakBerawan, Punan, Tutoh) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Synonyms Octomeles moluccana (Lemmens et al., 1995). Habitat Found in lowland forest to 1000 m altitude. Especially common in natural secondary and seral riverine alluvial forest. Colonises bare alluvial soil (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends This monotypic genus is widespread in Malesia. A pioneer species, it regenerates quickly in disturbed habitats such as loggedover forest and areas that were previously cultivated (Lemmens et al., 1995). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Maluku (Lemmens et al., 1995). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Philippines: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Solomon Islands: Occurrence reported (Lemmens et al., 1995). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Sabah and Sarawak (Lemmens et al., 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem Bees prefer to nest in the branches of this species. Flowers are wind pollinated and the seeds are probably wind dispersed. Binuang is a pioneer of bare alluvial soil, binding the soil with a network of roots and improving site structure (Lemmens et al., 1995). Threats No immediate threats to the survival of this species. Utilisation The timber is not utilised for construction but for other purposes where strength is not important such as furniture, interior finish, coffin board, canoes, rafts, crates, boxes, firewood and paper manufacture. Bark used as medicine and dye, and young leves as vegetable. Binuang trees are valued by the locals as wild bees often nest in them (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade The export of binuang timber from Sabah in 1987 was 201 000 m3 of logs with a value of US$ 12.7 million, and in 1992 it was 95 000 m3 (21% as sawn timber, 79% as log) with a total value of US$ 8.3 milion (US$ 141/m3 for sawn timber, US$ 73/m3 for logs). In Papua New Guinea, binuang is a fairly important export timber. In 1992, sawn logs fetch a minimum price of US$ 50/m3 and the import in Japan is about 1.5% of the total timber import from Papua New Guinea (Lemmens et al., 1995). Conservation status No information. Forest management and silviculture Plantations have been established in PNG and the Philippines, trial plantation has been established outside Southeast Asia, e.g. in Brazil (Lemmens et al., 1995). It is one of the fast growing trees and prefers strong light. It takes only 4 months from sowing to planting out in the field. This tree is suitable for plantation because it can grow on low hilly sites and in temporarily flooded areas, possessed quick crown development, and selfpruning abilities (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). In Sabah, research on binuang monoculture plantations and intercropping with oil palm has been conducted (Lee et al., 2005) References: Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara, & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. 655 pp. Page 101 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Lee, Y.F., F.R. Chia, Anuar M., R.C. Ong & M. Ajik. 2005. The Use of Laran and Binuang for Forest Plantations and Intercropping with Oil Palm in Sabah. Sepilok Bulletin Vol. 3. Additional web references [1] http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/binuang.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

80. Palaquium bataanense Merr. Sapotaceae Common names Philippines: tagatoi, Bataan tagatoi (Tagalog), gasatan (Iloko) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Synonyms Palaquium whifordii (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Habitat Primary lowland forest, especially on dry hill forest (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Population status and trends Philippines: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Clearfelling/logging of the habitat and extensive agriculture (WCMC, 1998). Utilisation A source of red nato timber (WCMC, 1998). Nyatoh wood is used for house construction, canoes, furniture, doors, veneer, panelling, flooring, tools and musical instruments (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995. Trade Timber from Palaquium is traded as nyatoh together with other Sapotaceae like Payena, Pouteria and Madhuca. The timber is traded on an international scale (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1d (WCMC, 1998). Conservation measures Forest management and silviculture There is an urgent need for silvicultural research into the genus (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. WCMC, 1998. Palaquium bataanense. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006.

81. Palaquium impressinervium Ng Sapotaceae Common name Malaysia: nyatoh surin (Peninsular Malaysia) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Synonym No Synonym. Habitat Common in forest on hill below 350 m altitude (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Thailand: Occurrence reported in southern Thailand (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Clearfelling/logging of the habitat and expansion of human settlement (Chua, 1998) Utilisation The timber is used as bitis. Bitis is more durable than nyatoh and is used for heavy construction, heavy duty flooring, post, door, window frames and paving blocks (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Trade Timber from Palaquium is traded as nyatoh together with other Sapotaceae like Payena, Pouteria and Madhuca. The timber is traded on an international scale (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995) [1]. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU B1+2a (Chua, 1998). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture This species is not in cultivation. There is an urgent need for silvicultural research into the genus (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). References Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Chua, L.S.L. 1998. Palaquium impressinervium. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 03 January 2006. Additional web references [1]. http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/nyatoh.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

82. Palaquium maingayi (C.B. Clarke) King & Gamble Sapotaceae Common name Malaysia: nyatoh tembaga, sundik, getah ketapang (Peninsular). Thailand: chikkhao (Chumphon, Surat Thani), chiknomhin (Pattani), yakkeng (Malay, Pattani) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Synonym Croixia maingayi (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Habitat Found in lowland and hill forests up to an altitude to 1100 m (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). In Sarawak found in riparian and kerangas forest (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995) (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Thailand: Occurrence reported in Thailand (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The timber is used as nyatoh. Nyatoh wood is used for house construction, canoes, furniture, doors, veneer, panelling, flooring, tools and musical instruments (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995. The latex makes guttapercha of moderate quality (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Page 103 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Trade Timber from Palaquium is traded as nyatoh together with other Sapotaceae like Payena, Pouteria and Madhuca (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995) [1]. The timber is traded on an international scale (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1995). Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture The species is not in cultivation. References Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw & Richard C.K. Chung, (eds.). 2002. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 4: 388 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Additional web references [1]. http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/nyatoh.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

83. Parinari costata (Korth.) Blume Chrysobalanaceae Common names Myanmar: Taukkade (Kress et al., 2003). Indonesia: tenbel anak, tengko bayawak (Argent et al., 1997). Merbatu (Trade name). Indonesia: mengkudur (East Kalimantan), sukupal, tayas (Sumatra). Malaysia: bugan (Iban, Sabah), merbatu pipit, sekepal kemalau (Peninsular) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonyms Parinari bicolour, Parinari polyneurum, Parinari rubiginosa (Prance, 1989). Habitat Mixed dipterocarp to submontane forests on welldrained soils at 3001500 m altitude. Subspecies costata is found in lowland forest, hillsides, ridges at altitude up to 300 m. Subspecies rubiginosa is found in lower montane forest at 7501500 m in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo and lowland forest in the Philippines. Subspecies polyneura is found in lowland forest and occasionally in hills and seasonal swamps (Prance, 1989). Population status and trends Brunei: Occurrence reported of subspecies costata (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Indonesia: Three subspecies are reported. Subspecies costata is reported in Sumatra and Kalimatan. Subspecies rubiginosa is reported in Kalimantan (Prance, 1989) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995) (Argent et al., 1997). Subspecies polyneura is reported in Sumatra and possibly Kalimantan (Prance, 1989). Malaysia: Three subspecies are reported. Subspecies costata and rubiginosa is reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, both are considered uncommon (Prance, 1989) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995). Subspecies polyneura is reported in Peninsular Malaysia (Prance, 1989). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Taninthayi of subspecies rubiginosa (Prance, 1989) (Soepadmo & Wong, 1995) (Kress et al., 2003). Philippines: Two subspecies are reported. Subspecies costata is reported in Mindanao, Culion and Samar, subspecies rubiginosa is reported in Mindanao only (Prance, 1989). Singapore: Occurrence reported of subspecies polyneura (Prance, 1989). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Parinari wood is likely to be used for medium to heavy construction undercover, for example packaging for heavy articles, posts, beams, panelling and parquet flooring. It provides a good fuel and charcoal. Page 104 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Treated timber can be used for outdoor use for example wharf decking, transmission posts, railway sleepers, dunnage, saltwater piling and other marine constructions. The edible fruits of various species are not often used and the seed oil is used to lacquer paper umbrellas. Parinari is difficult to saw, for this reason it’s use is likely to be restricted to marine constructions and firewood (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade Species of the genus Parinari are likely to be traded in mixed consignments of mediumheavy hardwood, or along with species of Atuna and Maranthes as ‘merbatu’ (Sosef et al., 1998) [1]. Supplies are generally limited (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (WCMC, 1997). The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng& Wee, 1994). Conservation measures With the exception of those specimens incidently cultivated in botanical gardens there is no exsitu cultivation (Sosef et al., 1998). Forest management and silviculture Propagation from seed is possible. Trees are shadetolerant and under natural conditions seedling established in small numbers and grows up in primary forest (Sosef et al.,1998) References Argent, G., A. Saridan, E.J.F. Campbell and P. Wilkie. 1997. Manual for the larger and more important nondipterocarp trees of central Kalimantan, vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia. 341 pp. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Prance, G.T. 1989. Chrysobalanaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 10: 635678. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 Additional web references [1]. http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/merbatu.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

84. Parinari oblongifolia Hook.f. Chrysobalanaceae Common names Indonesia: mankudar, mengkudu (Kalimantan). Malaysia; bedara hutan, mempelan babi, mentelur kamalau (Peninsular) (Sosef et al., 1998). Melalin (Dayak benuag, Kalimantan) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonyms Ferolia oblongifolia, Parinari gigantea, Parinari borneese (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Lowland rain forest and beside rivers in valleys extending to 450 m (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995) and occasionally in seasonal swamps (Kessler, Sidiyasa, 1994). Population status and trends This species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Brunei: Occurrence reported (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995) (Prance, 1989). Indonesia: Sumatra and E, W and Central Kalimantan (Prance, 1989) (Kessler, Sidiyasa, 1994) (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (Prance, 1989) (Soepadmo and Wong, 1995). Singapore: Occurrence reported (Ng & Wee, 1994). Page 105 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Parinari wood is likely to be used for medium to heavy construction undercover, for example packaging for heavy articles, posts, beams, panelling and parquet flooring. It provides a good fuel and charcoal. Treated timber can be used for outdoor use for example wharf decking, transmission posts, railway sleepers, dunnage, saltwater piling and other marine constructions. The edible fruits of various species are not often used and the seed oil is used to lacquer paper umbrellas. Parinari is difficult to saw, for this reason it’s use is likely to be restricted to marine constructions and firewood (Sosef et al.,1998). Trade Species of the genus Parinari are likely to be traded in mixed consignments of mediumheavy hardwood, or along with species of Atuna and Maranthes as ‘merbatu’. Supplies are generally limited (Sosef et al.,1998). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (WCMC, 1997). The Singapore Red Data Book: Rare [R] (Ng & Wee, 1994). Conservation measures With the exception of those specimens incidently cultivated in botanical gardens there is no exsitu cultivation (Sosef et al.,1998). Forest management and silviculture Propagation from seed is possible. The stone of this species has about 70% chance of germination, although this does not occur for 9 months after sowing. The last stones may germinate after more than 3 years. Treess are shadetolerant and under natural conditions seedling are established in small numbers and grow up in primary forest (Sosef et al., 1998). References Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society. 343pp. Prance, G.T. 1989. Chrysobalanaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, vol. 10: 635678. Soepadmo, E. & K.M. Wong, (eds.). 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, volume 1: 513 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species. Unpublished report, prepared under contract to the EC. WCMC 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.Sosef, Hong and Prawirohatmodjo, 1998 Additional web references [1]. http://www.greenergy.com.sg/woods/merbatu.asp. Greenergy Co. Downloaded on 8 August 2006.

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85. Pericopsis mooniana Twaites Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common names Pericopsis (Trade name). Nandu wood, nedun tree (English). Indonesia: kayau kuku (general), kayu besi papus (Sulawesi), nani laut (Irian Jaya). Malaysia: kayu laut (Peninsular, Sabah), merbau laut (Peninsular). Philippines: makapilit (Bisaya) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Dalbergia lanceolaria, Dalbergia mooniana, Derris ponapensis, Ormosia villamilii, Pericopsis ponapensis (ILDIS, 2006). Habitat This species grows primarily scattered in coastal forests, but can be found along river banks, and in periodically inundated lowland semideciduous or evergreen forest up to 200(350) m altitude. It occurs in evergreen or semidecidous forest, primarily on sandy regosols which are relatively infertile. The species requires an annual rainfall of 7502000 mm and occurs in more seasonal condition with 3 4 dry months. In southeastern Sulawesi P. mooniana is found in association with Actinodaphne glomerata, Calophyllum soulattri, Dehasia curtisii and Metrosideros petiolata (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Papua New Guinea it is associated with Flindersia, Syzygium and Myristica spp. (Eddowes, 1997). Population status and trends This highly prized wood is disappearing fast owing to logging and land clearing for rubber and oil palm plantations (National Academy of Sciences, 1979). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda, Maluku, Sulawesi and Sumatra (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). P. mooniana is considered to be Vulnerable in Indonesia according to Tantra (1983). It is included in a shortlist of Endangered species of the country (Anon., 1978) and this reference noted that it had become exceedingly rare in Kalimantan. Over exploitation in Sulawesi has resulted in only a few stands of this species remaining there, for example in Lamedae Reserve, south of Kolaka in southeast Sulawesi (Whitten et al., 1987). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (ILDIS, 2006). The species is considered to be almost extinct in Sabah (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Micronesia Federated States: Occurrence reported (ILDIS, 2006). Palau: Occurrence reported (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (ILDIS, 2006). The Papua New Guinea population is restricted to a small area in the Oriomo River region of the Western province, where it is possibly extinct now (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Philippines: Occurrence reported in Mindanao (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Sri Lanka: Occurrence reported (ILDIS, 2006). In Sri Lanka, demand for the timber has led to Pericopsis mooniana becoming very rare (de S. Wijesinghe et al., 1990). Utilisation It is eagerly sought after for furniture, cabinet making, panelling, sliced veneer and turnery. The timber also used for heavy construction for ship building and bridges (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (ILDIS, 2006). Trade Supplies of the timber are very limited and exports are negligible. However, it fetches high prices on the world market and is ranked in Indonesia among other fancy woods. Sawn timber from Indonesia is traded mainly to Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU A1cd (Asia Regional Workshop, 1998). Conservation measures It is cultivated in the LAE National Botanical Gardens, Papua New Guinea (Eddowes, 1997). In Sri Lanka included in a list of threatened plant species which will replace the schedule of protected plants in the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance 1937 (de S. Wijesinghe et al., 1990).

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Forest management and silviculture In Indonesia trees are harvested according to the Indonesian selective felling and planting system, with a diameter limit of 50 cm. Natural regeneration is generally scarce. In cultivation seeds germinate well and the species can also be propagated easily from stem cuttings (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). References Anon. 1978. Endangered species of trees. Conservation Indonesia 2(4) Eddowes, P. J., 1997. Completed data collection form for Pericopsis mooniana. Asia Regional Workshop. Pericopsis mooniana. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp National Academy of Sciences. 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. de S. Wijesinghe, L.C.A., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1990. Biological conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Tantra, G.M. 1983. Erosi plasma nutfah nabati. J. Penelitian & Penembangan Pertanian 2(1): 15. Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G.S. 1987. The ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006.

86. Phoebe elliptica Blume Lauraceae Common names Medang (Trade name). Indonesia: huru dapung, huru huya, huru leksa (Sudanese) (Sosef et al., 1998). Synonym Phoebe macrophylla (Blume)Blume (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Most timber producing Phoebe species are found in evergreen lowland to montante forest up to 1500( 2000) m altitude (Sosef et al., 1998). Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah? And Sarawak? (Sosef et al., 1998). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in western Java (Sosef et al., 1998). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Phoebe wood is used for house building, plywood, veneer, furniture, musical instrument, sculpture, tools and firewood (Sosef et al., 1998). Trade The timber is commonly grouped with that of other species of the family Lauraceae and traded as medang. It probably constitutes only minor portion of the total traded medang (Sosef et al., 1998). Conservation status This species has been recorded as threatened in Indonesia (WCMC, 1991). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture Phoebe can be propagated by seed (Sosef et al., 1998). References Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. Page 108 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org WCMC 1991. Provision of data on rare and threatened tropical timber species ─ report prepared under contract to the EC. Unpublished.

87. Pinus merkusii Jungh & de Vriese Pinaceae Common names Tennaserim pine (English). Myanmar: pyek, shja, tinyutinshu. . Indonesia: dammar batu, dammar bunga, hejam, hujam, ujam, ujem (Acheh), hiji (Kerintji), kaju tussam, tussam (Battok, Tapanuli). Philippines: agoo, aguu, salilt, tapulao (Sambal) (de Laubenfels, 1988). Merkus pine, Mindoro pine, Sumatran pine (English). IndonesiaL: damar batu, damar bunga, uyam (Acheh, Sumatra). Philippines: tapulau (Sambali, Tagalog). Thailand: sonsongbai, sonhaangmaa (central), kaiplueakdam (northern). Vietnam: th[oo]ng nh[uwj]a, th[oo]ng hail[as] (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Synonyms Pinus sumatrana, Pinus finlaysoniana, Pinus latteri, Pinus merkusii var. tonkinensis, Pinus merkusiana (de Laubenfels, 1988). Population status and trends Widely distributed and commonly planted in SouthEast Asia from eastern Myanmar to the South China Sea. (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Cambodia: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra in Acheh mountains and scattered further in Tapanuli with an isolated outliner near Mt. Kerinjtji (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). In Sumatra the timber continues to be extracted (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Laos: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Kayah, Mon, Shan and Taninthayi (Kress et al., 2003). Reported in eastern Burma (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Philippine:Occurrence reported in Mindoro and Luzon in Zambales Province (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). High levels of exploitation have resulted in populations being reduced to very low levels in the Philippines (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Thailand: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Found in large stands or in small groups at Lai Chau, Son La, Lang Son, Bac Thai, Ha Bac, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Thinh, Quang Binh and Thua Thien Hue, Kon Tum and Lam Dong provinces (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). Habitat From low elevation to 2000 m, generally on poor quality acid podzolic soils over sandstone or fresh volcanic ash, sometimes on deeply leached acid basalt, rarely successfully competing on richer forest soil. Most stands show a clear relationship to fire or other disturbance and the pine can be seen to be expanding in recently disturbed areas with grassland (de Laubenfels, 1988). The species occurs in areas with mean annual rainfall of 10002800(3500) mm, a mean annual temperature of 2128 o C, mean maximum temperature of the hottest month of 2432 o C, and mean minimum temperature of the coldest month 1824 o C (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Sumatra the habitat experiences heavy yearround precipitation, but the pine areas themselves definitely favour the drier sites. The Tapanuli populations, which have thin bark, are more sensitive to fire and do not descend below 1000 m. Elsewhere, including the Philippine islands, this pine grows in strongly seasonal environments (de Laubenfels, 1988). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Habitat loss due to felling, agriculture, grazing and burning are threats. The effects on the population here are yet to be confirmed but are not thought to be as severe (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Utilisation An important timber tree. A generalpurpose timber used for construction, flooring and boat building. It Page 109 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org is also a source of fuel for local use and resin. The tree is used to shade out weeds with fairly good results (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Trade Known to be traded, however insufficient information on the volume of the trade. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): VU B1+2ce (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Conservation measures The seed resource of P. merkusii are Sumatra and Thailand. International provenance trials of P. merkusii has been established throughout SouthEast Asia and northern Australia, they are coordinated by the Commonwealth Forestry Institure of Oxford, UK. P. merkusii seed orchards have been established in Indonesia (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In Vietnam, original stands are protected in major National Parks on the Langbian Plateau [1]. Due to the economic value of this specis seed orchards and provenance trials have been established in Lam Dong and in Quang Binh since the 1980s to conserve its genetic variation [1]. Due to its wide spread distribution it is not considered threatened [1]. Forest management and silviculture Pinus merkusii has been widely planted in SouthEast Asia in countries like Indonesia, Thailand and Papua New Guinea. In plantation rotation cycles of 30 years are needed for optimal timber production and for pulpwood production, a cutting cycle of 15 years is usually practised (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). In North Vietnam, this species is one tof the principal tree planted on bare hills to protect against land erosion (Gymnosperm Database, 2006). References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana Ser.1, vol. 10: 337453. Gymnosperm Database. http://www.conifers.org/ar/ag/dammara.htm. Downloaded 5 May 06. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 1590 Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wagenigen. 610 pp. SSC Conifer Specialist Group. Pinus merkusii. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp Additional web references [1]. http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html. Conifers of Vietnam. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

88. Planchonia valida Blume Lecythidaceae Common names Trade name: putat; Indonesia: putat (general), putat kebo (Javanese), telisai (dayak Tunjung, Kalimantan); Malaysia: putat, putat paya (general), kasui (Murut, Sabah) (Sosef et al., 1998). Malaysia: paya and selangan kangkong (Kadazan) (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Indonesia: Putat (Malay) (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994). Synonyms Gustavia valida, Planchonia alata, Planchonia sundaica (Sosef et al., 1998). Habitat Found in seasonally flooded forest, usually along rivers in lowland mixed seasonal forest or sometimes on hillsides at altitude to 1000 m (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Population status and trends Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Sosef et al., 1998) (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands and Timor (Kessler & Sidiyasa, 1994) (Sosef et al., 1998) (Soepadmo et al., 2002). Page 110 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation The wood is easy to work, but not very durable. It provides a good source of firewood and the young leaves are eaten as salad (Kessler & Sisiyasa, 1994). Trade The main species traded as putat. Conservation status No information. Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Kessler, P.J.A & K. Sidiyasa. 1994. Trees of the BalikpapanSamarinda area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia: a manual of 280 selected species. Tropenbos Series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. 446 pp. Sosef, M.S.M, S. Prawirohatmodjo & L.T. Hong (eds). 1998. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(3). Timber trees: Lesserknown timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 859 pp. Soepadmo, E., L.G. Saw & Richard C.K. Chung, (eds.). 2002. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak, vol. 4: 388 pp.

89. Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don Podocarpaceae (Taxonomic notes: most taxonomists regard P. annamiensis as the same as P. neriifolius although it is maintained as a distinct species in many Chinese floras [1].) Common names Podocarp (Trade name). Brown pine (English). Myanmar: Thitmin, Thitminpo. Malaysia: Jati bukit (Malay), belahbuloh (Sarawak), Ki beling (Sabah). Indonesia: Ambai ayam (Sumatra–Indragiri), Hating (Sumatra–Tapanuli), Kayu tadji (Sumatra–Palembang), Minangkas (Bencoolen), Naru dotan (Simalur Island), Sito bu botang (Karo Batak), Antoh (Java), Ki bima, Ki merak, Ki pantjar, ki putrid (Java), Kurniah (Sulawesi–Nokilalaki), hadjo ketong, hadju pinis rona (Lesser Sunda Islands) (de Laubenfels, 1988). Indonesia: antok (Java), beberas (Sumatra), kayu cina (Irian Jaya). Malaysia: podo bukit, jati bukit (Peninsular), ki beling (Sabah). Philippines: mala adelfa (general). Myanmar: thitmin. Laos: ka dong. Thailand: phayamai (general), phailamton (northeastern), khunmai (eastern) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Hainan luohansong (Fu & Jin, 1992). Synonym Nageia neriifolia, Podocarpus neglecta, Nageia neglecta, Podocarpus discolor, Nageia discolor, Podocarpus leptostachya, Nageia leptostachya, Podocarpus junghuhniana, Podocarpus polyantha, Podocarpus decipiens (de Laubenfels, 1988). Podocarpus annamiensis (Hiep , N. T. & J. E. Vidal, 1996) [1]. Habitat Occur scattered but may be locally common in primary forest, generally on rocky hilltops, on sand stone or latosols (Java or on ultrabasic soils, also near rivers, from sealevel up to 2100 m altitude (Lemmens et al., 1995). Population status and trends Widespread from Nepal, Sikkim, Assam (Khasya) and Indochina through Malesia to the Solomon and Fiji islands (de Laubenfels, 1988). Bangladesh: Occurrence reported [1]. Cambodia: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Page 111 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org China: Occurrence reported in Southern Hainan, subject to constant exploitation and heavy decline. Status vulnerable in Hainan (Fu & Jin, 1992). Fiji: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) India: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) Indonesia: Occurrence reported in Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya (de Laubenfels, 1988). Laos: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Malaysia: Occurrence reported in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (de Laubenfels, 1988 Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Kachin, Kayin and Taninthayi (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Kress et al., 2003). Nepal: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Papua New Guinea: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) [1]. Philippines: Occurrence reported [1]. Solomon: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988) Thailand: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Vietnam: Occurrence reported (de Laubenfels, 1988). Found in Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Lang Son, Vinh Phuc, Tuyen Quang, Hoa Binh, Ha Tay, Nghe An, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, Kon Tum, Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai, Kien Giang, scattered in all montane areas throughout highlands [1]. Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats Clearfelling/logging of the habitat (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Utilisation P. neriifolius is one of the main sources of podocarp timber, the wood is often used for furniture, carving, musical instrument and cabinet work. The fruit is edible. A decoction of the leaves has been used against rheumatism and arthritis. Juice from the leaves is used against sores in Papua New Guinea (de Laubenfels, 1988) (Lemmens et al., 1995). Trade No information. Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (SSC Conifer Specialist Group, 1998). Conservation measures Podocarpus does not seem particularly endangered as it is widespread and is often common in forest on ridges and mountain which are not easy to reach for logging (Lemmens et al., 1995). Populations should be protected in the Jianfeng and Diaoluo Mts. A few individuals are present in the arboretum of the Hainan Institute of Forestry (Fu & Jin, 1992). Forest management and silviculture The growth of P. neriifolius is slow. Podocarpus can be propagated by seed. P. neriifolius seed germinates for 90% in 2067 days. Seed may not be viable after more than 3 months. Natural generation of P. neriifolius is sparse in heath forest, although it regularly produces seeds. In natural forest in Central Sulawesi, 2.46.0 P. nerrifolius trees/ha were found in the diameter class 3549 cm (producing 3.410.1 m3/ha) and about 2.4 trees/ha with diameter of 50 cm or more (producing 6.9 m3/ha). On Peleng Island, Central Sulawesi, 1.2 P.neriifolius trees/ha with a diameter of over 100 cm and estimated timber volume of 8.2 m3/ha were found (Lemmens et al., 1995). References de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana Ser.1, vol. 10: 337453. Fu, Likuo & Jianming, Jin (eds.). 1992. China Plant Red Data Book. Beijing: Science Press. xviii 741. Hiep, N. T. & J. E. Vidal. 1996. Fl. Cambodge, Laos et Vietnam 28: 105 Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 1590. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., I. Soerianegara & W.C. Wong (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(2). Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 655 pp. SSC Conifer Specialist Group. Podocarpus annamiensis. In Oldfield, S., C. Lusty and A. MacKiven. 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK. 650pp Page 112 of 150

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Additional web references [1]. http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html. Conifers of Vietnam. Downloaded 8 August 2006.

90. Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz Leguminosae Papilionoideae Common names Narra (Trade name). Thailand : pradu (general), praduban (central), sano (Malay, peninsular). Vietnam: gi[as]ng h[uw][ow]ng (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Myanmar: maichitawk, maipitawk, Myanmar rosewood, padauk, padok, thitpadauk. (Kress et al., 2003). Synonym Pterocarpus cambodianus, Pterocarpus glaucinus, Pterocarpus gracilis, Pterocarpus parvifolius, Pterocarpus pedatus (ILDIS, 2006) Habitat In Vietnam the species occurs in open semideciduous dipterocarp forest on welldrained soils. Population status and trends Cambodia: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). India: Occurrence reported in Tripura, West Bengal (ILDIS, 2006). Laos: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Myanmar: Occurrence reported in Bago, Mandalay, Sagaing, Shan and Taninthayi (Kress et al., 2003). Puerto Rico: Occurrence reported, introduced (ILDIS, 2006). Thailand: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). USA: Occurrence reported, introduced (ILDIS, 2006). Vietnam: Occurrence reported, native (ILDIS, 2006). Role of species in the ecosystem No information. Threats No information. Utilisation Classified as a first class timber in Vietnam, used in construction, cabinetwork, furniture and fine art articles. The resin is used as a red dye (Vũn, 1996). Trade Thailand exported 5.8 million kg of sawn Pterocarpus (P. indicus and P. macrocarpus) in 1990. Thailand also imports this timber, 11000 m 3 in 1990, mainly from Myanmar but also in small amounts from Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994). Myanmar exported 37000 m 3 of logs at an average price of 429$/m 3 and 1000 m 3 of sawnwood at an average price of 237$/m 3 in 1995. In 1995 Thailand exported 5000 m 3 of sawnwood at an average price of 1761$/m 3 (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994) Export of Pterocarpus macrocarpus (ITTO, 19972004) Year

Trade

1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Log Sawnwood Log

Country Cambodia Myanmar

Volume m3 7359 2391 2000 30330 3000 52480 1548 1626 2568 29793 10295 Page 113 of 150

Average Price US$/m3 510 1012 1020 85 1561 53 47 47 111 90 139

DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org 2003 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 1996 1997 1996 1997 1997

Sawnwood

Log Thailand Sawnwood

1214 990 2000 3004 2726 6441 3980 26000 42000 3000 2000 4000

184 199 740 92 89 89 645 281 75 1776 1234 328

Conservation status IUCN Conservation category (ver 2.3, 1994): DD (WCMC, 1997). Conservation measures No information. Forest management and silviculture No information. References Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August, 1997. ILDIS International Legume Database & Information Service. http://www.ildis.org.. Downloaded on 15 March 2006. ITTO. 20032004. Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation. http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199. Downloaded on 1 st January 2006. Kress, W. J., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, and Daw Yin Yin Kyi. 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar (Revised from the original works by J. H. Lace and H. G. Hundley). Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium 45: 590 pp. Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds.). 1994. Plant Resources of SouthEast Asia 5(1). Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers. 610 pp. Vũn, V.D. (ed.). 1996. Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi. 788 pp. WCMC. 1997. Report of the Third Regional Workshop, held at Hanoi, Vietnam, 1821 August 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project. Unpublished.

91. Pterocarpus santalinus Leguminosae Papilionoideae Local names lalchandan, raktachand (Beng. & Hindi); ratanjali (Guj.); agaru, honne (Kan.); patrangam, tilaparnni (Mal.); atti, sivappu chandanam (Tam.); agarugandhamu, raktagandhamu (Tel.). Redsanders, Red Sandal Wood Distribution This species occurs mainly in the southern eastern Ghats states of Peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) and sporadically in other states (Anon., 1997). Habitat Found between 150 900 m altitude, this species is restricted to dry, hilly, often rocky, ground in dry deciduous forest and is sometimes found on wetter hillsides.

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DRAFT May 2007:For discussion at South East Asia workshop 2007 Please send comments and additional information to: harriet.gillett@unepwcmc.org Population Status and Trends The total range of this tree is