structural health assessment of timber structures

STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF TIMBER STRUCTURES

Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures, SHATIS’15 9–11 September 2015 Wroclaw, Poland

STRUCTURAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF TIMBER STRUCTURES

Editors

Jerzy JasieĔko and Tomasz Nowak Faculty of Civil Engineering Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Volume 2

DolnoĂlÈskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne Poland

Editorial Collaboration àukasz Bednarz Wojciech Puáa Cover design Daria Suáek-Chlebowska DTP Sáawomir PĊczek www.editus.pl

Copyright © 2015 DolnoĞląskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne (DWE), Wrocáaw, Poland All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information, contained herein may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers or the author for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and for the information contained herein. Published by DolnoĞląskie Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne (DWE), Wrocáaw, Poland 53-204 Wrocáaw, ul. Ojca Beyzyma 20 b [email protected] phone +48 502 209 006, +48 601 312 869 www.dwe.wroc.pl

ISSN 0860-2395 ISBN 978-83-7125-255-6 – set (2 volumes) ISBN 978-83-7125-256-3 – volume 1 ISBN 978-83-7125-257-0 – volume 2 Printed in Poland, 2015

Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures – Jerzy Jasieŷko & Tomasz Nowak (eds) © 2015 DWE, Wrocųaw, Poland, ISSN 0860-2395, ISBN 978-83-7125-255-6

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................XV ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................................. XVII

Volume 1

THE WOODEN CHURCHES IN POLAND INSCRIBED ON UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST Eleftheria TSAKANIKA INSCRIPTION IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST OF THE WOODEN TSERKVAS OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION IN POLAND AND UKRAINE. THE FIELD EVALUATION MISSION .................................................................................................. 3 Mariusz CZUBA, Jerzy JASIEēKO, Maágorzata ROZBICKA WOODEN CHURCHES IN SOUTH MALOPOLSKA LISTED AS UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES (POLAND) ............................................................................................................ 22 Ulrich SCHAAF EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF PEACE IN JAWOR. SEVERAL COMMENTS ON ITS ORIGINAL ARCHITECTURE AND HALF-TIMBERED CONSTRUCTION FROM THE YEARS 1654-1655 IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH .............................................................................................. 36

ASSESSMENT, REINFORCEMENT AND MONITORING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES Dina D’AYALA, Eleftheria TSAKANIKA, Thierry DESCAMPS, Francesca LANATA, Jochen KURZ, Annette HARTE, Jorge BRANCO, Natalie QUINN INTERDISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT, STRENGTHENING AND MONITORING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IN EUROPE .......................................................................................... 49 Olivier CARPENTIER, Thierry CHARTIER, Emmanuel ANTCZAK, Thierry DESCAMPS, Laurent VAN PARYS ACTIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY USING FREQUENTIAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE MONITORING OF HISTORIC TIMBER STRUCTURES ........................................................................................... 61 Annette M. HARTE, Teresa ARTOLA, Richard McCORMACK DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR TIMBER REINFORCEMENT SELECTION .......................................................................................................................................... 70 V

Annette HARTE, Robert JOCKWER, Mislav STEPINAC,Thierry DESCAMPS, Vlatka RAJCIC, Philipp DIETSCH REINFORCEMENT OF TIMBER STRUCTURES – THE ROUTE TO STANDARDISATION ....... 78 Martin KRAUSE, Jochen H. KURZ, Francesca LANATA, Lidija KRSTEVSKA, Alberto CAVALLI NEEDS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPING MONITORING AND NDT-METHODS FOR TIMBER STRUCTURES ...................................................................................................................................... 89 Mariapaola RIGGIO, Maria Adelaide PARISI, Chiara TARDINI , Eleftheria TSAKANIKA, Dina D’AYALA, Nicola RUGGIERI, Gennaro TAMPONE, Francesco AUGELLI EXISTING TIMBER STRUCTURES: PROPOSAL FOR AN ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE ........... 100 Jan SIEM, André JORISSEN CAN TRADITIONAL CARPENTRY JOINTS BE ASSESSED AND DESIGNED USING MODERN STANDARDS? .................................................................................................................. 108 Karel ŠOBRA, Jorge M. BRANCO, Petr FAJMAN BEHAVIOUR OF A DOVETAIL JOINT SOLVED USING FORCE ANALYSES ........................... 120 Karel ŠOBRA, Carina FONSECA FERREIRA, Mariapaola RIGGIO, Dina D’AYALA, Francisco ARRIAGA, José-Ramón AIRA A NEW TOOL FOR THE STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC CARPENTRY JOINTS ........................................................................................................................ 129

HISTORICAL TIMBER STRUCTURES Simonetta ACACIA, Marta CASANOVA WHICH WILL BE ITS DESTINY? .................................................................................................... 139 Khosro AFZALI , Negin DORNESHAN INTRODUCING NATIVE IRANIAN HOUSES IN AREAS WITH HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE (CASE: A HOUSE IN GILAN PROVINCE) .................................................................... 150 Krzysztof AàYKOW, Magdalena NAPIÓRKOWSKA-AàYKOW FIRST THE ROOF THAN THE WALLS. INFLUENCE OF THE POLITICAL SITUATION ON THE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY............................................................................................... 159 Kerimcan APAK, Giulio MIRABELLA ROBERTI TIMBER TIE BEAM REINFORCED MASONRY IN OTTOMAN BATHS .................................... 167 Francesco AUGELLI CARPENTRY AND JOINERY TOOLS. USES, TECHNIQUES, TERMS AND DEFINITION IN THE MOXON’S MECHANIK EXERCISE OR THE DOCTRINE OF HANDY-WORKS 1677 ............................................................................... 178 Thomas K. BADER, Michael DORN, Gerold ESSER, Georg HOCHREINER THE HISTORIC ROOF STRUCTURE OF THE LEOPOLD WING OF THE VIENNA HOFBURG PLALACE – STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................... 188 Dariusz BAJNO, àukasz J. BEDNARZ, Tomasz NOWAK PRESERVATION OF THE ROOF TRUSS IN THE CITY HALL OF OPOLE (POLAND): AN ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................... 198 Liucija BEREŽANSKYTƠ, Tiziana CAMPISI THE TRADITIONAL SACRAL WOODEN CONSTRUCTION IN LITHUANIA BETWEEN XVIII AND XIX CENTURY........................................................................................... 207 VI

Piotr BERKOWSKI, Grzegorz DMOCHOWSKI, Jerzy SZOàOMICKI, Jacek BARAēSKI UNIQUE DESIGN SOLUTIONS OF TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURES IN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS – CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................ 219 Jozef GOCÁL, Peter KRUŠINSKÝ, Eva CAPKOVÁ STATIC ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL TRUSSES ........................................................................... 227 Alberto GRIMOLDI, Angelo Giuseppe LANDI HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF COFFERED CEILINGS.THE CASE STUDY OF PALAZZO RAIMONDI IN CREMONA ............................................................................................................... 236 Georg HOCHREINER, Thomas BADER, Michael SCHWEIGLER, Gerold ESSER, Stefan HAGMANN, Bernhard GLATZ THE HISTORIC ROOF STRUCTURE OF THE SPANISH RIDING SCHOOL IN VIENNA STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................................... 248 Michal KLOIBER, JiĜí BLÁHA, František VÁCLAVÍK, Petr RģŽIýKA, JiĜí KUNECKÝ MODERN DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND TRADITIONAL CARPENTRY TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE RENOVATION OF THE WHITE TOWER BELFRY IN HRADEC KRALOVE .................................................................................................................... 260 David LORENZO, Alfonso LOZANO, Josu BENITO, Manuel GUAITA USE CLASES, WEATHER CONDITIONS AND DURABILITY: THE PROBLEM OF FIR AND SPRUCE TIMBER BRIDGES BUILT IN NORTHERN SPAIN ................................. 272 Czesáaw MIEDZIAàOWSKI, Jarosáaw MALESZA, Marcin SZKOBODZIēSKI STRUCTURAL INTERACTION OF TOWER WITH WALLS AND FLYING BUTTRESS SYSTEM IN HISTORIC CHURCH.................................................................................................... 280 Marco MORANDOTTI, Emanuele ZAMPERINI, Valentina CINIERI TEMPORARY SHELTERS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS. AN APPLICATION IN KINIK HÖYÜK SITE (TURKEY) ............................................................... 289 Marius MOùOARCĂ, Vlad GAIVORONSCHI, Valeriu STOIAN COMPLEX SYSTEM OF WOODEN PILE FOUNDATION FOR THE LOCK FROM TIMISOARA FORTRESS ....................................................................................................... 301 Tomasz NOWAK, Jerzy JASIEēKO, Anna KAROLAK, àukasz BEDNARZ ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF MATERIAL AND PROPOSAL FOR REINFORCING THE LOG FRAME WALLS OF THE WOODEN CHURCH OF ST. JOHN OF NEPOMUK IN WROCLAW, POLAND ............................................................... 313 Vladimir OBRADOVICI, Ovidiu MICSA, Smaranda BICA, Marius MOSOARCA WOOD, THE ORIGINARY MATTER THROUGH WHICH THE ETNOGRAPHICAL AREA OF FAGET HAS BEEN DEFINED, TODAY IN DANGER TO BE LOST. CASE STUDY: CRIVINA DE SUS VILLAGE .................................................................................. 322 Federica POMPEJANO, Stefano PODESTÀ, Claudio CHESI PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER ROOFS IN GJIROKASTRA, ALBANIA ........................................................................... 330 ElĪbieta PRZESMYCKA, Ewa POL RESIDENTIAL WOODEN HOUSES OF THE INTERWAR PERIOD IN SOUTH-EASTERN POLAND ............................................................................................................................................. 340 ElĪbieta PRZESMYCKA, Ewa MIàKOWSKA WOODEN SCHOOLS BUILT IN THE INTER-WAR PERIOD IN THE LUBELSZCZYZNA REGION .............................................................................................................................................. 349 VII

Anna ROZANSKA, Piotr BEER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF ANTIQUE WOODEN FLOORS OF PALACES AND MANOR HOUSES OF SOUTH-ESTERN POLAND WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CONSERWATION ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 358 Jakub SANDAK, Nicola RUGGIERI, Mariapaola RIGGIO, Marco FELLIN, Anna SANDAK, Andrea POLASTRI, Ario CECCOTTI AN ITALIAN HISTORIC TIMBER FRAMED WALL: DAMAGE PROGRESSION THROUGH DIC ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 367 Jerzy SZOàOMICKI, Jacek BARAēSKI, Piotr BERKOWSKI, Grzegorz DMOCHOWSKI ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY OF TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE OF HISTORICAL FARM BUILDING IN PALACE COMPLEX IN BUKOWIEC (POLAND) ..................................... 374 Gennaro TAMPONE SAFETY IN THE WORKSITE OF TIMBER STRUCTURES CONSERVATION ........................... 380 Chiara TARDINI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGY AND DESIGN CRITERIA OF 19th CENTURY WOODEN BRIDGES ......................................................................................... 386 Saadet TOKER BEESON STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY HISTORICAL DWELLINGS IN GALVESTON ........................................................................................................ 396 Tomasz TOMASZEK, Andrzej KADàUCZKA, Jerzy JASIEēKO CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN RESCUING WOODEN TEMPLE: A CASE STUDY OF THE MIĉKISZ STARY CHURCH .................................................................. 405 Zeynep UZUN A RARE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IN TURKEY: RURAL DWELLINGS WITH BRANCH ROOF AT CORUH VALLEY .......................................... 414 María de Guadalupe ZEPEDA MARTINEZ APPLICATION OF THE PANSHIN AND DE ZEEUW MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO ANALYZE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MEXICAN MESQUITE WOOD (PROSOPIS LEVIGATA) ON ANCIENT TIMBER STRUCTURES ............... 426 María de Guadalupe ZEPEDA MARTINEZ TIMBER SPECIES OF CULTURAL VALUE .................................................................................... 434

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Francesco AUGELLI VERIFICATION OF DURABILITY OVER TIME OF OLD WOODEN BEAMS USING PENETROMETRIC TECHNIQUE..................................................................................................... 447 Giuliana CARDANI, Lorenzo CANTINI A PROPOSAL FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE PENETROMETRIC PROFILES OBTAINED BY RESISTOGRAPHIC TESTS: QUALITATIVE ESTIMATION OF THE DENSITY OF TIMBER STRUCTURES FOR SUPPORTING THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS ................................................................................... 458 Camilla COLLA VERIFICATION OF SONIC TOMOGRAPHY OUTCOME THROUGH LOCAL TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN HISTORIC TIMBER BEAM ............................................... 467 VIII

Camilla COLLA, Elena GABRIELLI ON-SITE INTEGRATED NON-DESTRUCTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF HISTORIC TIMBER ELEMENTS: THE CASE OF THE ROOF OF PALAZZO D’ACCURSIO, BOLOGNA ................. 479 Filippo FRONTINI, Jan SIEM, Dag NILSEN ASSESSMENT OF AN HISTORIC TIMBER STRUCTURE USING NDT: “BRYGGEHUSENE” IN TRONDHEIM (NORWAY) ....................................................................... 491 Hana HASNÍKOVÁ, Jan VÍDENSKÝ, Petr KUKLÍK INFLUENCE OF THE DEVICE STRUCTURE ON THE OUTPUTS BY SEMI-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WOOD BY PILODYN 6J .............................................. 504 José S. MACHADO, Artur FEIO PREDICTION OF BENDING PERFORMANCE OF OLD TIMBER BEAMS BY COMBINING INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT METHODS ............................................ 513 Tomasz NOWAK, Katarzyna HAMROL-BIELECKA, Jerzy JASIEēKO EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER MEMBERS USING ULTRASONIC AND STRESS WAVE TECHNIQUES ......................................................... 523 Jan POŠTA, Robert JÁRA, Petr PTÁýEK, Jakub DOLEJŠ, Petr KUKLÍK COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM EVALUATING OF TIMBER BY NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS, CONCLUSIVE TESTS AND GRADING MACHINES ............................................... 534 Jakub SANDAK, Kazimierz ORLOWSKI, Tomasz OCHRYMIUK, Anna SANDAK, Mariapaola RIGGIO AN ALTERNATIVE WAY OF DETERMINING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD BY MEASURING CUTTING FORCES ......................................................................... 543 Anna SANDAK, Jakub SANDAK, Mariapaola RIGGIO, Leszek BABIēSKI, Magdalena ZBOROWSKA MODELLING OF WATERLOGGED WOOD DEGRADATION WITH MULTISENSOR APROACH................................................................................................... 552 Hélder S. SOUSA, Jorge M. BRANCO, Paulo B. LOURENÇO IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROBABILISTIC BASED FRAMEWORK FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING TIMBER ELEMENTS..................................................................... 560 Nobuyoshi YAMAGUCHI , Masato NAKAO IN-SITU ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR TIMBERS BASED ON SHEAR STRENGTHS PREDICTED WITH SCREW WITHDRAWALS ............................................................................... 569 AUTHOR INDEX .............................................................................................................................. XXI

Volume 2

REPAIR, STRENGTHENING AND MONITORING TECHNOLOGY Clara BERTOLINI-CESTARI, Stefano INVERNIZZI, Tanja MARZI, Antonia SPANO NUMERICAL SURVEY, ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF PAST INTERVENTIONS ON HISTORICAL TIMBER STRUCTURES: THE ROOF OF VALENTINO CASTLE ................. 581 Can ù. BøNAN, Gülen SøPAHøOöLU, Emine KARAMAN AN EXAMPLE FOR THE CONSERVATION AND STRENGTHENING INTERVENTIONS ON A LARGE WOODEN BUILDING IN ISTANBUL; AHMET RATIP PASHA RESIDENCE ............................................................................................... 593 IX

Cléry BIONAZ, Lorenzo APPOLONIA, Simonetta MIGLIORINI PRESERVING WOODEN TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS OF AOSTA VALLEY ............................ 604 Olivier CARPENTIER, Thierry CHARTIER, Emmanuel ANTCZAK, Thierry DESCAMPS, Laurent VAN PARYS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF POROUS MEDIA BY MEANS OF THERMAL METHODS: THEORY AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT.................................................................................. 615 Thierry DESCAMPS, Coralie AVEZ, Olivier CARPENTIER, Emmanuel ANTCZAK, Gi Young JEONG HISTORIC TIMBER ROOFS MODELLING: PROSTHESIS AND RESIN REPAIRS .................... 621 àukasz DROBIEC, Zbigniew PAJĄK, Radosáaw JASIēSKI REPAIR PROBLEMS OF THE WOODEN STRUCTURE OF CHURCHES ................................... 633 Jiri FRANKL CHANGES IN IMPACT BENDING STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER CAUSED BY WOOD-DAMAGING FUNGI ...................................................................................................... 645 Toshikazu HANAZATO, Nanae SADAKA,Nobuo SATO,Ryuichiro UCHIDA,Motoki MISU, Isao SAKAMOTO STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER FIVE-STORIED PAGODA EMPLOYNG NEW VIBRATION CONTROL TECHNIQUE ........................................................... 651 Tiago ILHARCO, João GUEDES, Alexandre COSTA, Valter LOPES, Bruno QUELHAS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, STRENGTHENING AND MONITORING OF A TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE OF AN OLD WAREHOUSE ........................................................................... 660 Katsuhiko KOHARA, Danhei UMEDA, Masaru INADA A STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING ON TIMBER STRUCTURES BASED ON MICROTREMOR MEASUREMENT ................................................. 669 Francesca LANATA THE ANALYSIS OF THE LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF A TIMBER TRUSS STRUCTURE: THE CASE OF THE ESB BUILDING ...................................................................... 681 Jarosáaw MALESZA, Czesáaw MIEDZIAàOWSKI, Mikoáaj MALESZA DEFECTS OF SOLID WOOD ELEMENTS IN THE WOOD-FRAMED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STRUCTURE AND RECOVERY TO TECHNICAL LIFE ........................................... 694 María Jesús MORALES-CONDE, Carmen RODRÍGUEZ-LIÑÁN, Manuel Alejandro PEDREÑO-ROJAS ANALYSIS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES WITH BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION. STUDY OF PATHOLOGIES AND DIAGNOSIS OF A CHURCH ROOF IN SEVILLE ................. 705 Maria Adelaide PARISI, Claudio CHESI, Stefano CATTANEO, Carlo FALCONI SEISMIC INTERACTION OF TIMBER ROOFS AND SUPPORTING WALLS ............................. 716 Saadet TOKER BEESON, Asli ER AKAN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER FRAMED STRUCTURES IN TURKEY.............................................................................................................. 724 Sandra TONNA, Claudio CHESI WOOD REINFORCED MASONRY IN POOR CONSTRUCTION TRADITIONS......................... 735 Maria Rosa VALLUZZI, Enrico GARBIN, Claudio MODENA, Enzo BOZZA, Dario FRANCESCATO MODELING OF TIMBER FLOORS STRENGTHENED WITH SEISMIC IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................................................... 744 X

Maria Rosa VALLUZZI, Enrico GARBIN, Stefano PARENTE, Enzo BOZZA, Dario FRANCESCATO SEISMIC IMPROVEMENT OF XLAM-TO-FOUNDATION CONNECTION ................................ 756 Kris WALKER, Thomas H. MILLER, Rakesh GUPTA VIRTUAL VISUAL SENSORS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................. 766 Roko ŽARNIû, Vlatka RAJýIû EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINATED GLASS INFILLED CLT FRAMES WITH GLUED–IN STEEL RODS IN JOINTS .................................................................................. 773

MODERNIZATION, REUSE OF TIMBER STRUCTURES Ioan ANDREESCU, Marius MOSOARCA, Vlad GAIVORONSCHI, Valeriu STOIAN REVITALIZATION OF HISTORIC ROOF FRAMING SYSTEMS FROM TIMISOARA, ROMANIA ...................................................................................................... 785 Janusz BROL, Szymon DAWCZYēSKI, Katarzyna ADAMCZYK POSSIBILITIES OF TIMBER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS REUSE ............................................... 797 àukasz DROBIEC, Zbigniew PAJĄK RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CATHEDRAL ROOFDESTROYED BY THE FIRE ...................... 804 Elifnaz DURUSOY, Aylin AKÇABOZAN A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE PRACTICES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE FOR TRADITIONAL TIMBER HOUSES OF SAFRANBOLU, TURKEY ..................................... 816 Turgut KOCATURK, Emir Turgut SøPAHøOöLU, Koray AYDIN THE RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION WORKS ON THE WOODEN EAVES OF THE TURBE OF HATICE TURHAN SULTAN ........................................................................... 828 Gülen SøPAHøOöLU, Aynur ÇøFTÇø REUSE AND CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF TIMBER SUMMER HOUSES IN FENERBAHÇE, øSTANBUL-CASE STUDIES............................................................................ 836

JOINTS AND FASTENERS Anna ARCISZEWSKA-KĉDZIOR, JiĜí KUNECKÝ, Hana HASNÍKOVÁ MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF A LAP SCARF JOINT WITH INCLINED FACES AND WOODEN DOWELS UNDER COMBINED LOADING ........................................................ 849 Mazen AYOUBI, Martin TRAUTZ BOND BEHAVIOUR OF SELF-TAPPING SCREWS BEING USED AS REINFORCEMENT IN GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER ELMENTS.................................................................................. 859 Michaá BASZEē, Czesáaw MIEDZIAàOWSKI ASSESSMENT OF JOINTS STIFFNESS IN TIMBER STRUCTURES BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES .............................................................................................. 872 Jorge M. BRANCO, Hélder S. SOUSA, Paulo B. LOURENÇO, Julia AHVENAINEN, Chrysl ARANHA STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW ON CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTIONS USED IN CLT MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS: TEST RESULTS AND MODELLING ................................................................................................ 880 XI

Jérôme DOPEUX, Cosimo GIORGETTI, Octavian POP, Philippe REYNAUD, Frédéric DUBOIS ASSESMENT OF GLULAM TWINNED COLUMNS TO BEAM CIRCULAR BOLTED CONNECTION ................................................................................................................... 892 Petr FAJMAN, Jiri MACA SCARF JOINTS WITH PINS OR KEYS AND DOVETAILS ........................................................... 899 Martin HATAJ, Jan VÍDENSKÝ, Petr KUKLÍK NEW METHOD OF TIMBER ELEMENT JOINING EXPOSED TO EMBEDMENT PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN ......................................................................................................... 907 Gi Young JEONG, Jin Hyuk KONG, So Seon LEE, Thierry DESCAMPS MOMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER JOINTS ................................. 914 João NEGRÃO, Leandro BRITO, Alfredo DIAS, Francisco R. LAHR, Carlito CALIL J. MOMENT-RESISTANT REINFORCED CONCRETE JOINTS FOR TIMBER FRAMES ............. 921 Chun QING, Pan JIANWU, Han YIDAN RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PENETRATED MORTISE-TENON JOINT OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL TIMBER BUILDINGS ........................................................ 934 Piotr RAPP, Sáawomir FISZER SCARF JOINTS IN TIMBER BEAMS .............................................................................................. 941 Wolfgan RUG, Gunter LINKE STUDY ON THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY AND THE LOAD-DEFERRAL BEHAVIOR OF WOODEN COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH A TEETHED JOINT ............................ 953

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES Clara BERTOLINI-CESTARI, Stefano INVERNIZZI, Tanja MARZI FEASIBILITY OF BAMBOO FIBRE REINFORCED GREEN PLASTICS APPLICATIONS FOR BUILDING COMPONENTS ..................................................................................................... 967 Antonio BORRI, Marco CORRADI, Giulio CASTORI REINFORCEMENT OF SOFTWOOD BEAMS USING UNGLUED COMPOSITE LAMINATES ............................................................................................................... 978 Paolo CLEMENTE, Maurizio PIAZZA, Roberto TOMASI, Wendel SEBASTIAN, Ivan GIONGO ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON A CHEMICAL-MECHANICAL CONNECTION IN TIMBER CONCRETE COMPOSITE FLOORS ................................................ 990 Ioan FURDUI, Cornel FURDUI, Dan DIACONU, Luminita FEKETE-NAGY GLULAM BEAMS FLEXURE STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER SHEET ................... 999 Hubertus KIESLICH, Klaus HOLSCHEMACHER LOAD-SHARING EFFECTS IN TCC-CONSTRUCTIONS – EXPERIMENTS ............................ 1009 Hubertus KIESLICH, Klaus HOLSCHEMACHER LOAD-SHARING EFFECTS IN TCC-CONSTRUCTIONS – FE-ANALYSIS .............................. 1020 Luca RIGHETTI, Marco CORRADI, Antonio BORRI ANALYTICAL STUDY ON BOND BEHAVIOR OF CFRP BARS EPOXIED INTO TIMBER ELEMENTS....................................................................................................................................... 1027 XII

EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Camilla COLLA, Elena GABRIELLI ON THE RESPONSE OF HISTORIC TIMBER BEAM CROSS-SECTION WHEN LOADED IN COMPRESSION................................................................................................................................ 1041 Thierry DESCAMPS, Georges KOUROUSSIS, Laurent VAN PARYS, Coralie AVEZ ASSESSMENT OF TIMBER BEAMS BY FINITE ELEMENT UPDATING USING EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 1052 Beatrice FAGGIANO, Maria Rosaria GRIPPA BENDING TESTS ON CHESTNUT DEFECT FREE ELEMENTS................................................ 1061 Pan JIANWU, Chun QING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON THE INFLUENCE OF KNOTS TO FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF WOOD MEMBERS ...................................................... 1069 Katsuhiko KOHARA, Danhei UMEDA, Masaru INADA A STUDY ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MEMBERS WITH SECTION LOSS .............. 1075 Masato NAKAO, Nobuyoshi YAMAGUCHI SHEAR STRENGTH EVALUATION METHOD FOR MUD-PLASTERED WALLS WITH SCREW WITHDRAWALS .................................................................................................... 1087 Elisa POLETTI, Graça VASCONCELOS, Jorge M. BRANCO EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE CYCLIC RESPONSE OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER JOINTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE SEISMIC CAPACITY OF TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURES ............................................................................................ 1095 Octavian POP, Jérôme DOPEUX, Mihai ISPAS, Philippe REYNAUD, Valéry VALLE, Frédéric DUBOIS ASSESMENT OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF FINGER JOINTS USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION ..................................................................................................1106 Vlatka RAJýIû , Mislav STEPINAC EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PULL-OUT STRENGTH OF GLUED IN RODS SET PARALELL AND PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN .................................................1114 Erika VICENTE, Manuel CHAVESTA, Moisés ACEVEDO, Daniel TORREALVA, José Carlos CANO IDENTIFICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TIMBER HISTORICAL BUILDINGS FROM THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF LIMA: CASE OF HOTEL EL COMERCIO ..................................................................................................1121 AUTHOR INDEX .............................................................................................................................. XXI

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PREFACE The SHATIS 2015 International Conference is the third edition of the event devoted to the historical and new build wooden constructions. The main scope is to focus on the development of testing, theoretical and numerical analysis, technologies and materials, conservation, sustainable methodologies in protection of existing timber constructions – monumental, historical and built using glue-Laminated wood, saving human and cultural heritage losses. The SHATIS 2015 is the great occasion for the dissemination of the experiences and the results obtained on scienti¿c and technical ¿elds of interests by scientists and experts, young researchers, Ph.D. students, designers, producers from all continents, from all over the World. The scienti¿c, design and technical contribution will be collected in the main topics: 1. Timber Structures on UNESCO LIST – GLOBAL HERITAGE – values, problems, preservation 2. Historical Timber Structures 3. Composite Structures including wood 4. Joints and Fasteners 5. Non-destructive Testing and Assesment 6. Repair, Strengthening and Monitoring Technology 7. Modernization, Reuse of Timber Structures with: • Monitoring and Diagnosis • Case Studies • Experimental Analysis, Testing • Theoretical and Numerical Analysis • Strengthening and conservation • Traditional and innovative materials and techniques • Modernization, reuse • Interaction strategies, conservatory doctrines, principles, recommendations LET’S MAKE TOGETHER THE SHATIS PROJECT THE MAIN PLATFORM FOR ANALYSYS, PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF TIMBER STRUCTURES IN THE WORLD! Jerzy JasieĔko Tomasz Nowak

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ORGANIZERS

Faculty of Civil Engineering Wroclaw University of Technology

National Heritage Board of Poland

Palaces and Gardens of Jelenia Gora Valley Foundation

CO ORGANIZERS AND SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS

City of Wroclaw

Association of Monument Conservators Stowarzyszenie Konserwatorów Zabytków

Lower Silesian Chamber of Civil Engineers

Keim

Rothoblaas XVI


ORGANIZATION HONORARY COMMITTEE Piotr ĩuchowski Secretary of State in the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, General Conservator of Monuments of Poland Rafaá Dutkiewicz President of the City of Wrocáaw Tadeusz WiĊckowski Rector of Wrocáaw University of Technology

STEERING COMMITTEE Jerzy JasieĔko, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Maurizio Piazza, University of Trento, Italy Paulo Lourenco, University of Minho, Portugal Jose Saporiti Machado, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Jerzy JasieĔko, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland – Chairman Tomasz Nowak, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland – V-ce Chairman àukasz Bednarz, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland – Scienti¿c Secretary Ronald Anthony, Anthony& Associates Inc., USA Francisco Arriaga, Technical University of Madrid, Spain Görün Arun, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Koenraad van Balen, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Paolo del Bianco, Romualdo del Bianco Foundation, Italy Jan BieĔ, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Luigia Binda, Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy Carlo Blasi, University of Parma, Italy Hans Joachim Blass, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Antonio Borri, University of Perugia, Italy Jorge Branco, University of Minho, Portugal Janusz Brol, Silesian University of Technology, Poland Carlito Calil Junior, Sao Paulo University, Brasil Win Clark, Wellington & Wairarapa, New Zealand Marco Corradi, Northumbria University at Newcastle, United Kingdom Keith Crews, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Giorgio Croci, University of Rome, Italy Roberto Crocetti, Lund University, Sweden Helena Pires Cruz, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal Clara Bertolini Cestari, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy Dina D’Ayala, University College London, United Kingdom Thierry Descamps, University of Mons, Belgium XVII

Philipp Dietsch, Technische Universität München, Germany Ferenc Divos, University of West Hungary, Hungary Milos Drdácký, Institute Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Czech Republic Steffen Franke, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland Alfredo Geraldes Dias, University of Coimbra, Portugal Ezio Giuriani, University of Brescia, Italy Kiril Gramatikov, St Cyril & Methodius University, Macedonia Zhongwei Guan, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom Ryszard Guzenda, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Alen Harapin, University of Split, Croatia Richard Harris, University of Bath, United Kingdom Annette Harte, National University of Ireland, Ireland Marin Hasan, University of Zagreb, Croatia Minjuan He, Tongji University, China Eugeniusz Hotaáa, Lower Silesian Chamber of Civil Engineers, Poland Nobuo Ito, So-net Entertainment Corporation, Japan Andrzej Kadáuczka, Cracow University of Technology, Poland Bohumil Kasal, WKI Fraunhofer / TU Braunschweig, Germany Stephen Kelley, Columbia University, USA Robert Kliger, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Adam Krajewski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland Sáawomir Krzosek, Warsaw Univeristy of Life Sciences, Poland Jan-Willem van de Kuilen, TU Munich / TU Delft, Netherlands Jochen Kurz, Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing, Germany Kazimierz KuĞnierz, Cracow University of Technology, Poland Arkadiusz KwiecieĔ, Cracow University of Technology, Poland Adrian Leijten, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands Paulo Lourenco, University of Minho, Portugal Jose Saporiti Machado, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal Kjell A. Malo, Norwegian Univeristy of Science and Technology, Norway Federico Mazzolani, University of Naples, Italy Czesáaw Miedziaáowski, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland Claudio Modena, University of Padua, Italy Marius Mosoarca, Technical University of Timisoara, Romania Piotr Napieraáa, Association of Monument Conservators, Poland Joao Negrao, University of Coimbra, Portugal Roman Oráowicz, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland Liliana Palaia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Maria Adelaide Parisi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Maurizio Piazza, University of Trento, Italy Pierre Quenneville, University of Auckland, New Zealand Jure Radniü, University of Split, Croatia Gary Raftery, University of Auckland, New Zealand Piotr Rapp, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Maria Paola Riggio, University of Trento / CNR-IVALSA, Italy Frank Rinn, RINNTECH, Germany Pere Roca,Technical University of Catalonia, Spain Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr, São Carlos Engineering School, Brazil Maágorzata Rozbicka, National Heritage Board of Poland Gerhard Schickhofer, Graz University of Technology, Austria Heinrich Schroeter, Munich University of Technology, Germany Gennaro Tampone, University of Florence, Italy Thomas Tannert, University of British Columbia, Canada Marco Togni, University of Florence, Italy Roberto Tomasi, University of Trento, Italy XVIII

Angelo Di Tommaso, University of Bologna, Italy Eleftheria Tsakanika, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Maria Rosa Valluzzi, University of Padua, Italy Robert Widmann, EMPA, Switzerland Nobuyoshi Yamaguchi, Building Research Institute, Japan David Yeomans, Structural Engineer, United Kingdom

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE àukasz Bednarz, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Tomasz Nowak, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Krzysztof Raszczuk, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Witold Misztal, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Marcin Szyszka, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Anna Ostrycharczyk, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Anna Karolak, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Katarzyna Hamrol, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Marta Moczko, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Dominik LogoĔ, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Magdalena Piechówka – Mielnik, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland Ewa Kotwica, Bud-Logistik, Poland Beatrice Faggiano University of Napoli Federico II, Italy Nicola Macchioni IVALSA/CNR, Italy Giovanni Metelli University of Brescia, Italy Andrea Polastri IVALSA/CNR, Italy Jakub Sandak IVALSA/CNR, Italy

XIX

REPAIR, STRENGTHENING AND MONITORING TECHNOLOGY

Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures – Jerzy Jasieńko & Tomasz Nowak (eds) © 2015 DWE, Wrocław, Poland, ISSN 0860-2395, ISBN 978-83-7125-255-6

NUMERICAL SURVEY, ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF PAST INTERVENTIONS ON HISTORICAL TIMBER STRUCTURES: THE ROOF OF VALENTINO CASTLE Clara BERTOLINI-CESTARI1, Stefano INVERNIZZI2, Tanja MARZI3, Antonia SPANO4

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes a series of reinforcement interventions performed on the historical timber roof structure of the Valentino Castle in Torino (Italy) some thirty years ago. It is not very common to be able to assess the durability of interventions without relying to accelerated ageing test. In this case a real structure is considered, which was consolidated by one of the authors (C. Bertolini) in the past. Recently the laser scanning survey has strengthened a relevant interest in sectors as monitoring and static assessment of building structures. The high detailed models which is possible to reach, and the chance to foresee the accuracy and the resolution of surface models, make them particularly adaptable for studies concerning conservation and maintenance of cultural heritage. The laser survey models is compared with the documentation of the intervention fulfilled three decades ago, in order to evidence the general safety level of whole complex. The fully three-dimensional geometrical information is input in the finite element code, and a structural model is presented which is able to account for the positive contribution of the roof planking connected above the main truss frame. Both the original planking and the reinforcing planking, put in place some thirty years ago, have been accounted for, considering different degrees of the connection stiffness. The paper, starting from the original design, presents an assessment of the durability of the adopted techniques according to the present situation. The effectiveness of the past interventions is proved by nowadays survey, NDT investigations and numerical simulations. Keywords:

1.

laser scanning survey, finite element modelling, timber reinforcement, cultural heritage

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Historical background The Valentino Caste is located in the centre of the Italian city of Turin, facing the Po riverside. The origin of the building dated back in the 17th century and its the current structure is due to Princess Christine Marie of France (1606–1663), wife of Victor Amadeus I, who dwelt here from 1

Prof., Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design, [email protected] Prof., Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Edile e Geotecnica, [email protected] 3 Arch. Ph.D., Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design, [email protected] 4 Prof., Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design, [email protected] 2

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1630 as she wanted a castle following in style the castles built in that period in France. Therefore the architecture of the castle is inspired by the French principle of the pavilion system, with four towers at each angle, and a wide inner court (Figs. 1-2).

Fig. 1 Valentino Castle in Turin nowadays (photo T.M.)

Fig. 2 View of the Valentino Castle (drawing F. Corni, 2012)

1.2. The timber roof structure The timber roof structure of the towers has three-dimensional organization. More precisely, in the transversal direction, it is constituted by four great trusses and two small trussed at the ends. The pitch is strongly inclined. In the longitudinal direction of the timber structure is composed by the ridge, five series of purlins and by three orders of frames overlaid with stiffening functions (Figs. 3-4). This structural complex is firmly secured to the covering planks that support the tiles of black stone [1, 2].

Fig. 3 Scheme of a truss and its components (drawing C.B. 1986)

2.

Fig. 4 Inner view of a tower (photo C.B. 1986)

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Past interventions (1980’s) In the late 1980s a conservative action was needed because a scarce maintenance through the years had caused damage which could have compromised the conservation of this timber structure. During the restoration a particular caution was needed because of the historical relevance of the building as an UNESCO listed site and in order to preserve as much as possible the original carpentry. 582

2.1.1. Geometrical survey The geometric survey was carried out carefully in order to understand the structure, the types of connections and each assembly step. There was a particular focus on some assembly marks dating back at the time of the building site which allowed the identification of the original components from those replaced later (Figs. 5, 6, 7).

Fig. 5 Abacus of timber joints (drawing C.B. 1986)

Fig. 6 Timber joints

Fig. 7 Assembly marks (photo C.B.)

2.1.2. Wood species The test that were carried out (macroscopic and microscopic) on the main elements of the roof system have provided the following results: – wooden elements constituting main timber structure (truss, beams, rafters, pillars, etc..) are in Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) – planks put in place in 1960's are in European Spruce (Picea excelsa Link) [3] 2.1.3. Dendrochronological analysis For the dendrochronological analysis samples were collected from the Laboratory Dendrodata of Verona and it was possible to determine the age of the trees from which they derived. Most of the members date back to 1620-1623, historical additions were realized in 1785 and 1960 [4]. 2.1.4. In situ assessment The diagnostic investigation carried out in the 1985 allowed a depth analysis of the state of conservation of wood material and different stage of bio deterioration were identified. There were structural disconnections due both to deformation and to shrinkage. It has been assessed biotic decay due fungi and insects that occurs with different levels depending on the wood species.

Figs. 8-10 Biotic decay due to due fungi and insects (photo C.B. 1986)

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Moreover diffuse infiltrations of rainwater speeded up the attacks in some specific locations in the structure and in particular in the beams’ head area. In the wood of some components restrained in the external wall, a high level of humidity was detected as well as a diffuse state of decay (Figs. 8, 9, 10). 2.1.4. Structural investigation The structural investigation carried out in 1980’s was aimed at verifying the load-bearing capability and general deformation of the truss structure. The analysis was performed using a series of mathematic models (bi and tri-dimensional) capable of understanding the mixed reticular and frame structure, allocating to the joints and rods constraint and rigidity levels in accordance with the level of degradation observed [5]. In the structural analysis phase several hypotheses of schematization were considered in order to verify the static strength and deformation of the whole system which can be considered as a hybrid between a truss and frame. Assuming both vertical and horizontal loads, maximum stresses were identified to obtain an assessment of the safety of the structure. The investigation was performed in 4 steps: – analysis of the truss structure in the plane and assuming non bio deteriorated members (σ max = + 190-120 daN/cm2); – analysis of the truss structure in the plane with bio deteriorated elements (σ max = +260-270 daN/cm2); – analysis of the tri-dimensional structure (with some bio deteriorated members) (σ max = +180-190 daN/cm2); – tri-dimensional analysis of the structure formed by listels and planks together with some members of the main frame (shell behaviour) (σ max = ±83 daN/cm2); In the case of the spatial model 500 elements and 1040 joints were taken into account with a total amount of 1818 equations. That investigation showed that the structural components were not verified for the loads considered. Later the behaviour of the roof planking as a “shell” was assumed, allowing the structural verification (Fig. 11, 12, 13).

Figs. 11-13 Structural analysis: bi-dimensional model, deformations and stresses, tri-dimensional model (1986)

3.

REINFORCEMENT INTERVENTIONS OF 1980’S

In the late 1980s a conservative intervention, mainly consisting as a reinforcement of the structural system, was carried out (coordinator Prof. Clara Bertolini, Politecnico di Torino). In the organization of the building site two different phases have taken place, involving first the exterior of the tower and then all the interventions inside the roof. Several reinforcement interventions were carried out. The main ones are described hereafter. 3.1.

Reinforcement interventions on tie beams’ head-pieces using reinforced glue-laminated timber A phase of reconstruction of each damaged area of the tie-beam heads was provided using gluelaminated timber reinforced by fiber-glass rods. A good level of ventilation was guaranteed through the insertion of neoprene layer in between the wall and the glulam to get to a good durability of the intervention (Figs. 14-15). 584

Figs. 14-15 Reinforcement intervention on tie beams’ head-pieces using reinforced glue-laminated timber. Realization (1986)

3.2.

Reinforcement intervention of the masonry wall supporting the timber carpentry of the roof Another phase of intervention involved the reinforcement of the area of support of the timber joists and planking at the top of the masonry walls (Figs. 16-17).

Figs. 16-17 Area of the masonry wall supporting the timber carpentry before (Fig. 16) and after (Fig. 17) the intervention (1986)

3.3. Connection between the planks and the tie-beams with steel pins This intervention was conducted to connect the covering planks and to reinforce the “shell” behaviour (Figs. 18-19).

. Figs. 18-19 Connection between rafters and girds via steel pins to get the continuity of roof pitch

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4.

LASER SURVEING

The terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has becoming an accomplished method for data acquisition in the close range domain, especially in recording and modelling buildings. It is clearly recognized that the high quality of accuracy, the productivity and the suppleness of range are very effective in constructions and cultural heritage analyses and modelling. Despite a substantial literature and a wide body of experiences are available for TLS applications on many different kind of architectural assets, in the cases of the timber roof or dome structures some procedural issues arise and some considerations should be given to some factors. One of the main purposes for adopting 3D laser technologies is surely the advantage to record large amount of high resolution information in order to model very articulated and complex timber structures [6]. Other times the detection of shape anomalies such as subsidence or other pathologies are mandatory for supporting structural assessment [7, 8]. Nevertheless, historical timber roof structures are rough, dusty, and dark, so as the attics are half light. This last condition would be unfeasible for photogrammetric method that is often used together with TLS, but fortunately laser sensor is unaffected from semi darkness. On the contrary some tests have proved that the recorded laser intensity values show somewhat higher values for night-time measurements [9]. Accordingly to that, the point clouds acquired in the roof of the tower of the Valentino castle have been perfectly aligned thanks to the high accuracy in the target detection. The same study shows that different species of wood and different conditions of wetness have no significant effect on the range accuracy, while it confirms that dark colours have a great influence. In spite of this negative factor, the nearly short distances made the survey fully satisfying. The acquisition phase has been featured by strengthened procedures: – all measurements have been processed in a unique, local coordinate system using a reference network of two topographical vertexes; these points have been the reference for measuring all the Control Points (CP) coordinates, through the positioning of targets. – the LIDAR survey has been realized with the terrestrial Laser Scanner Focus3D – CAM 2. Six scans have been executed on ground level of the attic; the scan positions have been chosen in order to optimize the complete data recording of the complex structure, placing them one for each space between trusses (Figs. 20-21). – the obtained clouds have been post-processed using the FARO software SCENE, for adjusting them in the same reference system, through reference targets, reaching a precision of about 1 cm.

Fig. 21 The Scanner Focus3D acquiring phase

Fig. 20 TLS point clouds adjusted in the same coordinate system

4.1. The model optimization and profiles extraction It is important to highlight that a point cloud is a 3D model wherein there is always a void between adjacent points and therefore there is no topological information, for this reason it is highly advisable to generate a 3D surface model (mesh) able to create afterwards some textured continuous models or section profiles. The model has been meshed using the software 3D Reshaper (Technodigit). The mesh processing has been made in two steps: in a first step a rough mesh with regular triangles was created, in a second step a deviation error was entered in order to refine the mesh. 586

Before the mesh generation, a great attention has been paid to the points cloud segmentation, which is an essential phase enabling the identification of structure elements and joints. Many editing procedures of the models, included the profiles extraction, is highly automated. As a consequence the dimensions of elements sections are easily achievable, while the beam axis scheme has been generated almost manually (Figs. 22-25) [10].

Figs. 22-25 (above) Whole roof structure segmentation, and the selection of a portion to be submitted to further analyses. (below) The complete mesh surface of roof structure and a zoom on extracted section profiles

5.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

The information acquired through the laser scanning survey can serve to obtain a detailed structural model. The conversion is not straightforward, since the cloud of acquired points can be interpolated with geometrical entities of different dimensionality (i.e. lines, surfaces and volumes), and with different resolution as we increase the discretization. In the present case, the natural choice is to obtain a wireframe model composed of lines, which will correspond to beam elements finite element discretization.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 26 Section of the roof structure and (in red) truss under consideration (a), beam axis line geometry (in red) obtained from the laser acquire points cloud (b)

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Figure 26a shows the truss that was chosen for the analysis, while in Figure 26b it is possible to appreciate the relation between the points of the cloud and the idealized beam axis of each element.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 27 Scheme of uniform section elements (reported in Table 1) (a), Section of the ribbed planking (b)

Figure 27a represents the scheme of the different structural element sections. In Figure 27b, the scheme of the ribbed planking is shown. In the present calculation, the ribbed planking has been accounted for by means of an equivalent flat shell of the same stiffness, with equivalent thickness equal to 7 cm. Table 1 lists the sections adopted in the model for the different structural elements (the same section is assigned to structural elements with the same color). Table 1 Sections adopted in the model for the different structural elements (the same section is assigned to structural elements with the same color) Structural element Base [m] Green 0.20 Magenta 0.25 Blue 0.14 Yellow 0.14 Violet 0.18 Red 0.12 Orange 0.10

Height [m] 0.14 0.35 0.20 0.14 0.18 0.08 0.10

Young modulus [Pa] 8e+9 8e+9 8e+9 8e+9 8e+9 8e+9 8e+9

Tangential modulus [Pa] material 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch 4e+9 Larch

In addition to the dead load, due to the wood structure and to the black stone tiles (about 1750 Pa), the live load can be provided, in principle, by the snow and the wind pressure. The Italian standards, adopted for the calculation, states that the snow load can be disregarded for the present structure, since the slope of the roof is equal or higher than 60 degree. On the other hand, the wind thrust, must be calculated according to the location and topographic configuration of the structure, and must be arranged according to three different load configurations. The wind pressure ranges between 674 Pa (compression) and 1123 Pa (depression). In order to account for different efficiency of the structural connection, two limit cases have been considered. The first model assumes that the planking system has no stiffness, while the second model account for the planking, and the three-dimensional constrain is modelled with proper periodic boundary conditions. The commercial finite element code Nòlian® (Softing srl) has been used to perform the calculation. 5.1. Truss frame with collaborating planking In this structural model the effect of the stiffening of the planking structure is directly accounted for, by means of an equivalent flat shell. The truss structure is assumed as periodical, with a constant span between each frame. This is simulated providing the appropriate periodic boundary condition to the shells. Figure 28a shows the solid model of the structural subsystem, while Figure 28b shows the wireframe structure. Figure 28c shows one of the load combinations for the wind action. 588

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 28 Solid model of the structural subsystem (a), wireframe structure (b), wind load (c)

At this stage of the study, we performed a linear static analysis, and the dynamic action of the wind was accounted for by means of equivalent static actions as allowed by the Italian standards. The envelope of the beam axial or shear forces and bending moment, together with the elastic deformed shape, are shown in Figure 29.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 29 Bending moment (a), shear force (b), axial force (c), and elastic deformed shape (d)

The structure reacts to the action of wind without excessive deformation and without particular stress concentration in any structural element. In order to better appreciate the levels of stress in the structure, the principal tensile and compression stress contour plot can be drawn. If the contour plot is limited to the planking elements (Figure 30cd), it emerges that the planking in the lower position of the roof is the most beared.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 30 Principal stress contours in the whole structure: tension (a) and compression (b); Principal stress contours in the planking: tension (c) and compression (d)

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5.2. Truss frame with non-collaborating planking In the second model, the constraining effect of planking has been disregarded. In this case, only the truss frame is expected to carry the load (Figure 31a), and the wind and non-structural dead load can be applied to the structure by means of specialized fictitious non-bearing load elements (Figure 31b).

(a)

(b)

Fig. 31 Load bearing frame truss (a), specialized fictitious non-bearing load elements (b)

(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

(e)

Fig. 32 Bending moment (a), shear force (b), Axial force (c), elastic deformed shape (d), principal compression contours (e)

The results of the linear analysis are reported in Figure 32. It is evident that, is the constraining of the planking is disregarded, overestimated bending moment and consequent deformations are obtained in several structural elements (especially in the median-upper part of the roof, where the previous analysis provided low-intermediate levels of stress). As a consequence, the calculated levels of stress are not admissible for timber. 590

6.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From the analyses, it is clear that a proper model must represent precisely the structure and must include the constraining effect of the planking system. The calculated maximum stress (equal to 8 MPa), obtained from the first model, are lower than the valued obtained by previous analyses (1986), and lower than the admissible value for the present timber (10 MPa, being 30-50 the estimated failure stress). It is expected that taking into account the complete three-dimensional structure, the effect of improved constraining of the vessel shaped planking could provide even more optimistic judgments for the structural assessment. During 2015 on-site inspections to the structures (after almost thirty years from the reinforcement interventions) allowed an assessment of the state of conservation of both the structures and the reinforcement interventions. The methodology adopted during the on-site inspection for the grading according to the resistance, are the one foreseen by the standard UNI 11119 (Cultural Heritage – Wooden Artefacts – Load-bearing structures - On site inspections for the diagnosis of timber members). From this retrofitting it is confirmed that performed interventions, on a very accurate diagnostic base, allow on one side punctual interventions respectful of the original structure, on the other side the durability of the interventions.

7.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the current abundance of technical and technological solutions of reinforcement interventions on timber structures requires ex-post evaluations to assess the effectiveness of interventions on historical structures. The positive assessment of the new accurate structural analysis improves and optimizes the results obtained at the time of the intervention carried out 30 years ago. This confirms the durability of an intervention performed with minimally invasive techniques due to the tri-dimensional behaviour of the structure. Furthermore, the present research allows to start a localised monitoring of this important timber roof structures dating back to four centuries ago (Fig. 33).

Fig. 33 The timber roof structure of the noth-east tower nowadays (photo C.B.)

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This experience highlights that an interdisciplinary approach is very profitable in this kind of studies. There is not only a comparison and integration of results, the application has the role to evaluate the opportunity to exploit the interaction of methods and instruments to manage architectural heritage in an interdisciplinary perspective. These approaches are able to save resources while improving the assessment, in particular considering the different specialized investigations that are needed in any knowledge phase.

REFERENCES [1] Bertolini Cestari C. (1992) Antiche strutture lignee di copertura. Problemi di recupero;metodi di indagine, tecniche di intervento. L'Edilizia, vol. 12: 1-16 [2] Giordano G. (1993) Tecnica delle costruzioni in legno, Hoepli, Milano, 335-337 [3] Bertolini Cestari C. (2000) Problemas de recuperação: métodos de investigação, tecnologias de intervenção. In: Seminário Estruturas de madeira: reabilitação e inovação, Sep. 1999, 45-83 [4] Bertolini Cestari C., Pignatelli O. (1994) Le strutture lignee del Castello del Valentino di Torino: conoscenza e conservazione. Indagini dendrocronologiche. In: Congresso Internazionale di studio, Istituto Internazionale di Studi Federiciani, Lagopesole, 357-378 [5] Bertolini Cestari C. (1988) Il castello del Valentino. Analisi strutturale. I modelli di comportamento strutturale delle incavallature lignee. Recuperare. Progetti. Cantieri. Tecnologie. Prodotti 36: 429-435 [6] Balletti C., Berto M., Gottardi C., Guerra F. (2014) 3D technologies for the digital documentation of an ancient wooden structure. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era 3 (1): 19-32 [7] Bertolini-Cestari C., Chiabrando F., Invernizzi S., Marzi T., Spanò A. (2013) Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Settled Techniques: a Support to Detect Pathologies and Safety Conditions of Timber Structures. Advanced Materials Research 778: 350-357 [8] Bertolini Cestari C., Invernizzi S., Spanò A., Nicola M., Torretta A, Marzi T., Cravanzola S., Cesano F., Scarano D. (2012) Innovative modelling, assessment and reinforcement: the wooden dome of the Valentino Castle in Torino. In: The Protection of Historic Load-bearing Structures and the Society. 14th edition of International Scientific Conference on Historic Structures, ClujNapoca, Romania [9] Voegtle T., Schwab I., Landes T. (2008) Influences of different materials on the measurements of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B5, 1061-1066 [10] Varalda S., Tecnologia LIDAR per una prima valutazione statica di strutture lignee di coperture storiche, La Torre Nord-Ovest del Castello del Valentino, Degree Thesis, Politecnico di Torino, II Facoltá di Architettura, Tutors A. Spanò, S. Invernizzi, , a.a. 2013-2014

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AUTHOR INDEX ACACIA Simonetta 139 ACEVEDO Moisés 1121 ADAMCZYK Katarzyna 797 AFZALI Khosro 150 AHVENAINEN Julia 880 AIRA José-Ramón 129 AKÇABOZAN Aylin 816 ANDREESCU Ioan 785 ANTCZAK Emmanuel 61, 615, 621 APAK Kerimcan 167 APPOLONIA Lorenzo 604 ARANHA Chrysl 880 ARCISZEWSKA-KĉDZIOR Anna 849 ARRIAGA Francisco 129 ARTOLA Teresa 70 AUGELLI Francesco 100, 178, 447 AVEZ Coralie 621, 1052 AYDIN Koray 828 AYOUBI Mazen 859 AàYKOW Krzysztof 159 BABIēSKI Leszek 552 BADER Thomas 188 , 248 BAJNO Dariusz 198 BARAēSKI Jacek 219, 374 BASZEē Michaá 872 BEDNARZ àukasz 198, 313 BEER Piotr 358 BENITO Josu 272 BEREŽANSKYTƠ Liucija 207 BERKOWSKI Piotr 219, 374 BERTOLINI-CESTARI Clara 581, 967 BICA Smaranda 322 BøNAN Can ù. 593 BIONAZ Cléry 604 BLÁHA JiĜí 260 BORRI Antonio 978, 1027 BOZZA Enzo 744, 756 BRANCO Jorge M. 49, 120, 560, 880, 1095 BRITO Leandro 921 BROL Janusz 797 CALIL J. Carlito 921 CAMPISI Tiziana 207 CANO José Carlos 1121

CANTINI Lorenzo 458 CAPKOVÁ Eva 227 CARDANI Giuliana 458 CARPENTIER Olivier 61, 615, 621 CASANOVA Marta 139 CASTORI Giulio 978 CATTANEO Stefano 716 CAVALLI Alberto 89 CECCOTTI Ario 367 CHARTIER Thierry 61, 615 CHAVESTA Manuel 1121 CHESI Claudio 330, 716, 735 CINIERI Valentina 289 ÇøFTÇø Aynur 836 CLEMENTE Paolo 990 COLLA Camilla 467, 479, 1041 CORRADI Marco 978, 1027 COSTA Alexandre 660 CZUBA Mariusz 22 DAWCZYēSKI Szymon 797 DESCAMPS Thierry 49, 61, 78, 615, 621, 914, 1052 DIACONU Dan 999 DIAS Alfredo 921 DIETSCH Philipp 78 DMOCHOWSKI Grzegorz 219, 374 DOLEJŠ Jakub 534 DOPEUX Jérôme 892, 1106 DORNESHAN Negin 150 DORN Michael 188 DROBIEC àukasz 633, 804 DUBOIS Frédéric 892, 1106 DURUSOY Elifnaz 816 D’AYALA Dina 49, 100, 129 ER AKAN Asli 724 ESSER Gerold 188, 248 FAGGIANO Beatrice 1061 FAJMAN Petr 120, 899 FALCONI Carlo 716 FEIO Artur 513 FEKETE-NAGY Luminita 999 FELLIN Marco 367 XXI

FISZER Sáawomir 941 FONSECA FERREIRA Carina 129 FRANCESCATO Dario 744, 756 FRANKL Jiri 645 FRONTINI Filippo 491 FURDUI Cornel 999 FURDUI Ioan 999 GABRIELLI Elena 479, 1041 GAIVORONSCHI Vlad 301, 785 GARBIN Enrico 744, 756 GIONGO Ivan 990 GIORGETTI Cosimo 892 GLATZ Bernhard 248 GOCÁL Jozef 227 GRIMOLDI Alberto 236 GRIPPA Maria Rosaria 1061 GUAITA Manuel 272 GUEDES João 660 GUPTA Rakesh 766 HAGMANN Stefan 248 HAMROL-BIELECKA Katarzyna 523 HANAZATO Toshikazu 651 HARTE Annette 49, 70, 78 HASNÍKOVÁ Hana 504, 849 HATAJ Martin 907 HOCHREINER Georg 188, 248 HOLSCHEMACHER Klaus 1009, 1020 ILHARCO Tiago 660 INADA Masaru 669, 1075 INVERNIZZI Stefano 581, 967 ISPAS Mihai 1106 JASIEēKO Jerzy 22, 313, 405, 523 JASIēSKI Radosáaw 633 JEONG Gi Young 621, 914 JIANWU Pan 934, 1069 JOCKWER Robert 78 JORISSEN André 108 JÁRA Robert 534 KADàUCZKA Andrzej 405 KARAMAN Emine 593 KAROLAK Anna 313 KIESLICH Hubertus 1009, 1020 KLOIBER Michal 260 KOCATURK Turgut 828 KOHARA Katsuhiko 669, 1075 KONG Jin Hyuk 914 KOUROUSSIS Georges 1052 KRAUSE Martin 89 KRSTEVSKA Lidija 89

KRUŠINSKÝ Peter 227 KUKLÍK Petr 504, 534, 907 KUNECKÝ JiĜí 260, 849 KURZ Jochen 49, 89 LAHR Francisco R. 921 LANATA Francesca 49, 89, 681 LANDI Angelo Giuseppe 236 LEE So Seon 914 LINKE Gunter 953 LOPES Valter 660 LORENZO David 272 LOURENÇO Paulo B. 560, 880 LOZANO Alfonso 272 MACA Jiri 899 MACHADO José S. 513 MALESZA Jarosáaw 280, 694 MALESZA Mikoáaj 694 MARZI Tanja 581, 967 McCORMACK Richard 70 MICSA Ovidiu 322 MIEDZIAàOWSKI Czesáaw 280, 694, 872 MIGLIORINI Simonetta 604 MILLER Thomas H. 766 MIRABELLA ROBERTI Giulio 167 MISU Motoki 651 MIàKOWSKA Ewa 349 MODENA Claudio 744 MORALES-CONDE María Jesús 705 MORANDOTTI Marco 289 MOSOARCA Marius 301, 322, 785 NAKAO Masato 569, 1087 NAPIÓRKOWSKA-AàYKOW Magdalena 159 NEGRÃO João 921 NILSEN Dag 491 NOWAK Tomasz 198, 313, 523 OBRADOVICI Vladimir 322 OCHRYMIUK Tomasz 543 ORLOWSKI Kazimierz 543 PAJĄK Zbigniew 633, 804 PARENTE Stefano 756 PARISI Maria Adelaide 100, 716 PEDREÑO-ROJAS Manuel Alejandro 705 PIAZZA Maurizio 990 PODESTÀ Stefano 330 POLASTRI Andrea 367 POLETTI Elisa 1095 POL Ewa 340 POMPEJANO Federica 330 XXII

POP Octavian 892, 1106 POŠTA Jan 534 PRZESMYCKA ElĪbieta 340, 349 PTÁýEK Petr 534 QING Chun 934, 1069 QUELHAS Bruno 660 QUINN Natalie 49 RAJýIû Vlatka 78, 773, 1114 RAPP Piotr 941 REYNAUD Philippe 892, 1106 RIGGIO Mariapaola 100, 129, 367, 543, 552 RIGHETTI Luca 1027 RODRÍGUEZ-LIÑÁN Carmen 705 ROZANSKA Anna 358 ROZBICKA Maágorzata 22 RUGGIERI Nicola 100, 367 RUG Wolfgan 953 RģŽIýKA Petr 260 SADAKA Nanae 651 SAKAMOTO Isao 651 SANDAK Anna 367, 543, 552 SANDAK Jakub 367, 543, 552 SATO Nobuo 651 SCHAAF Ulrich 36 SCHWEIGLER Michael 248 SEBASTIAN Wendel 990 SIEM Jan 108, 491 SøPAHøOöLU Emir Turgut 828 SøPAHøOöLU Gülen 593, 836 ŠOBRA Karel 120, 129 SOUSA Hélder S. 560, 880 SPANO Antonia 581 STEPINAC Mislav 78, 1114 STOIAN Valeriu 301, 785

SZKOBODZIēSKI Marcin 280 SZOàOMICKI Jerzy 219, 374 TAMPONE Gennaro 100, 380 TARDINI Chiara 100, 386 TOKER BEESON Saadet 396, 724 TOMASI Roberto 990 TOMASZEK Tomasz 405 TONNA Sandra 735 TORREALVA Daniel 1121 TRAUTZ Martin 859 TSAKANIKA Eleftheria 3, 49, 100 UCHIDA Ryuichiro 651 UMEDA Danhei 669, 1075 UZUN Zeynep 414 VALLE Valéry 1106 VALLUZZI Maria Rosa 744, 756 VAN PARYS Laurent 61, 615, 1052 VASCONCELOS Graça 1095 VICENTE Erika 1121 VÁCLAVÍK František 260 VÍDENSKÝ Jan 504, 907 WALKER Kris 766 YAMAGUCHI Nobuyoshi 569, 1087 YIDAN Han 934 ZAMPERINI Emanuele 289 ZBOROWSKA Magdalena 552 ZEPEDA MARTINEZ María de Guadalupe 426, 434 ŽARNIû Roko 773

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