Pityogenes chalcographus, which means 7.75% of the populations Ipidae. Results of monitorring Ipidae in 2007 are shown in Table 2. This year, with the 41 ...
Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66(1-2)/2009 Print ISSN 1843-5254; Electronic ISSN 1843-5394
Study on The Dynamics of Pests Complex in Resinous Forest of Sebeş Forestry, Prigoana Canton Mircea VARGA, Ion OLTEAN, Teodora FLORIAN, Sabin GLIGA, Horia BUNESCU, Ilonka BODIS, Anca COVACI University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, 3-5 Manastur St., Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania; www.usamvcluj.ro Abstract. Among the complex of pests at Sebeş forestry, the species most frequently encountered belong to the family Ipidae. Pheromone traps are most commonly used for monitoring and combating this group of pests. The highest number of captures can be achieved by using the wing traps and barrier traps. During the 3 years of survey, the average numbers of captures, achieved with a pheromone trap were: 330.8 adults/trap in 2006, 493.1 adults/trap in 2007, and 776.9 adults/trap in 2008. Regarding the presence of Ipidae species, we observed that species of genus Ips (Ips typographus, Ips amitimus) are the most numerous, and species of genus Pytiogenes (Pytiogenes chalcographus) are encountered in lower numbers. Keywords: Ipidae, captures, pheromone traps, monitoring, combating
INTRODUCTION In order to ensure proper development of forests, as well as ensuring a valuable timber production, a high-quality, but also quantitatively, a careful monitoring and care of the state protection. Phytosanitary status of forests depends on the intensity of attacks by entomofags insects, attacks which led to a reduction in a large proportion of annual growth, reducing the percentage of wood, all contributing to the drying trees before they reached the age of comercialization. Research in the protection of forests have been largely determined by practical problems, they have put in time in the forests from the national forest. Theme of research aimed at both the main harmful insects, especially those associated to spruce or other resinouses species, and some diseases caused by cryptogamic agents. Activity protection forests, includes four basic components: detecting and reporting the occurrence of pests; compiling existing statistics pests; preparing forecast attack likely caused by pest and setting specific methods needed to combat, following the draft program of work; works to combat diseases and pests; O.S. Sebes part of D.S. Alba-Iulia and manages forests in Sebeş river basin - technical left slope and brook Valea Pianului. In the administrative forest of Sebeş are 4 forest districts (Valea Lungă, Blaj, Gotu şi Oaşa), held on 23 forest cantons, with the surface of 3622.0 ha.
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OBJECTIVES During 2006-2008, in the Prigoană canton, the resinous species, are predominant spruce being the most important species, we proceeded to carry out observations (observations from who took part, employees around the forest), which had the following objectives: Monitoring Ipidae species, especially Ips typhographus , the big bark beetle of spruce. Elaboration of protection plan works for the next year. These objectives have the final purpose to appreciate fitofage species, to detect trends in the dynamics of populations and then establish strategies to prevent and combat these pests. METHODS AND MATERIALS The bark beetles of resinouses species is detected and signaling throughout the year. For detection, the observations are made on the various stages of development, but also feature after injury. If adults can be done by observing the swarm flight, who moves from one place to another, and the trunks of trees can identify bugs in search of the erosion of the entrance hole in the bark or by the method of attracting and catching adults with feromons. In the period 2006-2008 in the Prigoană district in several cantons forest monitoring of ipidae was done using feromons trapes. Were used barrier traps with glass or polyethylene film, and less tubular traps. In 2006 were installed 40 traps, and in 2007 were installed 41 traps, and in 2008 were placed 24 traps. The traps used were ATRATYP type products at the Institute for Research in Chemistry "Raluca Ripan" in Cluj-Napoca. pheromons traps have been installed mostly on the skirts of the forest and in the bright spots, their location being made in the second half of April, before the flight. The control of pheromones trapes and collection of biological material was made at an interval of 3 days. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results of monitoring ipidae in 2006, are presented in Table 1. This year, with the 40 trapes located, has captured a number of 13234 of bark beetles, with an average of 330.8 adults / trap. Before the previous year, when they realized 347.3 adults / trap, we can constate that this parameter is decline with 16.5 adults / trap. The largest number of captures achievd by one trap was reported in ua 36 A (westerly slope and an altitude of 1500 m), when the range 26.05-8.06 have captured 332 captures (320 dc of the genus Ips and 12 of the genus Pityogenes). This year, thanks to thermal conditions, the first captures were made later than the previous year, the first catches were in the second half of April (approximately 14 days later than the previous year), but the flight was until middle of september. In this year we can constate an extension of the period of flight about 25 days toward the previous year. Also, sister flight was more intense than the previous year. In 2006, in 22 units monitored the intensity of attack is very weak and in 18 units is weak.
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Comparing with the results by the others years of study this year was the most reduced population of ipidae. The largest number of captures was achieved in ua 36 A, where a trap, barrier type, have captured 677 adults. The smallest number of captures was in u.a. 13 D, where they captured 79 adults with a trap-type windows. Tab. 1 Situation of ipide beetles captured using pheromones traps in 2006
Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Canton
U.A.
V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană
50A 36A 44A 44A 45A 41D 42A 51A 56A 14D 14D 41A 42B 13D 12L 12A 10B 11B 57 57 57 58 58 58 60 13D 13D 13D 10B 10B 10B 10B 11B 11B 11B 11B 11B 12K 87R 89R
Surface
Trape type
29.0 12.4 14.5 14.5 4.0 5.3 19.9 0.6 24.5 0.7 0.7 16.0 10.2 4.3 3.0 31.0 4.0 15.1 32.8 32.8 32.8 37.8 37.8 37.8 32.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 5.2 2.8 3.0 TOTAL
Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Tube Window Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Tube Tube Tube
627
Total beetles m
M 593 641 588 598 607 602 574 570 600 546 599 422 374 215 265 212 318 175 379 232 181 205 237 456 406 102 153 75 147 90 153 96 128 169 90 85 143 165 100 168
34 36 38 43 36 40 29 23 37 30 24 9 10 24 36 23 39 79 52 26 9 21 25 69 49 11 18 4 21 8 17 8 14 23 5 6 13 18 9 19
Total 627 677 626 641 643 642 603 593 637 576 623 431 384 239 301 235 357 194 431 258 190 226 262 525 455 113 171 79 168 98 170 104 142 192 95 91 156 183 109 187 13234
If we exammin different types of functionality traps, we constate that this year the barrier type trape achievd the largest number of captures. The window trap type, and tube trap type have the low number of captures. In tube-type traps, average number of capture/trap was 227.5 (103.3 to less than the average for all types of traps) and the average number of window-type captures/trap was 144.1 ( 186.7 to less than the average for all types of traps, is the type of trap with the lowest catch). Barrier-type traps have made a 454.4 average number of captures/trap with 123.6 above the average of all traps. Concerning the structure of Ipidae species, we constate that Ips genus are the most numerous species and genus Pityogenes have a lower population. This year, 13,234 of the adults captured, 12,209 it represents the big bark beetles (the genre Ips: Ips typographus, IpS amitimus) having a share of 92.25% in pupulation of Ipidae (85.37% in previous year we constate an increase of 6.88 percentage units), and 1025 are small beetles, particularly Pityogenes chalcographus, which means 7.75% of the populations Ipidae. Results of monitorring Ipidae in 2007 are shown in Table 2. This year, with the 41 traps located, has captured a number of 20,217 of adults, with an average of 493.1 adults/trap (with 145.8 more than 2005 when we haved 347.3/trap and with 162.2, more than the previous year). 2007 was the year that flying of adults began at the latest, than all years monitored. He debuted in early may. Maximum curve flight was achieved in the second decade of june. The flight was completed towards the end of august ( in september until on 15, were caught only 36 adults). The largest number of captures made by one trap was reported in ua 14C (northern slope and an altitude of 1400 m) when in range 9.06-22.06 were captured 471 adults (450 of the genus Ips, and 21 of the genus Pityogenes). The largest number of captures was achieved in ua 41D, where a barrier trap type, captured 1361 adults. The smallest number of captures was u.a. 13D, where they captured 61 adults with a trap-type windows. In 2007, of the 41 traps placed a number of 12 traps were made over 1,100 adults/trap, which show that Ipidae population is growing. In 2007, the density population of Ipidae increase, signaled in 12 u.a. the intensity of the attack is middle. In 5 other u.a. attack is weak and 24 attack is very weak. If we analyse different types of traps functionality, the previous years conclusions its confirmed, in the sense that the barrier type achived the largest number of captures. Window type trap and tube type trap have the lowest number of captures. In tube-type traps, average number of captures/trap was 206 (with 287.1 less than the average for all types of traps) and the average number of window-type trap was 129.2 (with 363 9 less than the average for all types of traps). Barrier-type traps have made a 738.1 average number of captures/trap. Concerning the structure Ipidae species, genus species we constate that Ips are the most numerous species and genus Pityogenes have a lower population. This year, we have captured 20,217 adults, 18,699 it represents the big bark beetles (the genre Ips: Ips typographus, IpS amitimus) having a share of 92.5% in the Ipidae pupulation and 1518 are small bugs Pityogenes chalcographus, which means 7.5% of populations Ipide. This year the population of Pityogenes chalcographus was the most low as a percentage of participation in the complex of ipide.
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Tab. 2 Situation of ipide beetles captured using pheromones traps in 2007
Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
Canton
U.A.
V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană
50A 36A 44A 44A 45A 41D 42A 51A 56A 55A 14C 14C 14A 51A 13D 12L 12A 10B 11B 57A 57A 57A 58A 58A 58A 60B 13D 13D 13D 10B 10B 10B 10B 11B 11B 11B 11B 11B 12K 87R 89R
Surface
Trape type
M
Total beetles m
Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Tube Window Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Window Tube Tube Tube
1039 1150 1170 1225 1092 1261 1159 1109 960 1130 1228 1179 443 490 179 213 182 267 140 295 190 149 169 188 376 327 72 99 56 125 69 114 69 98 126 68 67 105 122 71 128
117 81 89 72 95 100 82 86 79 89 97 91 27 28 18 23 17 27 10 29 19 12 15 18 38 32 5 7 5 13 5 11 6 9 14 5 4 10 13 6 14
29.3 9.4 14.5 14.5 4.0 3.2 21.7 29.5 24.5 28.3 17.9 17.9 11.7 23.2 4.3 3.0 31.0 4.0 15.1 32.8 32.8 32.8 37.8 37.8 37.8 32.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 5.2 2.8 3.0 TOTAL
629
Total 1156 1231 1259 1297 1187 1361 1241 1195 1039 1219 1325 1270 470 518 197 236 199 294 150 324 209 161 184 206 414 359 77 106 61 138 74 125 75 107 140 73 71 115 135 77 142 20217
Results of monitorring Ipidae in 2008, are presented in Table 3. Tab. 3 Situation of ipide beetles captured using pheromones traps in 2008
Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Canton
U.A.
V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană V Prigoană
50A 36A 44A 44A 45C 41D 42A 51A 56A 55A 14C 14C 13D 12L 12A 10B 11B 57A 57A 57A 58A 58A 58A 60B
Surface
Trape type
29.3 9.4 14.5 14.5 14.0 3.2 21.7 23.6 19.5 21.5 17.9 12.9 4.3 3.0 31.0 4.0 15.1 32.8 32.8 32.8 37.8 37.8 37.8 32.2 TOTAL
Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier Barrier
M 1259 1302 1241 1281 1232 1114 1264 1134 1272 1021 1248 1190 165 184 173 237 131 272 179 135 163 165 349 305
Total beetles m 133 135 118 133 124 111 98 110 148 111 100 76 15 19 15 29 9 23 15 10 13 16 36 33
Total 1392 1437 1359 1414 1356 1225 1362 1244 1420 1132 1348 1266 180 203 188 266 140 295 194 145 176 180 385 338 18645
This year, with the 24 traps located, has captured a number of 18,645 of adults, with an average of 776.9 adults/trap. Adults flight took the same flight characteristics as the previous year. The largest number of captures was reported in ua 44 A (southern slope and an altitude of 1530 m) when the interval 9.06-22.06 have captured 529 adults (503 d.c. of the genus Ips and 26 of the genus Pityogenes). The largest number of captures was achieved in ua 36 A, where a barrier trap type were captured 1437 adults. The smallest number of captures was u.a. 11B, where they captured 140 adults with a windows trap-type. In this year were 11 traps that have made a number of captures of more than 100 adults/trap. In 2008 is the most high population of Ipidae. In half of the areas monitored, the attack intensity is limited to superrior limit of the middle attack (with the danger that in the next year, the attack can be strong). Very weak attack was reported in 10 u.a. and a weak attack in 2 u.a. In this year we have used only barrier type traps, traps that in previous years have proved that they have the best functionality. Concerning the structure Ipidae species, genus species we constate that Ips are the most numerous species and genus Pityogenes have a lower population. In this year, we have captured 18,645 adults, 17,145 it represents the big beetles (the genre Ips: Ips typographus, 630
Ips amitimus) having a share of 91.9% in pupulation of Ipidae and 1500 are small bugs , in particular Pityogenes chalcographus, which means 8.1% of Ipidae populations. Seenig this group of pests yearly in Sebeş forest department is taken a series of measures which have as their purpose the maintenance of populations of Ipide at a level as low. So, for this we use trap tree and seeting pherommone traps. These actions are used as monitoring method and as commbat (fighting) method. CONCLUSIONS 1. In the complex of pests of resinous forest group represented by Ipidae species is the most frequently encountered. 2. To monitor this group, but for action against, pherommons traps are often used. 3. During the three years of observation, the average catches taken by one pherommonal trap was: 330.8 adults/trap in 2006; 493.1 adults/trap in 2007 and 776.9 adults/trap in 2008. 4. Total number of captures was: 13,234 for beetles in 2006, 20217 of beetles in 2007 and 18645 of beeltes in 2008. 5. The first captures were made in the first decade of april antil to mid September. 6. Curve of maximum occurrence was in late may early june. 7. The largest number of captures was achieved in ua 36 A, in 2008, where with a barrier type trap has been captured 1437 adults. 8. In 2006, in 22 units monitored the intensity of attack is very weak and 18 is weak. 9. Comparing with the others years results, this year was the most weak population of Ipidae. 10. In 2007, we assist to the increase of density population of Ipidae, in 12 u.a. the intensity of the attack is middle. In other 5 u.a. attack is weak and 24 attack is very weak. 11. In 2008 is the most high population of Ipidae. In half of the areas monitored, the attack intensity is limited to superrior limit of the middle attack (with the danger that in the next years the attack can be strong). Very weak attack was reported in 10 u.a. and a weak attack in 2 u.a. 12. The wing type trap and the barrier type trap achievd the largest number of adults. 13. The window type trap and the tube type trap have the reduced number of captures. 14. The wing type trap and the barrier type trap achieved a 454,4 average number of captures/trap, in 2006; 738,1 captures/trap in 2007 and 776.9 captures/trap in 2008. 15. Concerning the structure Ipidae species, genus species we can constate that Ips are the most numerous species and genus Pityogenes have a lower population. 16. Ips typographus, Ips amitimus represents: 92.25% in pupulations of Ipidae in 2006, 92.5% in pupulations of Ipidae in 2007 and 91.9% in pupulations of Ipidae 2008. 17. Pityogenes chalcographus with 7.75% of the populations Ipidae in 2006, with 7.5% of populations Ipidae in 2007 and 8.1% of populations Ipidae in 2008. REFERENCES 1. Ceianu, I., V. Mihalciuc, L. Gânscă, L. Ghizdavu, I. Oprean and L. Tauţan (1986). Experimentări privind utilizarea feromonilor agregativi în combaterea gândacului de scoarţă Ips typographus, Revista Pădurilor Nr.4/1986, pag. 194-196. 2. Ceianu, I., V. Mihalciuc, L. Ghizdavu and I. Ichim (1988). Eficacitatea diferitelor tipuri de curse feromonale utilizate în protecţia pădurilor de răşinoase, A IV a Conferinţă naţionala de Entomologie ClujNapoca, 1988, pag. 573-576.
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3. Fora, C. G. (2006). Contribuţuii privind biologia, ecologia şi combaterea integrată a dăunătorilor de scoarţă la răşinoase, în zona Nădlag-Padeş, judeţul Timiş, Teză de doctorat, USAMVB Timişoara, 217 pag. 4. Ghizdavu, I., N. Tomescu and I. Oprean (1983). Feromonii insectelor, pesticide din a III-a generaţie, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 269 p. 5. Mihalciuc, V., A. Negura, V. Cucos, Gh. Cristoloveanu and S. Cira (1995). Utilizarea feromonilor sintetici în depistarea, prognoza şi combaterea dăunătorilor din arboretele de răşinoase din România, Bucovina Forestieră an IV, nr.1, C-lung Moldovenesc, pag. 33-37. 6. Oltean, I. (2003). Studies related to the bark pests dynamics in the forests of the Dorne area, Journal Central European Agriculture, Croaţia, ISSN: 1332-9049, vol 4(2003), number 3., pag. 251 – 256. 7. Oltean, I. (2003). The bark pests monitoring with the aid sexual attractants in the forests of the Dorne area, 2 rd International Symposium Prospects for the 3 rd. Millennium Agriculture Cluj-Napoca, october 911/2003, Buletin USAMV-CN, A, 59/2003, pag. 155-157. 8. Oltean, I. (2005). Entomologie specială – Dăunătorii pădurilor, Editura AcademicPres, 266 p. 9. Simionescu, A., Gh. Mihalache et al. (2000). Protecţia Pădurilor, Regia Naţională a Pădurilor, Ed. Muşatinii, Suceava, 867 p.
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