Study of Performance and Emissions Parameters of

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

Study of Performance and Emissions Parameters of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Micro Emulsion of Jatropha Oil and Ethanol

2017-01-2331 Published 10/08/2017

Amar Deep

IEC Group of Institutions (IEC), G.Noida

Naveen Kumar

Delhi Technological University

Harveer Singh Pali NIET, Greater Noida

CITATION: Deep, A., Kumar, N., and Pali, H., "Study of Performance and Emissions Parameters of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with Micro Emulsion of Jatropha Oil and Ethanol," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2331, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-2331. Copyright © 2017 SAE International

Abstract The use of alternative fuel has many advantages and the main ones are its renewability, biodegradability with better quality exhaust gas emission, which do not contribute to raise the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The use of non-edible vegetables oils as an alternative fuels for diesel engine is accelerated by the energy crisis due to depletion of resources and increase in environmental problems. In Asian countries like India, great need of edible oil as a food so cannot use these oils as alternative fuels for diesel engine. However there are many issues related to the use of vegetable oils in diesel engine that is high viscosity, low calorific value, high selfignition temperature etc. Jatropha curcas has been promoted in India as a sustainable substitute to diesel fuel. This research prepared micro emulsions of ethanol and Jatropha vegetable oil in different ratio and find out the physico-chemical parameters to compare with mineral diesel oil. Also compare the performance and emissions characteristics of single cylinder, air cool diesel engine fuelled with micro emulsion of Jatropha vegetable oil with different percentage of ethanol and diesel fuels separately. It has been found that at part load condition the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific energy consumption of blends of jatropha oil and ethanol is insignificant. Basic HC, CO emissions and smoke opacity were reduced at part load condition. However, there was a decrease in NOx in case of jatropha oil and ethanol at full load condition.

Introduction Today world is marveling at the technological revolution, this has helped the human race but mismanagement has led to various problems. One of the major burning issues is energy crisis. The Internal combustion engines have revolutionized the world in last hundred years but also contributed significantly towards environmental degradation. Post Kyoto Protocol; there have been

considerable efforts to reduce GHG emissions and more emphasis is now given on using clean source of energy. Though, majority of fuels used in IC engines are still petroleum derived fuels despite exhaustive research carried on renewable fuels. The gulf crisis proved to be very crucial for both developed and developing countries and oil exporting countries started demanding higher prices. It was then for the first time the world seriously started looking for alternative source of energy along with efficient utilization of energy. With the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy, the majority of world energy needs are supplied trough petrochemical sources, coal and natural gas. Nevertheless, fossil fuels are not considered sustainable and are also questionable from an economic, ecological and environmental point of view. It should also be realized that, as the more accessible deposits become depleted, the global distribution of those remaining will attract progressively heightened political attention, since not all nations can assume proportional future supplies. The recent increase in petroleum prices and the growing awareness related to the environmental consequences of the fuel over-dependency have stimulated the recent interest in alternative energy sources [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. India is rich in coal and lavishly awarded with renewable energy in the form of solar, wind, hydro and bio-energy, however, the utilization of these resources are very much limited. India accounted for 11.63% of Asia-Pacific primary energy consumption and 4.5% of world consumption in 2011. To meet the current energy demands research has been done on renewable resources which include biomass, biofuels such as alcohols, biodiesel, ethers, and other renewable resources [8]. Among these fuels, Biodiesel is a biofuels made from transesterification of vegetable oils which can be used in diesel engines by replacing the

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

partial amount of diesel with satisfactory performance [9, 10, 11]. Worldwide biodiesel production is mainly from edible oils such as soybean, peanut, coconut, sunflower and canola oils. However, biodiesel production from edible oils are not sustainable in India as India is not self-sufficient in edible oil production and imports substantial amount of edible oil for meeting its requirement. In this context, non-edible oils are very promising for biodiesel production in India with abundance of forest and plant based non-edible oils being available in India such as Pongamia (Karanja), Jatrophacurcas (Jatropha), Madhucaindica (mahua), Shorearobusta (sal), Azadirachtaindica (neem), Schleicheraoleosa (Kusum) and Heveabrasiliensis (rubber) [12-13]. Vegetable oils mainly contain significant amounts of oxygen. The fatty acids vary in their carbon chain length and number of double bonds present in their molecular structure [14]. These oils can be produced even on a small scale for on-farm utilization to run tractors, pumps and small engines for power generation/irrigation and save lot of money and fuel which is expensed on transportation of fossil fuel. Suitability of vegetable oils as fuels for diesel engines depends on their physical, chemical and combustion characteristics as well as the type of engine used and operating conditions. Vegetable oils can be used directly or blended with diesel to operate compression ignition engines [15-16]. Use of blends of vegetable oils with diesel has been experimented successfully in several countries. It has been reported that use of 100% vegetable oil is also possible with minor fuel system modifications [17]. Short-term engine performance tests have indicated good potential for most vegetable oils as fuel but long-term engine performance test show following problem to use vegetable oil such as severe engine deposits, piston ring sticking, injector coking, gum formation and lubricating oil thickening[18-19]. These problems are arises due to high viscosity and poor volatility of straight vegetable oils due to large molecular weight and bulky molecular structure. High viscosity of vegetable oils (30-200 CST at 40°C) as compared to mineral diesel (4 cSt at 40°C) lead to unsuitable pumping and fuel spray characteristics. Larger size fuel droplets are injected from injector nozzle instead of a spray of fine droplets, leading to inadequate air-fuel mixing. Poor atomization, lower volatility, and inefficient mixing of fuel with air contribute to incomplete combustion. Since straight vegetable oils are not suitable as fuels for diesel engines, they have to be modified to bring their combustion related properties closer to diesel. This fuel modification is mainly aimed at reducing the viscosity to eliminate flow/atomization related problems. Undoubtedly, transesterification is well accepted and best suited method of utilizing vegetable oils in CI engine without significant long-term operational and durability issues. However, this adds extra cost of processing because of the transesterification reaction involving chemical and process heat inputs. In rural and remote areas of developing countries, where grid power is not available, vegetable oils can play a vital role in decentralized power generation for irrigation and electrification. In these remote areas, different types of vegetable oils are grown / produced locally but it may not be possible to chemically process them due to logistics problems in rural settings. Hence using micro emulsion of vegetable oils with ethanol as petroleum fuel substitutes is an attractive proposition. Keeping these facts in mind, a set of engine experiments were conducted using micro emulsion of Jatropha and ethanol on an engine, which is typically used for agriculture, irrigation and decentralized electricity

generation. The Jatropha and ethanol both is agriculture product which can cultivate and produce almost all over in India. [20] A wide range of exhaustive engine trials have been carried out so far on variety of micro emulsion on biodiesel and alcohol and an exhaustive review of some of the research findings are summarized below: Neuma et al. studied new micro emulsion systems containing diesel and different percentages of vegetable oils (soy, palm and ricin), that can be used as alternative fuels. The results showed that it was possible to obtain new micro-emulsion diesel and vegetable oils through a simple methodology with low cost. The study of the composition parameters involved in the formulation of the systems, such as: nature of the surfactant, nature of the co surfactant, influence of the C/T ratio and influence of the oil phase, indicates how to optimize the process in order to obtain a maximum micro emulsion area. From the point of view of the physical-chemical properties, the results indicated the possibility of the micro emulsions to be used as fuels.[21]. Kerihueledet al. had focused on effective solution to improve the combustion of low quality animal fat (duck fat) by making stable emulsions with water. Animal fat emulsions were prepared by mixing the fat with water, surfactant and co-surfactant. Ethanol is chosen as the co-surfactant because of its dilution ability. SPAN 83 also called Sorbitan. Sesquiolate is used as the surfactant for Stable animal fat emulsions. Emulsions and micro-emulsions are prepared for different co-surfactant/surfactant (C/S) ratios. Results are presented in pseudo ternary diagrams. Influence of different parameters affecting the emulsion characteristics are studied experimentally. According to the stability, structure, viscosity, fat content and economical aspects, the optimum emulsion was found as the emulsion with36.4% of ethanol, 3.6% of SPAN 83, 10% of water and 50% of animal fat by volume. [22]. Senthil et al. used of animal fat as fuel in a diesel engine due to comparable cetane number and calorific value to diesel. The added advantage was that animal fats have fixed oxygen present in it. He used neat animal fat and animal fat emulsion (optimal emulsion) as fuels under variable load and operating come to conclusion that emulsification of animal fat with ethanol and water can be a promising technique for using animal fat efficiently in diesel engines without any modifications in the engine. Drastic reduction in smoke, nitric oxide, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were observed with the emulsion as compared to neat fat and neat diesel mainly at high power outputs. Only, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were found as high .with the emulsion at light loads. [23] Gvidonas et al. has experimented on a four stroke, four cylinder, direct injection, unmodified, diesel engine operating on pure rapeseed oil (RO) and its 2.5 vol%, 5 vol%, 7.5 vol% and 10 vol% blends with ethanol (ERO), petrol (PRO) and both improving agents applied in equal proportions as50:50 v/v % (EPRO). And examine the effect of ethanol and petrol addition into RO on diesel engine emission and performance characteristics. It had been found that three agent EPRO5-7.5 blends ensuring a better brake thermal efficiency produce lower NO2/NOx, CO emissions [24] Singh et al. had conducted engine test on hybrid fuels consisting of coconut oil, aqueous ethanol and a surfactant (butan-1-ol). The engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated and

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

compared with that of diesel. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the hybrid fuels is comparable to that of diesel. As the viscosity of the hybrid fuels decreased and approached that of diesel, the efficiency increased progressively towards that of diesel. Anhydrous butan-1-ol can be used as an effective surfactant to prepare a stable and homogenous micro emulsion of coconut oil and aqueous ethanol of 95% purity. The performance characteristics were comparable with neat diesel. Hydrocarbon, carbon and nitrogen oxide emission were found lower than that of diesel. [25]. Qi.et al. studied the efficient use of ethanol-biodiesel-water microemulsions in a diesel engine under variable operating conditions. It is found that the peak cylinder pressure of the micro-emulsions is almost identical, whereas the peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate were higher at medium and high engine loads. Performance parameters were higher for micro emulsion drastic reduction in smoke was observed with the micro-emulsions at high engine loads. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were found slightly lower under all rang of engine load for the micro-emulsions. But carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were slightly higher for the micro-emulsions than that for biodiesel at low and medium engine loads. [26].

Experimental Set-up In the present investigation, the experimentation is conducted on a four stroke, vertical, naturally aspirated, single cylinder, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine. Detailed specification of the engine is summarized in Table 1. Engine emission parameters like HC, NOx, CO and CO2 are recorded using AVL Di gas analyzer and measurement of smoke opacity is carried out using AVL smoke meter. All the instruments used in the test rig are of standard quality and the error within the permissible range. The details of test rig instrumentation are shown in Appendix. The detailed layout of the engine test set up is shown in Fig. 1. The various blends were tested on a single cylinder diesel engine. Four Blends were prepared in volume. The blends were 10 % Ethanol and 90% straight vegetable Jatropha oil (E10JO90), 20 % Ethanol and 80% straight vegetable Jatropha oil (E20JO80), 30 % Ethanol and 70 % straight vegetable Jatropha oil (E30JO70) and 40 % Ethanol & 60 % straight vegetable Jatropha oil (E40JO60). The blends were kept undisturbed for a month and it was found that the blends formed were homogenous and stable. The properties of various blends formed and diesel engine is as shown in table 2. Table 1. Technical specification of the engine and the alternator

Silvestreed et al. worked on methodology for preparation on micro emulsion and use membrane emulsification in place of mechanical stirrer and emulsifier for water and oil. This work, water-in-oil emulsions (W/O) and ethanol-in-oil emulsions (E/O) emulsions were prepared successfully by membrane emulsification. These results confirm that membrane emulsification could be an interesting alternative for preparation of E/O emulsions for the purpose of biodiesel fuels, considering the scale-up ability of membranes and their potentiality for industrial processes.[27]. Attaphong et al. studied the phase behavior of carboxylate-based extended surfactant micro-emulsion systems with the goal of formulating optimized systems for biofuels and found that carboxylate-based extended surfactants were able to form reverse micelle micro-emulsions without salt addition, thereby eliminating the phase separation and precipitation which had been observed with sulfate-based extended surfactants. This fuel system was stable for a temperature range of 0-40 C .Moreover, varying surfactant/cosurfactant ratio, cetane enhancers and anti-freezing agents did not affect the phase behavior and kinematic viscosity of micro-emulsion fuel. [28]. Nandkishore et al. evaluated performance and emissions of single cylinder, naturally aspirated, compression engine using Straight vegetable oil, its micro emulsions with ethanol and diesel fuel separately. Basic properties like viscosity, calorific value, specific gravity are evaluated for all test fuels. The Straight vegetable oil (SVO) shows lower thermal efficiency, higher un-burnt hydrocarbon emissions etc. due to high viscosity and poor volatility. In long term, SVO show injector choking, fuel pump damage, fuel filter clogging etc. The emulsions of SVO with alcohol show lower viscosity, improved volatility, better combustion and less carbon deposits. The engine performance with the micro-emulsion ESVO-70 is very close to diesel fuel. Reduction in nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and smoke emission are observed with increase in amount of ethanol in emulsion. It could be concluded that micro emulsion ESVO-70 can substitute diesel. [29].

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of experimental test rig setup

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018 Table 2. Properties of various blends formed.

Figure 3. Effect of BMEP on BSFC

Results and Discussions:- Break Thermal Efficiency The variation of brake thermal efficiency of the engine with jatropha oil-ethanol blend and diesel are represented in fig 2.It was observed that at part load with increasing brake power the brake thermal efficiencies of the vegetable oil and diesel were comparable and then tended to decrease with further increase in brake power. The brake thermal efficiencies of the all the blends of straight vegetable oil and ethanol were found to below than diesel fuel at full load condition. At full load condition BTE of D100, E10JO90, E20JO80, E30JO70 and E40JO60 were found to be 29.45%, 23.34%, 24.70%, 25.72 and 26.92% respectably .The possible reasons for this reduction are lower calorific value and improper atomization due to high viscosity of the jatropha-ethanol blend as compared to diesel fuel. Result are found to similar like Deep, A. [30,31].

Unburnt Hydrocarbon Emission The value of unburned hydrocarbon emission from the diesel engine in case of jatropha oil is more than diesel fuel though out as evident from fig 4. HC emissions are lower at partial load, but tend to increase at higher loads for both the fuels. This is due to lack of oxygen resulting from engine operation at higher equivalence ratio. With increasing the percentage of ethanol unburnt hydrocarbon emission is going down due to improving the atomization quality and decreasing of viscosity. From figure 4 it is clear that only 2.8% unburnt hydrocarbon of E40JO60 is higher from mineral diesel fuel. At full load condition the value of D100 & E40JO60 are 70ppm & 72ppm respectably.

Figure 4. Effect of BMEP on HC Figure 2. Effect of BMEP on BTE

Carbon Monoxide Emission

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Within the whole experimental range, the CO emissions from the jatropha oil were higher than neat diesel fuel as seen in fig 5.This is possible because of the high viscosity of vegetable oil. Due to higher viscosity of jatropha oil atomization process is difficult. This resulted in locally rich mixtures in the engine. Inconsequence it caused more carbon monoxide generated during the combustion, due to the lack of locally available oxygen. With increase in the percentage of ethanol CO emission is going down. The value of E40JO60 at no load condition and full load condition are 0.22% (vol) & 0.50% (vol) respectably.

The brake specific energy consumptions were found to be higher for all blends throughout than diesel and gradually improve with increase of percentage of ethanol oil which is presented in fig 3.This is mainly due to the combined effects of the relative fuel density ’and viscosity decreases with increasing of percentage of ethanol and lower calorific value of ethanol. The higher density of jatropha oil has led to more discharge of fuel for the same displacement of the plunger in the fuel injection pump. At full load condition 40% blend shows comparative to that of diesel and at this condition the value of D100 & E40JO60 are 0.35 kg/kWh & 0.41kg/kWh respectably.

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

Figure 5. Effect of BMEP on CO

Figure 7. Effect of BMEP on smoke opacity

Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

Conclusions

The nitrogen oxide emissions increase with increase in loads. As the load increases, the overall fuel air ratio increases resulting in increased average gas temperature in the combustion chamber. The NOx emissions are lower with vegetables oils as poor volatility and lower heating value of vegetables oils which results in poor combustion resulting to lower combustion temperature as compared to diesel fuel. However NOx emission gradually increases with increase in percentage of ethanol in micro-emulsions of vegetable oils due to decrease of viscosity and better combustion. But overall NOx emissions of micro-emulsions of ethanol with jatropha oil are still lower as shown in figure 6.

The present study was carried on an unmodified constant speed diesel engine. The main objective of the present investigation was to evaluate suitability of micro emulsion of Jatropha oil and ethanol as a fuel for the C.I. engine and to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The experimental results show that the engine performance with micro emulsion oil is inferior to the performance than diesel fuel. The calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density of micro emulsion decreases by increasing the percentage of ethanol in Jatropha oil. The thermal efficiency of the engine with jatropha oil-ethanol blend is throughout lowers than diesel oil. But by increasing the percentage of ethanol in jatropha oil, the thermal efficiency gradually increases. The break specific energy consumption of jatropha oil-Ethanol is throughout higher than diesel oil. With increase in percentage of ethanol, the break energy consumption of jatropha oil gradually decreases. The emission of carbon monoxide is throughout higher than diesel. But by increasing the percentage of ethanol with jatropha oil, emission of carbon monoxide gradually decreases. The performance characteristics of micro emulsion were comparable with diesel oil and emissions where favorably reduced by increasing the percentage of ethanol in the Jatropha oil. The result from the experiment suggest that the micro emulsions of jatropha oil and ethanol is potentially a good and suitable fuel for running the diesel engine and it can be concluded that performance and emission characteristics were found to be comparable to diesel oil. Moreover, Optimization of the percentage of ethanol with straight vegetables oils is to be done. Modification of the engine i.e. angle of injection of fuel, compression ratio to gain better quality of micro emulsion is yet to be done for better optimization.

Figure 6. Effect of BMEP on NOx

Smoke Opacity The smoke opacity is high at higher load due to more fuel is injected resulting to incomplete combustion. In most of the range the smoke opacity of SVJ is higher than diesel fuel due to the high viscosity of SVJ oil which results incomplete combustion and more smoke formation. But increasing of percentage of ethanol in micro emulsion opacity gradually going down at some percentage of ethanol it is lower than diesel oil. The lower smoke opacity with micro emulsion due to better atomization, proper combustion and oxygenated quality of SVJ and ethanol.

References 1.

Reyes J.F., Sepu´lveda M.A., PM-10 emissions and power of a Diesel engine fueled with crude and refined Biodiesel from salmon oil, Fuel 85 (2006) 1714-1719.

2.

Halim Siti Fatimah Abdul, AzlinaHarunKamaruddin, W.J.N. Fernando, Continuous biosynthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking palm oil in a packed bed reactor: Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer studies, Bio resource Technology 100 (2009) 710-716.

3.

Harrington Kevin J., Chemical and Physical Properties of Vegetable Oil Esters and their Effect on Diesel Fuel Performance, Biomass 9 (1986) 1-17.

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

4.

5.

Bezergianni Stella, Dimitriadis Athanasios, Kalogianni Aggeliki, Pilavachi Petros A., Hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production. Part I: Effect of temperature on product yields and heteroatom removal, Bio resource Technology 101 (2010) 6651-6656. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016.

6.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE.

7.

Petstat, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India www.petroleum.nic.in/petstat.:Pdf. , accessed on January12, 2013

8.

Toklu E., “Overview of potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in Turkey”, Renewable Energy 50 (2013) 456-463.

9.

Kumar Suresh, Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with Pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends with diesel, Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 2294-2302;

10. Berrios M., Martín M.A., Chica A.F., Martín A., Purification of biodiesel from used cooking oils, Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3625-3631 11. SehmusAltun, comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission Characteristics of sesame oil-diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. 12. Patil B.S., Gosai D.C. and patel A.J., Performance analysis of dual cylinder diesel engine fueled with mahua biodiesel, World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(4):24-27. 13. Production Of biodiesel from jatropha oil catalyzed by nanosized solid basic catalyst Original Research Article Energy, Volume 36, issue 2, February 2011, pages 777-784. 14. Agarwal A.K., Vegetable oils versus diesel fuel: development and useof bio-diesel in a compression ignition engine, TERI Information Digest on Energy (TIDE) 8 (1998) 191-203 15. Crookes R.J., Kiannejad F., Nazha M.A.A., Systematic assessment of combustion characteristics of bio-fuels and emulsions with water foruse as diesel engine fuels, Energy Conversion and Management 38(15-17) (1997) 1785-1795. 16. Narayan C.M., Vegetable oil as engine fuels - prospect and retrospect. In: Proceedings on Recent Trends in Automotive Fuels,Nagpur, India, 2002. 17. Rakopoulos C.D., Antonopoulos K.A., Rakopoulos D.C., Hountalas D.T., Giakoumis E.G., Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or biodiesels of various origins, Energy Conversion and Management 47 (18-19) (2006) 3272-3287. 18. Almeida S.C.A.D., Belchior C.R., Nascimento M.V.G., Vieira L.D.S.R., Fleury G., Performance of a diesel generator fuelled with palmoil, Fuel 81 (2002) 2097-2102. 19. Agarwal A.K., Das L.M., Biodiesel development and characterization for use as a fuel in compression ignition engines, Journal ofEngineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Transactions of the ASME 123 (2001) 440-447. 20. Agarwal A.K., Bijwe J., Das L.M., Effect of bio-diesel utilization of wear of vital parts in compression ignition engine, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Transactions of the ASME 125 (2003) 604-611.

21. Neuma de Castro Dantas T., da Silva A.C., Neto A.A.D., New microemulsion systems using diesel and vegetable oils, Fuel 80 (2001) 75-81. 22. Kerihuel A., Kumar M. Senthil, Bellettre J., Tazerout M., Ethanol animal fat emulsions as a diesel engine fuel - Part 1: Formulations and influential parameters, Fuel 85 (2006) 2640-2645. 23. Kumar M. Senthil, Kerihuel A., Bellettre J., Tazerout M. Ethanol animal fat emulsions as a diesel engine fuel - Part 2: Engine test analysis, Fuel 85 (2006) 2646-2652. 24. Labeckas Gvidonas, Slavinskas Stasys, Study of exhaust emissions of direct injection diesel engine operating on ethanol, petrol and rapeseed oil blends, Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 802-812. 25. Singh Pranil J., JagjitKhurma, Singh Anirudh, Preparation, characterisation, engine performance and emission characteristics of coconut oil based hybrid fuels, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 2065-2070 26. Qi D.H., Chen a H., Matthews b R.D., Bian Y.ZH., Combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol-biodiesel-water microemulsions used in a direct injection compression ignition engine Fuel 89 (2010) 958-964. 27. de los Reyes Javier Silvestre, Charcosset Catherine, Preparation of water-in-oil and ethanol-in-oil emulsions by membrane emulsification, Fuel 89 (2010) 3482-3488. 28. Attaphong Chodchanok, Do Linh, Sabatini David A., Vegetable oil-based microemulsions using carboxylate-based extended surfactants and their potential as an alternative renewable biofuel, Fuel 94 (2012) 606-613. 29. No Soo-Young, Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 131-149. 30. Deep, A., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Singh, A. et al., "Performance and Emission Studies of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Orange Peel Oil and N-Butanol Alcohol Blends," SAE Technical Paper 2015-26-0049, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-26-0049. 31. Deep, A., Kumar, N., Gupta, D., Sharma, A. et al., "Potential Utilization of the Blend of Orange Peel Oil Methyl Ester and Isopropyl Alcohol in CI Engine," SAE Technical Paper 201401-2778, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-2778.

Definitions/Abbreviations % - Percentage. ηth - thermal efficiency; A - ampere Bhp - Brake Horse Power BMEP - Brake Mean Effective Pressure. BP - brake power BSEC - Brake Specific Energy Consumption. BTE - Brake Thermal Efficiency. CO - Carbon Monoxide CO2 - Carbon Dioxide. cst - Centi Stroke FC - fuel consumption FFA - Free Fatty Acid.

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

h - hour

E30JO70 - 30% Ethanol and 70% Jatropha oil

HC - Hydrocarbon

E40JO60 - 40% Ethanol and 60% Jatropha oil

Hz - Hertz

mf - mass flow rate

Kg - Kilogram.

mm - Millimeter

KGOE - Kilogram of oil equivalent.

MT - Million Tonne.

KJ - kilo joule

NOx - Nitrogen Oxides.

KVA - kilo volt ampear

ppm - Parts Per Million.

kW - Kilo Watt

PM - Particulate matter

KWh - Kilo Watt Hour

Qlcv - calorific value of kilogram fuel

L - Liter

rpm - Revolution Per Minute.

D100 - Neat Diesel

Sec - Second

E10JO90 - 10% Ethanol and 90% Jatropha oil

THC - Total Hydrocarbon

E20JO80 - 20% Ethanol and 80% Jatropha oil

V - volt

Downloaded from SAE International by Naveen Kumar, Sunday, April 08, 2018

APPENDIX Formula for calculation of Brake Thermal Efficiency and Brake Energy Fuel Consumption

Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηth)

Where: ηth = thermal efficiency; BP = brake power [kW]; FC = fuel consumption [kg/h = (fuel consumption in L/h) x (ρ in kg/L)]; Qlcv = calorific value of kilogram fuel [kJ/kg]; ρ = relative density of fuel [kg/L].

Brake Fuel Energy Consumption Where: mf= mass flow rate [Kg/sec]; Qlcv = calorific value of kilogram fuel [kJ/kg]; BP = brake power [KW].

The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE’s peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. The process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE International. Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE International. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. ISSN 0148-7191 http://papers.sae.org/2017-01-2331