Revelation and Science Vol. 01, No. 01 (2011) 32-38
Research Article
Standards for medical practices as mirrored in isbah treatises Abu Saim Md. Shahabuddin* Department of Management,Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development, University Technology Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Abstract °LVEDKWUHDWLVHVZHUHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHPDQXDOVIRURIILFLDOVXSHUYLVLRQRIDZLGHUDQJHRIDFWLYLWLHVLQ0XVOLP VRFLHWLHVLQWKHSDVW0HGLFDOSUDFWLFHVZHUHRQHRIWKHVHDFWLYLWLHV5HO\LQJPDLQO\RQ¦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eywords: °LVEDK¦LVEDKWUHDWLVHPX¦WDVLEPHGLFDOVWDQGDUGV $EVWUDN 3HUDNXDQ°LVEDKLDODKPDQXDOEDJLSHPDQWDXDQUDVPLWHUKDGDSSHOEDJDLDNWLYLWLRUDQJ,VODP]DPDQVLODP $PDODQ SHUXEDWDQ DGDODK VDWX GDULSDGDQ\D %HUVDQGDUNDQ SHUDNXDQ ¦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°LVEDKSHUDNXDQ¦LVEDKPXOWDVLESLDZDLDQSLDZDLDQSHUXEDWDQ ,1752'8&7,21 WHUPHG DV DO°LVEDK GXULQJ WKH HDUO\ \HDUV RI ,Q WKH KLVWRU\ RI ,VODPLF FLYLOL]DWLRQ ¦LVEDK RU $EEDVLG &DOLSKDWH %XFNOH\ 7KH PX¦WDVLE L¦WLV¢E LV D RQHZRUG H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH 4XUÍDQLF ZDVWKHFKLHIRIILFLDORIWKLVLQVWLWXWLRQ &DKHQDQG LQMXQFWLRQ DERXW FRPPDQGLQJ ULJKW DQG IRUELGGLQJ 7DOEL +H VXSHUYLVHG GLYHUVH DFWLYLWLHV RI YDVWGRPDLQVLQFOXGLQJÏERWKPDWHULDODQGVSLULWXDO ZURQJ ,W LV DQ ,VODPLF VRFLDO REOLJDWLRQ IDU¥ DO UHOLJLRXVULWXDOVSXEOLFK\JLHQHPRUDOVHGXFDWLRQ NLI¢\DK 7KH GLVFKDUJH RI VXFK D VDFUHG VRFLDO FRPPHUFH LQGXVWU\ DQG FUDIWVÐ (VVLG ,Q REOLJDWLRQ VLQFH WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH ,VODPLF RWKHU ZRUGV KLV MXULVGLFWLRQ FRYHUHG WKUHH EURDG JRYHUQDQFH DW 0HGLQD KDG JUDGXDOO\ DVVXPHG IXQFWLRQDO DUHDV L RUJDQL]LQJ IDFLOLWLHV IRU WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO IRUP ZKLFK ZDV IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH SHUIRUPDQFH RI ªLE¢GDK ZRUVKLSSLQJ RU VSLULWXDO *Corresponding author: ASM Shahabuddin, GHYRWLRQ DQGVXSHUYLVLQJSXEOLFPRUDOFRQGXFW LL Senior Lecturer, Department of Management, Faculty of Management and HRD (FPPSM), UTM, 81310 Skudai, DGPLQLVWHULQJ PXQLFLSDO VHUYLFHV DQG LLL Johor, Malaysia E-mail:
[email protected]
Standards for medical practices/ Shahabuddin AS, M. UHJXODWLQJHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVLHWUDGHFUDIWVDQG SURIHVVLRQV 7KH IXQFWLRQDO DUHD PHQWLRQHG DW WKH ODVW LQFOXGHG WKH SURIHVVLRQ RI PHGLFLQH DQG SUDFWLFDOO\ RXWZHLJKHG WKH RWKHU WZR IXQFWLRQDO DUHDV 2UPDQ )RU 0XVOLP SK\VLFLDQV LPSHWXV IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PHGLFDO SUDFWLFHV KDG UHOLJLRXV URRWV )RU LQVWDQFH ,PP 0XVOLP UHODWHV LQ KLV ±D¦L¦WKH3URSKHW VDLG “To every disease (dÉ’) there is a remedy, and when the remedy (dawÉ’) to the disease is found, he is cured by the permission of $OOK, the Glorious One.” (±D¦L¦0XVOLP¦DGLWKQR
,Q DQRWKHU QDUUDWLRQ UHODWHG E\ ,PP %XNKUWKH3URSKHW VDLG “$OOK did not send down any illness without sending down healing (shifÉ’) for it.” ±D¦L¦DO%XNK¢U£¦DGLWKQR ,EQ 4D\\LP DO-DZ]L\\D G &( D 0XVOLP WKHRORJLDQ DV ZHOO DV D SUDFWLVLQJ SK\VLFLDQKDGVHHQLQÏIRUHYHU\LOOQHVVDUHPHG\Ð DVXEOLPHIRUFHÊDIRUFHWKDWHQFRXUDJHGSK\VLFLDQV WR VHHN DQG LQYHVWLJDWH WKDW UHPHG\ ,Q VHHNLQJ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ DQG DSSO\LQJ UHPHGLHV LQVSLUHG 0XVOLPVSK\VLFLDQVVXFKDVDO5]DODEDU,EQ 6Q DQG ,EQ 4D\\LP KDG SOD\HG SLRQHHULQJ UROHV LQ V\VWHPDWL]LQJ DQG SURIHVVLRQDOL]LQJ WKH SUDFWLFH RI PHGLFLQH 6LQFH WKH SUDFWLFH RI WKLV QREOHU SURIHVVLRQ RI PHGLFLQH LQ 0XVOLP VRFLHWLHV LQ WKH SDVW ZDV ZLWKLQ WKH SXUYLHZ RI WKH UHJXODWLRQ DQG VXSHUYLVLRQ RI DO°LVEDK ¦LVEDK WUHDWLVHV DGPLQLVWUDWLYH KDQGERRNV IRU WKH PX¦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¦LVEDK WUHDWLVHV DV D VSHFLHV RI FODVVLFDO OLWHUDWXUH RQ ,VODPLF JRYHUQDQFH DUH WKH PDLQ
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| Revelation and Science | Vol. 01, No.01 (1432H/2011)
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Al-Shayzar describes this treatment procedure as a part of Greek medical tradition. Almost same description
appears in Ibn al-Ukhuwwa (p.178) as the norm of medical care in Muslim lands. 2
Ibn al-Ukhuwwa (p.178) makes it explicit that during followup visit the doctor must examine urine. Thus, his almost verbatim account of al-Shayzar makes a significant addition to, or provides a clarification of, the treatment procedure.
| Revelation and Science | Vol. 01, No.01 (1432H/2011)
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