Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of ...
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Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of ...
Apr 25, 2015 - Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps. Thomas J. Pingel1, Nicole D. LaDue2, and Sheldon P. Turner2. 1Department of Geography, 2Department of ...
Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps Thomas J. Pingel1, Nicole D. LaDue2, and Sheldon P. Turner2 1Department of Geography, 2Department of Geology Northern Illinois University 21-25 April 2015 2015 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers Chicago, IL
1
Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps (PSSMs) • Slope is exaggerated, then mapped to graytone • Resulting appearance looks hand-drawn, which speaks to its efficacy as a visualization • Offers a higher contrast image than hillshade, with better affordance for color overlay • Most appropriate for mixed urban environments
PSSM of ancient Maya site at El Pilar
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PSSMs are based on the idea of “cognitive slope.” People exaggerate the vertical component of slope by a factor of 2.3x.
(Pingel 2010, following Proffitt et al. 1995)
3
luminous intensity
A vertical exaggeration of 2.3x maps graytone to slope in a manner similar to previous work.
slope (deg)
4
Initial results (Pingel and Clarke, 2014) demonstrated overall efficacy of the PSSM compared to other representations, but there were hints of significant individual differences.
Is the PSSM good for everyone? How does visualization type interact with sex and spatial ability? 5
“Spatial Ability”
From Hegarty et al. (2006), Wolbers and Hegarty (2010) 6
• Gilmartin and Patton (1984) – Sex differences in thematic map reading are largest in young children – Men are better able to “visualize” spatial text – But the kind of map affects the degree to which females benefit from mapswith-text (w/Gilmartin 1987)
• Chang and Antes (1987) – Men perform better on topographic map reading, but not tests involving road maps – But culture mediates the relationship
• Liben, Myers, and Kastens (2008) – No difference in accuracy in plan vs oblique views on a mark-your-location test – Spatial tasks did predict performance, but the specific spatial skills that predicted success differed – “… our data do not yet permit firm conclusions about the way that map qualities interact with environmental and person qualities…”
• Uttal et al. (2013) – Many sex and spatial ability differences in map reading tasks can be remediated by training 7
Methods (1) • Previous work demonstrated potential of the technique – Pingel & Clarke (2014) – Compared to hillshade, orthophoto, hypsometric tinting
• Goals – PSSM vs. Hillshade – Response time and accuracy on representative map use tasks – Interactions of presentation type and • Sex • Spatial ability 8
• 177 participants – 48% male – Drawn from introductory geography courses
• Non-results – Men reported significantly more experience with geography and topographic maps, but both measures were uncorrelated with performance – SBSOD (Hegarty et al. 2002) was uncorrelated with performance 9
Profile estimation (Hillshade vs. PSSM)
Identify the correct transect from among three alternatives.
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Map Rotation (Hillshade vs. PSSM)
Rotation… or rotation + reflection?
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Perspective Taking Imagine that you are at the stop sign, and facing the house. Point to the traffic light.
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Card Rotation Rotation, or rotation + reflection?
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RTs were similar for profile estimation and perspective taking; map and card rotation were much faster. Per Item Response Time (s) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Perspective Taking
Profile Estimation
Map Rotation
Card Rotation
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Domain and task type interact. Similar domains are more related, and similar task types are more related.
.39
Profile Estimation
Perspective Taking
.36 .44
.62 .34 Map Rotation
.68
Card Rotation
Task Correlations (RT) 15
t(176)=1.75, p=0.08
PSSMs showed improved mean accuracy rate and response time on the Profile Estimation task.
