pur), Unnao (Purwa, Nawabganj), Lucknow. (Rehmankhera, Kursi, Kunwarpur, Bakshi ka. Talab, Itaunja, Malihabad, Rahimabad, Mall,. Kakori, Mohanlalganj) ...
BioI. Memoirs.
20 (2) : 95-107.
December.
1994
Studies on Mango Bacterial Canker Disease Om Prakash, A.K. Misra and M.A. Raoof* Central Institute of Horticulture
for Northern Plains,
B-217, Indira Nagar. Lucknow (India) (Received on 31.5.94)
Abstract Canker disease of mango caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Patel et al., 1948 a and b; Robbs et al., 1974) is a serious problem in most of the mango growing states of India and other parts of the world; Loss, however, varies from cultivar to cultivar but its severity is more in polyembryonic cultivars. However, cultivar Olour had the maximum fruit infection incidence (100%) The disease is more severe on fruits in the month of May, whereas, in winter (November to March) it remains dormant. Meteorological observations indicate that frequent rainfall is not essential for building up of inoculum. In host range studies, bacterium was found to be pathogenic on cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). For controlling of disease, trials were conducted in the orchard. Streptocycline (200 ppm) was found superior among all the chemicals tried. The best way of controlling the disease is to prevent it from being introduced to the new areas by imposing strict quarantine measures.
Key-words MBCD, Distribution,
Symptom,
Germplasm, Control.
Introduction The bacterial canker disease of mango is
canker incidence was noticed for the first time
also known as bacterial spot. leaf spot. black
at the Experimental
spot, mango blight and bacterial black spot
mankhera
(Prakash and Raoof. 1985). In India. it was first
Lucknow (Now CIHNP) during the year 1978
observed from Poona and Dharwar as leaf spot
and thereafter. it created an alarming situation
disease (Patel et al., 1948 a and b). Herbarium
in the years 1980. 1982. 1983 and 1988. Its
specimens of the Forest Botanist. Forest Re-
wide spread severity
search Institute. Dehradun collected as early as
mango fruits. Recurrence, intensity and spread
1881 and 1908 from Sabour (Now Bihar) and
of the disease has also been observed gradually
Dehradun (U.P.) respectively were found to be
extending
infected
seriousness of the problem. present investiga-
with similar lesions as described by
Doidge (1915) prevalence
from South Africa.
has been reported
Now. its
from
many
countries of the world. (Prakash and Srivastava.
Research Station.
Central Mango
in newer
Reh-
Research Station.
posed much losses of
areas. Considering
the
tions were undertaken to find out its geographical distribution,
incidence,
symptomatology.
varietal resistance. spread and management.
1987). This disease is posing a great threat to the commercial as well as seedling varieties grown in the country.
In polyembryonic
cultivars
Materials and Methods The symptom and disease development was monitored on naturally infected mono and 95
Present address: Contribution
Department
No.226.
of Plant Pathology.
Directorate
of Oil seeds, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad-560
030. CIHNP
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
polyembryonic
mango
cultivars
grown
in
Trials for the control of MBCD on fruits
various states of India. To collect the first hand
were conducted at the Experimental Research
information on MBCD several field surveys were
Farm, Rehmankhera during the year 1987 and
conducted in nurseries/orchards by the authors.
1988 on polyembryonic cultivars Goa and Myl-
Besides this, samples sent by various agencies
lepilion respectively.
through postal service and otherwise were iden-
tin. (Carbendazim), Blitox (Copper oxychloride),
tified.
Bacterinol-100
We also visited many of the collection
(2-Bromo-2-nitropropane,
sites to observe diseased plants and collected
diol), Streptocycline
specimens for analysis.
and
Pathogen was isolated from leaves, twigs and fruits on Nutrient Agar Medium (NAM).
Five chemicals viz., Bavis-
(Streptomycin
Paushamycin
Oxytetracycline)
sulphate)
+
(Streptomycin
were tried in various con-
centrations. Three sprays were given at 10 days interval. Each treatment
Studies were conducted on young mango
3-
was replicated three
times in CRD. Disease incidence was recorded
grafts of Langra cultivar and cashew nut see-
7 days after last spraying.
dlings. Healthy seedlings were inoculated with
was added at the rate of 1 ml/lit
Surfactant (Teepol) of spray
12 days old culture maintained on NAM. The
mixture. The data were analysed after convert-
leaves were first surface sterilized and washed
ing the percentage values into angular trans-
with sterilized distilled water. The inoculum was
formed values.
smeared at the pricked portions of leaves and wrapped with moist cotton swab. The entire crown portion was covered with a polythene pouch. After 48 hours, the pouch was removed and symptoms were recorded up to 10 days. Healthy seedlings (uninoculated) of the same age served as control.
data i.e.
temperature,
The occurrence of the mango bacterial canker
disease
caused
by Xanthomonas
campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was recorded from the following
places : Dehradun (Har-
rawala, Doiwala)' Saharanpur (Behat), Meerut
To study the period of infection of MBCD, weather
Results and Discussion
maximum
relative humidity,
and minimum wind velocity
(Lasauri, Rasoolpur, Mawana, Rataul, Dholdri), Bijnore
(Baibilpur,
Haldaur),
Bulandshahar
(Siyana, Bugrasi, Unchagaon), Moradabad (Gaj-
and rainfall were correlated with the develop-
raulla, Amroha,
ment of disease severity on fruits during May
Nainital (Pantnagar, Ramnagar), Aligarh (Shas-
and June, when disease developed severely.
ni, Atrauli),
Two hundred twelve cvs. at Rehmankhera experimental
farm were screened for disease
severity during 1988. For each cv. 3 plants were observed and the disease scores were marked as under (0-5). 0: No apparent sign of infection,
1,2,3,4 and 5
=
Approximately
10,
25, 50, 75 and 100 percent fruits infected. Finally the cvs.
were categorized
Mainpuri
Pakhwara,
Garh)'
Agra (Beachpuri, Gwalior road),
(Kirthua),
Farrukhabad
(Kaimganj,
Kamalganj), Shahjanhanpur, Kheri (Bhira), Hardoi (Sandila), Akhtiyarpur,
Sitapur
(Khairabad,
Sidhauli,
Bargadia,
Hargoan),
Bahraich
(Tilakpur, Prayagpur, Srivasti), Etawah (Ajitmal, Heonra,Muradganj)'
Kanpur
pur), Unnao (Purwa,
(Bithoor ,Kalyan-
Nawabganj),
(Rehmankhera, Kursi, Kunwarpur, into
Rampur,
Talab, Itaunja,
Malihabad,
Lucknow Bakshi ka
Rahimabad, Mall,
resistant (0 and 1 score), moderately suscep-
Kakori,
tible (2 and 3) and susceptible (4 and 5 score).
Bhayara, Rudauli, Rasauli, Ganeshpur), Gonda
96
Mohanlalganj),
Barabanki
(Masauli,
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
(Mankapur,
Hanuman
(Ashothar,
nagar),
Bhithaura,
Fatehpur
Vizaipur,
Khagal,
usually on the lower side but occasionally on both sides.
On young leaves, the halos were
Raibarelly (Nigoha), Sultan pur (Musafirkhana,
larger and distinct, while on older leaves, these
Jagdishpur,
were narrow and could be observed only ag-
Gauriganj,
Gaura),
Faizabad
(Georakot,Kumarganj,
Sohawal),
Gorakhpur
(Sahjanwa),
Deoria
Pratapgarh
(Patti,
garh,
Dhanaura,
Ghazipur,
Varanasi
Basti,
(Sargatia),
Kunda), Azam(Chiraigoan,
Bariyasan) .
the leaves turned
Under severe infections, yellow
and dropped
Canker on leaf stalks, sometimes
off.
progressed
superficially along with mid rib. On branches, twigs and stem freshly developed lesions were
Amongst
the other Indian states MBCD
has been reported from Karnataka (Bangalore), Maharashtra
(Ratnagiri,
Raigarh), West
Nagpur,
Dapoli,
Bengal (Maida), Bihar (Dholi,
Sabour), Goa (Panaji)' Delhi (Pusa Institute and Badarpur),
fainst light (Fig. 1).
Gujarat
(Navsari,
devil,
Andhra
Nadu
(Rameshwaram),
Junagarh,
Pradesh (Sangareddy), Kerala
GanTamil
(Thiruvan-
tapuram), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Port
observed as water soaked and swollen which later on turned dark brown,
raised with lon-
gitudinal fissures exposing the vascular tissues mostly filled with gummy substance that oozes out (Fig. 2). The infection
was deep seated
(black discolouration of underlying tissues) with cracked bark. The disease was not noticed on flowers
although
it has been reported
from
South Africa (Doidge 1932).
Blair), Punjab (Gangian)' Haryana (Faridabad),
Water soaked, dark brown to black colour
Rajasthan (Jaipur), Orissa (Bhubaneshwar) and
lesions were observed on fruits, which gradually
Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur).
developed into cankerous, raised or-flat spots.
The disease is also known to occur in other mango growing regions of the world Asia: India, Port Blair (India) and Pakistan; Far East: Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan;
South Africa, Morocco, Somalia; Guiana,
Egypt,
Congo, Tanzania, Gold Coast,
Mozambique, Australia:
Queensland;
Africa:
Central
New
Reunion
New
South
America:
Mexico,
West
Island,
Wales and
Cuba, French Indies;
South
America: Brazil, Paraguay and many other tropical and subtropical countries.
diameter, which covered almost the whole fruit (Fig. 3, 4, 5). These spots often burst, extruding gummy substances containing highly contagious bacterial cells, (Fig. 6). Some times, the exposed flesh in cankerous spots attracts dary micro-organisms
stellate to angular raised lesions, measuring 1-4 were recorded which
were
usually crowded at the apex. The lesions were light yellow in colour initially with yellow halo
which
initiate
rotting.
Fruit dropping was observed to be more when cankers developed near the stalk end (Fig. 7 and 8). It may be mentioned that a typical cankerous was noticed
Masauli (Barabanki,
On leaves, minute water soaked irregular
in-
sects and subsequently gets infected by secon-
growth
Symptomatology
mm in diameter
These spots grew bigger, usually up to 5 mm in
in cv.
Dashehari from
U.P.) for the first
time
during 1978. Severely infected fruits crack and become brown (Fig. 9). In some excessively infected fruits, pulp and stones were also found to be affected (Fig. 10 and 11). Robbs
et at (1974) studied the taxonomy
but enlacged with age to form irregular necrotic
of the bacterium in detail and concluded that
cankerous patches having a dark brown colour
Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae is an albino 97
BioI. Memoirs. 20 (2)
Table 1:
Percent disease incidence of MBCD during 1982-1983 cultivars* -
SI. No.
in mono and polyembryonic
.
Cultivar
Incidence on fruit 1982
1983
1.
Bappakai
46.60
49.22
2.
Goa
89.43
90.00
3.
Moovandan
87.91
83.00
4.
Nakkare
88.65
85.00
5.
Vellai columban
30.00
50.50
6.
Olour
100.00
95.00
7.
Myllipllian
89.53
90.00
8.
Kurukkan
98.41
89.00
9.
Langra (nutritional block)
49.12
23.34
10.
Langra (Root stock block)
88.88
40.62
11.
Langra (Lucknow regions)
48.00
60.00
12.
Lucknow safeda (Lucknow region)
20.50
21.00
13.
Seedling type (Lucknow/Agra region)
18.00
10.00
14.
Pukhraj (Bijnore)
33.00
SI. No. 1 to 8 are polyembryonic cultivars and the rest are mono- embryonic. form
of Xanthomonas
campestris pv. man-
giferaeindicae
of symptoms on fruit was observed when the fruit reached near to maturity whereas, Viljoen (1972)
canker symptcms
have observed
bacterial
during the entire life of the
fruit. The most favourable period for infection (on fruit) is May which becomes more severe in • •
98
week
of June
varieties. However,
In and around Lucknow. the development
and Kotze
the first
in polyembryonic
leaf infection
was more
severe during rains. This observation is similar to the report of Viljoen and Kotze (1972). During May end severity
of the disease on
fruits/leaves varied considerably. The infection on fruits was up to 100 per cent, whereas, leaf infection was 10-25 per cent.
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
It is interesting to note that during the year
present study, Lucknow safeda showed 20.50
(1988) disease did appear in severe form on
and 21 per cent incidence under natural condi-
fruits before onset of the rains, which is un-
tions.
usual. During the month of May, when disease development took place, there was only one rainy day with rainfall of 0.8 mm only. In April also there were two rainy days with total 0.85 mm rainfall. It is, therefore, inferred that frequent rains do not seem to be essential for the
It is apparent that the polyembryonic cultivars are more prone to MBCD (Table-t). Use of
South
Indian
cultivars
(mostly
polyembryonic) in breeding programmes for incorporating annual bearing in North Indian cultivars (mono embryonic) may be dangerous.
spread of MBCD as reported by earlier workers (Shekhawat and Patel, 1975; Wood, 1975).
During 1988, incidence of bacterial canker
Beside this, higher wind velocity with frequent
was evaluated on 0-5 scale, in 212 cvs. of
storms
may be the reasons for the rapid
mango raised at Rehmankhera experimental
development of disease. Even within the plant,
farm (Lucknow) which were collected from dif-
disease build up is perhaps due to the rubbing
ferent parts of India and classified into four
of the leaves/fruits and in plant to plant spread,
zones i.e. north, south, east and west. The
it is due to leaf/fruit drop and its subsequent
details of varietal reacations are given in Table-
spread to different places. Dust particles may
2.
also have a role to play in disease spread.
Cashew
nut
(Anacardium
occidentale)
Maximum temperature between 30-40oC, rnin-
was inoculated and showed
mum temperature between 17 .3-26°C, morning
under North Indian conditions.
relative humidity 68-100 per cent and evening
(1981) tested twenty host plants belonging to
RH 25-68 per cent and high wind velocity during
different genera and species and found only
the month (May) were found favourable for the
cashew nut to be susceptible.
positive results Ram Kishun
disease build up (Fig. 12). Incidence of MBCD on mango cultivars :
Out of the five chemicals evaluated during During 1982 and 1983, intensive surveys
the years 1987 and 1988, maximum reduction
in Lucknow region, revealed that the disease
of MBCD was obtained by Streptocycline
incidence on fruits in commercial cultivars .
both the years (Fig. 13), although other chemi-
Langra, Lucknow safeda and Seedling type was
cals also significantly checked the disease in-
up to 88.88, 20.50, 18 and 60, 21, 10 per cent
cidence.
respectively during the two years (Table-t),
in
Its
incidence on polyembryonic cultivars was much
Brodrick
(1971)
recommended
+
copper
higher than commercial varieties. Ram Kishun
oxychloride or cuprous oxide
(1981) reported 10-70 per cent incidence on
for the control of MBCD. Spray with fungicides
different
Shekhawat and Patel (1975) reported that com-
viz. Copper containing materials and Agrimycin (Viljoen and Kotze, 1972), Agrimycin + Bavis-
mercial varieties in North India like Dashehari,
tin (100 ppm and 1000 ppm) and injecting
Chausa, Kishan bhog, Bombay green and Luck-
Bavistin (250 ppm) followed
now safeda are unaffected
but susceptible
(Ram Kishun, 1985) and Streptocyclin (Prakash
under artificial inoculations.
However, in the
and Raoof, 1985) have been found effective
varieties
of mango in Karnataka.
liquid spreader
by Plantomycin
99
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
Table 2: Evaluation of Germplasm against MBCD (on fruits) Scale
Cultivars North Indian
South Indian
East Indian
o.
Alif Laila, Amarpalli, Amin Abdul Bulandbag, Asojia, Deoband, Amin Telsiwala Chausa, Chanchal, Elaichi, Gaurjeet, Gulab Jamun, Hushan-e-ara Shivgarh, Inayat Pasand, Katchcha Meetha, Najuk Badan, Nayab, Ramkela, Rataul, Rehman Pasand, Seerihayat, Safeda, Mulgoa, Surkha Burma.
Allampur Benishan, Amin, Anantpal, Amin Pasand, Arya &amaj, Amlet, Badrul samar, Banglora, Beauti Machline, Banganpalli, Bombay Pedda, Bhoora, Cheru kurasa m, Chennarasam, Dilranjan, Dulbia, Errubathia Banglora, Earkatsamar, Fakirwala, Golabander, Gola-naloor, Harabhara, Himayuddin, Jahangir, Jamadar, Kitcher Kattagola, Kharbooja, Kalankgoa, Khairaspatti, Pearch, Pansera, Papaya Rajugoa, Sonia Maida, Vallam.
Anda, Aswania, Begum Pasand, Bombay, Bombay Green, Bathui, Bathui Katkee, Baramasi Mallika, Fazari, Ganga Sagar, Kumar Pahar, Kala Pahar, Kohinoor, Kishanbhog, Mursidabad, Maida Handle, Mohanbhog, Maida, Mithua Bjor, Prafully, Rangsi, Scipiya, Shardarbhog, Sonia Maida, Zardalu, Zafrani Sahabad.
1.
Anopan, Beenazeer Sandila, Banazeer, Bijnoor, Bhadaya Rampur, ChittoorBadami, Gurumail-theAmb, Gilas, .Jaflirnani. Katakee Farrukbabad, Langra Gora khpur, Latcampoo, Markeara, Makhan, Mithua Pasand, Nisar Pasand, Phasla Mursidabad, S.B. Chausa, Sarbati, Begum Seerohi, Seerdar, Sohrab Shah.
Asadio, Akandaya, Bablipomasa, Badami Model, Bombay Darsh, Bombay Surat, Chembu, Chamediwala, Ellamimoll Thiamandi, Elephant Head, Ginaya, Haider Sahib
B.N. Chatterjee, Bir Fernadis, Pasand, Chatterjee- Gadheymar, Karela, Khas, Kalan, Khasul Sardar Khas, Goothe, GulbKhas, Papiya, Prabhasanker, Rani Pasand, Safed a Calcutta, Sahab Pasand, Surkha Calcutta
100
West Indian Alphanso Black, Goa, Goa Hapus, Hilario, Kala Alphanso, Madrasi, Neelam, Pepal, Pairi, Rajapuri, Rausa.
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
Table 2 Contd. : Evaluation of Germplasm against MBCD (on fruits) -,
Scale
Cultivars North Indian
South Indian
West Indian
East Indian
2.
Amin Ibrahimpur, Amin Angoori, Brindawani, Barailywala, Bombay Yellow, Dori, Goal Bhadaya, Katkee Bahar, Langra Baramasi, Langra Dudhiya, Langra, Pahilwan, S.B. Rampur, Safed a Lucknow.
Aryavart-insala, -Begum Bhogalash, Pasand, Deorakhia, Heerasawania, Kurukkan, Khader Sukul Pasand, Khader.
Kabari Pau
3.
Amin Abdul Khan, Amin Prince, Baramasi, Agahi Bahar, Dashehri, Hardil Azeez, Hushane-ara, Kesar Basti, Langra Digha, Mallika, Santra, Sadabahar.
Ambalvi, Amarjeo, Him Sagar Banglora Goa, Bankandpouri, Bappakai, Bhoodia, Black Andrew, Gola, Kajalio.
Mauserati Shasti.
4.
Amin Dudhia, Baramasi Ahras, Bhadaiya Sukul.
Benishan, Intimax, Kesington.
Phulgola Darbhanga, Kalipairi, Tazrikalan
Papatio
5.
Amin Dophasla, AminKurad, Bhodia.
Baranasi Apus, Bombay Cherramani, Chandrakaran.
Afeem
Dadamio, Hansraj. Mankurad, Nawabulamdi
against canker pathogen. In the present study
fection
Streptocyclin
measures.
was found superior to Copper
fungicide and Carbendazim.
of farm tools
and chemical
control
In view of the seriousness of disease, it is recommended that spraying of Streptocyclin
The best way of controlling
the disease
is to prevent it from being introduced to new areas by imposing strict quarantine measures, destruction
of infected
plant
materials
by
burning and using proper sanitary measures, use of certified
disease free seedlings, disin-
and adopting proper cultural methods will bring the disease under control. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Director, CIHNP, Lucknow for providing facilities. 101
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
References: Brodrick, H.T. (1971). Mango disease. Fmg. S. Africa, August, pp.29-32. Doidge, E.M. (1915). A bacterial disease of mango (Bacillus mangiferae n. sp.). Ann. Appl. Bio., 2: 1-45. Doidge, E.M. (19-32). Black spot of mangoes. Farming South Africa, 7: 89-91. Patel, M.K. Kulkarni, Y.S. and Moniz, L. (1948a). Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae pathogenic on mango. Indian Phytopath., 1: 147-152. Patel, M.K., Moniz, L. and Kulkarni, Y.S. (1948b). A new bacterial diseaseof Mangifera indica L. Curr. ScL, 6: 189-190k. Prakash, Om and Raoof, M.A. (1985). Bacterial canker in mango (Abs.). IInd Intern. Symp. on Mango Bangalore, pp. 59. Praksh, Om and Srivastava K.C. (1987). Mango diseases and their management - a world review. In Review of tropical plant diseases,VoI.II, Supp. I. Pub. Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. p. 175. Ram Kishun (1981). Studies on bacterial canker of mango (Abs.). Third Intern. Symp. on PI. Pathol. Nerw Delhi, p.15.
102
Ram Kishun (1985). Stem injection of chemicals for control of bacterial canker of mango (Abs.). Second Intern. Symp. on Mango, Bangalore, 1985, p.60. Rao, A.P., Rao, V.V.R. and Pandit, S.V. (1975). Control of mango canker (Abs.). Indian J. Mycol. and PI. Pathol., 7 (1) 71. Robbs C.F., Ribeiro, R., De, 1.0. and Kimurara, O. (1974). On the texonomic position of Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae Patel et al causing agent of Bacterial Canker of mango (Manifera indica) leaves. Arquivos da Unoiv. Fed. Rural Riode Janeiro, Brazil, 4: 11-14. Shekhawat, G.S. and Patel, P.N. (1975). Studies on bacterial canker of mango. Zeitschrift, Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz, 82: 129· 138. Singh, R.N. (1978). The Mango, ICAR, New Delhi p.91.Viljoen, N.M. and Kotze, J.M. (1972). Bacterial black spot of mango. The Citrus Growers and Subtrop. Fr. J., 462: 5-8. Wood, R. (1975). Rain and mango diseases. Information Bull., Citrus and Subtrop. Fr. Res. Instt. 31: 12-13.
BioI. Memoirs. 20 (2)
Plate 1
M8CD SYMPTOMS:1.0N LEAVES 2. ON TWIG,3 ~4.0N FRUITS. j
103
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
Plate 2
MBCD 104
EFFECTS:
5. BULK QUALITY LOS$. 6.GUMMY EXUDATION. 7. FRUIT DROP. 8. STALK INFECTION RESULTING DROP
BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)
Plate 3
10 MBCD EFFECTS_: 9.FRUIT CRACKING IN DASHEHARI, 10.PULP INFEC TION,11.SEED INFECTION. 105
Bioi. Memoirs, 20 (2)
F'tG-12 WEATHER
CONDITION
-DURING MAY 19"88
8·, 8'2
1'8 7·4
7>.
",,~
L.
..c
-
.....140
> o w
.
1.8AV I ST IN(0·1%) 2 .BLI TaX (0·3%) 3.BACTERINOL(0·1%) 4 .5TREPTOCYCLlN( 200ppm) 5.PAUSHMYCIN (300ppm) 6.CONTROL
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