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DTPA-extractable zinc appeared in the near
suburbs
and the riverside along ... drainage of Xihe River, and the extremely high values in the near
suburb
of the.
2005 V01.48 Supp I.82—91
Science in China Ser.C Life Sciences
82
Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA--extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land Wenjul’,WEN Dazhon92,ZHANG Yuge3
J IANG Yon91’,LIANG
Wenb02
&CHEN 1.Key
use
Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang
110016.China; 2.Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 1 1 001 6,China; 3.College of Land and Environment,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 1 1 01 61,China Correspondence should be addressed to Jiang Yong(email:jiangyongchina@hotmail.com) Received October 1 3.2004
Abstract
The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA.extractable zinc in the cultivated soils of Shen—
yang suburbs in Liaoning Province of China was investigated.and its map was drawn by thb methods
of
geostatistics combined
DTPA—extractable
zinc
semivariogram fitted
a
fitted
with
normal
geographic
distribution
information
after
system.The data
logarithm
of
transformation.and
solI its
spherical model.The semivariogram indicated that the spatiaI depend—
of solI DTPA-extractable zinc content was moderate.with the spatiaI dependence range of
ence
1.69 km and the fractaI dimension of 1.96.Stochastic factors contributed to 49.9%of the spatial variability,while structuraI factors contributed to 50.1%of it.The spatiaI heterogeneity of solI DTPA—extractable zinc shown by factors such
as
a
city pollution,Iand
kriged interpolation map was deeply influenced by stochastic use
pattern and crop distributions.For example。the average
content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was 2.5—4 times
much
as
was Iower in paddy soils than in their originated soils.The DTPA-extractable zinc appeared in the
near
as
areas
in their originated soils.and
with
higher content of solI
a
suburbs and the riverside along Hunhe River and
the wastewater drainage of Xihe River,and the extremely high values in the city’S residentiaI
were
area
a
a
suburb of the
striking feature.indicating the key role of city pollution in the spatiaI
heterogeneity of solI DTPA・extractable the results of such
near
zinc.When
recorded in the fOrm 0f
a
solI pollution map,
survey make it possible to identify the unusually polluted areas.and to pro—
vide more information for precise agriculture and environmental contr01. Keywords:soil zinc,spatial heterogeneity,city pollution,land use,geostatisics.
Zinc iS the primary
an
essential element for a111ife.and soiliS of Zn in
plant,animal
and human
tion,the improvement in diet quality,and of the nature
and
a
better
extent of plant,human
nutrition.Maps illustrating the spatial distribution of
understanding and animal Zn deficienciesm】.They
soil available Zn should contribute to the improvement
considering the consequences of applying Zn・・contain-—
and
ing solid wastes from agriculture
source
sustainability of agriculture and livestock produc—
Copyright by Science in China Press 2005
万方数据
will be useful in
and
sewage sludge.
of DTPA—extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land Spatial heterogeneity
Soil zinc is necessary for plant nutrition,but its high content may induce phytotoxicity
logical
transformation
P in soil【jJ.Soil
and
affect the bio-
of other nutrients such
and plant
as
N and
factors influencing the die—
tary supply of both essential and toxic Zn have been
their speciarion
widely studied.including
availability■while
and
bio-
DTPA—extractable Zn from top
soils represents the more bio—available fraction of the total Zn content in soils,it is always regarded
as
characterized by
are
develop
a
map illustrating the geographic distribution
of DTPA.extractable Zn in the cultivated soil surface horizons of Shenyang suburbs.
Materials
1 1.1
and methods
Description of the survey region
Shenyang
is the capital city of Liaoning Province
of China.which is located
high degree of spatial
a
study is aimed to obtain the factors affecting the
spatial variability of DTPA—extractable soil Zn,and to
plant
available Zn in soils of north China。“. Soils
This
Liaohe
and
variability,even in intensively managed ecosystems。“. The spatial distribution of soil properties should be
named
management
of agricultural
analyze and interpret
fields.The most effective way to
as
on
the alluvial plains of the
Hunhe Rivers.with 5.68 million of popu—
lation 1iving in the
monitored for the effective
83
use
one
urban
area.It is
an
industrial city,
of the most polluted cities in the world
by the United Nations in early 1980s.It is in the
con-
tinental temperate monsoon zone,with dry and cold
and warm and
wet
summers.The
annual
mean
the existing soil survey data to extract useful informa—
winters
tion for further study is often of great concerno….Ra-
temperature is 7.0℃.and annual mean precipitation is
an understanding of across cultivated 1and。
700 inin.of which.70%occurs during May to Sep—
and
around
tional soil management requires how micronutrient status varies
and
we
can
soil sampling
use
micronutrients
soil
for
analysis
to develop maps to delineate the areas
t11at would benefit for
tember.The 1ength of the
days.The
150
annual
non—frost period is
survey was conducted in the
four suburb districts of Shenyang,with Dongling Dis—
us,or to identify the areas of
trict in the east.Sujiatun District in the south,Yuhong
micronutrient deficiency
or
Disnjct in the west.and Xinchengzhi District in the
environmental pollution.The inherent thing in this
north(41028’一42010’N:123。1’一123。48’E).The
process is the assumption that
total area of the four suburbs is 3299 km‘,of which,
particular
concern
such
as
a
soil property meas—
ured at a given point represents the surrounding
un—
sampled neighborhood.The validity of this assump— tion depends
on
the spatial variability of the soil prop—
erty.Geostastistics combined with geographic infor- marion system fGIS)have proven to be useful in pre— dicting the spatial distribution of soil properties that are very spatially dependent in fields having
a
limited
number of soil samples.The interpolation technique usually used is kriging。7’…. City pollution
and land
use
were considered
the two of the main contributors to trace element
as
en-
richments in cultivated soils of city suburbs。’1“.Re— searches conducted by
Manta
et a1.。1纠in Italy
and
by
1.63×1 03 hm2 is cultivated
land.According
to the
Chinese Soil Taxonomy‘1….the soils in the east of the survey region
are
classified
brown soils(Typic
as
Hapli—Udic Argosols),in the west
(Stagnic
Anthrosols)and
Hapli。Udic
Cambosols).and
as
meadow in the
long term planting of vegetables
near
as
paddy
soils
soils(Typic suburbs with
vegetable garden
soils(Orthic Anthrosols).The main crops in the near suburb are vegetables,and in the far suburb are corn (Zea mays L.)and rice(Oryza sativa L.).The parent materials,rivers
and
soil types in the survey region are
showninfig.1. 1.2
Soil sampling and laboratory
analysis
Sharma et a1.【1’1 in India demonstrated that Zn could 1984 samples were collected during
be inferred to be the tracers of anthropogenic pollution,
and
hence.using spatial heterogeneity of DTPA—ex—
of
2000,and the
samples
sampling sites
are
April—May
shown in fig.2.All
taken from 0—20 cm surface layer were
tractable Zn by the methods of geostatistics combined
soil
witll GIS should be helpful in assessing the influences
georeferenced by latitude and longitude with the
of city pollution
万方数据
and
land
use
on
Zn distribution。“.
global positioning system(GPS).Each sample repre‘
Science in China Ser.C Life Sciences
North
④ 20km
O
■■■■■■■●●—■■_
Fig.1.Parent materials,rivers and soil types of the survey
region.I,Alluvial deposit of Liaohe River(meadow soils);II,Mesa from slope deposit
(brown soils and meadow soils);III,slope deposit(brown soils);IV,alluvial deposit of Hunhe River(meadow soils and paddy soil);V,alluvial
and Hunhe Rivers(meadow
deposit between Liaohe
soils and paddy soil);VI.flat fields from alluvial
’
sented 70—90 hrn2 of cultivated soils.The samples collected were air-dried,sieved through
a
2一rnin nylon
deposit(paddy soil and meadow soils).
characterized by the sernivariogram which graphs the
variances
between spatially separate data points
screen,and split into two equal parts.One part was for
function of the distance
DTPA—Zn
modeled sernivariogram
as
determination,and
the other part was stored
reference for later investigation.
Wastewater River in May
samples
and
were collected from
Xihe
River.
The extractable Zn in soil was ex仃acted by DTPA
(diethylenetriamine penta—acetic acid)at pH 7.3,while
The
in wastewater was di.
ory
of regional
sumptions.On OUS
variables,and
one
spectrometry(AAS),with
or
absorption
graphite furnace
the lag
when required‘1…. 1.3
Geostatistical
The
or
weak
that it is
distance.independent
Zn is
a
the the—
several a
as—
continu—
hand。the
set of spatial
in.
a
unique function of
of location【1 o。.
obtained from omnidirectional
D7翻.extractable
on
stationary assumes that the
Experimental semivariogram in this
analysis
spatial variabifity of
万方数据
on
bution should be normal.On the 0ther
semivariance exists,and
measured by atomic
relies
hand,the data must be
and
flame
be used in kriging,a
distribution.For parameter estimation,this distri.
trinsic hypothesis
were
Can then
sernivariogram analysis is based
gested by HF—HN03一HCl04.Both DTPA—extractable total Zn
a
semivariogram and variance minimization.
by
June of 2000.Each time,five sam-
and
as
1ag separating them.A
weighted linear interpolation with weights determined
ples were taken along the coastwise of Xthe
the total Zn both in soil
or
study was
semivariances,】,(矗),of
observations,z(xi),which was calcu—
zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA—extractable
85
use
Sampling site
・
North
O
20km
■■■●●■■■■■■■一
Fig.2.Sampling sites in the survey region
lated
10.0.SPSS inc..1999).In this study,the data exhibited
as
positive
N(h)
以功2丽∑i=1[z(鼍)一z(Xi+h)]2, 1.
(1)
whereⅣ(^)is the number of observations separated by
on
ber,and
the parameters such
as
by
lag interval,lag aura。 2
semivariograms are
anisotropy.Experimental
fitted by theoretical models that have well known pa-
2.1
rameters
Zn
nugget
dependence
Co,sill(Co+e1),and range
fig.3、.The
geostatistical
parameters
and
1
the
KIiged maD for DTPA—extractable Zn were obtained
lag distance h.Semivariance estimations may de-
pend
statistics indicated that
normal distribution after log transformation ftable
and a
skewness,and kurtosis
the data of DTPA.extractable Zn were basically fitted
of spatial
use
of Arclnfo and ArcView.
Results and discussion
a.
Descriptive statistics of soil DTPA‘extractable
The frequency distribution histograms for the
Traditional statistical parameters
and the
logarithm
lated by SPSS(Statistics Package for Social Sciences,
Table 1
篙嚣。
N嘴盯 堕!
!里g:坚g:
1984
1.93
万方数据
and
data of DTPA—extractable Zn in soil before
distribu—
tion frequency of DTPA--extractable Zn were calcu・-
seen
transformation
are shown in fig.3.It
that DTPA—extractable Zn fitted
Descriptive statistics of DTPA—extractable Zn in soil
normal
after
can
~
篙絮
等等
嚣粤。
sD
1里g:坚g:
!!堕:蔓g:
cM%,
s咖ness
‰腻
0.01
9.80
1.38
1.65
85.49
1.86
3.47
!堡g:垦g
1
be
distribu—
Sciences
Science fn China Ser.C Life
soil
denitrification.and
they attributed this difference
to the presence of localized areas with extremely high 500
rate of denitrification.The difference of mean and me.
dian
Values
and the
high coefficient of variance in this
study should be attributed to extremely high Values of DTPA—extractable Zn in the
300
suburbs and point—
near
polluted sites. 一S矗oglI嚣uI&旨荡
200
2.2
Semivariogram
analysis and
interpolation via
kriging lOO
The
best fitted semivariogram model of DTPA—
extractable Zn was the spherical
0 1.5
0.0
3.O
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
model.and
功e (b)
nugget semivariance expressed
of the total
semivariance
the percentage
enables the comparison of
the relative size of the nugget effect
280
as
cor—
and fig.4.
responding parameters are shown in table 2
350
the
among
soil prop—
erfiesll8】.Cambardella et a1.[8】used this percentage to
一S
drive distinct classes of spatial dependence
210
if it was less
than
as
follows:
25%.the variable was considered
strongly spatially dependent;if it was between 25%
140
and J9Dgjo∞I =厶旨日∞
75%.the variable was considered moderately spa.
tially 70
dependent;and
if it was larger than 75%.the
variable was considered weakly spatially dependent. The ratio of Co to C0+C1 in this study was 49.9%,in—
0
dicating that the -2.0—1.6一l’3—0.9-0.5-0.1
0.3
0.6
D硎.extractable
Zn in
soil was
1.0
moderately spatially dependent. Fig.3.Histogram(bars)and
theoretical normal
DTPA-extractable
and after logarithm
Zn before
DTPA extractable Zn
distribution(1ines)of
content(mg・昭。1);fo)after
Table 2
transformation.(a)
Parameters for best-fitted semivariogram model of DTPA—extractable Zn
logarithm transfor.
marion.
tion after logarithm transformation.The main distribu. tion interval was from 0.5 to 3.0 mg・kg~.and about one
fifth of the data showed DTPA—extractable Zn
content more than 3.0 mg・kg~.The descfiptive sta.
5
tistics for the data of DTPA.extractable Zn is listed in table 1.The mean
and
median were used
as
4
the pri.
tendency,and the stan. dard deviation(S.D.),coefficient of variance(C.V%), and the maximum and minimum Values were used as
3
mary estimation of the central
the estimation of variability.The mean value was much higher than the
median
value.indicating the
uo星—h矗>一—Io疗
,蛩‘Ⅲ/
2
O 0
20
central tendency dominated by the outHers in the dis— tributions.Parkin et difference in the
万方数据
a1.【1
mean
71
and
reported occasionally the
median
values of natural
40 Lag
Fig.4.Experimental extractable Zn.
and
60
80
distance/km
model—fixed
semivariograms for DTPA—
Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA—extractable zinc in cultivated soils induced by city pollution and land
Range value(a)is the most important parameter
use
near suburb in Yuhong District were
a
striking feature
indicating the heterogeneity caused by spatial auto—
in the kriged map.Compared fig.5 with fig.1,we
dependence.In this study,it was only 1.69 km,indi—
could
cating the short
distance
over
which soil DTPA—-ex--
tractable Zn was spatially dependent,and some im— portant ecological processes having deeply
affected
the heterogeneity of soil DTPA—extractable Zn.The spatial
dependence
range
DTPA—extractable Zn
was
than for
much
shorter
for
DTPA—extractable Fe
f34.9 kin)t1 91.
see
that the lowest value of
Zn was in areas I
and
D碱.extractable
VI.the highest value was in
areasⅣand V.While areas II and III had the mid. dle
value.The
kriged maD of DTPA—extractable Zn
showed the strongly heterogeneous characteristics in the study area. 2.3
Effects of
land
use
and
soil
types
on
the
heterogeneity of soil DTPA—extractable Zn
The kriged map of DTPA..extractable Zn in cul..
Soils are varied widely in their Zn content
and
in
tivated soils(fig.51 indicated the lower average Value
their ability to supply
of DT王'A.extractable Zn in the northwest of Xincheng—
growth.The soils with poor ability to supply Zn to
zhi DistriCt。southeast of Suiiatun District,and west of
crops are alarmingly widespread
妁白ong
District.while the soils in the near suburbs
around the city
and
in the riverside along the Hunhe
and the wastewater
sufficient
Zn for optimal crop
across
the
globe,and
this problem is aggravated by the fact that many mod— ern
cultivars of major crops are highly sensitive to low
a
Zn levelso“1.Although the original geologic substrate
higher average value.The extremely high values in the
and its subsequent geochemical and pedogenic regimes
River
drainage of Xihe River had
Fig.5.Kriged map of DTPA—extractable Zn in cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs
万方数据
Science in China Ser.C Life Sciences
determined the total Zn levels in soils,they
are
rarely
indicative of the Zn availability,because the Zn avail— ability depends adsorptive
use
surface,and
practice
other
and
physical,chemical,and rhizosphere,and
hence,
soil type may induce the hetero—
geneity of soil DTPA—extractable Zn.Fig.6 shows the
DT黔一extractable
average
Zn content in different soil
types of of soil
(n=399),respectively(fig.6).
soil pH,organic matter content,
on
biochemical conditions in the land
∽=33),1.887 mg・kg一1(,z=18),and 1.393 mg・kg一1
Shenyang suburbs,which indicated the effects type and land use on Zn levels.Vegetable gar—
den soils,either derived from brown soil meadow soil,had the extremely high
or
from
values of
DTPA—extractable Zn.The average content of Zn in vegetable garden soils was
2.5’4
times
as
much
as
in
The high value of DTPA—extractable Zn in vege— table garden soils could be attributed to the high ap— plication amount of chemical fertilizers
inputs,and zinc
the
deficiency
use
manllre
of
in
paddy
and city
and
pesticide
sludge■The
soils has been
reported
worldwide。particularly in calcareous soilsljJ.In India. about half of the soils were low in Zn,with
as
much
as
74%of the rice—growing soils of the Andra Pradesh fa SOUthelTl state in India)being Zn deficient02…。The
re—
dox condition in paddy soils when submerged might result in Zn
deficiencyKL“J.and
the increase of soil
pH in calcareous soils,the irrigation water containing
their originated soils.Carbonate meadow boggy soil
high amount
had the lowest average content of DTPA—extractable
amount
Zn(O.685 mg・kg~,n=9),only 12.08%of that in
might decrease the available Zn content in paddy soils
vegetable garden soil derived from brown soil f5.672
as
mg‘kg~,n=18).T11e average
content of DTPlA—ex—
tractable Zn was lower in paddy soils
than
in their
of HC03一,the soils
well—In
short.different
zinc in cultivated soils of 2.4
soil had an average content of 1.181 mg・k91∽=
DTPA—ex仃actable Zn
579),while the meadow soils with sandy,loamy,and
an
average content of 1.803
mg・蚝“
land
use
practice may in—
duce the spatial heterogeneity of DTFA.extractable
originated soils,e.g.paddy soil derived from meadow
clay texture had
containing high
of free CaC03,and the submerged condition
a certain
Effects of city pollution
Determinations
on
on
region. the heterogeneity of
the total Zn contents in some
vegetable fields in the near suburb of Shenyang,10
6
5
4
3
.h_.∞m,口NvdHQ
2
l
O 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Soil type Fig.6.Average DTPA—extractable Zn
content of different soil types.1,Brown soil derived from acidic rocks(n,27):2,brown soil derived from rocks(,l,15);3,brown soil derived from slope deposit(n,40);4,brown soil derived from loess deposit(n,126);5,meadow brown soil(n, 218);6,vegetable garden soil derived from brown soil(,l,18);7,sandy meadow soil(,l,33);8,loamy meadow soil(,l,18);9,clay meadow soil(n, 399);10,vegetable garden soil derived from meadow soil(n,134);11,carbonate meadow soil(n,90);12,carbonate meadow boggy soil(n,9);13, paddy soil derived from meadow soil(n,579);14,paddy soil derived from carbonate meadow soil(,l,69);15,paddy soil derived from brown soil(n,
alkaline
68).
万方数据
induced by Spatial heterogeneity of DTPA—extractable zinc in cultivated soils
city pollution and land
89
use
villages of 5 towns in Dongling and Yuhong districts,
the main contributors to the soil Zn enrichment in the
showed that(table 3)the total Zn contents in test
near suburb of large cities。2….Moreover,heavy appli—
vegetable garden soils had
cation of chemical fertilizers
a
striking contrast to the
and
pesticides in vegeta—
background value in soils of Shenyang‘。1.The total
ble fields was alSO thought to be the contributors to
Zn contents in test soils were 1.86—10.79 times
soil Zn concentration[9'29】.According to
as
Zhang et
a1.【271,
the background value.indicating the varia—
the average contents of DTPA—extractable Zn in flesh
fions of soil total Zn affected by anthropogenic poilu—
pig and chicken manure in Liaoning Province of China
tion.A1though it was not significantly correlated to the
were 38.9
total Zn in test soils.the DTPA—ex仃actable Zn in test
t11at the
vegetable garden soils in the
be the
much
as
was much higher
than
near
suburb of Shenyang
its average value in the whole
suburbs(tables 1 and 31.
and
as
atmospheric dust,vehicle
sewage sludge could increase the total Zn
in soils both in
urban
parts
raised Zn concentrations in soils
over
Warman
and in
all
plant
the whole growth seasonK“.The Zn in both
fresh chicken
manure
and the compost,according to
and Cooper¨….exceeded the maximum
concen仃ations of ordinarily used compost.The age contents of total Zn in flesh pig
and
aver-
chicken ma—
nure
in Liaoning Province of China were 121.0 and
84.5
mg。埏一,respectivelyu“,and
hence,the heavy
application of animal wastes was thought to be Table 3
Total Zn
content
one
of
of vegetable garden soils in
a、Thebackground value ofZnin soils ofShenyangwas Table4
万方数据
of
manure.especially
of chicken manure
of high DTPA.extractable Zn content in
soils of the near suburb.It could be concluded that city
neity of
one
of the main
D删.extractable
causes
of the heteroge—
Zn in the vegetable field
area of the near suburb.
砀e
and in the vicinity rural areasIj,“1.
Heavy application of sewage sludge caused signify—
cantly
use
cause
pollution was
City pollution such exhaust
and 31.4 mg’埏~,respectively,suggesting
total Zn content in test wastewater of Xihe
River during irrigation
ranged
season
from
1 8.2 to
30.4 mg・L_1,with the average value of 25.4 mg・L.1, which was 1 2.7 times irrigation
limit(table
as
much
41.Xihe
as
China’S national
River
is
a
principal
wastewater drainage in the western suburb of Shen—
yang,which
collects the industrial wastewater from
dozens of factories in western trict
and
Shenyang’S
Tiexi Dis.
the living sewage from northern Shenyang’S
Huanggu District,with an average daily output of 5×103 t.Meanwhile.Xihe River is also an irrigation near
suburb of Shenyang and its background value
64.13mg・kg一心
TotalZn contentinwastewaterofXiheRiver
rn=10)
Science fn China Ser.C Life Sciences
drainage which has irrigated the fields of the riverside
impact of geophagia
villages and towns for about forty years【5….It could be
cium in human nutrition,Environmental Geochemistry and Health,
concluded that the Zn enrichment in soils of this was due to the
area
10ng—term irrigation by wastewater,and
hence.the DTPA.extractable Zn was heterogeneous in this area compared to the nearby areas.The Zn incre— ment in cultivated fields irrigated by wastewater was
China.and
reported in some large cities of
most
re.
the bioavailability of iron,zinc and cal—
on
2002.24:305—319. 3.Liu,Z.,Agricultural Chemistry of
tural livestock
and
wildlife,Applied
5.Robertson,G R,Freckman,D.w’,The spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups
total Zn in wastewater irrigation area in western sub.
1995,76:1425—1432.
was n 1.45 i timesj as much as in its flesh g . 一
water irrigation
area.and
2.33 times
much
as
the
as
across
cultivated
a
6.Chien,r J.j Lee,D.Z,Guoj H.Z
et
ecosystem,Ecology,
aljj Geostatistics analysis of
soil properties of mid.west Taiwan soils,Soil Science,1997,162:
291—298.
background valuep 11. 3
Geochemistry,2002,17(8):
1017—1028.
suits were in accordance with ours.For example,the
urb of Bei
Microelements(in Chinese),
Beijing:ChinaAgriculture Press,1991,202--206,216—217. 4.Thornton,I.,Geochemistry and the mineral nutrition of agricul—
7.Yost,R.S.,Uehara,G,Fox,R.L.,Geostatistics analysis of soil chemical properties of large
Conclusion
land
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The spatial heterogeneity of DTPA—extractable
8.Cambardella,C.A.,Moorlnan,T.B.,Novak,J.M.et
Zn in cultivated soils of Shenyang suburbs was deeply
Field—scale
influenced by the stochastic factors such
Science
tion,land
use
patterns and
as
city poilu.
distribution.The
crop
high
values of soil DTPA—extractable Zn in the near suburb
and
Shenyang poilution from an—
in the wastewater irrigation area of
were basically induced by the city
thropogenic activities.Currently,chemical Zn fertiliz— ers
are
so
ordinarily used in cultivated soils in the
suburbs of Shenyang and of other large cities of northern China that the soil Zn map
and
related infor—
mation obtained in this study could be useful in guid— ing Zn fertilization considered
as
a
practice.Wastewater irrigation was main source of Zn and other heavy
metal enrichments in soils,which should be forblidden in city
suburbs.When
recorded in the form of
map,the results of such
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The authors wish
to
express their appreciation
to
comments on血e earlier
Prof.Likai Zhou for his revision and valuable
manuscript of this Paper.This work was supported by the High—tech Research and Development
Program of China(Grant No.2004AA246020),
and by the Fund of Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology,Chinese Academy of
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