Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 214 (2004) 89–93 www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
Study of the hyperfine structure of antiprotonic helium J. Sakaguchi a, J. Eades a, R.S. Hayano a, M. Hori b, D. Horv ath c, T. Ishikawa a, B. Juh asz d, H.A. Torii e, E. Widmann a,*, H. Yamaguchi a, T. Yamazaki f a
d
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan b CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland c KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4001 Debrecen, Hungary e Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan f RI Beam Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
Abstract The metastable states of antiprotonic helium have a unique magnetic substructure called hyperfine structure, arising from the coupling of the large angular momentum of the antiproton (l 35) with the electron and antiproton spins. We designed, developed and performed a laser-microwave-laser resonance spectroscopy experiment to investigate this hyperfine structure. We observed two microwave transitions, and the measured frequencies agree well with recent theoretical calculations. To investigate possible collision-induced shifts of the transition frequencies, we measured the microwave transition frequencies at two different target densities. Within the limited statistics, we did not observe a clear sign of a density shift, in accordance with a theoretical estimate by Korenman. When averaging the transition frequencies over the density, we reach an agreement of about 60 ppm with the three-body QED calculations, which is of the same order than the accuracy of the calculations, and slightly larger than the experimental precision. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 36.10.)k; 32.10.fn; 33.40.+f Keywords: Antiprotonic helium; Hyperfine structure; Microwave spectroscopy
1. Introduction Heþ ) is a Antiprotonic helium ( pe –He2þ p metastable three-body system consisting of an electron, a helium nucleus and an antiproton,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-3-5841-4234; fax: +81-35841-7642. E-mail address:
[email protected] (E. Widmann).
which has a series of long-lived (s ls) states with principal quantum number n and angular momentum quantum number l in the range 33–39. It provides a good test field for three-body QED calculations since we can study its energy structure by precision spectroscopy [1,2]. Heþ arises The hyperfine structure (HFS) of p from the interaction of the magnetic moments of the antiproton ~ lp and the electron ~ le . ~ lp is domi nated by the orbital magnetic moment ~ l‘p ¼ g‘p~ ll N , p where g‘ is the orbital g-factor of the antiproton
0168-583X/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2003.08.013
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angular momentum (usually taken to be 1), ~ l the p and lN ¼ Qp h=ð2Mp Þ is the anti-nuclear magneton. ~ le consists only of the spin part ~ le ¼ ge lB~ Se since the electron is predominantly on the ground state. The interaction of ~ l‘p with ~ le causes the dominant splitting called hyperfine (HF) splitting (cf. Fig. 1). spin ~ The interaction of the p Sp with the other moments gives rise to a further splitting which we call superhyperfine (SHF) splitting, yielding the quadruplet structure shown in Fig. 1. The HF splitting was first observed in the laser transition from the metastable state ðn; lÞ ¼ ð37; 35Þ to a short-lived state (38,34) [3]. In the resonance scan a doublet was observed with a frequency difference of DmHF 1:75 GHz. We attributed DmHF to the difference of mHF for the initial state (12.9 GHz) and that for the daughter state (11.1 GHz). Due to the couplings of the magnetic moments Heþ are classified by n, l, metastable states of p F ¼ l þ Se and J ¼ F þ Sp , as shown in Fig. 1. It is possible to calculate these energy splittings based on three-body QED theory [4–6]. The latest calculations predicted them with very small numerical uncertainties, the overall error being determined by the omission of terms of order a2 50 ppm with a being the fine structure constant. These three-body calculation methods had been well tested in the case of the E1 transition frequencies [1] where spin effects are small. For the spin-dependent values
F' − (n',l' )= (38,34)
J' − + J' − − f
ν'HF = 11.14 GHz
J' + + F' +
−
metastable states
f
+
J − + = F − +1/2 − − F = l −1/2 νSHF = 0.133 GHz short-lived states −− J = F −−1/2 νHF = 12.906 GHz ν+ (n,l )= (37,35)
J' + −
such as hyperfine structure, however, no precise experimental test of the calculations had been performed. Therefore we planned an experiment to directly measure the hyperfine structure of the state ðn; lÞ ¼ ð37; 35Þ. Just by laser spectroscopy we can only measure the difference of the hyperfine structures of the initial state mHF and the final state m0HF , and not the splitting mHF itself. Furthermore, the superhyperfine structure cannot be observed by laser spectroscopy since the precision of the measurement is limited by the laser bandwidth which is as large as 600 MHz. To overcome these problems a new method to directly measure mHF was required. Here we report the experimental results of our laser-microwave-laser spectroscopy of the hyperHeþ performed in 2001 at fine structure of p CERNÕs Antiproton Decelerator (AD). The first report [7] was made under the assumption that there is no density dependence of the microwave transition frequencies, and the results were given by averaging all our data taken at different densities. In this report we discuss the possible effect of the target density on the determination of the transition frequencies. According to a theoretical prediction [8] based on atomic collision theory the density shift of the microwave transition is negligible (Dm K 66 kHz), while the broadening of the resonance lines is not. Yet we know that E1 laser transitions show a strong density shift [1,2]. It is therefore interesting and also essential for the high-precision determination of the hyperfine transition frequencies to study possible densityinduced shifts or broadening of the resonance lines.
HF
− νHF
+
F += l +1/2
J + + = F +1/2 + νSHF = 0.161 GHz J
+−
+
= F −1/2
Fig. 1. Level diagram of the quadruplet hyperfine structure of the states ðn; lÞ ¼ ð37; 35Þ and ð38; 34Þ. Allowed E1 laser and M1 microwave transitions are denoted by grey arrows.
2. Laser-microwave-laser resonance spectroscopy method For the direct measurement of mHF of the metastable state ðn; lÞ ¼ ð37; 35Þ, we induce microwave transitions of frequency 12.9 GHz within the hyperfine quadruplet. More details of the experimental setup are described in [7]. Pulses containing (2–4) · 107 antiprotons of momentum 100 MeV/c from the AD of CERN were stopped every 2 min in helium gas kept at 6.1 K and
J. Sakaguchi et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 214 (2004) 89–93
pressures of 250 or 530 mbar. Inside the cryogenic helium target region we prepared a microwave cavity with a resonance frequency of 12.9 GHz, and generated a microwave field from a travelling wave tube amplifier outside the cryostat. There are two allowed M1 transitions, one from ðF ; J Þ ¼ ðl 1=2; lÞ to ðl þ 1=2; l þ 1Þ (mþ HF ) and one from ðl 1=2; l 1Þ to ðl þ 1=2; lÞ (m HF , cf. Fig. 1). To detect a population transfer caused by the resonant microwave radiation, a population asymmetry should exist within the quadruplet before application of the microwave. Fig. 2 shows a diagram of the simulated state populations during the laser-microwave-laser experiment. Just after Heþ atoms in the helium the formation of the p medium, each quadruplet state is almost equally populated. As a first step, we shoot a narrow-band laser pulse onto the atoms with a frequency of f þ (see Fig. 1) at time t ¼ t1 and cause resonant transitions to the short-lived state ðn; lÞ ¼ ð38; 34Þ only for the atoms in Fþ states. This creates a population asymmetry between F and Fþ . After 150 ns exposure to the microwave field we shoot a laser pulse of the frequency f þ again at t ¼ t2 . The metastable atoms in Fþ are forced to annihilate through the short-lived state, emitting mesons from the annihilations. We can count the meson emissions (hence pHeþ annihilations) by Cerenkov counters, and probe the population in
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the Fþ states. If a resonant microwave transition from F to Fþ occurred in the second step (case (b) in the figure), the population of Fþ should become larger than that in the no-microwave case (case (a) in the figure). We measured the intensities I of the laser peaks at t2 and t1 while keeping the laser frequency constant and scanning the microwave frequency mM . If the microwave frequency coincides with the M1 transition frequencies mþ HF or m HF , the annihilations induced by the second laser pulse should increase compared to the case with off-resonant mM .
3. Experimental results and conclusions We obtained the resonance profile of the microwave transition by plotting the intensity ratio Iðt2 Þ=Iðt1 Þ as a function of mM , and determined the microwave transition frequencies by fitting two Lorentzians of equal width and height to the data. Fig. 3 shows the experimental results of the mi crowave transition frequencies mþ HF and mHF . Here each data point is obtained from a one-day (i.e. 8h) data taking period with constant target gas density, yielding an error of 300–400 MHz. In all cases both transition frequencies are close to the corresponding theoretical values based on latest three-body QED calculations [5,6], which are
Fig. 2. Simulated time evolution of the populations of each SHF sub-state for ðn; lÞ ¼ ð37; 35Þ and of the short-lived daughter states of annihilation rate: (a) no microwave case and (b) resonant microwave radiation of mM ¼ mþ ðn; lÞ ¼ ð38; 34Þ representing the observed p HF is applied. The shaded area at t ¼ t2 in (b) corresponds to the peak in case (a), indicating that the short-lived states in case (b) have a larger population due to the microwave transition. The areas are not drawn to scale.
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J. Sakaguchi et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 214 (2004) 89–93 12900
[MHz]
12896
+ νHF
12898
12894
Kino, Yamanaka Korobov, Bakalov average of experiments range of theoretical uncertainty (50 ppm)
12892 12890
0
100 200 300 400 500 target pressure p [mbar]
600
0
100
600
12930
[MHz]
12926
− νHF
12928
12924 12922 12920
200 300 400 500 target pressure p [mbar]
Fig. 3. The results of the resonance frequencies of each day against the helium target density. The solid lines show the experimental values obtained by averaging of each data. The dashed lines show theoretical values. The light-gray bands show the range of theoretical values including their 50 ppm error.
uncertainty of the calculations is of the order a2 50 ppm, slightly larger than the experimental error of 30 ppm. Thus the validity of the threebody QED theories was proved to this level. The agreement between experiment and theory also confirms the relation g‘p ¼ 1 assumed in the calculations with a relative precision of 6 · 105 . This is the first measurement of the orbital g-factor for both the proton and the antiproton, since no atoms with orbiting protons exist in our world. þ The difference DmSHF ¼ m HF mHF is caused by the SHF splitting and is directly proportional to the spin magnetic moment ~ lsp ¼ gsp~ Sp lN , which is known experimentally only to 0.3% [9]. An improvement of the experimental precision for DmSHF by a factor of 5 will be necessary to improve this value. More studies of the density shift of the transitions frequencies are planned in the near future as part of an attempt to increase the experimental accuracy.
Acknowledgements indicated with dashed lines in Fig. 3. As can be seen from Fig. 3, the data points do not show a significant density dependence. However, due to the limited statistics for each data point, and the fact that we measured only at two different densities, we cannot rule out the existence of a small shift. The experimental result of a small density shift is in agreement with the prediction by Korenman et al. [8]. His value of Dm K 66 kHz, however, is much smaller than our experimental accuracy of a few 100 MHz. The width of each resonance line varies between Cexp 3–8 MHz, with a large error of ±1 MHz. These values are comparable to the prediction of Korenman et al. of Cth K 5:8 MHz. Assuming a density dependence that is much smaller than our experimental error, we can deduce the overall results of the transition frequencies by averaging over all experimental values regardless of the target density. The resulting values of mþ HF ¼ 12:89596 0:00034 GHz and m ¼ 12:92467 0:00029 GHz correspond to the HF horizontal solid lines and were published in [7]. The agreement between the averaged experimental values and the calculations is 60 ppm, while the
We thank Dr. F. Caspers (PS Division, CERN) and Dr. A. Miura (Nihon Koshuha) for invaluable help in the design of the microwave cavity and circuits. We are grateful to the CERN cryogenics laboratory and to Dr. K. Suzuki and Dr. H. Gilg for their help. We thank V.I. Korobov, D.D. Bakalov, G.Ya. Korenman, Y. Kino and N. Yamanaka for many fruitful discussions and for making their results available to us prior to publication. This work was supported by the Grant-inAid for Creative Basic Research (Grant No. 10NP0101) of Monbukagakusho of Japan and the Hungarian Scienti.c Research Fund (Grant Nos. OTKA T033079 and TeT-Jap-4/00).
References [1] M. Hori, these proceedings. doi:10.1016/S0168538X(03)01759-2. [2] T. Yamazaki, N. Morita, R.S. Hayano, E. Widmann, J. Eades, Phys. Rep. 366 (2002) 183. [3] E. Widmann et al., Phys. Lett. B 404 (1997) 15. [4] D. Bakalov, V. Korobov, Phys. Rev. A 57 (1998) 1662. [5] V. Korobov, D. Bakalov, J. Phys. B 34 (2001) L519.
J. Sakaguchi et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 214 (2004) 89–93 [6] Y. Kino, N. Yamanaka, M.Kamimura, H. Kudo, in: Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Atomic Physics at Accelerators, Aarhus, Denmark, 2001, Hyperfine interactions, in print, and private communications.
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[7] E. Widmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 243402. [8] G.Ya. Korenman, N.P. Yudin, S.N. Yudin, these proceedings. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(03)01772-5. [9] A. Kreissl et al., Z. Phys. C 37 (557) (1998).
