Standardization of temperature regimes for better ...

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(2): 77 - 81, July – December, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER

Standardization of temperature regimes for better seed germination and seedling growth of Burdock (Arctium lappa) SHAILESH TRIPATHI • DEEPAK MEWAR • BIRENDRA PRASAD • VIKAS KUMAR JAIN

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Received: May 12, 2012, Revised: August 22, 2012, Accepted: August 30, 2012

ABSTRACT The present investigations were carried to standardize the optimum temperature for better seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of Burdock (Arctium lappa). The seeds were soaked in fresh water for 24 hours, then subjected at 16oC, 18 oC, 20 oC, 24 oC and 26 oC of different batches in the seed germinator. The results revealed that the seeds of Arctium lappa exposed to 22 oC gave better responses for germination, seedling growth along with other vigor parameters in term of peak value, germination value and germinative energy as compared to temperature regime of 16 oC, 18 oC, 20 oC, 24 oC and 26 oC. The significantly maximum germination (89.01%), root length (4.97 cm), shoot length (7.36 cm), peak value (4.23), germination value (17.02) and germinative energy (0.86) was observed in seeds exposed at 22 oC followed by 20 oC. Thereby, indicating the 22 oC temperature was found optimal for getting higher seed germination and seedling vigor for Burdock (Arctium lappa). KEYWORDS Arctium lappa, seed germination, temperature regime, seedling vigor, medicinal plants INTRODUCTION Of about 15,000 species of flowering plants found in India, about 17 % are considered to be of medicinal value (Nadkarmi 1954, Jain 1968, Pei 2001). Tripathi Shailesh1 • Mewar Deepak1• Prasad Birendra2• Jain Vikas Kumar1 1 Department of Horticulture, 2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India Vikas Kumar Jain ( ) E mail: [email protected]

Many species (1,745) are from the Indian Himalayan region, and most of these are found in Uttarakhand (Bentley and Trimen 1980, Kirtikar and Basu 1933, Nadkarni 1954, Chopra 1956). People in this region are partially or completely dependent on forest resources for medicine, food, and fuel (Gaur 1999) and medicinal species are gradually diminishing due to anthropogenic activities (Chhetri et al. 2005). The Garhwal Himalaya is one of the richest floristic zones of India and provides more than 300 species of medicinal plants (Gaur 1999, Parandial et al. 2005, Bhatt and Negi 2006). Uttarakhand is the treasure of such high value plants providing ample agro-climatic conditions for their utilization and distribution and committed for their commercial exploitation to achieve the vision of herbal state. Burdock being prominent in the area holds indispensable position in terms of distribution and utilization. Arctium lappa is an erect herb, branched, biennial or perennial, up to one meter or more in height. Arctium has been used therapeutically in Europe, North America and Asia for hundreds of years. In the seeds, some active compounds possess anti-inflammatory effects, and have potent inhibitory effects on the growth of tumors such as the pancreatic carcinoma. The roots contain a hexasaccharide, arctose, a mucilaginous substance, tannins, volatile oil, stigmaterol and sitosterol and a sulphur containing acetylenic acid called arctic acid which are particularly effective and valuable in eliminating heavy metals from our body (Yu et al. 2003). The performance of any crop depends upon the quality of seed, environmental factor, type of cultivar and cultural practices (Shukla et al. 2011). However, the main constraint in its commercial cultivation the supply of poor quality seed material, i.e. poor seed germination percentage and lack of knowledge about the seed rate for nursery raising/direct sowing and viability period under storage conditions. Some of the pre-treatments can be use to overcome this (Rawat et

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SHAILESH TRIPATHI • DEEPAK MEWAR • BIRENDRA PRASAD • VIKAS KUMAR JAIN




al. 2011). Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the germination behavior of seeds (Bewley and Black 1994). Temperature requirement of seeds for germination vary according to species, varieties and other parameters mainly the agro-climatic conditions of the area of its cultivation. Optimum germination temperature is also related to the ecology of the specific location. The optimum temperature is the temperature that results in the highest germination percentage within the shortest duration of time and can affect the percentage and rate of germination though its effect on release of dormancy and the germination process itself (Roberts 1988). Production of healthy seedlings is essential for the establishment of a vigorous crop stand (Singh et al. 1998). Keeping all these in background the present investigation was done with objectives to elucidate the standardization of temperature regime to get the better and elite seedlings of Burdock (Arctium lappa). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental seeds were screened out to get the healthy and uniform sized seeds used for germination and subsequent seedling growth. The experiment was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus Ranichauri under Completely Randomized Design with six treatments and four replications. The seeds were soaked in fresh water for 24 hours and separate batches kept under seed germinator at 16°C, 18°C, 20 oC, 22 oC, 24 oC and 26 oC for 22 days. The percentage of normal seedlings germinated up to 22nd day provided the germination percentage. The root and shoot length was measured in centimeter with the help of a measuring scale of ten randomly selected normal seedlings at final count i.e., 22 days for each replication of every treatment. Peak day is the day of the trial on which the greatest number of seeds germinated. Peak value (PV) is the cumulative germination percentage for each unit on its peak day, divided by the number of days to reach that percentage. Peak value and day reflect the rate of germination of seed sample or seed lot. Germination value reflects both germination rate and completeness and is the product of the mean daily germination and the peak value (Czabator 1962). The concept of Germination Value, as defined by Czabator (1962), aims to combine in a single Fig an expression of total germination at the end of the test period with an expression of germination energy or speed of germination. Total germination was expressed as Mean Daily Germination (MDG), calculated as the cumulative percentage of full seed germination at the end of the test, divided by the number of days from beginning to the end of the test. Germination

Value (GV) can then be calculated by multiplying mean daily germination (MDG) with the peak value (PV). However, Germinative Energy (GE) calculated by the germination before and on peak day divided by total number of seeds taken for experiment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results revealed that the seed germination and seedling vigor of burdock were influenced by the different temperature regimes and significantly higher germination (89.01 %), was observed for seed subjected at 22 oC followed by 77% for 20 oC and results at par with (75.50 %) for T3 i.e. at 24 oC (Table 1, Fig 1). The subsequent growth of seedling after germination have also been influenced by the different temperature regimes and also statistically maximum root and shoot length (4.97 and 7.36 cm) were also measured for treatment T4 i.e. at 22 oC, followed by 4.69 cm root length in T3 (20 oC) and results did not different with T5 (4.62 cm), while in term of shoot length trend was not similar and second significantly highest shoot length (6.64 cm) was noticed for T5 (24 oC). However, statistically least root and shoot length (3.53 and 5.03 cm) was observed for T1 i.e. at 16 oC temperature regimes (Fig 2, Fig 3). Table 1 Effect of temperature on germination per cent, root length and shoot length in Burdock (Arctium lappa) Treatments Germination Root Length Shoot (%) (cm) Length (cm) o T1 (16 C) 53.53 3.53 5.03 T2 (18 oC) 64.26 4.18 5.55 T3 (20 oC) 77.00 4.69 5.71 T4 (22 oC) 89.01 4.97 7.36 o T5 (24 C) 75.50 4.62 6.64 T6 (26 oC) 67.75 4.54 5.92 Mean 71.17 4.42 6.04 SEM (±) 1.53 0.03 0.09 CD 5 % 4.57 0.10 0.27 Table 2 also depicted that the temperature regimes not only affect the seed germination and subsequent seedling growth in terms of root and shoot growth but also determine the rate of germination along with power of germination in Burdock and peak value ranges from 2.24 to 4.23 for T1 (16 o C) and T4 (22 oC) respectively. However with respect to peak value the result could not differed significantly for T1 (16 oC), T2 (18 oC) and T3 (20 oC) (Table 2, Fig 3). With regards to germination value the maximum value (17.02) was

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100 80 60 40 20 0

Germination Value

Germination (%)

Journal of Hill Agriculture (Volume 3, No. 2 July – December, 2012)

16

18

20

22

24

20 15 10 5 0 16

18

26

20

22

24

26

Temperature (⁰C)

Temperature (⁰C)

Germinative Energy

Root Length (cm)

Fig 5 Effect of temperature on germination value of Arctium lappa seeds

6 4 2 0 16

18

20

22

24

26

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 16

18 20 22 24 Temperature (⁰C)

26

Temperature (⁰C)

Shoot length (cm)

Fig 2 Influence of temperature regime on root length of Arctium lappa seedlings

Fig 6 Influence of temperature regime on germinative energy of Burdock seeds

8 6 4 2 0

16 18 20 22 24 26 Fig 3 Influence of temperature regime on shoot Temperature (⁰C)length of Arctium lappa seedlings 5 Peak Value




Fig 1 Effect of Temperature regime on germination percentage of Burdock seeds

4 3 2 1 0 16

18 20 22 24 Temperature (⁰C)

26

Fig 4 Effect of temperature on peak value of germination of Burdock seeds

also noticed for T4 i.e. seeds subjected at 22 oC in the incubator followed by 12.25 for T3 (20 oC) and results at par 12.23 with T5 i.e. seed incubated at 24 oC. While, significantly least value 5.45 was obtained in T1 (16°C) (Fig 5). Germinative energy is the power of seed germination of any seed sample or seed lot and it also exhibited in same trend i.e. significantly highest germinative energy was computed for T4 (0.86) followed by 0.73 for T5 (25 oC) and results at par 0.71 with T3 (20 oC). However, significantly lowest value (0.49) was noted for T1 i.e. seed at 16 oC during incubation in the germinator (Fig 6). Thus, it seems that temperature is a critical factor in the germination of Arctium lappa seeds. Tabrizi et al. (2004) found that by increasing temperature from 5 oC to 15 o C, seed germination of Plantago ovata increased and above that there was a decreasing trend. Similar results were also obtained by Ellis et al. (1986) who computed the germination rate in grain legumes increased linearly from base temperature to an optimum and then decreased to maximum temperature. The results were also close confirmation with the work of Kumar et al. (2011) who reported germinative

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energy of 17.78 % higher in Kalmegh at 25 oC. Among the tested temperatures, maximum number of seeds of Burdock germinated at 22 oC, thus it seems to be the optimum temperature for germination. These findings were also seems alike to be 30 oC for Kalmegh seeds reported by Chaudhary (1975) and Baskin and Baskin (2001).




Table 2 Effect of temperature on peak value, germination value and germinative energy of Burdock (Arctium lappa) Treatments

Peak Value

T1 (16 oC) T2 (18 oC) T3 (20 oC) T4 (22 oC) T5 (24 oC) T6 (26⁰C) Mean SEM (±) CD 5%

2.24 2.36 2.66 4.23 3.56 3.41 3.07 0.14 0.42

Germination Value 5.45 7.36 12.25 17.02 12.23 11.18 10.92 0.40 1.19

Germinative Energy 0.49 0.59 0.71 0.86 0.73 0.63 0.67 0.02 0.07

The differential behavior in germination of this medicinal plant under different temperature regimes indicated that the germination capacity of the seeds of this medicinal plant was affected by temperature. Temperature can affect the percentage and rate of germination through its effects on loss of dormancy and the germination process itself (Roberts 1988). Reduced temperatures and critical high temperature would be expected to retard the metabolic rate to the point where pathways essential for the onset of germination would cease to operate (Verma et al. 2010). CONCLUSION It become clear that, for producing elite and vigorous seedlings along with maximum plant population, seeds of Burdock (Arctium lappa) should be sown at temperature of 22 oC. However, the temperature regimes in Burdock seeds resulting the deviation in seed germination and seedling vigor. This paper provides some evidence that exhibited differences in germination and vigor of Burdock associated with different temperature regimes. Further investigation is also however, required to determine this sole reason in other medicinal plant and/or other genotypes of the same kind.

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