Studies of a Disease with Ulcerative and Necrotizing Lesions in Swedish Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Author(s): Regina Diaz, Margareta Stéen and William E. Faber Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 71-75 Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20095546 Accessed: 21-08-2014 15:11 UTC
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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27(1): 71-75, 1996 Copyright 1996 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
STUDIES OF A DISEASE WITH ULCERATIVE AND NECROTIZING LESIONS IN SWEDISH ROE DEER (CAPREOLUS CAPREOLUS) Diaz,
Regina
M.S.,
D.V.M.,
St?en,
Margareta
D.V.M.,
E.
and William
Ph.D.,
M.S.
Faber,
roe deer in fawns found dead female and three male adult capreolus) {Capreolus of and necrotizing lesions All had numerous animals erosive, ulcerative, necropsied. was mucosa. to hemorrhagic in two cases. enteritis the digestive Catarrhal present Microscopic were and rumen and membranes of the oral cavity, of the mucous lesions edematous, esophagus, Abstract:
One
were
the wild
was in the stratum b?sale of cells and eosinophilia swelling bodies inclusion and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic appeared sophilic sexes and all age classes affected both These lesions and spinosum. there
to have Key
been
caused
words:
Bovine
In addition, ba stratum b?sale
and
spinosum. in cells of
of
virus. and/or undescribed by an unidentified roe deer, Capreolus virus diarrhea/mucosal disease,
animals
the and
capreolus,
are
suggested
virus,
enteritis,
epithelium.
INTRODUCTION During ces
the years with
alces)
is included moose
1985-1994,
erosive,
and
ulcerative,
First,
{Al
tions
nec
vine
From
the Unidad
de Regional EEA, INTA, ce. the Department (Diaz); Swedish of University
idad Animal, gentina
ology, Box 7073,
S-750
07 Uppsala,
Department
of Wildlife
Agricultural tion, S-730
Sciences,
91 Riddarhyttan,
The
the
orig
disease
(BVD)/mucosal roe deer tested
positive
AND METHODS roe
free-ranging
and
their
National Sweden,
carcasses
deer
and
were
Veterinary where
formed. Tissue the esophagus,
emanated
from
tongue,
rumen,
cecum,
colon,
routine
to
submitted
Institute necropsy
was
samples were collected mucosa of the mouth abomasum, liver,
spleen,
the
in Uppsala,
small pancreas,
per
from and
intestine, kid
cer ney, jejunal lymph nodes, superficial vical and subiliacus lymph nodes, lymph nodes. These in 10% samples were fixed buffered sectioned
Sciences, Agricultural Sweden (St?en); and the
Sweden
investiga
second,
in southern Sweden three counties (Table 1). All four were found dead in the wild,
en San Investigaciones 21, Marcos Juarez, Ar of Veterinary Microbi
Swedish University Ecology, Grims? Wildlife Research
and
antibodies.8
MATERIALS
at the National Veteri investigation Sweden. nary Institute in Uppsala, The aim of the present study was to in lesions the gross and microscopic vestigate in a female roe deer8 and three male fawns collected in 1985, the year the syndrome was first observed. The adult animal was et al}
the adult
for BVD
under
by Feinstein
histopathologic
performed,
virus diarrhea
because
le and necrotizing by vesicular, ulcerative, in a moose sions of the digestive mucosa In and a roe deer {Capreolus capreolus). recent years, more than 100 roe deer with a clinical to that seen in similar picture moose have been received and are presently
investigated
expanded were
reasons.
two
for
study
inal investigation of this animal formed the basis used for comparison for, and was done on three addition with, investigations al roe deer fawns. The pathologic investi was and gation by virologie supplemented on studies the three fawns for bo s?rologie
ca rotizing lesions of the digestive mucosa, tarrhal to hemorrhagic enteritis, and atroph ie lymphoid organs were investigated.1618 than 1,100 Between 1985 and 1994, more moose were found with this syndrome. The In 1987, Feinstein is still unknown. etiology et al} reported on a disease characterized
initially
in this
toxylin Tissue
of Sta
mesenteric
(Faber).
in paraffin, embedded formalin, at 4 |jim, and stained with hema and eosin. and (spleen, generalized mucous mem and lymph nodes,
samples
71
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72
JOURNAL
Table diagnosed
of
the mouth,
IaFemale 8 yr Male 2 Fawnb
?sterg?tland Halland
17
Male 3 Fawnb
Halland
17
Male 4 Fawnb
V?stmanland
minimum essential medium for virus isolation were ples
until processing. of The supernatant of a 10% suspension or was blood clots tissue analyzed ground iso for the presence of BVD virus. Virus of 0.1 inoculation lation was performed by cul ml of the samples into two roller-tube tures of BT cells. After one passage 0.15 ml of the supernatant was inoculated on to a cover slip culture of BT cells. The cul were
examined
for
cytopathic
100 TCID50
approximately strain Ug59.
of
the BVD
were
performed.2
RESULTS Necropsy
findings
The disease syndrome affected es and age categories of roe deer
the
(Table
sex 1).
found
10
1985
May
1985
Sep
1985
Sep 5
mucosa.
oral
Dec
7 mo
1985
old.
were
Lesions
on
located
the teeth, on the poste surface of the tongue, on the (Fig. 1), and in the oropharynx. were in di 1-3 mm shallow,
the gingiva rior dorsal
around
hard palate ulcers ameter, with white borders and a dark red base (Fig. 1). Two animals showed signs of diarrhea with wet to dry feces on the distal hind legs. The intestinal mucosa of animals 1 and 4 was markedly and edem congested
The
atous.
The
intestinal
cohemorrhagic an
had
fawns)
lumen
Deer
atrophie
spleen.
membranes
ity and esophagus
4 (one of the
of
were
the
the lamina
and had
congested and
Edema
was submucosa rise to subepithe
propria sometimes diffuse, giving lial vesicle formation. Groups of cells stratum b?sale appeared swollen with in
some
cytoplasm.
were
cav
oral
autolysis.
moderate-to-pronounced
of
mu
contained
material.
findings
mucous
The
In addition, into
compressed
a
in the high nuclei
crescent
inclusion shape by single round, basophilic cells of the stra body (Fig. 2). Numerous tum
stratum
and
spinosum
granulosum
were
and ir enlarged, with clear cytoplasm Their nuclei were ei regular cell margins. or swollen, the latter ther pyknotic giving type
both
Date
animals
ly acidophilic
and liver, jejunal lymph nodes, Spleen, were with organs inflammatory changes at necropsy. Routine bact?riologie collected for aerobic and anaerobic investigations bacteria
of origin
fawn
Histologie
effects,
and 4 days later the cover slips were fixed in acetone and stained by an indirect im method munofluorescent using a hyperim serum against BVD mune virus produced in swine.1 A conventional SN test was used to examine the sera from deers 1 and 4 (Ta serum dilutions against ble 1), with fivefold
capreolus)
were undernourished, and one and the adult female were emaciated. was moderate in deers 1 and 4 Autolysis in deers 2 and 3. All ani but pronounced mals had numerous erosions and ulcers in All
(MEM). Sam ? 70?C kept at
{Capreolus
4 mo old; deer 4 approximately
2 and 3 approximately
intes
roe deer
syndrome.
County
and
esophagus,
for four
no. Age DeerSex
at nec tines) and blood clots were collected ropsy from the three fawns. For isolation of virus and a serum neu and propagation em bovine tralization (SN) test, primary were used. The turbinate cells (BT) bryonic with 1% cell cultures were supplemented in Eagle's fetal calf serum and maintained
tures
MEDICINE
of origin and date found 1. Age, sex, county (in Sweden), at necropsy with a bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease-like
aRoe deer investigated by Feinstein et al.8 b birth date 15 May 1985. Deer Approximate
branes
OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE
an
dition, swollen,
of
appearance
foci with
of
cells
highly
"fried
egg."
In
ad
in these
strata were
acidophilic
cytoplasm
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DIAZ
ET AL?STUDIES
Figure
2. Lingual Figure inter- and intracellular
OF A DISEASE
1. Ulc?ration
Note the numerous epithelium. edema (small arrows). H&E,
in the mucosa
IN SWEDISH
of
intracytoplasmic X450.
ROE DEER
73
the hard palate.
inclusion
bodies
(IB)
(large
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arrows),
and
74
OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE
JOURNAL
nuclei. Erosions and pyknotic were characterized by loss of
and
ulcers
epithelium, and the underlying submucosa was covered and marked by puru by bacterial colonies lent inflammation. In the ruminai mucosa, marked dysplasia in all epithelial and degenerative changes edema of the found. Severe layers were lamina propria and submucosa gave rise to small
along the basement filled with necrotic In the stra material and bacterial colonies. numer tum b?sale and stratum spinosum, vesicles cleavage which were membrane
ous
cells
had
intracytoplasmic
bodies
inclusion and eosino was present
basophilic appearing philic. In some cells a vacuole instead of the inclusion body. Detachment in all mu of the stratum corneum occurred cous
membranes.
The
deer's
were
spleens
edematous
and
in the periar lymphocytopenia and teriolar sheath lymphatic lymphoid follicles of the The nodules. lymphoid to be also nodes lympho appeared lymph is not described The intestine cytopenic.
had marked
autol of pronounced and parenchymatous
because histologically The abomasum ysis. organs
normal.
appeared
Virologie
on bacterial
culture.
had
that the in high probability, from bodies seen, did not originate and most probably were a result of or postmortem nonspecific degenerative with
changes.
Numerous BVD,4'7'8'1113'19'20
tious
bovine
viral
infections,
vesicular
rhinotracheitis,
including
stomatitis,9
and
infec
cervidae
wild
lesions
It is possible this study may be caused by any of the viral infections mentioned. Only BVD virus and were in this its antibodies investigated were in the demonstrated study, but neither
in the the disease three fawns. In addition, roe deer described here may be related to the syndrome described by St?en et al.17 in on sim based Swedish moose, morphologic distri and overlapping geographic In moose with this syndrome, a ret has of an oncovirus characteristic if the isolated,10 but it is not known
ilarities butions. rovirus been
retrovirus causes the disease. The search for a pestivirus in these roe deer is ongoing be cause of the clinical picture of the disease. roe deer to be proven whether It remains suffer from the same disease as the Swedish moose. We
Acknowledgments: Hansen
Hans-J?rgen their support. five
Murray
reviewers
anonymous on
earlier
Ekberg
provided
comments
thank Claes
and
Professor
Professors
Rehbinder
for
Lankester
and
constructive provided of this manuscript. assistance. photographic
drafts
CITED
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among
and pro ungulates similar to those described here. in that the disease investigated
LITERATURE
DISCUSSION
cluded, clusion a virus
duce
occur
semidomesticated
findings
for BVD vi samples tested negative antibodies. rus, as did the fawns for BVD no significant pathogens were Additionally,
All
and
l,5-61415
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Bengt
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