Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2017, Article ID 7185649, 39 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7185649
Review Article Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants as a Potential Source of Antituberculosis Agent Shuaibu Babaji Sanusi, Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar, Maryati Mohamed, Siti Fatimah Sabran, and Muhammad Murtala Mainasara Centre of Research for Sustainable Uses of Natural Resources (CoR-SUNR), Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar;
[email protected] Received 24 January 2017; Revised 23 April 2017; Accepted 18 May 2017; Published 3 July 2017 Academic Editor: Ghee T. Tan Copyright Β© 2017 Shuaibu Babaji Sanusi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Despite all of the control strategies, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of death globally and one-third of the worldβs population is infected with TB. The drugs used for TB treatment have drawbacks of causing adverse side effects and emergence of resistance strains. Plant-derived medicines have since been used in traditional medical system for the treatment of numerous ailments worldwide. There were nine major review publications on antimycobacteria from plants in the last 17 years. However, none is focused on Southeast Asian medicinal plants. Hence, this review is aimed at highlighting the medicinal plants of Southeast Asian origin evaluated for anti-TB. This review is based on literatures published in various electronic database. A total of 132 plants species representing 45 families and 107 genera were reviewed; 27 species representing 20.5% exhibited most significant in vitro anti-TB activity (crude extracts and/or bioactive compounds 0β100 πg/ml from 90% ethanolic extract [47]. Methanolic extract of whole plant exhibited inhibition against Asthma, pneumonia, fever Babadaton Whole plant: 80% methanol H37Rv at the MIC 1600 πg/ml in TEMA [48]. [49, 50].
Gilinggilingan
Akar saga
Not stated
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Southeast Asian medicinal plants screened for anti-TB.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm.
Aloaceae
Aloe vera L.
Alpinia purpurata K. Schum.
Liliaceae
Allium odorum L.
Zingiberaceae
Meliaceae
Aglaia erythrosperma Pannell
Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.
Family
Scientific name
Leaves: 80% methanol
The extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at the MIC 1600 πg/ml [48].
Leaves: 80% methanol
Rhizomes: methanol
At 100 πg/ml, the methanolic extract of rhizomes showed 80% inhibition against H37Rv [58].
Leave: methanol/compounds π½-sitosteryl-π½-D-galactoside (1), At 100 πg/ml, the methanolic extract of leaves showed 90% Luyang pula π½-sitosteryl-3-O-6σΈ -palmityl-π½-D- inhibition against H37 Rv. glucoside (2), kumatakenin (3) were All isolated compounds 1, 2, 3 showed MIC > 128 πg/ml [58]. isolated from the extract
Khaa, Lengkuas,
The crude chloroform, methanol, water extract of the rhizomes exhibited activity against H37Ra strain at MIC of 0.12, 1000, and 1000 πg/ml, respectively. The MIC value for the isolated compound (1) was 0.024 πg/ml [41].
The extract was active against H37Rv strain at MIC 1600 πg/ml [48]. The extract showed activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48].
Compounds 3, 4,7 showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC of 25 πg/ml which is better than compounds 1, 2, 6,8 with the MIC value of 50 πg/ml, while compound 5 showed weaker activity (MIC, >200 πg/ml) [51].
Rhizome: chloroform methanol water Compound 1σΈ acetoxychavicol acetate (1) was isolated from chloroform extract of rhizome
Lidah buaya Leaves: 80% methanol
Kucai
Fruits and leaves: 95%/cabraleadiol (1), cabraleahydroxylactone (2), ethyl eichlerianoate (3), eichlerialactone (4), aglinin A (5), cabralealactone (6), aglaialactone (7), flavagline (8) were isolated from the extract
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Common cold [59].
Cough [59].
TB, bronchitis, pain in chest, whooping cough, asthma, sore throat [54β57].
Asthma, bronchitis [53].
Asthma, cough [52].
Nil.
Traditional uses (references)
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Lamiaceae
Annonaceae
Annona muricata L.
Paku gajah
Marattiaceae
Leaves: 80% methanol
The extract exhibited activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 400 πg/ml [48].
Aerial part: hexane and EtOAc/pimaric acid (1), 9πΌ-13πΌChroomuay epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid 1, 2, 3 all showed anti-TB activity at MIC, 50 πg/ml [65]. (2), 15-hydrooxydehydroabietic acid (3) were isolated from the extract The extract at concentration of 5 mg/ml showed 82.1% Sirsak Leaves: aqueous inhibition against H37Rv and 50.0% against MDR strain [62].
Hempedu Bumi
Acanthaceae
Anisochilus harmandii Doan ex Suddee & A. J. Paton
Bayam
Dita
Leaves: methanol/19,20E-vallesamine (1), a mixture of angustilobine B N4 -oxide Only 4 exhibited activity at MIC of 100 πg/ml, against, while all (2), N4 -methyl angustilobine B (3), other compounds like 1, 2, 3, 5,6 showed activity with 20S-tubotaiwine (4), >128 πg/ml [60]. 6,7-seco-angustilobine B (5), (+)-manilamine (6) were obtained from the extract Methanolic extract of whole plant exhibited inhibition against Whole plant: 80% methanol H37Rv strain at the MIC 1600 πg/ml in TEMA [48]. At 5 mg/ml the extract exhibited 100.0% inhibition against Herbs: aqueous H37Rv and 93.7% against MDR strain [62].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Amaranthaceae
Apocynaceae
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Brown
Amaranthus tricolor L. Andrographis paniculata Nees Angiopteris evecta (J. R. Forst.) Hoffm.
Family
Scientific name
Table 1: Continued.
Asthma, cough [66, 67].
Nil.
Cough, fever [64].
Leprosy, sore throat [63].
Cough [61].
Fever [60].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Moraceae
Oxalidaceae
Artocarpus rigidus subsp. Rigidus
Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Annonaceae
Anomianthus dulcis (Dunal) J. Sinclair
Moraceae
Annonaceae
Annona reticulata L.
Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.
Family
Scientific name
Belimbing masam
Tampang
Ma-Haad
Num Wua
Kantaloht (peurak)
Fruits, leaves: 80% methanol
Stem bark: 80% ethanol, dichloromethane and water/(2S)-5hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavanone (1), 9-methoxyliriodenine (4), Liriodenine (5) were isolated from the extract Roots: dichloromethane/Lakoochins A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the extract Root bark: flavonoid 7-demethylartonol E (1), chromone artorigidusin (2), xanthone artonol B (3), flavonoid artonin F (4), flavonoid cycloartobiloxanthone (5), xanthone artoindonesianin C (6), all isolated from n-hexane, chloroform, methanol extracts
90% ethanol
Asthma, cough [73].
Sore throat [71].
Fever [69].
Cough, high fever [44, 68].
Traditional uses (references)
The methanol extracts of both fruit and leaves exhibited Whooping cough and fever inhibition against H37Rv at the MIC 1600 πg/ml in TEMA [48]. [74].
All the isolated compounds showed activity again H37Ra in MABA with compound 4 being the most active compound (MIC 6.25 πg/ml). This was followed by compounds 2 and 6 (MIC 12.5 πg/ml) and compounds 5, 1,3 with the MIC of 25, 50, 100 πg/ml, respectively [72].
Compound 1 and 2 showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MICs of 12.5 and 50 πg/ml, respectively [70].
Compounds (5), (1), (4) demonstrated anti-TB activity against H37Ra using MABA with the MIC values of 100, 200, 200 πg/ml, respectively [69].
The crude extract exhibited activity at the MIC of 49.17 πg/ml against H37Rv [44].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Family
Acanthaceae
Asteraceae
Zingiberaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Scientific name
Barleria lupulina Lindl.
Blumea balsamifera DC.
Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr.
Camchaya calcarea Kitamura
Capsicum annum L. Cili
Krachai
Sembung utan
Sa-letpangpon
Fruit: 80% methanol
Whole plant: dichloromethane/goyazensolides (1), lychnophorolides A (2), centratherin or lychnophorolides B (3), isogoyazensolides (4), isocentratherin (5), 5-epiisogoyazensolides (7), 5-epi-isocentratherin (8), 1(10),E,4Z,11(13)-germacratriene12,6-olide-15-oic acid (9), caffeic acid methyl ester (10) were isolated from the extract
Rhizome: chloroform methanol water
Not stated
Stem: chloroform methanol water
Leaves: chloroform methanol water
The extract showed activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48].
Compound 4 was the most active against H37Ra strain with MIC value of 1.5 πg/ml, followed by compounds 1, 2, 5, 7,8 with the same MIC value of 3.1 πg/ml. Compounds 3, 9,10 showed less activities with the MIC values of 6.2, 50, and 25 πg/ml, respectively [79].
Chloroform, methanol, water extract of leaves all exhibited activity against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 1000 πg/ml. Chloroform extract of stem exhibited inhibition at MIC of 500 πg/ml against H37Ra strain while methanol and water extract showed activities at 1000 πg/ml [41]. At 500 πg/ml, the extract exhibited 96.0 and 82.0% inhibition against H37Rv and MDR, respectively, in LRP assay [38]. Both methanol and water extracts of rhizome exhibited inhibitory activity in MABA against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 62.5 πg/ml, while chloroform extract showed activity at 1000 πg/ml MIC [41].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Cough, anorexia, asthma, sore throat [80].
Nil.
Cough [78].
Cough [77].
Cough, fever [75, 76].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Apiaceae
Meliaceae
Asteraceae
Chisocheton penduliflorus Planch. ex Hiern
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Agonoi
Pegaga
Kabu
Bombacaceae
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Kemunting cina
Kruai pa
Wood and leaves: 95% methanol/cabraleadiol (1), allo-aromadendrane-10π½, 14-diol (2), allo-aromadendrane-10πΌ, 14-diol (3) eichlerialactone (4), cabraleahydroxylactone (5), cabralealactone (6), allo-aromadendrane-10π½,13,14-triol (7) were isolated from the extract Flowers: isosakuranetin (1), 4σΈ hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavanone (2), acacetin (3), luteolin (4), all isolated from chloroform extract
Herbs: aqueous
Whole plant: 80% methanol
Fruit: 80% methanol
Leaves: 80% methanol
Nil.
Cough [87].
The compounds isolated exhibited activities against H37Ra at different MIC values (πg/ml) 174.8 (1), 606.0 (2), 704.2 (3), 699.3 (4) [86].
TB, leprosy, asthma [84].
Bronchitis, fever [83].
Asthma, TB [82].
Fever [81].
Traditional uses (references)
Compound 4 showed good anti-TB activity against H37Ra with the MIC value of 25 πg/ml, better than 1, 2, 5, 6,7 with the MICs of 50 πg/ml, while compound 3 showed weaker activity (MIC, 100 πg/ml) [85].
The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. The extract showed activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. 78.5 and 50.0% inhibition were observed at 5 mg/ml concentration against H37Rv and MDR, respectively [62].
The extract was active against H37Rv at MIC 1600 πg/ml [48].
Stem bark: hexane and dichloromethane/bioactive compounds, Caseargrewiin A (1), Caseargrewiin B (2), Caseargrewiin C (3), Caseargrewiin D (4), rel(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6-methoxy- 1, 2, 4, 5,6 all exhibited good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with MICs of 12.5 πg/ml while 3 showed moderate activity 2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)clerodawith MIC of 25 πg/ml [81]. 3,13(16),14-triene (5) and rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)18,19-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6hydroxy-2-(2methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda3,13(16),14-triene (6) were isolated from the extract
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Apocynaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia grewiifolia Vent.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
Family
Scientific name
Table 1: Continued.
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Clausena guillauminii Tanaka Clausena harmandiana (Pierre) Guillaumin
Clausena excavate Burm. f.
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus microcarpa Bunge
Scientific name
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Song Fa
Sun Soak
Limau kasturi Leaves: 80% methanol
Rutaceae
Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
Dentatin (1), nordentatin (2), clausenidin (3), O-methylated clausenidin (4), 3-formylcarbazole (5), mukonal (6), 3-methoxycarbonylcarbazole (7), 2-hydroxy-formyl-7methoxycarbazole (8), clauszoline (9); compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 8,9 where isolated from the chloroform extract of rhizomes; compound 3 was isolated from crude hexane extract of rhizome. Methylation of compound 3 gave rise to compound 4; compound 10 was isolated from crude chloroform extract of the root Roots: acetone/fluroclausine A (1) and heptazoline (2) were obtained from the extract
Limau nipis Not stated
TB [92].
Cough [94].
Cough [94].
Using the green fluorescent protein microplate assay (GFPMA), both 1 and 2 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the same IC50 value of 25 πg/ml [93]. MICs of 83.1 to >100 πg/ml were observed when 90% ethanolic extract of fruits and flowers was tested against H37Rv in MABA [47].
Cough [90].
Traditional uses (references) Sore throats, bronchitis, asthma [88, 89].
Compounds 1, 4,7, isolated, were more active against H37Ra with MIC of 50 πg/ml; this is followed by 2, 5, 8,9 with MIC of 100 πg/ml, while compounds 3 and 6 are with MIC of 200 πg/ml [91].
In LRP assay, extract at 500 πg/ml showed 98.0% inhibition against H37Rv strain and 36.0% against MDR strain [38]. The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml in TEMA [48].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Rutaceae
Family
Table 1: Continued.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Leguminosae
Cucurbitaceae
Clitoria ternatea L.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Boraginaceae
Costaceae
Cordia globifera W. W. Smith
Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.
Combretaceae
Colocasieae
Lamiaceae
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze
Coleus atropurpureus L. Benth Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Combretum griffithii Van Heurck & M¨ull. Arg.
Family
Scientific name Flowers: 80% methanol
The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48].
Cough, asthma [95].
Traditional uses (references)
Bunga kelentik
Whole plant: 80% methanol
At MIC = 1600 πg/ml, the extract showed anti-TB activity Asthma, leprosy, TB [96]. against H37Rv strain [48]. In MABA, chloroform, methanol, water extract of leaves all Phak Asthma, cough, bronchitis Leaves: chloroform methanol water exhibited activity against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 1000 πg/ml tamlueng [97, 98]. [41]. σΈ σΈ Compound 2 ,5 -dimethyl The isolate was active against H37Rv strain at the MIC of Bronchitis, TB [99]. Piladang benzopelargonolactone was isolated 200 πg/ml [99]. from the chloroform fraction of leaf The methanol extract of leaves showed activity against H37Rv Asthma, coughing with Keladi cina Leaf: 80% methanol strain with the MIC value 1600 πg/ml [48]. sputum [100]. Stem: methanol/1-(2-hydroxy-41 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3Khamin Coughing, leprosy [102]. of 3.13 πg/mL [101]. methoxyphenyl)propane (1) were khruea isolated from the extract Root: dichloromethane/Globiferin (1), cordiachrome B (2), Compounds 1, 2,3 displayed good activity (MIC, 6.2, 12.5, cordiachrome C (3), cordiaquinol C 1.5 πg/ml resp.) using MABA against H37 Ra, followed by 5, 6,7 Sak Hin Cough [104]. (4), alliodorin (5), elaeagin (6), (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml) and then 4 with MIC of 25 πg/ml [103]. cordiachromene (7) were isolated from the extract The methanol extract of Stem and flowers exhibited anti-TB Setawar halia Stem and flowers: 80% methanol Asthma, bronchitis [105]. activity against H37Rv strain with the MIC value 800 πg/ml [48].
Bunga pagoda
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Zingiberaceae
Scientific name
Croton kongensis Gagnep.
Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.
Leaves: crude dichloromethane extract. ent-8,9-seco-7πΌ,11π½-diacetoxykaura8(14),16-dien-9,15-dione (1), ent-8,9-seco-8,14-epoxy-7πΌhydroxy-11π½-acetoxy-16-kauren9,15-dione (2), ent-8,9-seco-7πΌ-hydroxy-11π½acetoxykaura-8(14),16-dien-9,15dione (3), all were isolated from dichloromethane extract of leaves Whole plants, leaves: ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, Plao Ngeon, n-Hexane/ent-1π½,7πΌ,14π½Kh sΛam bc triacetoxykaur-16-en-15-one (1), bα» ent-7πΌ,18-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15one (2), ent-16(S)-18-acetoxy-7πΌhydroxykaur-15-one (3), ent-18-acetoxy-7πΌ-hydroxykaur-16en-15-one (4), ent-1π½,14π½-diacetoxy-7πΌhydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (5), ent-1π½-acetoxy-7πΌ,14π½dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (6), ent-7πΌ,14π½-dihydroxykaur-16-en15-one (7) were all isolated from ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene extract of whole plants and leaves Waan Rhizomes: water/essential oil mahaamek Using GFPMA, essential oil showed weaker anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with 2500 πg/ml MIC value [109].
The activities against H37Ra strain were observed at the MIC of 25β50, >50, 6.25β12.5, 12.5β25 πg/ml from ethanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, n-Hexane crude extracts of whole plants and leave using microtiter resazurin assay. Isolated compound 1 exhibited the highest activity with MIC values of 0.78, 1.56, 3.12β12.5 πg/ml against H37Ra, H37Rv, other resistant strains of M. tb screened. Both compounds 2 and 3 exhibited MIC at 1.56 πg/ml. Compounds 4, 5, 6,7 on the other hand showed MIC value 3.12β6.25 against H37Ra and H37Rv and other resistant strains of M. tb [108].
Dichloromethane crude extract exhibited activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value 12.5 πg/ml in MABA. The isolated compounds 2 and 3 showed better activity with the MIC value 6.25 πg/ml than compound 1 with 25.0 πg/ml MIC [106].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Dyspepsia [109].
Leprosy, weight loss [107].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Family
Leguminosae
Annonaceae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Scientific name
Dalbergia parviflora Roxb.
Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum (Blume) I. M. Turner
Dendrolobium lanceolatum (Dunn) Schindl.
Derris indica L
KradukKhiat
Buu ngong
Sak Kee
Stem: hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol/Flavanone (1), dalparvone (2), dalparvinene (6) were isolated from the extract Leaves: ethyl acetate/3π½-hydroxy-21-O-acetyl-24methylenecycloartane (1) was obtained from the extract Root: hexane and dichloromethane/Flavanones 1 (1), flavanones (2), flavan (3), dibenzocycloheptene derivative (4), 4σΈ -hydroxy-7,8-(2σΈ σΈ ,2σΈ σΈ dimethylpyran)flavan (5) isolated from the extract. Root and stem: dichloromethane extract/3-methoxy-(3σΈ σΈ ,4σΈ σΈ -dihydro3σΈ σΈ ,4σΈ σΈ -diacetoxy)-2σΈ σΈ ,2σΈ σΈ dimethylpyrano-(7,8:5σΈ σΈ ,6σΈ σΈ )-flavone (1), 2σΈ -methoxy-4σΈ ,5σΈ methylenedioxyfurano [7,8:4σΈ σΈ ,5σΈ σΈ ]-flavone (2), 8,4σΈ -dimethoxy-7-O-πΎ,πΎdimethylally-lisoflavone (3), 3,4-methylenedioxy-10-methoxy-7oxo[2]benzopyrano[4,3b]benzopyran (4), desmethoxy kanugin (5), karanjin (6), lacheolatin B (7), pongachromene (8), 3,7-dimethoxyflavone (9), pachycarin D (10), maackiain (11), medicarpin (12) karanjachromene (13), pinnatin (14) isolated from this extract
Nil.
Nil.
Bronchitis and whooping cough [23].
Compound 1 exhibited highest activity against H37Ra strain with MIC of 6.3 πg/ml, followed by 2 (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml) and then 3 and 5 with MICs of 25 πg/ml [112].
4, 13,14 (6.25, 12.5, 12.5 πg/ml, resp.) showed stronger activity compared to 1, 5, 7, 9, 10 (25, 50, 50, 50, 50 πg/ml resp.) that showed moderate activity, with 3, 8, 10,12 (100, 100, 200, 100 πg/ml resp.) showing weaker activity against H37Ra strain using MABA [113].
Expectorant [110].
Traditional uses (references)
Compound 1 displayed activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value of 50 πg/ml [111].
Using GFPMA, compound 1 exhibited good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC of 12.5 πg/ml, while compounds 2 and 6 showed activity with the MICs of 50 πg/ml [110].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Kra-meng
Tako Na
Ebenaceae
Asteraceae
Kluai ruesi
Nom ngua
Chan
Nil.
Compound 2 exhibited good (MIC = 6.25 πg/ml) anti-TB activity against H37Ra, followed by compound 4 (MIC = 50 πg/ml). Compounds 1 and 3 showed weak activity (MICs β₯ 200 πg/ml) [115].
Asthma and TB [117].
Nil.
Nil.
Fever [114].
Traditional uses (references)
1 and 2 exhibited moderate to weak anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with MIC of 25 and 200 πg/ml, respectively [114].
Diospyrin isolated showed activity against H37Ra in MABA with the MIC of 6.25 πg/ml [116]. Betulinaldehyde exhibited inhibitory activity in microbroth dilution assay against H37Ra with the MIC of 25 πg/ml [116]. Water, chloroform, methanol extracts of whole plant exhibited Whole plant: chloroform methanol inhibition in MABA against H37Ra strain at the MICs of 62.5, water 125, 1000 πg/ml respectively [41].
Betulinic acid (1) and 2-oxo-3π½,19πΌdihydroxy-24-nor-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2) Fruits: dichloromethane/palmarumycins JC1 (1), palmarumycins JC2 (2), isodiospyrin (3), isodiospyrol A (4) were isolated from the extract Diospyrin, isolated from dichloromethane extract of wood Betulinaldehyde, obtained from dichloromethane extract of wood
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G. Don
Diospyros glandulosa Lace Diospyros rhodocalyx Kurz
Ebenaceae
Family
Diospyros decandra Lour.
Scientific name
Table 1: Continued.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Leguminosae
Zingiberaceae
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm.
Fabaceae
Leguminosae
Family
Erythrina subumbrans Merr.
Erythrina fusca Lour.
Eriosema chinense Vogel
Scientific name
All compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra with the MICs of 12.5 πg/ml [122].
Nil.
Cough [122].
Antibacterial [120].
Compounds 1, 2, 3,4 demonstrated anti-TB activity against H37Ra with MICs of 100, 50, 50, 25 πg/ml, respectively [119].
Compound 1 showed activity against H37Ra strain with 50 πg/ml MIC value [121].
Nil.
Traditional uses (references)
Crude hexane extract showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value of 50 πg/ml using MABA. Compounds 10, 11, 12,13 demonstrated good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the same MIC value of 12.5 πg/ml. Compounds 1, 8,9 exhibited moderate activity with the same MIC value of 25 πg/ml. Compounds 2 and 6 showed activity at MIC values of 50 and 100 πg/ml, respectively [118].
At 100 πg/ml, the methanolic extract of rhizomes showed 86% Rhizomes: methanol/Stigmasterol inhibition against H37Rv. Bunga kantan (1) and π½-sitosterol (2) were isolated The isolated compounds 1 and 2 exhibited MIC > 128 πg/ml from the extract [58].
Roots: hexane, dichloromethane, methanol/Khonklonginol A (1), B (2), F (6), H (8), lupinifolinol (9), Toon dehydrolupinifolinol (10), flemichin Khonklong D (11), eriosemaone A (12), lupinifolin (13) were obtained from the extract Stem bark: hexane and ethyl acetate/sandwicensin (1), Thong long erythrisenegalone (2), lonchocarpol A (3), lupinifolin (4) were isolated from the extract Bark: n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol/1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (1) was isolated from the extract Stem: n-hexane and dichloromethane/erystagallin A (1), erycristagallin (2), 5-hydroxysophoranone (3), erysubin F (4) were isolated from the extract
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Fabaceae
Annonaceae
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W. T. Aiton
Friesodielsia discolor (Craib) D. Das
Clusiacea
Moraceae
Ficus carica L.
Garcinia mangostana L.
Rutaceae
(Bignoniaceae)
Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. Ex G. Don) Steenis
Feroniella lucida Swingle
Zingiberaceae
Family
Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Sm.
Scientific name
Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
Mangkhud
Serengan
Ara
Leave: dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/3σΈ -formyl-2σΈ ,4σΈ -dihydroxy6σΈ -methoxychalcone (1) was isolated from the extract Fruits: πΌ-mangostin (1), π½-mangostin (2), πΎ-mangostin (3), garcinone D (4), mangostenol (5), garcinone B (6), mangostanin (7), mangostanol (8), mangostenone A (9), tovophyllin B (10), demethylcalabaxanthone (11), trapezifolixanthone (12), mangostinone (13) all isolated from chloroform, methanol extract
Leaves: 80% methanol
Leaves: 80% methanol
90% ethanol Sung (mak)/kohk Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol sung
Khae Pa
Rhizomes: dichloromethane/(E)((E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allyl)3(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate (1) was isolated from the crude extract
Compounds isolated showed activities against H37Ra in microbroth dilution at different MIC values (πg/ml) 6.25 (1), 6.25 (2), 25 (3), 25 (4), 100 (5), 6.25 (6), 25 (7), 200 (8), 25 (9) 25 (10), 12.5 (11), 12.5 (12), 200 (13) [129].
Compound 1 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with 6.25 πg/ml MIC value [128].
At MIC = 1600 πg/ml, the extract showed anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain [48].
The extract showed inhibition against H37Rv at MIC value 91.54 πg/ml in MABA [44]. In MABA, 90% ethanolic extract of fruits and flowers exhibited activity against H37Rv strain with MIC ranging from 90.4 to >100 πg/ml [44]. There was anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at 1600 πg/ml [48].
In microbroth dilution assay, the extract exhibited inhibition at MIC of 79.7 to >100 πg/ml [47].
Compound 1 demonstrated anti-TB activity with the MIC value of 50.00 πg/ml [123].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Fever [130].
Nil.
TB [127].
Asthma, cough [126].
Cough, TB [44, 125].
Skin diseases [124].
Fever and cough [123].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. Gynura pseudochina (L.) D.C. var. hispida Thv. Haplophragma adenophyllum (Wall. ex G. Don) Dop
Goniothalamus laoticus (Finet & Gagnep.) BΛan
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Goniothalamus gitingensis Elmer
Scientific name
Bignoniaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Rutaceae
Family
In microbroth dilution, the isolated compound 4 showed the best activity against H37Ra with MIC of 12.5 πg/ml, followed by compounds 2 and 3 both with the MIC of 6.25 πg/ml, and then compound 1 with 100 πg/ml [133].
1 showed anti-TB with the MIC of 16 πg/ml [132].
The 90% ethanol extracts of fruits and flowers exhibited activities against H37Rv strain with the MIC of 93.5 to >100 πg/ml in MABA [47].
Cold [134].
Nil.
Cough [131].
Traditional uses (references)
Kay pa
90% ethanol
In MABA, the MIC of 83.25 πg/ml was observed against H37Rv [44].
Cough [44].
The essential oil showed inhibitory effect against H37Ra strain Bronchitis and pulmonary with the MIC value of 50 πg/ml [135]. TB [135]. At the MIC of 200 πg/ml, chloroform extract of whole plant Asthma, fever, AIDS Waan Whole plant: chloroform methanol exhibited activity against H37Ra strain while both methanol and [136, 137]. water extracts exhibited activity at 1000 πg/ml MIC, respectively Mahaakaan water [41].
Leaves/Liriodenine (1) was isolated from the extract Flowers: goniotriol (1), (+)-altholactone (2), howiininA (3) Khao-Lam- and an aporphine alkaloid; (β)-nordicentrine (4), all isolated dong from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts Leaves: hexane, dichloromethane, methanol/essential oil
Xom Xeuan Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Lamiaceae
Oleaceae
Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton
Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae
Boraginaceae
Zingiberaceae
Family
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Hymenocardia wallichii Tul
Heliotropium indicum Linn. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
Scientific name
Melor
Maeng luk kha
Bunga raya
Leaves: 80% methanol
Stem: dichloromethane, methanol, hexane/Squalene were isolated from the extract Whole plant: hexane, chloroform and methanol/8πΌ,9πΌ-epoxysuaveolic acid (2), suaveolic acid (4), suaveolol (5) were isolated from the extract
Leaves: 80% methanol
Yaa Nguang Leaves: water Chaang
Fever and respiratory tract infections [143].
Cough, Leprosy [144].
At MIC = 1600 πg/ml, the crude extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain [48].
Nil.
Cough, leprosy, bronchial catarrh [141].
Compounds 2, 4, 5 displayed weak anti-TB activities (MIC 100β200 πg/ml) against H37Ra strain using MABA [143].
Squalene displayed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC value of 100 πg/ml [142].
The crude extract showed activity against H37Ra strain using MABA with the MIC of 20.8 πg/ml [140]. The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48].
Asthma [140].
Bronchitis [139].
Rhizomes: n-hexane and dichloromethane/Coronarin E (1) and 16-Hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13trien-15,16-olide (7) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 1 and 7 exhibited good anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain using GFPMA with the MIC value of 12.5 and 6. 25 πg/ml, respectively [138].
Traditional uses (references)
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Zingiberaceae
Verbenaceae
Sapindaceae
Kaempferia marginata Carey
Lantana camara L.
Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Mertajam
Leaves: 80% methanol
Not stated
Kembang telek
Not stated
Tup mup
Kencur
Zingiberaceae
In broth microdilution assay, the extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at 1600 πg/ml [48].
At 500 πg/ml, the extract exhibited 94.0 and 79.0% inhibition against H37Rv and MDR, respectively, in LRP assay [38].
Compounds sandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol and 2πΌ-acetoxysandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol exhibited ant-TB activity against H37Ra strain with the MIC values of 25 and 50 πg/ml, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 6, sandaracopimaradien-1πΌ,2πΌ-diol were less active (MICs of > 100 πg/ml) [150].
The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. In LRP assay, the extract at 500 πg/ml exhibited 69.0% inhibition against both H37Rv and MDR strain [38].
Caniojane exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain using MABA with 25 πg/ml MIC value [146].
Roots: dichloromethane and ethanol/caniojane were isolated from the extract Leaves: 80% methanol
The extract showed in vitro activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48].
Leaves: 80% methanol
Whole plant: dichloromethane and/(1R,2S,5S,9S,10S,11R,13R)-1,2,11trihydroxy-pimara-8(14),15-diene (2), (1S,5S,7R,9R,10S,11R,13R)-1,7,11-trihydroxypimara-8(14),15-diene (3), (1R,2S,5S,7S,9R,10S,13R)-1,2dihydroxypimara-8(14),15diene-7-one (6), sandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol,2πΌacetoxysandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol, sandaracopimaradien-1πΌ,2πΌ-diol were isolated from the extract
Urat sugi
Euphorbiaceae
Jatropha integerrima Jacq.
Jarak
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Acanthaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Jatropha curcas L.
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Kaempferia galangal L.
Family
Scientific name
Table 1: Continued.
TB [153].
TB, leprosy, asthma [151, 152].
Fever [150].
Asthma, cough [149].
Respiratory disorders [148].
Styptic [147].
Leprosy [145].
Traditional uses (references)
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Morinda citrifolia Linn.
Momordica charantia L.
Rubiaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Noni
Ampalaya
Leaves: ethanol/2,4-bis(2phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol (1) isolated from the extract Leaves: ethanol and hexane/(E)-phytol (1), cycloartenol (2), stigmasta-4-en-3-one (3), stigmasta-4-22-dien-3-one (4), π½-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), campesta-6,22-dien-5πΌ,8πΌepidioxy-3π½-ol (7) were isolated from the extract
Sa Mat Khao Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
At 100 πg/ml, the crude extract of ethanol and hexane fractions displayed 89 and 95% inhibition, respectively, against H37Rv strain. 2 : 1 mixture of compounds 3 and 4 exhibited good activity (MIC = 2 πg/ml) against H37Rv strain followed by 7 (MIC = 2.5 πg/ml) and then 1 and 6 (MICs = 32 πg/ml). Compound 2 and 5 were less active with MIC values of 64 and 128 πg/ml, respectively [159].
Respiratory infection [159].
Leprosy [158].
Cough, fever [156].
The activity against H37Rv strain in MABA was observed at the MIC of 45.7 to >100 πg/ml from 90% ethanolic extract [47]. Compound 1 exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain MIC value of 14 πg/ml using MABA [157].
Nil.
Expectorant [155].
TB [48].
Traditional uses (references)
The extract of fruits and flowers exhibited activities at MIC ranging between 0.05 and 11.9 πg/ml in MABA against H37Rv [47].
Both compounds 1 and 2 showed activities against H37Ra in MABA at the MIC = 200 πg/ml [154].
Flavones nevadensin (1) and isothymusin (2), all were isolated from chloroform extract of aerial part
Rutaceae
Prod Ka yaeng
In TEMA, the extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at 1600 πg/ml [48].
Leaves: 80% methanol
Tin Tang Tia Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
Scrophulariaceae
Limnophila geoffrayi Bonati
Palas tikus
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Annonaceae
Arecaceae
Licuala spinosa Thunb.
Marsypopetalum modestum (Pierre) B. Xue Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn.
Family
Scientific name
Table 1: Continued.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Rutaceae
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.
Euphorbiaceae
Passifloraceae
Lamiaceae
Moraceae
Morus alba L.
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Passiflora foetida L.
Family
Scientific name Merbatu
Leaves and fruit: 80% methanol
In broth microdilution assay, the extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain at 1600 πg/ml [48]. Chloroform extract of leaves at the MIC of 250 πg/ml showed Kaeo Leaves: chloroform methanol water activity against H37Ra strain while both methanol and water extracts exhibited activity at 1000 πg/ml MIC, respectively [41]. Misai Leaves: hexane, chloroform, ethyl The hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves Kuching acetate exhibited activity with the MICs of 25.00, 3.12, 6.25 πg/ml [164]. Letup-letup Whole plant: 80% methanol There was inhibition against H37Rv at MIC = 1600 πg/ml [48]. Leaves: methanol, water, hexane/1πΌ,13π½,14πΌ-trihydroxy3π½,7π½-dibenzoyloxy-9π½,15π½diacetoxyjatropha-5,11E-diene (1), 1πΌ,7π½,13π½,14πΌ-tetrahydroxy-3π½benzoyloxy-9π½,15π½diacetoxyjatropha-5,11E-diene (2), 1πΌ,8π½,9π½,14πΌ,15π½-pentaacetoxy-3π½- Compound 1 showed stronger (12.5 πg/ml) activity compared to benzoyloxy-7-oxojatropha-5,12Sa yaek 2, 3, 4, and 5 (100, 50, 100, and 50 πg/ml resp.) against H37Ra in diene (3), MABA [167]. 7,8π½,9π½,14πΌ,15π½-pentaacetoxy-3π½benzoyloxy-1πΌ,5π½dihydroxyjatropha-6(7),12-diene (4), 1πΌ,7,8π½,9π½,14πΌ,15π½hexaacetoxy-3π½-benzoyloxy-5π½hydroxyjatropha-6(7),12-diene (5) were obtained from the extract
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Nil.
Cough [166].
Loss of weigh [165].
Cough, asthma, expectorant [161β163].
Cough [160].
Traditional uses (references)
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Piperaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels
Piper betle L.
Phytolaccaceae
Family
Petiveria alliacea L.
Scientific name
Plu, Daun sirih
Cermai
Singawalang
Leaves:chloroform methanol water
Leaves: 80% methanol
Not stated
96% ethanol: leaves
The ethanolic extract of leaves exhibited activity against drug sensitive and resistant strains of H37Rv at the MIC of 1280 πg/ml [168]. At 500 πg/ml, the extract exhibited 98.0 and 76.0% inhibition against H37Rv and MDR, respectively, in LRP assay [38]. The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC = 1600 πg/ml [48]. Chloroform extract of leaves was more active against H37Ra strain with MIC value 62.5 πg/ml than the methanol and water extract both with activity at MIC of 1000 πg/ml [41].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Asthma, leprosy cough, dyspnea, bronchitis [171β173].
Cough [170].
Antibacterial [169].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Piperaceae
Araceae
Piper nigrum L.
Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
Pistia stratiotes L.
Family
Piper chaba Hunter
Scientific name Fruit: chloroform, methanol, water; compound Piperine (1) was isolated from chloroform crude extract of fruit Stem: n-hexane/chabamide (1) was isolated from the extract
Inhibition against H37Ra strain was observed at MIC (πg/ml) of 16, 25, 1000 with respect to the chloroform, methanol, water extract of fruit in MABA. Compound 1 isolated exhibited Dee plee activity at MIC of 50 πg/ml [41]. Compound 1 exhibited anti-TB activity with the MIC value of 12.5 πg/ml against H37Ra strain [175]. The extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain at Fruit: 80% methanol the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. Lada hitam Ethyl acetate, n-hexane, water extract fraction of leaves Leaves: ethyl acetate n-hexane water exhibited inhibition against H37Rv strain using TEMA at the MIC values of 25, 50, 100 πg/ml, respectively [176]. At the MIC = 800 πg/ml, the extract showed inhibition against Whole plant: 80% methanol H37Rv strain [48]. The methanol extract of leaves showed more activity against MTB (MIC 12.5 πg/ml) in TEMA than both petroleum ether Leaves: petroleum ether, and Chloroform extracts (MIC 25 πg/ml). The ethyl acetate and Chloroform, methanol chloroform fractions of methanol extract exhibited MICs at 3.12 πg/ml [179]. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited anti-TB activity MIC/MBC 12.5 πg/ml. Methanolic extract was Leaves: aqueous, ethanol Kadok, fractionated with ethyl acetate; the fraction of ethyl acetate Cha-plu exhibited anti-TB activity with MIC/MBC 3.12 πg/ml [180]. Fruits: hexane and methanol/pellitorine (1), Compounds 1 and 11 were more active (MICs = 25 πg/ml) guineensine (2), brachystamide B (3), sarmentine (4), brachyamide B against H37Ra strain followed by 2, 4, 5 (MICs = 50 πg/ml); then 3 and 8 showed weaker activities with the MIC values of (5), sarmentosine (8), 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1E- 100 and 200 πg/ml, respectively [181]. tetradecene (11) were isolated from the extract The inhibition against H37Rv was observed at the MIC of Water lettuce Whole plant: 80% methanol 1600 πg/ml [48].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Leprosy, TB [182].
Cough [178].
Asthma, bronchitis, TB, sore throat [176, 177].
Asthma [174].
Traditional uses (references)
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Annonaceae
Lamiaceae
Polyalthia debilis (Piere) Finet & ganep
Premna odorata Blanco
Annonaceae
Commelinaceae
Annonaceae
Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth. ex Bedd
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.
Asteraceae
Family
Pluchea indica (L.) Less.
Scientific name
Leaves: aqueous
In TEMA, the extracts of flowers and leaves showed inhibitory activities against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 800 πg/ml each [48]. The extract showed 100% inhibition against H37Rv and MDR at 5 mg/ml [62].
Root: hexane, EtOAc, MeOH/Bidebiline E (1), Isolated compounds 1, 2,3 showed anti-TB activity against octadeca-9,11,13-triynoic acid (2), Sai den H37Ra strain with MICs of 6.25 πg/ml [184]. πΌ-humulene (3) were isolated from the extract Compounds 1, 2, 3 showed moderate anti-TB activity against Root: methanol/Debilisone B (1), Kon Krok H37Ra strain with MIC values of 25.0, 12.5, 25.0 πg/ml, Debilisone C (2), Debilisone E (3) respectively [185]. Leaves: methanol and Crude methanolic extract showed inhibition against H37Rv dichloromethane/1-heneicosyl strain with >128 πg/ml MIC. Compound 1 showed good anti-TB Alagaw formate (1) was isolated from the activity (8 πg/ml) [187]. extract At 5 mg/ml, the extract exhibited 100% inhibition against H37Rv Nil Leaves: 80% methanol and MDR [62]. Fruits and flowers extract were active at MIC ranging between Khanthaloht Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol 43.9 and 75.2 πg/ml in MABA [47].
Beluntas
Flower Leaves: 80% methanol
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Nil.
TB, asthma [188].
TB [187].
TB [186].
Fever [184].
TB [183].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
Rubiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Selaginellaceae
Leguminosae
Solanaceae
Sapium indicum L.
Selaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir.) Hieron.
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.
Solanum spirale Roxb.
Family
Rothmannia wittii (Craib) Bremek.
Scientific name
Pak dit
Geti
Fruit: water
Root: methanol/isovestitol (1), medicarpin (2), sativan (3), betulinic acid (4)
Fruit: 80% methanol
Paka merak Whole plant: 80% methanol
Muk Mo
Bark and fruits: n-Hexane and ethyl acetate/A compound 6π½-hydroxy-10-O-acetylgenipin (1) was isolated from the extract Fruit: hexane/compounds 12-(2-N-methylaminobenzoyl)4π½,5,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-acetate (1), 12-(2-N-methylaminoben-zoyl)4πΌ,5,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-acetate (2), sapintoxin A (3), πΌ- saponine (4), sapintoxin C (5), 12-(2-N-methylaminobenzoyl)4πΌ,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol13-acetate (6) sapintoxin B (7), 12-(2σΈ -N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4πΌdeoxy-5,20-dihydroxyphorbol-13acetate (8), 12-(2-methylaminobenzoyl)-4deoxyphorbaldehyde-13-acetae (9) were isolated from extract
The extract exhibited inhibition against H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. The methanol crude extract exhibited anti-TB activity against H37Rv with MIC value of 625 πg/ml. Isolated compounds 1-3 exhibited MIC of 50 πg/ml while compound 4 showed activity at MIC of 100 πg/ml [193]. Essential oil extracted showed anti-TB activity against H37Ra strain with MIC value of 50 πg/ml [194].
Fevers and colds [194].
Sore throat [192].
Coughing and asthma [48].
Fever [191].
Compound 3 (MIC, 3.12 πg/ml) was the most active compound against H37 Ra using MABA, followed by 7 (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml) and then followed by 5, 8,9 (MIC, 25 πg/ml). Compound 1 showed moderate activity (MIC, 50 πg/ml) while 2, 4,6 showed weak activity (200, >200, >200 MIC, πg/ml, respectively) [190].
In in vitro assay, the extract showed activity against H37Rv at 1600 πg/ml MIC [48].
Fever [189].
Traditional uses (references)
Compound 1 displayed activity against H37 Ra using MABA with MIC value of 12.50 πg/ml [189].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Family
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Anacardiaceae
Apocynaceae
Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Scientific name
Solanum torvum Sw.
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray
Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz
Tabernaemontana coronaria (L.) Willd.
Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. F. & Thomson
Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib
Among the tested compounds, 12 and 14 were the two most active compounds against H37Ra strain with the MICs of 3.84 πM, followed by 13, with the MIC of 3.91 πM. Compounds 11 and 10 were active and moderately active with the MICs of 7.86 and 15.72 πM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 exhibited weak activity with MICs of 183.57, 168.71, 88.55, 83.79, 72.58, 38.30 πM, respectively [203].
Root: n-hexane, EtOAc, MeOH/Compounds trigonoreidon A (1), trigonoreidon B (2), trigonoreidon C (3), trigonostemon Lot Thanong C (7), spruceanol (8), trigonostemone (9), rediocide A (10), rediocide B (11), rediocide C (12), rediocide F (13), rediocide G (14) were isolated from the extract
Compounds 1, 2, 3,4 demonstrated anti-TB activity against MDR-MTB strains with the MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 6.2 πg/ml [199].
Roots: tiliacorinine (1), 2σΈ -nortiliacorinine (2), tiliacorine (3), 13σΈ -bromo-tiliacorinine (4) were isolated from the extract
In microbroth dilution assay, the extract exhibited inhibition at MIC of 2.43 to 96.2 πg/ml [47].
At the MIC of 800 πg/ml, the extract showed inhibition against H37Rv strain [48].
Leaves: 80% methanol
Kheuah Khao Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol Ho
Ya-nang
Jasmine
Loloh cemcem
Raan
Terung pipit Fruit: 80% methanol
There was inhibition at the MIC of 1600 πg/mL against H37Ra strain [48]. The chloroform, methanol, water extract of whole plant Whole plant: chloroform methanol exhibited inhibition in MABA, against H37Ra strain at the MIC water of 500, 1000, 1000 πg/ml, respectively [41]. The extracts were active against MDR strain of Chloroform, 80% ethanol. Lowenstein-Jensen medium with 100% inhibition at concentration of 100 mg/ml [198].
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Asthma [203].
Coughs, asthma leprosy [201, 202].
Fever [200].
TB [48].
Chronic cough [198].
TB, cough, sore throats [196, 197].
Cough [195].
Traditional uses (references)
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Verbenaceae
Apocynaceae
Uvaria rufa Blume
Uvaria valderramensis Cabuang, Exconde & Alejandro
Vitex trifolia L.
Voacanga globosa Merr.
Family
Uvaria microcarpa Champ. ex Benth.
Scientific name
Bayag-usa
Phi sua
Usog
Mak Phii Phouan, Susung kalabaw
The extract showed inhibition at MIC ranging from 43.2 to >100 πg/ml against H37Rv [47]. The activity against H37Rv strain was observed at the MIC Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol ranging from 33.1 to >100 πg/ml in MABA [47]. Methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol All three extracts showed inhibition in MIC value >128 πg/ml in MABA. Kaempferol (1), quercitrin (2) isolated from methanolic extract of Mixture of 1 and 2 exhibited activities against H37Rv with MIC of 64 πg/ml using microplate Alamar Blue assay [205]. leave Leaves: dichloromethane and Compound 1 showed better activity (10 πg/ml) while 2 and 3 methanol/valderramenols A (1), exhibited lesser activity (32 πg/ml) against H37Rv using MABA grandiuvarone (2), andreticuline (3) [206]. isolated from the extract The extract showed inhibition at MIC value of 8.02 πg/ml 90% ethanol against H37Rv [44]. In in vitro assays, 90% ethanolic fruit and flower extract Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol exhibited activity against H37Rv strain at the MIC ranging from 77.6 to >100 πg/ml [47]. 1 demonstrated potent anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain as Leaves: dichloromethane and demonstrated in MABA (MIC = 4 πg/ml) and low-oxygen methane/Globospiramine (1) was recovery assay (MIC = 5.2 πg/ml) [208]. isolated from the extract
Phii Phouan Fruits and flowers: 90% ethanol
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
TB [209].
Asthma, cough [44, 207].
TB [204].
Nil.
Traditional uses (references)
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Family
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
Scientific name
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill.
Traditional uses (references)
In TEMA, the extract of methanol showed inhibition against Rhizome: 80% methanol/6-shogaol H37Rv strain at the MIC of 1600 πg/ml [48]. At 100 πg/ml, the Cough, asthma [210]. Halia, Luya (1) and 6-gingerol (2) were isolated methanolic extract of rhizomes showed 61% inhibition against H37Rv. The isolated compound 2 (MIC 33 πg/ml) showed more from the extract activity than 1 (MIC 64 πg/ml) [58]. Leprosy, cough, asthma, In MABA, the chloroform, methanol, water extract of rhizome Rhizome: chloroform methanol chest pain, loss of appetite exhibited inhibition against H37Ra strain at the MIC of 125, Haeo dam water [211, 212]. 1000, 1000 πg/ml, respectively [41]. Root: mauritine M (1) and Isolated compounds exhibited activities against H37Ra at the Asthma, bronchitis Phut-sa nummularines H (2), all isolated MIC 72.8 πg/ml (1) and 4.5 πg/ml (2) [213]. [214, 215]. from ethanol extracts Root: hexane, ethyl acetate and Ziziphine N and Q showed weak anti-TB activity against H37Ra Asthma, fever [217]. methanol/Ziziphine N and Q were strain with the same MIC value of 200 πg/ml [216]. isolated from the extract
Local name Part used: extract/active compound Activity
Table 1: Continued.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
30 showing MIC values of 50 πg/ml) were obtained. 1σΈ Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. exhibited MIC value of 0.024 πg/ml. Pimaric acid, 9πΌ13πΌ-epidioxyabiet-8 (14)-en-18-oic acid, and 15-hydrooxydehydroabietic acid obtained from Anisochilus harmandii Doan ex Suddee & A. J. Paton all showed MIC value of 50 πg/ml. Lakoochins A and B isolated from Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. showed MICs of 12.5 and 50 πg/ml, respectively. Flavonoid artonin F, chromone artorigidusin, xanthone artoindonesianin C, flavonoid cycloartobiloxanthone, and flavonoid 7-demethylartonol E isolated from Artocarpus rigidus Wall. showed MIC values of 6.25, 12.5, 12.5, 25, and 50 πg/ml, respectively. Active compounds obtained from Camchaya calcarea Kitamura are isogoyazensolides (MIC, 1.5 πg/ml), goyazensolides, lychnophorolides A, isocentratherin, isogoyazensolides and 5-epi-isocentratherin (with the same MIC value of 3.1 πg/ml), lychnophorolides B, 1(10),E,4Z,11(13)-germacratriene-12,6-olide-15-oic acid, and caffeic acid methyl ester (MICs, 6.2, 50, and 25 πg/ml resp.). Caseargrewiin A, Caseargrewiin B, Caseargrewiin D, rel(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19-diacetoxy-18,19-epoxy-6methoxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16),14-triene, and rel-(2S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,18S,19R)-18,19-diacetoxy-18,19epoxy-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)cleroda-3,13(16), 14-triene (all showing MIC value of 12.5 πg/ml) and Caseargrewiin C (showing MIC of 25 πg/ml) were isolated from Casearia grewiifolia Vent. Cabraleadiol, allo-aromadendrane-10π½, 14-diol, cabraleahydroxylactone, cabralealactone, allo-aromadendrane-10π½, 13, 14-triol (all displaying MICs of 50 πg/ml), and eichlerialactone (MIC, 25 πg/ml) were obtained from Chisocheton penduliflorus Planch. ex Hiern. Fluroclausine A and heptazoline isolated from Clausena guillauminii Tanaka all showed MIC of 25 πg/ml. Dentatin, O-methylated clausenidin, and 3-methoxycarbonylcarbazole isolated from Clausena excavata Burm. f. all showed MIC value of 50 πg/ml. 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane isolated from Combretum griffithii Van Heurck & MΒ¨ull. Arg. showed MIC of 3.13 πg/ml. Globiferin, cordiachrome B, cordiachrome C (showing MICs of 6.2, 12.5, and 1.5 πg/ml resp.), alliodorin, elaeagin, cordiachromene (same MIC value of 12.5 πg/ml), and cordiaquinol C (MIC, 25 πg/ml) were isolated from Cordia globifera W. W. Smith. The bioactive compounds of Croton kongensis Gagnep., ent1π½,7πΌ,14π½-triacetoxykaur-16-en-15-one (MICs, 0.78, 1.56, and 3.12β12.5 πg/ml), ent-7πΌ,18-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one (MIC, 1.56 πg/ml), and ent-16(S)-18-acetoxy-7πΌ-hydroxykaur-15-one exhibited MIC of 1.56 πg/ml. Furthermore, ent18-acetoxy-7πΌ-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one, ent-1π½,14π½-diacetoxy-7πΌ-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one, ent-1π½-acetoxy-7πΌ,14 π½dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one, and ent-7πΌ,14π½-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one showed MIC values ranging from 3.12 to 6.25 πg/ml. Other active compounds isolated from Croton kongensis are ent-8,9-seco-8,14-epoxy-7πΌ-hydroxy-11π½-acetoxy-16-kauren-9,15-dione (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), ent-8,9-seco7πΌ-hydroxy-11π½-acetoxykaura-8(14),16-dien-9,15-dione (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), and ent-8,9-seco-7πΌ,11π½-diacetoxykaura-8(14), 16-dien-9,15-dione (MIC, 25.0 πg/ml). Flavanone, dalparvone, and dalparvinene isolated from Dalbergia parviflora
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Roxb. showed MIC values of 12.5, 50, and 50 πg/ml respectively. 3π½-hydroxy-21-O-acetyl-24-methylenecycloartane from Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum (Blume) I. M. Turner exhibited MIC of 50 πg/ml. Bioactive compounds isolated from Dendrolobium lanceolatum (Dunn) Schindl., Flavanones 1, flavanones, flavan, and 4σΈ -hydroxy-7,8-(2σΈ σΈ ,2σΈ σΈ dimethylpyran)flavan, exhibited MICs of 6.3, 12.5, 25, and 25 πg/ml, respectively. Compounds 3,4-methylenedioxy-10methoxy-7-oxo[2]benzopyrano[4,3-b]benzopyran, karanjachromene, pinnatin, 3-methoxy-(3σΈ σΈ ,4σΈ σΈ -dihydro-3σΈ σΈ ,4σΈ σΈ diacetoxy)-2σΈ σΈ ,2σΈ σΈ -dimethylpyrano-(7,8 : 5σΈ σΈ ,6σΈ σΈ )-flavone, desmethoxy kanugin, lacheolatin B, 3,7-dimethoxyflavone, and pachycarin D (showing MIC values of 6.25, 12.5, 12.5, 25, 50, 50, 50, and 50 πg/ml, resp.) were isolated from Derris indica L. Betulinic acid from Diospyros decandra Lour., showing MIC of 25 πg/ml. From Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G. Don, palmarumycins JC2 (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml) and isodiospyrol A (MIC, 50 πg/ml) were isolated. Diospyrin, isolated from Diospyros glandulosa Lace, showed MIC value of 6.25 πg/ml. Betulinaldehyde isolated from Diospyros rhodocalyx Kurz exhibited MIC value of 25 πg/ml. Dehydrolupinifolinol (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml), flemichin D (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml), eriosemaone A (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml), lupinifolin (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml), Khonklonginol A (MIC, 25 πg/ml), Khonklonginol H (MIC, 25 πg/ml), lupinifolinol (MIC, 25 πg/ml), and Khonklonginol B (MIC, 50 πg/ml) were isolated from Eriosema chinense Vogel. From Erythrina fusca Lour., erythrisenegalone (50 πg/ml MIC), lonchocarpol A (50 πg/ml MIC), and lupinifolin (25 πg/ml MIC) were isolated. Bioactive compounds erystagallin A, erycristagallin, 5-hydroxysophoranone, erysubin F (all showing MICs of 12.5 πg/ml), and 1-methoxyerythrabyssin II (showing MICs of 50 πg/ml) were obtained from Erythrina subumbrans Merr. (E)-((E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allyl)3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate from Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Sm., exhibited MICs of 50 πg/ml. 3σΈ -formyl-2σΈ ,4σΈ dihydroxy-6σΈ -methoxychalcone, a bioactive compound from Friesodielsia discolor (Craib) D. Das, showed MICs of 6.25 πg/ml. From Garcinia mangostana L., πΌ-mangostin (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), π½-mangostin (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), πΎmangostin (MIC, 25 πg/ml), garcinone D (MIC, 25 πg/ml), garcinone B (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), mangostanin (MIC, 25 πg/ ml), mangostenone A (MIC, 25 πg/ml), tovophyllin B (MIC, 25 πg/ml), demethylcalabaxanthone (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml), and trapezifolixanthone (MIC, 12.5 πg/ml) were identified as active compounds. Active compound Liriodenine isolated from Goniothalamus gitingensis Elmer exhibited MIC of 16 πg/ml. Active compounds (+)-altholactone (MIC, 6.25 πg/ ml), howiininA (MIC, 6.25 πg/ml), and (β)-nordicentrine (12.5 πg/ml) were isolated from Goniothalamus laoticus (Finet & Gagnep.) BΛan. Coronarin E and 16-Hydroxylabda8(17),11,13-trien-15,16-olide isolated from Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. showed MICs of 12.5 and 6.25 πg/ml, respectively. Caniojane isolated from Jatropha integerrima Jacq. demonstrated MIC of 25 πg/ml. Bioactive compounds, sandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol and 2πΌ-acetoxysandaracopimaradien-1πΌ-ol isolated from Kaempferia marginata Carey, showed MICs of 25 and 50 πg/ml, respectively.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine From Morinda citrifolia Linn., campesta-6,22-dien-5πΌ,8πΌepidioxy-3π½-ol (2.5 πg/ml), (E)-phytol (32 πg/ml), and stigmasterol (32 πg/ml) were obtained. Active compounds 2,4bis(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol isolated from Momordica charantia L. showed 14 πg/ml MIC. 1πΌ,13π½,14πΌ-trihydroxy3π½,7π½-dibenzoyloxy-9π½,15π½-diacetoxyjatropha-5,11E-diene and 1πΌ,8π½,9π½,14πΌ,15π½-pentaacetoxy-3π½-benzoyloxy-7-oxojatropha-5,12-diene isolated from Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. demonstrated 12.5 and 50 πg/ml MIC. From Piper sarmentosum Roxb., pellitorine, 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1E-tetradecene, guineensine, sarmentine, and brachyamide B showed MICs of 25, 25, 50, 50, and 50 πg/ml, respectively. Bidebiline E (6.25 πg/ml), octadeca-9,11,13triynoic acid (6.25 πg/ml), and πΌ-humulene (6.25 πg/ml) were isolated from Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth. ex Bedd. Debilisone B, Debilisone C, and Debilisone E isolated from Polyalthia debilis (Piere) Finet & ganep exhibited MIC values of 25, 12.5, and 25 πg/ml, respectively. 1-Heneicosyl formate and 6π½-hydroxy-10-O-acetylgenipin from Premna odorata Blanco and Rothmannia wittii (Craib) Bremek. showed 8 and 12.5 πg/ml MIC values, respectively. The compounds chabamide and piperine isolated from Piper chaba Hunter exhibited MIC values of 12.5 and 50 πg/ml, respectively. Bioactive compounds sapintoxin A (3.12 πg/ml), sapintoxin B (12.5 πg/ml), sapintoxin C (25 πg/ml), 12-(2σΈ -Nmethylaminobenzoyl)-4πΌ-deoxy-5,20-dihydroxyphorbol-13acetate (25 πg/ml), 12-(2-methylaminobenzoyl)-4-deoxyphorbaldehyde-13-acetae (25 πg/ml), and 12-(2-N-methylaminobenzoyl)-4π½,5,20-trideoxyphorbol-13-acetate (50 πg/ ml) were isolated from Sapium indicum L. From Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir., isovestitol (50 πg/ml), medicarpin (50 πg/ml), and sativan (50 πg/ml) were isolated as active compounds. Tiliacorinine, 2σΈ -nortiliacorinine, tiliacorine, and 13σΈ -bromo-tiliacorinine from Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels exhibited MIC ranging between 0.7 and 6.2 πg/ml. From Uvaria valderramensis Cabuang, Exconde & Alejandro, valderramenols A, grandiuvarone, and reticuline were isolated and showed MICs of 10, 32, and 32 πg/ml, respectively. Globospiramine obtained from Voacanga globosa Merr. exhibited 4 and 5.2 MICs. Compound nummularines H isolated from Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. exhibited MIC of 4.5 πg/ml. 6-Gingerol from Zingiber officinale Roscoe demonstrated MIC value of 33 πg/ml. Generally, some of the reviewed plant species such as Alpinia galanga, Artocarpus rigidus, Camchaya calcarea, Combretum griffithii, Cordia globifera, Croton kongensis, Dendrolobium lanceolatum, Derris indica, Diospyros glandulosa, Diospyros ehretioides, Friesodielsia discolor, Garcinia mangostana, Goniothalamus laoticus, Hedychium ellipticum, Marsypopetalum modestum, Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon stamineus, Piper sarmentosum, Polyalthia cerasoides, Premna odorata, Sapium indicum, Tiliacora triandra, Trigonostemon reidiodes, Voacanga globosa, Tinospora crispa, Vitex trifolia, and Ziziphus mauritiana proved to be potential source of anti-TB (crude and/or bioactive compound exhibited anti-TB activities at MIC values ranging from 0 to