Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation

URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities

Editors

Piotr Indykiewicz Leszek Jerzak Jörg Böhner Brendan Kavanagh Bydgoszcz 2011

URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities

Editors

Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh

Bydgoszcz 2011

EDITORS: Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh REVIWERS: Tadeusz Barczak, Jerzy Błoszyk, Janusz Dąbrowski, Aleksander Herczek, Sławomir Kaczmarek, Piotr Kamiński, Andrzej Klimek, Janusz Markowski, Włodzimierz Meissner, Hanna Piekarska-Boniecka, Barbara Piłacińska, Maria Wawrzyniak, Barbara Wilkaniec

COVER DISIGN BY: Jan Korbolewski & Piotr Indykiewicz

© Copyright by Piotr Indykiewicz

ISBN: 978-83-7590-083-5

PUBLISHER: Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszcz (University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz) PRINTED IN POLAND BY: ELPIL in Siedlce

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URBAN FAUNA Studies of animal biology, ecology and conservation in European cities Piotr Indykiewicz, Leszek Jerzak, Jörg Böhner, Brendan Kavanagh (eds.) UTP Bydgoszcz 2011 304-315

Joanna Pakulnicka1, Eugeniusz Biesiadka University of Warmia and Mazury, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Plac Łódzki 3, PL-10-727 Olsztyn, Poland 1 e-mail: [email protected]

Water beetles (Coleoptera) of Olsztyn (Poland) Abstract: This study sums up the results of a multi-year research, investigating the water beetle fauna of Olsztyn. A total of 145 water beetle species were determined, and Noterus crassicornis was the most abundant taxon. Eurytopic species characteristic of small water bodies were the predominant element in the analyzed material (66 taxa). Peatland communities were represented by 41 species, and lacustrine and riparian populations by 15 taxa. The remaining species were classified as rheobionts, rheophils, and beetles colonizing mineral substrates. The collected material comprised several species that are rare and protected in Poland. The study characterizes water beetle habitats in lakes, small eutrophic water bodies, peatlands, artificial reservoirs in urban areas, and the Łyna River. Key words: Urban fauna, water beetles, Olsztyn

Introduction Water beetles inhabiting urban areas remain poorly investigated. The first and, to date, the only Polish study that broadly discusses the water beetle fauna of the Szczecin metropolitan area was carried out by Wichtowska and Sobczak (1994). Valuable information about water beetle habitats in artificial ponds and watercourses in Łódź can also be found in the work of Tończyk and Pakulnicka (2004). There is also a general scarcity of data about urban habitats of water beetles in other countries. The most notable study is Hendrich’s extensive monograph (2005), dedicated to water beetle communities of the Berlin metropolitan area. There are very few publications discussing the water beetle fauna of Olsztyn. Fragmentary information can be found only in the works of Biesiadka (1989, 1996) and Pakulnicka et al. (1998).

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Study area The city of Olsztyn occupies an area of 87.9 km2. Territories characterized by low or very low impact of anthropogenic pressure make up nearly half of the city’s area. According to 2002 data supplied by the Olsztyn City Office, built-up and urban areas account for 36.3% of the city’s area, farmland has a 27.2% share, forests and wooded areas 22.9%, fallow land 2.7%, and unclassified areas 0.9%. Olsztyn has a well-developed hydrological network that accounts for 9.9% of the city’s area. Its main components are the Łyna River, which divides the city meridionally into two parts, and its tributaries, i.e. the rivers Wadąg and Kortówka. There are 14 lakes, numerous watercourses, and more than 200 eutrophic water bodies and bogs within Olsztyn’s administrative boundaries. Artificial reservoirs, including clay-pits, park ponds and fountains, complement the city’s natural hydrographic network.

Materials and methods This study analyzes the water beetle collection of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, gathered in the past 30 years by students writing degree theses and during field workshops. The experimental material comprises more than 7 000 individuals, including 4 800 harvested in peatlands, nearly 1 400 in lakes, more than 400 in rivers, more than 300 in small eutrophic water bodies, and only 42 individuals collected in man-made reservoirs in urban areas. The analyzed material is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity as regards the represented habitats, and, therefore, it does not support a comprehensive description of Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna. General characteristics of Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna

A total of 146 water beetle species were identified in Olsztyn. The noted taxa represented all families of aquatic Coleoptera, except Hygrobiidae (Tab. 1). Noterus crassicornis was the most abundant and the most common species in the gathered material. In selected habitats, relatively large communities of the following taxa were noted: Haliplus flavicollis, H. ruficollis, Hydroporus incognitus, H. melanocephalus, H. umbrosus, H. palustris, H. angustatus, H. melanarius, Hyphydrus ovatus, Hygrotus inaequalis, H. decoratus, Ilybius fenestratus, Gyrinus aeratus, Hydrobius fuscipes, Helochares lividus, Laccobius minutus, Limnebius parvulus, Enochrus affinis, Anacaena lutescens and A. limbata. Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna is marked by a high degree of ecological diversity, and it comprises several groups that are characteristic of specific aquatic habitats. Eurytopic water beetles are represented by the highest number (66) of species, colonizing mostly small eutrophic ponds as well as shallow and overgrown zones of larger water bodies. The most abundant taxa in the above group are: Noterus crassicornis, Hygrotus inaequalis, Hyphydrus ovatus, Haliplus ruficollis, Limnebius parvulus and Anacaena limbata. The 306

Water beetles (Coleoptera) of Olsztyn (Poland)

second most populous group comprises beetles inhabiting peat bogs. In Olsztyn, it is represented by 41 species, mostly Enochrus affinis, Anacaena lutescens, H. incognitus, H. melanocephalus, H. melanarius, H. umbrosus and Hygrotus decoratus. Lacustrine and riparian species have a much lower share of Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna. Those taxa are found mainly in large, weakly eutrophic water bodies as well as in quieter, overgrown zones of slowly flowing rivers. A total of 15 species have been classified in the above group: Gyrinus aeratus, G. marinus., G. paykulli., Orectochillus villosus, Haliplus flavicollis, H. fluviatilis, H. fulvus, Porhydrus lineatus, Hygrotus versicolor, Nebrioporus depressus, Hydroglyphus hamulatus, Laccophilus hyalinus, Platambus maculatus, Ilybius fenestratus and Laccobius striatulus. A small group of rheobionts and rheophils observed exclusively in watercourses is represented only by Hydraena riparia, Limnebius truncatellus and Elmis maugetti. Many beetles inhabit small ponds and lakes with sandy and clay bottoms that are not overgrown by vegetation. This group of argilophilous organisms accounts for: Haliplus confinis, H. obliquus, Nebrioporus canaliculatus, Scarodytes halenis, Hydroglyphus geminus, Helophorus aequalis, H. aquaticus, H. brevipalpis, H. flavipes, H. granularis, H. griseus, H. minutus, Laccobius bipunctatus, L. colon, L. minutus and L. sinuatus. Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna comprises also rare species, including thermophilous taxa of south European or Pontic origin, such as Nebrioporus canaliculatus, Scarodytes halensis and Hydroglyphus geminus, as well as native species, among them Bidessus hamulatus, Hydrovatus cuspidatus and Cybister lateralimarginalis. Several taxa have been placed on the list of threatened species, including Hydroporus melanocephalus (EN), H. elongatulus (VU) and Haliplus fulvicollis (VU) (Pawłowski et al. 2002), and on the list of protected species, among them Dytiscus lapponicus and Hydrophilus aterrimus (Regulation 2004). Water beetle fauna in various types of water bodies in Olsztyn

Lakes The study covered three lakes, Skanda, Tyrsko and Redykajny, where a total of 80 water beetle species were harvested. The analyzed lakes were marked by a similar degree of species diversity (Tab. 1), and only 10 taxa were noted in all three lakes. The percentage share of synecological units, particularly lacustrine and riparian organisms characteristic of lakes, is an indicator of the ecological status of Olsztyn’s lakes. The species harvested in Lake Redykajny had a 43.4% share of the overall analyzed material. The taxa identified in Lake Tyrsko accounted for 30.1% of the studied fauna, and an even lower percentage of lacustrine and riparian species was observed in Lake Skanda. The clear dominance of organisms characteristic of small water bodies testifies to the progressing degradation of the Coleoptera fauna in Olsztyn’s lakes. Olsztyn’s lakes are the habitat of several rare species that have been reported from very few sites across Poland, including Hydroglyphus hamulatus which was relatively abundant in lakes Redykajny and Tyrsko. The presence of relatively large populations of Haliplus 307


confinis and the occurrence of the very rare Hydrovatus cuspidatus in Lake Redykajny were quite surprising. Łyna River The Łyna River is the habitat of 31 water beetle species. The most abundant taxa were Gyrinus aeratus (47%) and Laccophilus hyalinus (23.8%). The water beetle fauna of the Łyna River is marked by relatively high ecological diversity, but only eight species are characteristic of watercourses, among them the individually harvested Orectochillus villosus and Elmis maugetti. The presence of a large number of taxa typical of standing waters can be attributed to the river’s well-developed littoral zones that are strongly overgrown with helophytic vegetation, creating a supportive environment for this group of water beetles. Peatlands The study covered eight peatlands which were inhabited by 103 species. Such a high number of taxa attests to the precision of the conducted investigations. The most abundant species were Enochrus affinis, Hydroporus incognitus, Anacaena lutescens and A. limbata, which are the most characteristic element of peatland habitats. A total of 37 species were identified in the above group, with a 54.9% share of this faunistic category. The highest number of 51 taxa were observed in small water bodies, and this group’s relatively high share (43.3%) is indicative of significant changes in the peatland water beetle fauna. Peatlands yielded several species that are rarely encountered in Poland, including Haliplus fulvicollis and Hydroporus incognitus in the bog habitat of the Mszar nature reserve, H. melanocephalus, Laccornis oblongus (Sgnitek bog), Agabus unguicularis (Tyrsko reserve), Ilybius guttiger and Rhantus grapei (bogs adjacent to lakes Sgnitek and Tyrsko). Small eutrophic water bodies A total of six small eutrophic water bodies were investigated. The local water beetle fauna was marked by relatively high abundance as well as species and ecological diversity. From the total number of 55 taxa, 31 species were characteristic of small water bodies, with a collective 66.8% share of the local water beetle fauna. This group included species that are most abundant and most commonly found in small water bodies, such as Noterus crassicornis, N. clavicornis and Hygrotus inaequalis. Sixteen taxa characteristic of peatland habitats were determined, including the most abundant Anacaena lutescens. Bog beetles had a 25.4% share of the material gathered in small eutrophic water bodies. Artificial reservoirs

In comparison with other Polish cities, Olsztyn has relatively few man-made reservoirs, such as park ponds, fountains and firewater reservoirs. The surviving, older structures 308


Table 1. The occurrence of beetles in aquatic environments featured in Olsztyn 1– small eutrophic water bodies, 2 – lakes, 3 – Łyna River, 4 – peatlands, 5 – artificial reservoirs, 6 – total specimens.

Species

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4 5

194

Gyrinidae Gyrinus aeratus (Steph.) Gyrinus marinus Gyll. Gyrinus natator (L.) Gyrinus substriatus Steph. Gyrinus paykulli Ochs. Gyrinus suffriani Scriba Orectochillus villosus (Müll.)

198 5 1 4 1 1 1

1 4 1 1 1 Haliplidae

Peltodytes caesus (Duft.) Haliplus confinis Steph. Haliplus flavicollis Sturm Haliplus fluviatilis Aube Haliplus fulvicollis Er. Haliplus fulvus (Fabr.) Haliplus heydeni (Wehn.) Haliplus immaculatus Gerh. Haliplus lineolatus Marsh. Haliplus obliquus (Fabr.) Haliplus ruficollis (De Geer.) Haliplus wehnckei Gerh. Noterus clavicornis (De Geer.) Noterus crassicornis Müll Suphrodytes dorsalis (Fabr.) Hydroporus angustatus Sturm Hydroporus elongatulus Sturm Hydroporus erythrocephalus (L.) Hydroporus incognitus Sharp Hydroporus melanarius Sturm Hydroporus melanocephalus Marsh Hydroporus neglectus Schaum Hydroporus nigrita (Fabr.) Hydroporus notatus Sturm

1 24 160 17 1 2 6 40

1 10 6 4 Noteridae 19 15 91 288 Dytiscidae 10

18 6

29 12 2 129 21

25

351

1

14 85 1 9 445 102 339 62 36 3

8

1

1

1

8

1 24 160 35 7 2 6 69 12 2 141 31 34 763 14 103 1 9 446 102 339 63 36 4

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Hydroporus obscurus Sturm Hydroporus palustris (L.) Hydroporus planus (Fabr.) Hydroporus pubescens (Gyll.) Hydroporus scalesianus Steph. Hydroporus striola (Gyll.) Hydroporus tristis (Payk.) Hydroporus umbrosus Gyll. Laccornis oblongus (Steph.) Graptodytes granularis (L.) Graptodytes pictus (Fabr.) Porhydrus lineatus (Fabr.) Hygrotus impressopunctatus (Schall.) Hygrotus decoratus (Gyll.) Hygrotus inaequalis (Fabr.) Hygrotus versicolor (Schall.) Nebrioporus canaliculatus (Lacord.) Nebrioporus depressus (Fabr.) Scarodytes halenis (Fabr.) Hydroglyphus hamulatus (Gyll.) Hydroglyphus geminus (Fabr.) Bidessus unistriatus (Schrank.) Hydrovatus cuspidatus (Kunze) Hyphydrus ovatus (L.) Laccophilus hyalinus (De Geer.) Laccophilus minutus (L.) Copelatus haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.) Platambus maculatus (L.) Agabus affinis (Payk.) Agabus bipustulatus (L.) Agabus congener (Thunb.) Agabus sturmii (Gyll.) Agabus uliginosus (L.) Agabus undulatus (Schrank) Agabus unguicularis (Thoms.) Ilybius neglectus Er. Ilybius aenescens (Thoms.) Ilybius angustior (Gyll.) Ilybius ater (De Geer) Ilybius crassus Thoms.

310

2

2 7 4 2 1 15 2

2 9 5 6 19

3

2

4

5

4

8 101 2

6 1

18 4 2 3 13 90

3

1

6 16 7 138 1 4 13 6 20 140 134

6

2 2 2 1

1 1 43 1

7 2

4 3

2 42 6 2 19

1

7

1

3 4

3 1

1 97 2 1 14

56

1

26

2

2 33 3 91 2 29 11 7 3 3 13 5

7

10 114 6 2 6 17 28 141 1 4 36 19 29 151 169 90 1 1 1 43 8 2 2 104 97 39 3 33 3 33 3 91 2 37 11 7 3 3 19 10

Water beetles (Coleoptera) of Olsztyn (Poland) 1

Ilybius fenestratus (Fabr.) Ilybius fuliginosus (Fabr.) Ilybius guttiger (Gyll.) Ilybius quadriguttatus (Lacord.) Ilybius similis (Thoms.) Ilybius subaeneus Er. Rhantus exsoletus (Forst.) Rhantus grapei (Gyll.) Rhantus latitans Sharp Rhantus suturalis (Mac Leay) Colymbetes fuscus (L.) Colymbetes paykulli Er. Hydaticus seminiger (De Geer) Hydaticus transversalis (Pont.) Dytiscus circumcinctus (Ahr.) Dytiscus marginalis L. Dytiscus dimidiatus Bergstr* Dytiscus lapponicus Gyll.* Acilius canaliculatus (Nic.) Acilius sulcatus (L.) Graphoderus cinereus (L.) Graphoderus zonatus (Hoppe) Cybister lateralimarginalis (De Geer) Ochthebius minimus (Fabr.) Hydraena palustris Er. Hydraena riparia (Kug.) Limnebius aluta (Bedel) Limnebius atomus (Duft.) Limnebius crinifer (Rey) Limnebius nitidus (Marsch.) Limnebius papposus Muls. Limnebius truncatellus (Thunb.) Limnebius parvulus (Herbst) Helophorus aequalis (Thoms.) Helophorus aquaticus (L.) Helophorus brevipalpis (Bedel) Helophorus flavipes (Fabr.) Helophorus granularis (L.)

2

3 1 2

2

3

4

186 1 1 1

1

1 2 2

2

8 1 1

5

6 6 4 7 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 8 6 1 1

1 2

1

1 1 Hydraenidae 2 2 12 2 2 1 3 9 1 7 Helophoridae 1

2 1

12 1

5 5 1 193

14 3 2 16 13 3 6 8 10 206

17

1 1 2 2 21

3 11

2 3

192 10 5 11 3 2 6 5 3 4 1 8 14 4 1 1

19 4 2 1 1

1 2 1

1

7

18 1 1 1

1

5

6

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Helophorus griseus Herbst Helophorus minutus (Fabr.) Helophorus nanus (Lentz)

2

3

4

5

2

5

1

6 5 7

6 13 7

45 3 26

50 5 29 2

Hydrochidae Hydrochus brevis (Herbst) 1 4 Hydrochus carinatus (Germ.) 2 1 Hydrochus elongatus (Schall.) 3 Hydrochus ignicollis (Motsch.) 2 Hydrophilidae Anacaena limbata (Fabr.) 3 5 Anacaena lutescens (Steph.) 24 15 11 Berosus luridus (L.) 1 Cymbiodyta marginalla (Fabr.) 4 Enochrus affinis (Thunb.) 7 2 Enochrus coarctatus (Gredl.) 1 18 Enochrus melanocephalus (Oliv.) 19 Enochrus ochropterus (Marsh.) 1 Enochrus quadripunctatus (Herbst) 1 10 Enochrus testaceus (Fabr.) 6 45 Helochares lividus (Forst.) 1 3 Helochares punctatus Sharp. 5 7 Helochares obscurus (Müll) 9 33 Hydrobius fuscipes (L.) 5 19 Hydrochara caraboides (L.) 8 4 Hydrophilus aterrimus Ersch* Laccobius bipunctatus (Fabr.) 2 5 Laccobius colon (Steph.) Laccobius minutus(L.) 3 111 3 Laccobius sinuatus Motsch. Laccobius striatulus (Fabr.) 1 Cercyon convexiusculus (Steph.) Cercyon marinus (Thoms.) 1 Cercyon tristis Ill. 1 Cercyon ustulatus (Preyssl) Coelostoma orbiculare (Fabr.) 3 Spercheidae Spercheus emarginatus (Schall.) 2 Elmidae Elmis maugetti (Latr.) 1

312

6

371 440

5

52 626 52 28 15 24 2 119

4

38 109 7 15 5 4 9

4

3

1 9 2

1

7

379 495 1 56 635 71 47 16 35 53 127 12 80 133 19 26 5 121 9 1 3 1 1 1 13 4 1


of that type have been drained or largely neglected. This category of reservoirs produced only 42 individuals belonging to 15 species. Half of the collected beetles represent taxa characteristic of small water reservoirs, including the most common and the most abundant species Noterus crassicornis. Three peatland species were noted, among them the most populous Anacaena lutescens. Argilophilous beetles, represented by four taxa, had a significant share of the investigated faunistic category. The ecological status of selected reservoirs has improved as a consequence of reclamation and maintenance efforts. Therefore, the abundance, species diversity and specificity of the water beetle fauna can be expected to improve in artificial bodies of water.

Discussion Olsztyn is a unique urban habitat. Nearly half of its area is occupied by territories marked by low or very low impact of anthropogenic pressure. In view of the city’s rich and highly varied hydrological network, an abundant and ecologically diverse water beetle fauna can be expected. A total of 147 identified species is not a staggering number in this context. It should be regarded as a general diagnosis of Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna, rather than a detailed analysis of local species richness. Comprehensive data have been gathered only from water beetles colonizing peatlands, which are a negligible element of Olsztyn’s aquatic network. Water beetles were studied in only three out of the city’s 14 lakes, where 80 species were identified. Similar levels of species diversity were reported from Olsztyn’s suburban lakes (Biesiadka 1980, Kordylas 1990, Pakulnicka & Bartnik 1999, Pakulnicka & Zawal 2007). The only watercourse analyzed in Olsztyn is the Łyna River. There are no data on water beetle populations in small streams and springs, where the presence of several or more than ten other species can be expected. The water beetle fauna of Olsztyn’s 200 small eutrophic water bodies is equally poorly documented. Whereas only 45 water beetle species have been determined in the Nemen River (Biesiadka & Pakulnicka 2004a), 120 taxa were identified in all studied aquatic habitats of the river’s floodplain terrace (Pakulnicka & Nowakowski unpublished data). The Bug River valley is characterized by greater species diversity, and 151 taxa were determined in the area (Przewoźny et al. 2005). The Narew River was inhabited by 105 species (Biesiadka & Pakulnicka 2004b), and the Gizela River by 80 taxa (Czachorowski et al. 1993). It can be assumed that Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna includes another 20-30 species that have not been identified to date. In Szczecin, a city with a less extensive and less diverse hydrographic network, 132 water beetle taxa have been determined in the course of a one-year study (Wichtowska & Sobczak 1994). Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna is characteristic of the Masurian Lakeland, and a similar faunistic composition can be encountered in other parts of the region with a similar 313


hydrographic structure. The city has no significant effect on the water beetle fauna. The distribution of water beetle communities follows the distribution pattern of water bodies. The greatest species diversity is noted in western and north-western parts of Olsztyn, whereas the central part of the city is marked by the lowest number of aquatic beetle taxa. Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna is dominated by species with high migratory capacity, characteristic of small water bodies. Those taxa are abundant in each type of the analyzed water bodies. Whereas their presence in small, strongly eutrophic ponds is a normal phenomenon that reflects the habitat preferences of this group of beetles, their abundance in other types of waters and the decreasing share of specialized species testify to the degradation of the local water beetle fauna. Selected water bodies are highly valuable habitats of a unique and rich water beetle fauna. They include lakes Redykajny and Tyrsko, and in the group of peatlands the Mszar reserve and the bogs adjacent to Lake Sgnitek situated near Kortowo. The system of natural water bodies between Mazurskie estate and Lake Skanda as well as the ponds situated east of Lake Track are also important habitats of a rich and abundant water beetle fauna characteristic of small water bodies. Further work is needed to expand the list of valuable habitats that contribute to the preservation of biological diversity of Olsztyn’s water beetle fauna. Artificial reservoirs, such as park ponds and fountains, are urban structures that comprise a separate category. Built and maintained by man, those habitats could play an important role in preserving the aquatic beetle fauna in cities devoid of natural water bodies. In Olsztyn, a city with an extensive hydrographic network, this type of reservoirs does not significantly contribute to the species diversity of the local fauna. Despite that fact, artificial reservoirs are often colonized by thermophilous and halophilous species, often of alien origin, that are rarely encountered in other types of water bodies, and, therefore, further studies would contribute valuable knowledge about the unique ecological characteristics of man-made reservoirs.

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Czachorowski S., Lewandowski K., Wasilewska A. 1993: The importance of aquatic insects for landscape integration in the catchment area of the river Gizela (Masurian Lake District, northeastern Poland). Acta hydrobiol. 35: 49-64. Hendrich L., 2005: Rote Liste und kommentierte Gesamtartenliste der Wasserkäfer von Berlin (Coleoptera: Hydradephaga, Hydrophiloidea part., Dryopoidea part. und Staphylinoidea part.). – [in:] Der Landesbeauftragte für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege / Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung (Hrsg.): Die Roten Listen der gefährdeten Pflanzen und Tiere von Berlin. – Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Berlin, CD-ROM, ISBN 3-00-016815-X. Kordylas A., 1990: Chrząszcze wodne (Coleoptera) lobeliowego jeziora Krzemno. Fragm. Faun. 33: 71-81. Pakulnicka J., 2008: The formation of water beetle fauna in anthropogenic water bodies. Ocean. and Hydrob. Studies. 37: 1-12. Pakulnicka J., Bartnik W., 1999: Changes in the fauna of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) in Lake Luterskie (Olsztyn Lake Discrit) in 1981-1993. Fragm. Faun. 42: 71-93. Pakulnicka J., Eyre M., Czachorowski S., 1998: Materiały do znajomości wodnych i związanych z siedliskami wilgotnymi chrząszczy (Coleoptera) okolic Olsztyna. Wiad. entomol. 17: 69-74. Pakulnicka J., Zawal A., 2007: Chrząszcze wodne (Coleoptera) rezerwatu „Jezioro Szare” i zbiorników usytuowanych w jego sąsiedztwie. Parki nar. Rez. Przyr. 25: 121-133. Przewoźny M., Buczyński P., Mielewczyk S., 2006: Aquatic beetles (Coleoptera: Adephaga, Hydrophiloidea, Byrrhoidea) of the valley of the River Bug in Lublin District (South-Eastern Poland). Nowy Pam. Fizjogr. 4: 23-54. Tończyk G., Pakulnicka J., 2004: Aquatic insects (Odonata, Heteroptera, Coleoptera) of Łódź – preliminary results [in:] Urban Fauna of central Europe in the 21st century P. Indykiewicz, T. Barczak (eds.). Bydgoszcz: 95-101. Wichtowska M., Sobczak A., 1994: Formation of the water beetles (Coleoptera) fauna in conditions of the urban agglomeration of Szczecin (Western Pomerania). Acta hydrobiol. 36: 57-74.

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