Studies on Drinking Water Quality of Ground Water

Archive of SID Journal of Applied Chemical Research, 14, 27 – 36 (2010)

ISSN : 2008-3815

Studies on Drinking Water Quality of Ground Water of Auraiya District (Uttarpradesh) V. K. Gupta1, V. K. Jain1, G. K. Gupta2, V. S. Shrivastava3*, G. H. Sonawane3 1 Department of Chemistry, Ambah P.G. College, Ambah (Morena) M.P., India. 2 Gail (India) Ltd, Pata (Auraiya) U.P, India. 3 *Department of P.G. Studies & Research in Chemistry, G.T.P.College, Nandurbar, M.S., India. *[email protected] (Received 12 Mar. 2010; Final version received 17 Apr. 2010) Introduction Abstract To assess the physicochemical characteristics for ground water quality, samples of deep bore well water from Auraiya District (Uttarpradesh) India, were collected during the period of January 2007 to December 2008. Samples were analyzed for various parameters. The experimental values of these parameters were compared with Indian standards (IS:1500) as well as with values of World Health Organization (WHO). Also some statistical evaluations of detected physicochemical parameters were carried out. The present study clearly shows that the quality of water from bore wells are not suitable for drinking and it needs treatment before use. If such drinking water was used it may cause acid-peptic and gastroenteritis diseases during rainy season. Keywords: Physicochemical analysis, Metals, Groundwater, Correlation coefficient, Auraiya.

Water is very essential for survival of flora and fauna. Water accounts for about 70% of the weight of a human body. About 80% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Out of the total quantity of water present on the earth, about 97% is locked up in the oceans and seas, which is too saline to drink or direct use for agriculture and industrial purpose and about 2.4% is trapped in giant glaciers and polar ice. Thus not even 1% of the water is available for drinking, agriculture, domestic and industrial consumption [1]. Due to increasing industrialization and population growth, demand of good quality water is increasing day by day. However, all sources of water have been either polluted or contaminated by sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes. Out of other sources of water, the ground water is still considered safe for drinking purpose due to natural geological filtration process. However, physicochemical studies of bore well water in various districts in India show high contamination [2-6]. Thus quality and quantity of clean water supply is of vital significance for the welfare of human beings. It is also necessary that the

www.SID.ir

Archive of SID 28 / ISSN : 2008-3815

V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, 27 – 36 (2010)

quality of water must be monitored at regular intervals to obtain accurate, timely information to observe the water quality of any water resources. Physicochemical study of ground water in Pata village of Auriaya district has already been done [7]. Therefore in present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of ground water in two other villages of Auriaya district. Correlation among ground water quality parameters in specific environmental conditions has been shown to be useful. When such correlation exists, the determination of few important parameters would be sufficient to give some idea about the overall quality of ground water. The statistics in environmental science provide more attractive studies through its deviation from real situation. Hence, this correlation study of physicochemical parameters of groundwater is highly advantageous. Experimental Materials and Methods Ground water samples were collected from deep bore wells from two villages i.e. Phaphund and Sahayal of Auraiya district (Uttarpradesh) India, spreading over a period of two years from January 2007 to December 2008 and analyzed. Water samples were collected in the first week of every month. Samples were collected in clean polythene bottles. The analytical parameter for 24 hours (12 hourly sample cut system i.e. two samples per day) were maintained. Physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride, sulphate, fluoride, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, biological oxygen demand (BOD) etc. were determined using standard methods suggested by APHA,1995 and BIS,1990 [8,9]. All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade and double distilled water was used for preparation of reagents. Correlation coefficient (r) between various physico-chemical parameters of ground water samples was determined as per standard statistical methods. The standard deviation, average and correlation coefficient were calculated using Microsoft Excel2007. Results and Discussion The results of physicochemical analysis of ground water of Sahayal and Phaphund villages are given in Table 1 and 2 respectively. All the water samples were colorless and odorless. The observed pH values ranging from 7.4 to 8.5 showed that water samples are slightly alkaline. Samples from Phaphund (Table 2) show higher pH than Sahayal (Table 1). Range of turbidity is from 2 to 15 NTU. Higher turbidity was observed in rainy season (July and August). The

www.SID.ir

Archive of SID V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, 27 – 36 (2010)

ISSN : 2008-3815 / 29

average turbidity (6.417 and 5.0 NTU) is higher than the specification prescribed by IS: 10500 &WHO (>5 NTU) for both villages [10]. Total dissolved solids (TDS) are ranging from 668 to 1368 mg/l. Maximum permissible limits of WHO is 1000 mg/l. Average TDS value are higher than permissible limits for both villages (1082 and 1181). A higher TDS level may cause corrosion of pipes and plumbing system, and therefore a water softener system with a reverse osmosis should be used. Total alkalinity of the water samples ranged from 114 to 362 mg/l (average 192.75 mg/l) for Sahayal while for Phaphund from 214 to 654 mg/l (average 136.43 mg/l). This shows that water of Sahayal is less alkaline than Phaphund. Alkalinity level for both villages are found to be greater than the specification given in WHO (>120 mg/l). Concentration of sulphate in the water sample ranged from 17.1 to 63.9 mg/l and from 21.2 to 83.5 mg/l for Phaphund and Sahayal respectively. It is within the highest permitted limit prescribed by WHO (>200 mg/l). Sodium and magnesium sulphate effecting catharsis in persons consuming drinking water with sodium concentration in excess of 107 mg/l showed elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure [11]. Magnesium is supposed to be non toxic up to 30 mg/l, but its high concentration may be cathartic and diuretic also the high concentration of magnesium with sulphate acts as laxative to human being [12]. Hence, their concentration above 200 mg/l in potable water is objectionable [13]. Removal of sulphate may conducted by a reverse osmosis system or a negative ion exchange. Hardness of water is the measure of concentration of salts of metallic cations especially of calcium and magnesium ions. Iron, aluminum, manganese, strontium and zinc also cause hardness but to a relatively minor extent. The anions like carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chloride, nitrate and silicates are responsible for hardness. The total hardness variation was from 60 to 406 mg/l with average of 196 mg/l (Phaphund) and from 76 to 190 mg/l with average of 136.7 mg/l (Sahayal). The permissible limit of WHO is less than 500 mg/l. Hardness has no known adverse effect on health; however some evidence has been given to indicate its impact in heart disease. Water with hardness above 200 mg/l may cause scale deposition in the distribution system and results in excessive soap consumption and subsequent scurry formation hence it cannot be used for industrial purposes. Chloride is one of the important parameters in respect to quality of water. High chloride concentration imparts salty taste, and causes cardiovascular problems. Concentration of chloride in both villages is within permission limit. Average concentration of fluoride in water samples in both villages is 0.87 and 0.93 mg/l. This falls between permissible limits (0.6 to 4.5 mg/l). Excess fluoride in drinking water causes many orthopedic diseases [14].

www.SID.ir



The correlation coefficient Determination of correlation is important to characterize the significant of the relationship between the two interdependent variables. If a graph between the two variables x and y, is plotted the straight line will indicate strong relationship while the scattering of the points will show weak relationship. Statistically this relationship is obtained by calculating an index called as correlation coefficient (r). The correlation coefficient (r) was determined [15] using the following formula: Correlation coefficient (r) =

σ ௫௬ ି ௫ҧ σ ௬

ඥ[ሺσ ௫ మ ି௫ҧ σ ௬) ሺσ ௬ మ ି௬ത σ ௬)]

The limits of r are from +1 to -1 as follows: (a) r = +1: Perfect positive correlation, all the points on the graph on a straight line. Any increase in one variable is accompanied by the increase in other. (b) r = 0 : No correlation, all the points on the graph are scattered irregularly. (c) r = -1 : Perfect negative correlation, all the points on the graph on a straight line. Any increase in one variable is associated by decrease in the other.

www.SID.ir

Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Avg StDev IS:10500 WHO

Month

Colour PH Turbidi Hazen value ty unit NTU 10 7.6 6 5 7.8 8 5 7..9 5 10 8.1 8 10 8.2 7 10 8.2 5 5 7.9 10 5 7.6 15 5 7.4 12 10 7.6 8 5 7.7 7 10 7.8 6 10 7.9 4 10 7.9 2 5 8.1 3 5 7.9 3 5 8.0 4 5 7.9 5 5 7.8 10 10 7.5 8 5 7.4 6 5 7.7 5 10 7.8 3 5 7.6 4 7.0830 7.796 6.417 2.465 0.224 3.04 >5 6.5 to 8.5 >5 >15 6.5 to 8.5 >5

TDS mg/l

Total Hardness ClSO4-Alkanity mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 1109 215 109 89 74.2 1205 196 132 71 83.5 1190 156 188 96 79.4 1130 220 156 128 65.4 1087 332 116 78 44.3 1155 362 123 84 35.8 908 168 119 78 45.4 586 124 76 69 21.2 669 132 89 54 29.1 897 192 94 58 45.9 1158 177 165 67 68.2 1167 196 142 71 73.3 1205 206 166 106 64.1 1267 213 175 134 51.4 1334 224 190 146 59.6 1287 211 174 127 54.7 1156 185 159 96 49.4 1013 162 142 85 46.2 890 136 124 78 41.7 871 114 105 60 32.1 997 148 114 68 38.3 1178 169 158 82 45.8 1205 187 163 104 54.6 1308 201 174 139 65.8 1082 192.75 139.71 90.33 52.89 189.1 55.87 31.898 26.43 16.03 >500 ->300 >250 >250 >1000 500 >250 >200 0.76 0.65 0.57 0.88 0.96 1.06 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.25 0.90 0.79 0.86 0.74 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.88 0.86 0.65 0.74 0.77 0.86 0.92 0.871 0.208 >0.6 >4.5

Fmg/l 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.2 150

Mg++ mg/l 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.8 7 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.6 7.2 6.8 6.9 6.7 7.1 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.0 0.29 -

DO mg/l 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.454 0.122 10

Archive of SID V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, 27 – 36 (2010) ISSN : 2008-3815 / 31

www.SID.ir

Colour Hazen unit 5 5 5

10 5 10 5 5 5 10 5 10 10 10 5 10 10 5 10 10 5 5 10 5 7..3 2.5 >5 >15

Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07

Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Avg StDev IS:10500 WHO

Month

5 4 3 10 10 2 4 5 6 4 5 2 5 6 7 10 10 5 4 3 2 5.0 2.629 >5 >5

Turbidit y NTU 2 4 3 1287 1140 990 875 730 668 1256 1203 1405 1389 1456 1426 1352 1246 1296 1135 1148 1165 1307 1109 1216 1181 218.1 >500 >1000

1368 1386 798

TDS mg/l

470 387 406 304 256 214 246 402 632 616 653 654 612 508 489 416 338 356 423 321 378 437 136.43 -300 >500

Hardn ess mg/l 236 408 97 184 98 117 89 66 24 176 207 308 224 315 304 264 215 146 132 157 158 196 125 136 177 82.63 >250 >250

278 278 46

Clmg/l

52.3 38.5 44.4 35.7 23.8 17.1 44.3 53.36 63.9 59.4 51.2 46.1 49.3 36.4 40.8 27.9 33.4 32.7 45.1 38.4 44.8 42.4 12.25 >250 >200

58.1 59.6 21.4

SO4-mg/l

0.84 0.93 0.86 0.76 0.66 0.60 0.91 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.91 0.86 0.88 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.63 0.79 0.84 0.93 0.93 0.24 >0.6 >4.5

1.5 1.02 1.4

Fmg/l

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 150

17.4 63.8 12.5

Mg++ mg/l

7.4 7.2 6.2 7.1 7.4 7.6 6.8 6.5 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.6 7.0 0.51 -

6.8 6.9 7.1

DO mg/l

0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 .22 10

6 3 7

MPN Coliform

32 / ISSN : 2008-3815

8.0 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.5 7.4 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 0.31 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5

8.4 8.3 7.5

PH value

Table 2 . Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water samples from Phaphund Village .


www.SID.ir


ISSN : 2008-3815 / 33

The squared values of r, (r2) called coefficient of determination; also have a very clear meaning. It gives the measure of the portion of variation in one variables associated with variations in the other. For example the correlation of TDS-T-Alk gives value of r=0.8649, then r2=0.74. It means that 74 % variations in the value of T-Alk is associate with the variation in the value of TDS, and the remaining 26% can be attributed to some other unknown factors. The value of r2 ranges from 0 to 1. The correlation coefficient (r) between the various physico-chemical parameters of analyzed ground water samples from Sahayal and Phaphund villages are being tabulated in Table 3 and 4 respectively. Any correlation will be statistically significant only if r value is very close to 1 to -1 [12]. High positive correlations were observed between TDS-Hardness (0.8649), Hardness- Mg++ (0.9036) and Cl- -Mg++ (0.8587) for Sahayal (Table 3). While high negative correlation were observed between pH-DO (-0.3386), TDS-F- (-0.6735), Hardness – F- (-0.6336), and F--Ca++ (-0.6575) for Sahayal (Table 3). High positive correlation were observed between pH-Cl(0.8839), TDS-Cl-(0.9043), T.Alk-Cl- (0.8926), hardness-Ca++ (0.9036) and SO4---Na+ (0.8033) for Phapund village (Table 4). While high negative correlation were observed between pH-DO (-0.6102), TDS-DO (-0.6561), T.Alk-DO (-0.6732), SO4---DO (-0.6561), T.Alk-DO (-0.6777) for Phaphund village (Table 4). Conclusion This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters do not fall within the permissible limit. Pairs of physico-chemical parameters with high positive correlation show dependency with each other. They reach to dangerous level during rainy season. Therefore, the quality of water is not safe for human use but is safe for irrigation purpose. The water treatment such as removal of coliform etc. is very necessary prior the use of water for drinking. Study shows that habitants of these villages are suffering from Acid-peptic and gastroenteritis diseases especially in rainy season. Reason of these diseases is drinking water supplied from bore wells.

www.SID.ir

0.4578

Hardness

-0.3386

0.0528

BOD

0.3046

0.4731

DO

Ca

++

Mg++

K

0.4032

0.3117

Na+

0.5156

-0.2013

0.6213

0.8602

0.5244

0.4336

-0.1766

-0.6735

0.7029

0.7058

0.8649

0.4843

1

TDS

0.3486

-0.4005

-0.0633

0.3023

0.3501

0.3401

0.1449

0.0156

0.1525

0.2955

0.1631

1

T-Alk

0.3071

0.0376

0.8355

0.9036

0.3957

0.3861

-0.0086

-0.6336

0.6031

0.7680

1

Hardness

0.3100

0.1823

0.4307

0.8587

0.4872

0.0995

0.0971

-0.3820

0.3636

1

Cl-

0.6897

-0.5511

0.5078

0.5401

0.7230

0.4001

-0.3210

-0.5461

1

SO4--

-0.0826

0.1848

-0.6575

-0.4735

-0.3717

-0.3717

0.6166

1

F-

0.0681

0.3726

-0.1401

0.0970

-0.1566

0.0539

1

Fe

0.3461

-0.3024

0.2506

0.4036

0.0277

1

Na+

0.5232

-0.5616

0.3153

0.3695

1

K+

0.4644

0.0947

0.5198

1

Mg++

0.0158

-0.0448

1

Ca++

-0.4362

1

DO

1

BOD

34 / ISSN : 2008-3815

+

0.1108

-0.1859

0.2202

Fe

F

-

SO4

0.4749

0.7132

T-Alk

--

0.4994

TDS

Cl

1

pH

-

pH

Parameters

Table 3 . Correlation coef¿cient (r) between physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Sahayal village.


www.SID.ir

0.8694

Hardness

-0.6102

0.4090

BOD

0.7641

0.7468

DO

Ca

++

Mg++

K

0.0515

0.7366

Na+

+

0.0898

0.5396

0.8813

Fe

F

-

SO4

0.8839

0.8723

T-Alk

--

0.8487

TDS

Cl

1

pH

-

pH

Parameters

0.1874

-0.6561

0.5585

0.8480

0.0433

0.6467

0.3945

0.3628

0.8313

0.9043

0.7639

0.8366

1

TDS

0.3414

-0.6732

0.7063

0.8150

-0.0768

0.7480

0.2734

0.4263

0.7649

0.8926

0.8317

1

T-Alk

0.4738

-0.5270

0.9036

0.6558

0.1605

0.7841

0.0368

0.5123

0.8185

0.8736

1

Hardness

0.3316

-0.6601

0.6987

0.8545

0.0163

0.7448

0.2282

0.4701

0.8271

1

Cl-

0.4272

-0.4587

0.6717

0.7008

0.1270

0.8033

-0.0534

0.5585

1

SO4--

0.4742

-0.1892

0.4764

0.4108

0.3747

0.5343

-0.3342

1

F-

-0.3467

-0.5140

-0.1356

0.3755

-0.3712

-0.1090

1

Fe

0.4125

-0.3765

0.6507

0.7056

0.1875

1

Na+

0.5334

0.0455

0.2044

-0.1364

1

K+

0.0379

-0.6777

0.3723

1

Mg++

0.6391

-0.4026

1

Ca++

Table 4 . Correlation coHI¿Fient (r) between physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Phaphund village.

-0.3113

1

DO

1

BOD

Archive of SID V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, 27 – 36 (2010) ISSN : 2008-3815 / 35

www.SID.ir



References [1] S. Patel, K.K. Desai, Poll. Res., 25(2), 397 (2006). [2] K.M. Aboo, C.A. Sastry, P.G. Alek, Indian J. Environ. Health., 10,189 (1988). [3] N.K. Singh, A. Kumar, F. Ahmad, N.K. Yadav, J. Fresh Water Boil., 4(2),153 (1992). [4] N.N. Jha, N.N., Saha, Indian J. of Chem. Soc., 5, 753 (2002). [5] V.K. Ojha, N.N. Jha, S.N. Poddar, A.K. Jha, Asian j. of Chem. and Environ. Res., 1(1), 40 (2008). [6] S., Singh, R.P. Gupta, H. Biswas, K.S. Dadoria, Science Research link, 47 (12), 72 (2008). [7] V.K. Gupta, V.K. Jain, Asian j. of Chem. and Environ. Res., 2(1), (2009). [8] APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 16th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC (1995). [9] BIS, Analysis of water and wastewater, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India (1990). [10] WHO, Guide lines for drinking water quality recommendation, World Health Organization, Geneva (1994). [11] M. D. Adak, K. M. Purohit, Pollut. Res., 20(4), 575 (2001). [12] V. S. Shrivastava, Pollut. Res., 14(4), 253 (1995). [13] M.B. Ubale, J.J. Chamrgore, F. Mazahar, S.B. Pakhare, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 3(3), 407 (2005). [14] P.P. Talware, V.S. Shrivastava, Asian J. of Chem. and Environ. Res., 1(4), 54 (2008). [15] K. Mohapatra, B. C. Singh, Ind. J. Environ. Pollut., 18(7), 532 (1998).

www.SID.ir