Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Manufacturing 2 (2015) 374 – 378
2nd International Materials, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Conference, MIMEC2015, 4-6 February 2015, Bali Indonesia
Standard Specifications for Design Concepts of MegaFloats for Long Term Habitation NurHananib, MohdZamania, Mohd Hamdan a, Ahmad Faizalb, Asmawib a Institute Sultan Iskandar, Johor , 81310,Malaysia University Technology Malaysia,Johor, 81310, Malaysia
b
Abstract Various ideas on the design concepts of habitable megafloats (HMF) for long term human habitation have emerged. Ideas come not only from enthusiastic naval architects but also town planners and building architects of land-based infrastructures. The differences between the designs of current very large floating structures (VLFS) for oil and gas exploration and HMF are too huge and hence the transformation apparently depart from many common fundamentals adopted for the designs of the earlier. This posed great problem to practical designers and the bridge between the two must be established such that the transformation is theoretically and making them more meaningful for academic references. The paper highlights the missing links between the current concept designs of HMF and VLFS and suggested the fundamental for the missing links. Standard specifications have been established that may serve as better academic references. © 2015 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. is an open © The Authors. Published byThis Elsevier B.V. access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of MIMEC2015. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of MIMEC2015 Keywords:Design Concept, MegaFloat, Long Term Habitation
1. Introduction There are a number of reasonably good concept designs of megafloats proposed for human habitation far offshore in the middle of the deeper ocean. The current common focus is on artist impression of the proposed idea with information on only key functional systems self-sufficiency and survival. Each idea proposed unique concepts in one or more of the following aspects; floatation, space layout and functional system. Details on many other *Corresponding author . E-mail address :
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2351-9789 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of MIMEC2015 doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.066
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elements are missing. Practical designing however follows specific design spirals and this methodology is critically important if it is to be academically acceptable. The following paragraphs highlights the missing links between the current proposed concepts of HMF and existing designs of VLFS and proposed the fundamentals to be adopted to bridge the gaps. 2. Literature Review Nearly half of the current mega float designs adopt pontoon principle [1, 2, 3, 4] for achieving the required buoyancy. The concept is famous because it is simple hence cheaper. Modular design [3, 4, 5 ] of mega floats offers further advantage such as possibility for effective zoning or isolation of sensitive modules. Meanwhile, also preferred is the artificial lagoon concept [6, 7, 8], whereas sea steading [5, 9] and ship concepts [10] are scares. It is therefore expected that continuation of current approaches in mega floats conceptual designs will stay [11].Modular concept [3, 4,5] not exactly preferred by mega float designers[11]. Single unit concept [1, 2, 4, 5 ] is common [11]. Lateral dimension is surely predetermined while spaces and volumes are further created by extending vertically, thus making the structure a multi-storey [1, 3, 4, 5, 6] construction. Scraper concept [5, 7, 8] is clearly evidence and, when combined with the multi-storey concept, result in a tall, multi-storey mega floats. This is expected to be the future trend in mega float designs. Most mega float designers give focus on functional systems and facilities including independent power generation, collection of rain water to supplement water treatment system, residential zones, industrial and commercial zones and food production[11,12,13,14]. 3. Analysis Table 1a, 1b, 2 and 3 list the proposed concept design specifications (CDS) A1 to A7, B1 to B2 and C1 to C2 for technical, economic and social aspect of HMF. For each specification comparison is made against concepts adopted for VLFS and indicates issues where the fundamentals are still vague. Table 1a. Issues on principal technical items of HMF’s standard concept design specifications No. A1
Design Specifications Mission statement
A2
Project objectives
A3
System requirement
A4
General layout and system distribution
x
VLFS drilling of oil and gas
Principal Technical Design Aspects HMF x Colonise the far and deep ocean
x To drill x number of barrel per month; x to sustain y number of manpower x Engineering operability– conventional; buoyancy, mooring, etc. x Power supply – mainland x Food supply - mainland x Household goods supply mainland x Spares suppliy - mainland x Living quarters for 2weekly stays x Indoor workers’ recreational/ entertainment x Single unit; one platform for all
x To sustain its population
x Engineering operation – non conventional x Generating own power fuel x Producing own food resources x Building physical infrastructure x Manufacturing own light machinery and spares x Manufacturing household goods x Outdoor recreational and entertainment x Business complexes x Admin. And governance complexes x Multi-unit, modular, skyscraper, seascraper
Issues/Missing information x limit on what should be the final shape of a ‘future' offshore community, and hence x standard list of ‘require-what’ items to build an offshore community x standard list of objectives x dominant factor varying over time x Mix between self-produced and ‘imported’ resources x Minimum requirement x Benchmark x Standards x Optimal condition
x x x x
Maximum module size Maximum skyscraper height Maximum sea-scraper depth Loading differences between modules
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Design Specifications Load/Demand Estimations
A6
Allocation of spaces
A7
Distribution of spaces
Principal Technical Design Aspects VLFS HMF x energy per x number of barrel/m x per number of population productivity x per number of visitors for z months of stocks x supplies per y number of adults workers/month x Complying to industrial rules x Per expectation of HMF owner and regulations x Per expectation of inhabitants x Complying to industrial x Per expectation of visitors guidelines x Complying to industrial standards Complying to industrial norms x Compact, high density x Spacious, low density
x
x x
Issues/Missing information Number of residents and visitors continuously changing Level of expectation Conversion of levels of expectation to space allocations
x Migration from interiorfocused approach to exterior-focused
Table 2. Issues on principal economic items of HMF’s standard concept design specifications No.
Design Stage
B1
Global objective
B2
Performance specifications
Principal Economic Design Aspects VLFS HMF x Commercially profitable x Non-profit driven, serving the community x Return on investment x Self-sufficiency, community well being
Issues/Missing information x Derivation of specific social interest rate
Table 3. Issues on principal social items of HMF’s standard concept design specifications No. C1 C2
Design Stage Mission statement Performance specifications
Principal Social Design Aspects VLFS HMF x Complying with safety x Comfort living requirement x Safety guidelines x Green, sustainable, livable
Issues/Missing information x Standard on additional spaces specific to livability, etc has not been developed
4. Discussion It is safe to presume that the traditional logical approach to concept designing through taking reference to current similar designs will survive despite advancement in computer intelligence tools for design technology. HMF designers have and will continue to start designing by looking at current megafloat designs and their immediate predecessors the VLFS. Thus A1 through to A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 will be basic standard items making up the Concept Design Specifications for HMF. It is not uncommon that they will be gathered sequentially and displayed in the form of radiating-out mind maps, as shown in Figure 1, since that design ideas grow and designs evolve along the process. A1 through to C2 will branch out and normally end with lists of design items such as equipment and facility lists attached with information on, for example, quantity and technical descriptions of the equipment. The generic structure of the technical conceptual design specification is as shown in Figure 2. A1 through to A7 and B1 and B2 could be presented as General Arrangement Drawings produced using standard tools such as AUTOCAD while C1 and C2 will be as attachment write up to the AUTOCAD drawings. The difficulty in stating HMF’s mission (CDS.A1) or purpose of existence is deciding on the future final shape of the offshore community inhibiting the HMF. The decision depends on planning horizon for time allows expansion of population and its demand for resources. This by itself is tricky since demand changes with factors like community purchasing power and lifestyle. Time also influence ways of doing things as they are parallel to
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technological advancement. The fundamental of planning is scenario building and Delphi or the equivalent could be
Figure 1. Sequential expansion of concept design specifications
Figure 2. Generic structure of the technical conceptual design specification
employed. The immediate higher level next to mission statement is selecting the HMF’s objectives (CDS.A2) i.e the measurable target critical to achieving the mission. The dominant objectives are, for example, ‘to sustain x number of population’ (CDS.A2.1) and ‘to produce y volume export goods (CDS.A2.2). These are strategic issues normally under the jurisdiction of leaders the HMF project. Concept designers must be comfortable with tools employed by steering leaders such as strategic planning. A comprehensive strategic planning will strongly tie the mission statements and the project objectives. Identifying the systems required (CDS.A3) to achieve the objective is straight forward. Deciding on whether to self-produce or to ‘import’ from the neighbouring states is not. The HMF may, for strategic reasons such as cost effectiveness and safety, want to import a percentage of its food (CDS.A3.1) for instance, rice (rice production system; CDS.A3.1.1) but prefer to produce its entire power (CDS.A3.2) requirement and using Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC, CDS.A3.2.1) and wind energy (WIND FARM; CDS.A3.2.2). Tools employed by economist for the estimation and projection of demand for natural resources are necessary at this stage. Designers still need to strike optimality between self-produce and ‘import’ after considering minimum requirement and maximum demand and benchmark values. CDS.A3 will help complete CDS.A4, specifications for the conceptual general layout of all primary system on the HMF. CDS.A4.1 (single unit), CDS.A4.2 (modular) and CDS.A4.3 (combo) will be the basic choices and CDS.A4.2.1.1 is modular, Sea-scraper, Module 1, CDS.A4.2.2 is modular, Skyscraper, Module 2 and so on. Many authors argue that engineering and technology is a limiting the design possibilities of HMF and therefore fair to deduce that module size is not limited. The tendency is to select a modular layout for effective zoning of areas (eg. CDS.A4.2.2.1; Module 2, Skyscraper, Module 2, Zone 1). Fundamentals on zoning of areas can be borrowed from principles used for the segregation of areas to deck levels in developing general arrangement (GA) drawings for ship. Similarly, principles used for town planning can be adopted. Layout designing for HMF is size wise at least, between designing of ships’ GA and township planning. However, designers still need to estimate the maximum loading on each module to have the feeling of how wide and how deep the pontoon or the seasteading structure needed to withstand the load from the multi-storey complexes on each zoned module. This is in fact CDS.A5, the
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specifications identifying the production capacity for each all physical facilities for the HMF’s primary system. The target is to estimate the space (CDS.A6) required by the facilities and for CDS.A3.2.2, Wind Farm, estimation of its capacity based on, fundamentally, area/KWatt will lead required for the Wind Farm. CDS.A7 is detailing positional location of area for each facility specified in CDS.A4. CDS.C1 and CDS.C2 will specify, based on strategically apportioned benchmarks values, the additional area required for each facility, pre-ranked according to its importance to HMF, and to be injected into CDS.A3. CDS.B1 and CDS.B2 will give an indication of the economic feasibility of the HMF project and estimated using Cost-Benefit Analysis and applying social interest rate that captures the element of shadow price. 5. Conclusion A sound standard for the development of referable design concepts of habitable megafloats is needed to ensure that future HMF conceptual designing is effectively guided. Nine primary conceptual design specifications have been proposed. There are 7 technical specifications; overall mission statement, project objectives, system requirement, general layout plan, load/demand estimations, allocation of spaces and distribution of spaces. There are 2 economic specifications; mission and economic performance specifications 2 social specifications; social mission and social performance specifications. All elements originate from the HMF’s overall mission statement. Specifications would be written such that the branching into sub-specifications and finally the required area requirement for each physical facility is traceable. Further research effort should be in apply this proposed standard specifications to test its rigorousness. Acknowledgements The study has been initially funded by Institut Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and later by Ministry of Education (MOHE), Malaysia managed by Research and Development (RMC) of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The authors acknowledge the great contribution by these organisations. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
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