Structure of Eye, Mechanisms of Color Vision, and



‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﱐ‬

Structure of Eye, Mechanisms of Color Vision, and color Models and Measurements

Salah Osman (Menoufia University, Egypt)  [email protected]

    

 

 –

 

              –  –  –            – Plato «»      –  Aristotle «»                                    ‫ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬. Joule ‫ ﺟﻮﻝ‬٧ –١٠‫ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬CGS ‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬‫ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‬Erg ‫* ﺍﻹﺭﺝ‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺮ‬، SI ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ ﺹ‬،«‫ & ﻣﺎﺩﺓ »ﺟﻮﻝ‬٩٦ ‫ ﺹ‬،«‫ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ »ﺇﺭﺝ‬،١‫ ﺟـ‬،‫ ﺇﺭﺝ )ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬٧١٠ ‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ .(١٤٩ ‫ ﻭﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬،‫ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬Watt ‫** ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻁ‬ .(٣٣٨ ‫ ﺹ‬،«‫ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ »ﻭﺍﻁ‬،٢‫ ﺟـ‬،‫ ﺇﺭﺝ )ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬٧١٠

(1) Academician G.S. Landsberg (ed.), Textbook of Elementary Physics, Trans. from Russian by A. Troitsky, Mir Pub., Moscow, 1972, Vol. 3, p. 151.

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

      «»                        Sensitive retina             Cerebrum     Optical nerve    



            Eye  –  

Comparative anatomy    –Mammals Brightness –          –     –    – .Ultraviolet light– Diurnal birds of prey  Vertebrates  Mollusks   –     –      Proto – eye          .٤٩ ‫( ﺹ‬١٩٨٧ ،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬،٢‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ )ﻃـ‬:‫( ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺭ‬٢)

‫ ﺍﻷﻟـﻒ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ‬،‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﱄ & ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﺮﺳﻲ ﺃﲪﺪ‬:‫ ﺩﻳﻜﺴﺘﺮ ﻫﻮﺯ‬.‫ ﺝ‬.‫ ﻓﻮﺭﺑﺲ & ﺃ‬.‫ ﺝ‬.‫( ﺭ‬٣) .٧٣ ‫ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ( ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬،(٦٣٥) (4) See for example Gregory, R. L., ‘Origin of Eyes and Brains’, Nature, Vol. 213, 1967, pp. 369 – 372 & also Bowmaker, J. K. and others, ‘Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets from Six Classes of Photoreceptor in the Retinas of Birds’, Vision Research, Vol. 37, No. 16, 1997, pp. 2183 – 2194.

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


                                      Consciousness   Eyeball   –  Bulge TissueLayers   –Protective coating      – Sclera     Cornea     VascularChoroid Ciliary body                     Iris     Light - sensitive retina              – – Aqueous     –    Chamber   

 Crystalline lens  –humor               Ciliary     – Ringlike muscle Ligaments

            – muscle               Focal length  Pigmented iris Pupil                     Transparent           

Vitreous humor jellylike substance (5) Grant, J. C. Boileau, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, sixth Edition, International Student Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, U. S. A., 1972, Figures 518– 519.

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

   Hyaloid membrance                  Retina   – –                  Cones   Rods        Fovea centralis  The macula Lutea                                  –                    –   The blind spot

   

            –      Accommodation         Suspensory ligament                            Nerve signals                    Presbyopia    (6) Oyster, Clyde W., The Human Eye: Structure and Function, Sinauer Associates Incorporated, M. A, U. S. A., 1999, pp. 18 F. (7) Ibid, p. 20. (8) Gregory, Richard L., Eye and Brain, Princeton University Press, N. J., 1997, p. 32.

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


   Convex lenses    Hyperopia (Farsightedness)   Myopia (Nearsightness)                         

   

   ––  – –                                           Rhodopsin  «»    

(Visual purple)  Night blind          –   –      (9) Oyster, Op. Cit, p. 28.






                                             –  –    – Brownish   –                     –  Light adaptation–            

–––   Perception«»                –     Color - deficiency          ––٪٪                              Cone cells or cones (10) Ibid, pp. 29 – 30. (11) Ibid, p. 30.

.‫ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬٢٦٥ ‫( ﺹ ﺹ‬١٩٩٦ ،‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ )ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬:‫( ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‬١٢)

(13) See Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Sharpe, L. T. (eds.), Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, Passim, also Hubel, Davide H., ‘Eye, Brain, and Vision’, Scientific American Library Series, No. 22, 1988.

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


                                             

    

    § Long - wavelength sensitive cones (L - cones).

 § Middle - wavelength sensitive cones (M - cones).

 § Short - wavelength sensitive cones (S - cones).

 ٪Red cones   

 Green cones           ٪    Blue cones       ٪  Response curves                  Wide             

gamut                            




                                         

    

    

 –        –      HueHSL (14) See Festinger, L. & Allyn, M. R. & White, C. W., ‘The Perception of Color with Achromatic Stimulation’, Vision Research, Vol. 11, 1971, pp. 591 – 612, also Nathans, J. & Thomas, D. & Hogness, D. S. , ‘Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision: The Genes Encoding Blue, Green, and Red Pigments’, Science, Vol. 232 (4747), 1986, pp. 193 – 202.

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


Lightness Saturation ––«»   BrilliantNeutral    

            

 

                

   

             

    




  ––    ––        –Nanometer    –  Ideas               Watercolors

           «»– – (15) See for more detail: MacAdam, D., L., Color Measurement: Theme and Variations, Springer–verlage, N. Y., 1985.

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–«»              «» Linear sequence of colors      Photographs  »–Renaissance Sigfrid «»–F. Aguilonius«

 ––Forsius                      (16) Cole, Alison, Color : A Visual History of Color from its Ancient Beginnings to the Works of Modern Masters, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1993, pp. 32 – 33. (17) Ibid, pp. 33 – 34 .

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       «»–   Circle of colors                       

   

 «»  – Grays –  ––         «» Color  

––composition relations 




     –– Unique red–   Polar opposites    «»

      

    – –J. W. Goethe« »  «» «»«»«» –«» –   » (18) Palmer, Stephen E., ‘Color, Consciousness, and the Isomorphism Constraint’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 22 (6) , 1999, pp. 924 – 926.

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  « «»  «»  «»   «»   «»   ––                            

  

   

.٦٧‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬:‫( ﻓﲑﻧﺮ ﻫﻴﺰﻧﱪﺝ‬٦٠) :‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀ‬،٦٣ ‫ ﺹ‬،‫( ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬٦١) Albers, Josef, The Interaction of Color, Yale University Press, New haven, 1987, pp. 51 – 52. (21) Ibid, p. 60.

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


«»«»    «»«»  ––    » – –P. O. Runge«  Sphere   BlacknessWhitenessHue «»       –«»«»–– «»«» «»––Theory of color vision – «»– –    «»–  ––«»  ––  Tristimulus values«»«» BVerdeVR ١٨٠٩) Charles Darwin «‫ﺍ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ؛ ﻓﻔﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ »ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‬‫ﺎ ﻣﺜﻤﺮ‬‫ ﻋﺎﻣ‬١٨٥٩ ‫* ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‬،The Origin of Species «‫ ( ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ »ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬١٨٨٢ – ‫ﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ »ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻳﻞ« ﻛﺘﺎﺑـﻪ‬‫ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀ‬.‫ﺃﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣ‬، Kinetic theory of gases «‫ﺍﳍﺎﻡ »ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﺑﻞ ﻧﺸـﺮ ﰲ‬،‫ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﺘﻒ»ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻳﻞ« ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬. Maxwellian distribution «‫ﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ »ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻳﻞ‬‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﳍﺎ‬ .‫ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﱐ‬

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

 « »   «»    

 

     

– «»–Albert H. Munsell«» «» Pure hues    Axis  «»  Asymmetric      CIE – Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage  International Commission on Light (22) Fairchild, Mark D., Color Appearance Models, Addison – Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998, pp. 130 – 134. (23) Ibid, p. 135 & p. 324.

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


«»    Standard observer ––    Trichromatic

theory

   «» Monochromatic wavelengths  CIECIE chromaticity chart   Colorimeter Spectrophotometer   

 

 

                   

(24) Ibid, specially Chs. 3 & 5 , and see also Warren, R. M., ‘Measurement of Sensory Intensity’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 4 (175), 1981, pp. 213 – 223.

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


References  

 

‫ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﱄ & ﳏﻤـﺪ ﻣﺮﺳـﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬:‫ ﺩﻳﻜﺴﺘﺮ ﻫﻮﺯ‬.‫ ﺝ‬.‫ ﻓﻮﺭﺑﺲ & ﺃ‬.‫ ﺝ‬.‫ ﺭ‬.١ .‫ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬،‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬،(٦٣٥) ‫ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬،‫ﺃﲪﺪ‬

،‫ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺩﻱ‬،‫ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺃﲪﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﲑ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﻓﲑﻧﺮ ﻫﻴﺰﻧﱪﺝ‬.٢ .١٩٧٢ ،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬،‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

،‫ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺪﻛﻮﺭ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬:‫ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬.٣ .١٩٨٦ ،٢ ‫ ﺟــ‬،١٩٨٣ ،١ ‫ ﺟــ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬

.١٩٩٦ ،‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬:‫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‬.٤ .١٩٨٧ ،‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬،٢‫ ﻃـ‬،‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ‬:‫ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺭ‬.٥

 

1. Academician G.S. Landsberg (ed.), Textbook of Elementary Physics, Trans. from Russian by A. Troitsky, Mir Pub., Moscow, 1972. 2. Albers, Josef, The Interaction of Color, Yale University Press, New haven, 1987. 3. Alison, Color : A Visual History of Color from its Ancient Beginnings to the Works of Modern Masters, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1993. 4. Bowmaker, J. K. and others, ‘Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets from Six Classes of Photoreceptor in the Retinas of Birds’, Vision Research, Vol. 37, No. 16, 1997, pp. 2183 – 2194. 5. Fairchild, Mark D., Color Appearance Models, Addison – Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998. 6. Festinger, L. & Allyn, M. R. & White, C. W., ‘The Perception of Color with Achromatic Stimulation’, Vision Research, Vol. 11, 1971, pp. 591 – 612. 7. Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Sharpe, L. T. (eds.), Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. 8. Grant, J. C. Boileau, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, sixth Edition, International Student Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, U. S. A., 1972. 9. Gregory, R. L., ‘Origin of Eyes and Brains’, Nature, Vol. 213, 1967, pp. 369 – 372. 10. Gregory, Richard L., Eye and Brain, Princeton University Press, N. J., 1997. 11. Hubel, Davide H., ‘Eye, Brain, and Vision’, Scientific American Library Series, No. 22, 1988. 12. MacAdam, D., L., Color Measurement: Theme and Variations, Springer–verlage, N. Y., 1985.

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