STAAR Physics Reference Materials

STAAR

STAAR PHYSICS RefeRenCe MATeRIAlS

TM

State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness

F Average velocity = Acceleration = Acceleration =

displacement

vavg =

change in time

final velocity − initial velocity 2

2

(final velocity) − (initial velocity)

a =

2(displace ment)

(

)(

∆t v f − vi

a =

change in time

)

(

initial change change Displacement = velocity + 1 (acceleration) in time in time 2

)

∆d

∆t

v f2

− vi2

2∆d

∆d = vi∆t + 1 a∆t 2 2

2

v t2 ac = r

2 Centripetal acceleration = (tangential velocity)

radius

Net force = (mass)(acceleration) Work = (force)(distance)

Fnet = ma W = Fd

τ

Torque = (force)(lever arm) work Power = time

Pythagorean theorem

= Fr

P =

W t

a2 + b2 = c 2

GRAVITATIOnAl, eleCTRICAl, AnD MAGneTIC fORCeS Force of gravitational attraction between = 2 objects

(

universal gravitation constant

Force between 2 charged = Coulomb’s constant particles

(

(

( )

)( ( (

mass of 1st object

)(

mass of 2nd object

distance between centers of objects

charge of 1st particle

)(

charge of 2nd particle

)

(distance between particles)

2

)

)

2

)

)

Fg = G

( ) ( )

Felectric = kC

m1m2 d2

q1q2 d2

Current =

voltage resistance

Equivalent resistance for resistors in series Equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel

I =

V R

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . 1 1 1 1 = + + + . . . R R1 R2 R3

STAAR

STAAR PHYSICS RefeRenCe MATeRIAlS

TM


ENE 1

Kinetic energy = 2 (mass)(velocity)

KE = 1 mv 2 2

2

(

)

acceleration Gravitational potential energy = (mass) due to gravity (height)

(

spring

Elastic potential energy = 1 2 constant

)(

distance stretched or compressed

)

PEg = mgh

2

PEelastic = 1 kx 2 2

Energy = (power)(time)

E = Pt

Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy

ME = KE + PE KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f

Law of conservation of energy Momentum = (mass)(velocity)

p = mv

Impulse = (force)(change in time) = (mass)(change in velocity)

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Law of conservation of momentum

(

Heat gained or lost = (mass) specific heat

J = F ∆t = m∆v

i

)(

change in temperature

)

i

f

f

Q = mcp∆T

WAVeS AnD lIGHT Velocity = (frequency)(wavelength) 1 Focal length

=

1 distance to image

Energy = (mass)(speed of light)2

v = fλ +

1

1

distance to object

f

=

1 di

+

1 do

E = mc 2

STAAR

STAAR PHYSICS Reference Materials

TM


CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS m s

8

c = speed of light = 3.00 × 10

m

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8

s

G = universal gravitation constant = 6.67 × 10 k

c

= Coulomb’s constant = 8.99 × 10 9 m = mass of Earth = 5.97 × 10

24

E

6

newton (N) =

kg ⋅ m s

2

joule (J) = N ⋅ m

watt (W) =

J N⋅m = s s

hertz (Hz) =

cycle s

−11

C kg

N⋅m kg

N⋅m

r = radius of Earth = 6.37 × 10 m E

2

2

2

2

2

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

3

(262) (267)

7 7B

Actinide Series

Lanthanide Series 140.908

231.036 Protactinium

232.038 Thorium

(227) Actinium

91

Pa

Ac

Re

144.242

60

Nd

Bohrium

(272)

Bh

107

Rhenium

186.207

75

(145)

61

Pm

Hassium

(270)

Hs

108

Osmium

Os 190.23

76

Ruthenium

101.07

44

Ru

Iron

55.845

Fe

26

8

Silicon

28.086

Si

Uranium

238.029

U

92

Neptunium

(237)

93

Np

Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium

Th

90

Cerium

Lanthanum

89

140.116

La 138.905

59

58

Pr

(271) Seaborgium

(268)

Sg

Dubnium

Db

Tungsten

Tantalum

106

W 183.84

74

Ta 105

(98)

43

Tc

Manganese

54.938

Mn

25

Molybdenum Technetium

95.96

42

Mo

Chromium

51.996

Cr

24

6 6B

Atomic mass

Symbol

180.948

73

Niobium

92.906

41

Nb

Vanadium

50.942

V

23

5 5B

Ce

57

Lawrencium Rutherfordium

(226)

Radium

104

Rf

Hafnium

103

(223)

Fr

Hf 178.49

Lutetium

Francium

88

87

Lr

Barium

Cesium

174.967

Lu

72

71

Ra

Ba

137.328

Cs

132.905

56

55

Zirconium

91.224

40

Zr

Yttrium

88.906

87.62

Strontium

85.468

Rubidium

Y

39

Sr

38

Rb

37

47.867 Titanium

44.956

Scandium

40.078

Calcium

39.098

Potassium

22

Ti

21

4 4B

Sc

19

3 3B

Ca

20

Sodium

K

24.305

Magnesium

22.990

Mg

12

11

Na

9.012

Beryllium

6.941

Lithium

Li

Be

4

Hydrogen

1.008

2 2A

H Name

10

11 1B 12 2B

14 4A

15 5A

16 6A

17 7A

(281)

Ds

110

Platinum

Pt 195.085

78

Palladium

106.42

46

Pd

Nickel

58.693

Ni

28

Au

(280)

Rg

111

Gold

196.967

79

Silver

107.868

47

Ag

Copper

63.546

Cu

29

Plutonium

(244)

94

Pu

Samarium

150.36

62

Sm

(247) Curium

(243)

96

Cm Americium

95

Am

157.25 Gadolinium

151.964

64

Gd Europium

63

Eu

Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium

(276)

Mt

109

Iridium

Ir 192.217

77

Rhodium

102.906

45

Rh

Cobalt

58.933

Co

27

9 8B

Hg

Tl Thallium

204.383

81

Indium

114.818

49

In

Gallium

69.723

Ga

31

Pb Lead

207.2

82

Tin

118.711

50

Sn

Germanium

72.64

Ge

32

Silicon

28.086

Si

14

Carbon

12.011

C

6

Bi Bismuth

208.980

83

Antimony

121.760

51

Sb

Arsenic

74.922

As

33

30.974

Phosphorus

P

15

Nitrogen

14.007

N

7

Berkelium

(247)

97

Bk

Terbium

158.925

65

Tb

Californium

(251)

98

Cf

Dysprosium

162.500

66

Dy

Einsteinium

(252)

99

Es

Holmium

164.930

67

Ho

Fermium

(257)

100

Fm

Erbium

167.259

68

Er

Mass numbers in parentheses are those of the most stable or most common isotope.

Mercury

200.59

80

Cadmium

112.412

48

Cd

Zinc

65.38

Zn

30

Aluminum

26.982

Al

13

Boron

10.812

B

5

Po

Mendelevium

(258)

101

Md

Thulium

168.934

69

Tm

Polonium

(209)

84

Tellurium

127.60

52

Te

Selenium

78.96

Se

34

Sulfur

32.066

S

16

Oxygen

15.999

O

8

At

Rn Radon

(222)

86

Xenon

131.294

54

Xe

Krypton

83.798

36

Kr

Argon

39.948

18

Ar

Neon

20.180

10

Ne

Helium

Updated Spring 2011

Nobelium

(259)

102

No

Ytterbium

173.055

70

Yb

Astatine

(210)

85

Iodine

126.904

I

53

Bromine

79.904

Br

35

Chlorine

35.453

Cl

17

Fluorine

18.998

F

9

4.003

He

2

Atomic number

1

13 3A


18 8A

14

STAAR

1 1A

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

STAAR PHYSICS Reference Materials TM