Stock assessment of sharks in the northern part ...



$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV   3XEOLVKHGRQOLQH2FWREHUKWWSZZZVFLHQFHSXEOLVKLQJJURXSFRPMDII  GRLMDII ,661;3ULQW ,6612QOLQH 

 

6WRFNDVVHVVPHQWRIVKDUNVLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUW ,UDQLDQZDWHUV RIWKH3HUVLDQ*XOI 1DVVLU1LDPDLPDQGL 7RUDM9DOLQDVVDE*KRODP$EEDV=DUVKHQDV  

,UDQ6KULPS5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH32%R[%XVKHKU,UDQ ,UDQLDQ)LVKHULHV5HVHDUFK2UJDQL]DWLRQ7HKUDQ,UDQ

(PDLODGGUHVV QPDLPDQGL#\DKRRFRP11LDPDLPDQGL 

7RFLWHWKLVDUWLFOH 1DVVLU1LDPDLPDQGL7RUDM9DOLQDVVDE*KRODP$EEDV=DUVKHQDV6WRFN$VVHVVPHQWRI6KDUNVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ3DUW,UDQLDQ:DWHUV RIWKH 3HUVLDQ*XOI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV9RO1RSSGRLMDII



$EVWUDFW 7KLVVWXG\ZDVDQDO\]HGWKHDQQXDOFDWFKDQGWUDZOVXUYH\GDWDRIVKDUNVLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH3HUVLDQ*XOI Ûǯ WR Ûǯ1 DQG Ûǯ WR Ûǯ(  IURP  WR  7UDZO VXUYH\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ UHVHDUFK YHVVHO )HUGRXV HTXLSSHGZLWKERWWRPWUDZOQHWVLQPHVKHVPPDQGPPDWERG\DQGFRGHQGUHVSHFWLYHO\7HQVWUDWXPVZHUHVHOHFWHGLQ WKHVWXG\DUHDDQGVWDWLRQVZHUHUDQGRPO\WUDZOHG7KHGHQVLW\&38$ RIVKDUNUHVRXUFHVZDVHVWLPDWHGEDVHGRQVZHSW DUHD PHWKRG $QQXDOWRWDOFDWFK ZDVREWDLQHGIURP,UDQLDQILVKHULHVRUJDQL]DWLRQ6KLODW 7KHUHVXOWVRIFDWFKSHU XQLWDUHD VKRZHGNJQPLQWRNJQPLQ7KHUHZDVDKLJKGHJUHHRIYDULDELOLW\RI&38$DPRQJGLIIHUHQWDUHDV DQGWKHPD[LPXPZDVHVWLPDWHGNJQPLQ1D\EDQGDQG0RJKDP,QFDWFKFRPSRVLWLRQGDWDVKDUNVKDYHDGHFUHDVLQJ WUHQGIURPLQWRLQWKDWVKRZVDGHFOLQH ZLWKDQDQQXDODYHUDJH GXULQJ7KLVUHVXOWV VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH VKDUN UHVRXUFHV DUH RYHUH[SORLWHG DQG WKH FXUUHQW HIIRUW LV IDU KLJKHU WKDQ WKH HIIRUW UHTXLUHG KDUYHVWLQJ RSWLPXP\LHOGV

.H\ZRUGV6KDUN5HVRXUFHV,UDQLDQ:DWHUV3HUVLDQ*XOI 

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Ü DQG VFDOORSHG KDPPHUKHDG 6SK\UQDOHZLQLDUHSURYLGHGDORQJ ZLWKD QHZUHFRUGRIWKH UDUHO\UHSRUWHGJUH\QXUVHVKDUN&DUFKDULDVWDXUXVPRRUHHW DO   6KDUNV SOD\ DQ HVVHQWLDO UROO LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH



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



1DVVLU1LDPDLPDQGLHWDO6WRFN$VVHVVPHQWRI6KDUNVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ3DUW,UDQLDQ:DWHUV RIWKH3HUVLDQ*XOI 

LQFOXGLQJ WRWDO H[SORLWDWLRQ FDWFK SHU XQLW DUHD GDWD DQG FRPSDULQJ RI WRWDO FDWFK ZLWK VKDUN H[SORLWDWLRQ UDWHV 7KH DXWKRUV LQWHQG WR SURYLGH FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR FUHDWH DQ DFWLRQSODQVWKDWHQKDQFHWKHILVKHULHVPDQDJHPHQWRIVKDUNV LQWKH3HUVLDQ*XOI



:KHUH&38$LVWKHPHDQRIWKHFDWFKLQHYHU\VWDWLRQDQG D LV WRZHG DUHD LQ HYHU\ VWDWLRQ 7RWDO RI &38$ LQ HYHU\ VWUDWXP LV &38$  &W$ WKDW LV WRWDO FDWFK RI HYHU\ VWUDWXP &W LQZKROHVDPSOLQJDUHD$ 

5HVXOWV

0HWKRGDQG0DWHULDO 7KHGDWDIRUDQDO\]LQJZHUHLQFOXGHGRIDQQXDOFDWFKUDWH RI VKDUNV WKDW ZDV REWDLQHG IURP ,UDQLDQ ILVKHULHV RUJDQL]DWLRQVKLODW DQGDVZHOODVGDWDIURPUHJLRQDOILVKHU\ VXUYH\ ERWWRP WUDZO VDPSOLQJ  IURP  WR ,QYHVWLJDWHG DUHD ZDV ORFDWHG EHWZHHQ Ûǯ WR Ûǯ1DQG ÛǯWR Ûǯ(FRYHULQJ DERXW  NP ORQJ DQG  QPDQG H[WHQGV IURP .KX]HVWDQ WKURXJK %XVKHKU LQWKHQRUWKHUQPLGGOHSDUWWR+RUPR]JDQZDWHUVLQWKHVWUDLW RI+RUPX])LJ ,QWUDZOVXUYH\VWUDWXPV$WR,)LJ  ZLWKLQPGHSWKZDVXVHGIRUWRZLQJDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\ VWDWLRQVZHUHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHG 6DPSOLQJZDVFDUULHGRXWE\59)HUGRXVZLWKORQJ P ZLGWK VWUHWFKHGDQG  +3 HQJLQH7KH VWDQGDUG ERWWRPWUDZOQHWZLWKPPPHVKVL]HDWERG\DQGPP DWFRGHQGZLWKKHDGURSHOHQJWKPZDVXVHG7RZLQJZDV RSHUDWHGDWNQRWVIRURQHKRXU &DWFKSHUXQLWDUHD&38$ ZDVFDOFXODWHGE\VZHSWDUHD PHWKRG6SDUUHDQG9HQHPD 6ZHSWDUHDRUHIIHFWLYH SDWKVZHSWD ZDVHVWLPDWHGIURP

,Q WUDZO VXUYH\ DERXW  VSHFLHV RU VSHFLHV JURXS ZHUH LGHQWLILHG 6KDUNV ZHUH GLYLGHG LQ WZR JURXSV LQFOXGHG RI :KLWHFKHHN VKDUN&DUFKDUKLQXVGXVVXPLHUL DQG RWKHU VKDUN VSHFLHVWKDWFDOOHGVKDUNV,Q FDWFKFRPSRVLWLRQGDWDVKDUNV DUH QRW JURXSHG E\ VSHFLHV DQG MXVW PHQWLRQHG DV RQH JURXS6R LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ GDWD DQDO\VLV LV GRQH RQ WKH VKDUNVDVDRQHJURXSRIPDULQHRUJDQLVPV &DWFK SHU XQLW DUHD ZDV HVWLPDWHG LQ PD[LPXP  NJQPLQWRPLQLPXPNJQPLQ)LJ 7KLV HVWLPDWLRQKDVEDVLFDOO\VKRZQDVWURQJQHJDWLYHWUHQGIURP WR7KLVGHFOLQLQJLQHYHU\\HDULVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQFOXGHGRIKDOIRIWKHGHQVLW\FRPSDULQJSUHYLRXV\HDU

$ ' K ; ' 9 W :KHUH9LVWKHYHORFLW\RIWKHWUDZORYHUWKHJURXQGZKHQ WUDZOLQJKLVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHKHDGURSHWLVWKHWLPHVSHQW WUDZOLQJ;LVWKDWIUDFWLRQRIWKHKHDGURSHOHQJWKWKDWZDV DVVXPHGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ &DWFK 3HU 8QLW $UHD &38$  ZDV HVWLPDWHG E\ GLYLGLQJ WKH FDWFK E\ WKH VZHSW DUHD LQ VTXDUH QDXWLFDO PLOHV  DV GHILQHGE\IROORZLQJIRUPXOD6SDUUHDQG9HQHPD  &38$ &D

 )LJ0DSRIWKHVDPSOLQJDUHDLQ,UDQLDQVRXWKHUQSURYLQFHVZDWHUVLQWKH 3HUVLDQ*XOI



 )LJ&38$NJQP RIVKDUNVLQWKH,UDQLDQZDWHUV3HUVLDQ*XOI  

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Ûғ( DQG Ûғ(  WKDW LV ORFDWHG EHWZHHQ 1D\EDQG DQG 0RJKDP DUHDV 7KLV DUHD ZDV DERXW QP



$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV  



'LVFXVVLRQ

 )LJ7RWDOFDWFKDQG&DWFK3HU8QLW$UHD&38$ RIVKDUNVLQWKH,UDQLDQ ZDWHUVRI3HUVLDQ*XOI 

 )LJ  3HUFHQWDJH RI WKH VKDUNV LQ WKH WRWDO FDWFK LQ WKH ,UDQLDQZDWHUVRI 3HUVLDQ*XOI 

 )LJ  &DWFK 3HU 8QLW $UHD &38$  RI VKDUNV LQ GLIIHUHQW GHSWKV LQ WKH ,UDQLDQZDWHUVRI3HUVLDQ*XOI 

,Q WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ WKH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW DQQXDO FDWFK DQG&38$RIWKHVKDUNVKDYHDGHFUHDVLQJWUHQGIURP WR6KDUNVKDYHFRPSULVHGEHWZHHQDQGRI WRWDOODQGLQJV ,Q WKH VWXGLHG DUHD FDXJKW VKDUNV DUH HLWKHU ODQGHG RU GLVFDUGHG 6RPH RI WKH VKDUNV FDWFK IRU ILQV DQG WKH ILQOHVV DQLPDOEDFNLQWRWKHZDWHUDQGVRPHRIWKHPDUHDVE\FDWFK %RWK ILQQHG DQG E\FDWFK VXIIHUV  PRUWDOLW\ DQG QRW PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH UHSRUWHG FDWFK6KDUN ILQ KDV EHFRPH D PDMRUWUDGHZLWKLQVRPH*XOI¶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¶V H[SORLWDWLRQ 6KDUNV DUH QRW XVXDOO\FDXJWKWRXVHIRUERG\PHDWDQGGXHWRKLJKYDOXHRI ILQ LQ VRPH FRXQWULHV RI WKH 3HUVLDQ *XOI WKH DQLPDOV ILQ UHPRYHGDQGERG\EHLQJGLVFDUGHGDWVHD6XFKGLVFDUGVDUH QRWXVXDOO\UHSRUWHGDQGPDNHDELDVLQVWDWLVWLFRIFDWFK7R DYRLG IXUWKHU GHSOHWLRQ DQG SRVVLEOH GLVWLQFWLRQ RI VKDUNV VRPH XUJHQW GHFLVLRQV DUH QHVVHFHU\ &DWFK OLPLW FULWLFDO SURWHFWLRQ KDELWDWV DQG $QWLILQQLQJ UHJXODWLRQ FDQ KHOS WR FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI VKDUN UHVRXUFHV LQ WKH 3HUVLDQ *XOI DUHD $ SODQ IRU GDWD FROOHFWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ RI ILVKHUPHQ FDQ DOVR HQKDQFH WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG ILVKHULHV PDQDJHPHQWRIVKDUNVLQWKLVDUHD 7KHGDWDDYDLODEOHLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DUHQRWVXIILFLHQWWR LGHQWLI\ WKH OLPLW RI PD[LPXP VXVWDLQDEOH \LHOG RI VKDUN VSHFLHV7KLVSRVVLELOLW\LVDOVRH[LVWHGWKDWWKHVWRFNVLQWKH QRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH3HUVLDQ*XOIEHLQJLQFRPPRQ ZLWKWKH DGMDFHQWZDWHUVLQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWV$UDELDQFRXQWULHV ,Q VXFK FDVH WKH GHJUHH RI H[SORLWDWLRQ E\ QHLJKERULQJ FRXQWULHV ZLOO LQIOXHQFH RQ GDWD DQDO\VLV 7KHVH UHJXODWLRQV VKRXOGEHLQWURGXVHGE\FROODERUDWLRQRIDOOFRXQWULHVLQWKH UHJLRQ 8QWLO VXFK WLPH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ FDQ SURYLGH JXLGDQFH WR SODQLQJILVKHU\ GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH VKDUN UHVRXUFHV DQG DOVR VHUYH DV D VRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQ

$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV  )LJ  &DWFK 3HU 8QLW $UHD &38$  RI VKDUNV LQ GLIIHUHQW VWUDWXP LQ WKH ,UDQLDQZDWHUVRI3HUVLDQ*XOI 

7KLV UHVHDUFK KDV EHHQ IXQGHG E\ ,UDQLDQ )LVKHULHV 5HVHDUFK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ ,)52  7KH DXWKRUV JUDWHIXOO\ DFNQRZOHGJH XVH RI WKH ,UDQLDQ )LVKHULHV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 6KLODW  VWDWLVWLF RI FDWFK 6SHFLDO WKDQNV WR WKRVH WKDW



1DVVLU1LDPDLPDQGLHWDO6WRFN$VVHVVPHQWRI6KDUNVLQWKH1RUWKHUQ3DUW,UDQLDQ:DWHUV RIWKH3HUVLDQ*XOI 

SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WUDZO VXUYH\ SDUWLFXODUO\ 0RPHQL 0REDUH]L 6DILNKDQL 'HKJKDQL .DPDOL $QVDUL .DVKL .KRUVKLGLDQ 6KDEDQL0RUDGLDQG(VPDHLOL



>@ 0RRUH$%0:DUG5'DQG3HLUFH56KDUNVRIWKH 3HUVLDQ *XOI D ILUVW DQQRWDWHG FKHFNOLVW &KRQGULFKWK\HV (ODVPREUDQFKLL =RRWD[D±

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 6LPSIHQGRUIHU&$)UHLWDV*):LOH\75+HXSHO05  'LVWULEXWLRQ DQG KDELWDW SDUWLWLRQLQJ RI LPPDWXUH EXOO VKDUNV &DUFKDUKLQXVOHXFDV  LQ D 6RXWKZHVW )ORULGD (VWXDU\ (VWXDULHV±

>@ $EHOOD $  6WRFN DVVHVVPHQW PRGHOV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ WR VNDWHV ,Q 6HUHQD ) 0DQFXVL & %DURQH 0 HGV )LHOGLGHQWLILFDWLRQJXLGHWRWKHVNDWHV5DMLGDH RIWKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD*XLGHOLQHVIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV %LRO0DU0HGLWHUU6XSSO S

>@ 6LPSIHQGRUIHU &$ &RUWpV ( +HXSHO 0 %URRNV ( %DEFRFN(%DXP-0F$XOH\5'XGOH\66WHYHQV-' )RUGKDP 6 DQG 6ROGR $  $Q LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFK WR GHWHUPLQLQJWKHULVNRIRYHUH[SORLWDWLRQIRUGDWDSRRUSHODJLF $WODQWLFVKDUNV,&&$76&56

>@ &ODUNH 6& 0F$OOLVWHU 0. 0LOQHU*XOODQG (- .LUNZRRG *3 0LFKLHOVHQV &*- $JQHZ '- 3LNLWFK (. 1DNDQR + 6KLYML 06  *OREDO HVWLPDWHV RI VKDUN FDWFKHV XVLQJ WUDGH UHFRUGV IURP FRPPHUFLDO PDUNHWV(FRORJLFDOOHWWHU9RO

>@ 6SDUUH 3 9HQHPD 6&  ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR WURSLFDO ILVK VWRFN DVVHVVPHQW SDUW PDQXDO )$2 ILVKHULHV WHFKQLFDO SDSHU



>@ 0F$XOH\ 5 1HZERXQG ' $VKZRUWK 5  )LHOG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ JXLGH WR ZHVWHUQ $XVWUDOLDQ VKDUNV DQG VKDUN OLNH UD\V 'HSDUWPHQW RI ILVKHULHV 3HUW :HVWHUQ $XVWUDOLD )LVKHULHVRFFDVLRQDOSXEOLFDWLRQ1R 



>@ :RUP % 'DYLV % .HWWHPHU / :DUG3DLJH &$ &KDSPDQ ' +HLWKDXV 05 6WHYHQ7.HVVHO 67 6DPXHO+*UXEHU 6+  *OREDO FDWFKHV H[SORLWDWLRQ UDWHV DQG UHEXLOGLQJ RSWLRQV IRU VKDUNV 0DULQH SROLF\