Studies of a Disease with Ulcerative and Necrotizing ...

Studies of a Disease with Ulcerative and Necrotizing Lesions in Swedish Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Author(s): Regina Diaz, Margareta Stéen and William E. Faber Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 71-75 Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20095546 Accessed: 21-08-2014 15:11 UTC

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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27(1): 71-75, 1996 Copyright 1996 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

STUDIES OF A DISEASE WITH ULCERATIVE AND NECROTIZING LESIONS IN SWEDISH ROE DEER (CAPREOLUS CAPREOLUS) Diaz,

Regina

M.S.,

D.V.M.,

St?en,

Margareta

D.V.M.,

E.

and William

Ph.D.,

M.S.

Faber,

roe deer in fawns found dead female and three male adult capreolus) {Capreolus of and necrotizing lesions All had numerous animals erosive, ulcerative, necropsied. was mucosa. to hemorrhagic in two cases. enteritis the digestive Catarrhal present Microscopic were and rumen and membranes of the oral cavity, of the mucous lesions edematous, esophagus, Abstract:

One

were

the wild

was in the stratum b?sale of cells and eosinophilia swelling bodies inclusion and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic appeared sophilic sexes and all age classes affected both These lesions and spinosum. there

to have Key

been

caused

words:

Bovine

In addition, ba stratum b?sale

and

spinosum. in cells of

of

virus. and/or undescribed by an unidentified roe deer, Capreolus virus diarrhea/mucosal disease,

animals

the and

capreolus,

are

suggested

virus,

enteritis,

epithelium.

INTRODUCTION During ces

the years with

alces)

is included moose

1985-1994,

erosive,

and

ulcerative,

First,

{Al

tions

nec

vine

From

the Unidad

de Regional EEA, INTA, ce. the Department (Diaz); Swedish of University

idad Animal, gentina

ology, Box 7073,

S-750

07 Uppsala,

Department

of Wildlife

Agricultural tion, S-730

Sciences,

91 Riddarhyttan,

The

the

orig

disease

(BVD)/mucosal roe deer tested

positive

AND METHODS roe

free-ranging

and

their

National Sweden,

carcasses

deer

and

were

Veterinary where

formed. Tissue the esophagus,

emanated

from

tongue,

rumen,

cecum,

colon,

routine

to

submitted

Institute necropsy

was

samples were collected mucosa of the mouth abomasum, liver,

spleen,

the

in Uppsala,

small pancreas,

per

from and

intestine, kid

cer ney, jejunal lymph nodes, superficial vical and subiliacus lymph nodes, lymph nodes. These in 10% samples were fixed buffered sectioned

Sciences, Agricultural Sweden (St?en); and the

Sweden

investiga

second,

in southern Sweden three counties (Table 1). All four were found dead in the wild,

en San Investigaciones 21, Marcos Juarez, Ar of Veterinary Microbi

Swedish University Ecology, Grims? Wildlife Research

and

antibodies.8

MATERIALS

at the National Veteri investigation Sweden. nary Institute in Uppsala, The aim of the present study was to in lesions the gross and microscopic vestigate in a female roe deer8 and three male fawns collected in 1985, the year the syndrome was first observed. The adult animal was et al}

the adult

for BVD

under

by Feinstein

histopathologic

performed,

virus diarrhea

because

le and necrotizing by vesicular, ulcerative, in a moose sions of the digestive mucosa In and a roe deer {Capreolus capreolus). recent years, more than 100 roe deer with a clinical to that seen in similar picture moose have been received and are presently

investigated

expanded were

reasons.

two

for

study

inal investigation of this animal formed the basis used for comparison for, and was done on three addition with, investigations al roe deer fawns. The pathologic investi was and gation by virologie supplemented on studies the three fawns for bo s?rologie

ca rotizing lesions of the digestive mucosa, tarrhal to hemorrhagic enteritis, and atroph ie lymphoid organs were investigated.1618 than 1,100 Between 1985 and 1994, more moose were found with this syndrome. The In 1987, Feinstein is still unknown. etiology et al} reported on a disease characterized

initially

in this

toxylin Tissue

of Sta

mesenteric

(Faber).

in paraffin, embedded formalin, at 4 |jim, and stained with hema and eosin. and (spleen, generalized mucous mem and lymph nodes,

samples

71


72

JOURNAL

Table diagnosed

of

the mouth,

IaFemale 8 yr Male 2 Fawnb

?sterg?tland Halland

17

Male 3 Fawnb

Halland

17

Male 4 Fawnb

V?stmanland

minimum essential medium for virus isolation were ples

until processing. of The supernatant of a 10% suspension or was blood clots tissue analyzed ground iso for the presence of BVD virus. Virus of 0.1 inoculation lation was performed by cul ml of the samples into two roller-tube tures of BT cells. After one passage 0.15 ml of the supernatant was inoculated on to a cover slip culture of BT cells. The cul were

examined

for

cytopathic

100 TCID50

approximately strain Ug59.

of

the BVD

were

performed.2

RESULTS Necropsy

findings

The disease syndrome affected es and age categories of roe deer

the

(Table

sex 1).

found

10

1985

May

1985

Sep

1985

Sep 5

mucosa.

oral

Dec

7 mo

1985

old.

were

Lesions

on

located

the teeth, on the poste surface of the tongue, on the (Fig. 1), and in the oropharynx. were in di 1-3 mm shallow,

the gingiva rior dorsal

around

hard palate ulcers ameter, with white borders and a dark red base (Fig. 1). Two animals showed signs of diarrhea with wet to dry feces on the distal hind legs. The intestinal mucosa of animals 1 and 4 was markedly and edem congested

The

atous.

The

intestinal

cohemorrhagic an

had

fawns)

lumen

Deer

atrophie

spleen.

membranes

ity and esophagus

4 (one of the

of

were

the

the lamina

and had

congested and

Edema

was submucosa rise to subepithe

propria sometimes diffuse, giving lial vesicle formation. Groups of cells stratum b?sale appeared swollen with in

some

cytoplasm.

were

cav

oral

autolysis.

moderate-to-pronounced

of

mu

contained

material.

findings

mucous

The

In addition, into

compressed

a

in the high nuclei

crescent

inclusion shape by single round, basophilic cells of the stra body (Fig. 2). Numerous tum

stratum

and

spinosum

granulosum

were

and ir enlarged, with clear cytoplasm Their nuclei were ei regular cell margins. or swollen, the latter ther pyknotic giving type

both

Date

animals

ly acidophilic

and liver, jejunal lymph nodes, Spleen, were with organs inflammatory changes at necropsy. Routine bact?riologie collected for aerobic and anaerobic investigations bacteria

of origin

fawn

Histologie

effects,

and 4 days later the cover slips were fixed in acetone and stained by an indirect im method munofluorescent using a hyperim serum against BVD mune virus produced in swine.1 A conventional SN test was used to examine the sera from deers 1 and 4 (Ta serum dilutions against ble 1), with fivefold

capreolus)

were undernourished, and one and the adult female were emaciated. was moderate in deers 1 and 4 Autolysis in deers 2 and 3. All ani but pronounced mals had numerous erosions and ulcers in All

(MEM). Sam ? 70?C kept at

{Capreolus

4 mo old; deer 4 approximately

2 and 3 approximately

intes

roe deer

syndrome.

County

and

esophagus,

for four

no. Age DeerSex

at nec tines) and blood clots were collected ropsy from the three fawns. For isolation of virus and a serum neu and propagation em bovine tralization (SN) test, primary were used. The turbinate cells (BT) bryonic with 1% cell cultures were supplemented in Eagle's fetal calf serum and maintained

tures

MEDICINE

of origin and date found 1. Age, sex, county (in Sweden), at necropsy with a bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease-like

aRoe deer investigated by Feinstein et al.8 b birth date 15 May 1985. Deer Approximate

branes

OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE

an

dition, swollen,

of

appearance

foci with

of

cells

highly

"fried

egg."

In

ad

in these

strata were

acidophilic

cytoplasm


DIAZ

ET AL?STUDIES

Figure

2. Lingual Figure inter- and intracellular

OF A DISEASE

1. Ulc?ration

Note the numerous epithelium. edema (small arrows). H&E,

in the mucosa

IN SWEDISH

of

intracytoplasmic X450.

ROE DEER

73

the hard palate.

inclusion

bodies

(IB)

(large


arrows),

and

74

OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE

JOURNAL

nuclei. Erosions and pyknotic were characterized by loss of

and

ulcers

epithelium, and the underlying submucosa was covered and marked by puru by bacterial colonies lent inflammation. In the ruminai mucosa, marked dysplasia in all epithelial and degenerative changes edema of the found. Severe layers were lamina propria and submucosa gave rise to small

along the basement filled with necrotic In the stra material and bacterial colonies. numer tum b?sale and stratum spinosum, vesicles cleavage which were membrane

ous

cells

had

intracytoplasmic

bodies

inclusion and eosino was present

basophilic appearing philic. In some cells a vacuole instead of the inclusion body. Detachment in all mu of the stratum corneum occurred cous

membranes.

The

deer's

were

spleens

edematous

and

in the periar lymphocytopenia and teriolar sheath lymphatic lymphoid follicles of the The nodules. lymphoid to be also nodes lympho appeared lymph is not described The intestine cytopenic.

had marked

autol of pronounced and parenchymatous

because histologically The abomasum ysis. organs

normal.

appeared

Virologie

on bacterial

culture.

had

that the in high probability, from bodies seen, did not originate and most probably were a result of or postmortem nonspecific degenerative with

changes.

Numerous BVD,4'7'8'1113'19'20

tious

bovine

viral

infections,

vesicular

rhinotracheitis,

including

stomatitis,9

and

infec

cervidae

wild

lesions

It is possible this study may be caused by any of the viral infections mentioned. Only BVD virus and were in this its antibodies investigated were in the demonstrated study, but neither

in the the disease three fawns. In addition, roe deer described here may be related to the syndrome described by St?en et al.17 in on sim based Swedish moose, morphologic distri and overlapping geographic In moose with this syndrome, a ret has of an oncovirus characteristic if the isolated,10 but it is not known

ilarities butions. rovirus been

retrovirus causes the disease. The search for a pestivirus in these roe deer is ongoing be cause of the clinical picture of the disease. roe deer to be proven whether It remains suffer from the same disease as the Swedish moose. We

Acknowledgments: Hansen

Hans-J?rgen their support. five

Murray

reviewers

anonymous on

earlier

Ekberg

provided

comments

thank Claes

and

Professor

Professors

Rehbinder

for

Lankester

and

constructive provided of this manuscript. assistance. photographic

drafts

CITED

1. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Jensen, K. J. H., M. Holm of and K. Dalsgaard. 1981. Demonstration S?rensen, and in cryostatbovine viral diarrhea-virus antigen of bovine tissues by the immuno paraffin-sections technique. peroxidase Sect. C 89: 281-285.

le ulcerative, necrotizing tract (glossitis, sions of the digestive gin Two and/or rumenitis). givitis, esophagitis, of the three fawns suffered from catarrhal to hemorrhagic enteritis. Diaz et al? con deer

among

and pro ungulates similar to those described here. in that the disease investigated

LITERATURE

DISCUSSION

cluded, clusion a virus

duce

occur

semidomesticated

findings

for BVD vi samples tested negative antibodies. rus, as did the fawns for BVD no significant pathogens were Additionally,

All

and

l,5-61415

type

herpesvirus

Bengt

All

isolated

MEDICINE

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Pathol.

Microbiol.

Scand.

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with