Legume Res., 36 (5) : 442 - 447, 2013
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
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SUITABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY ASSESSMENT OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L.) - GROWING SOILS OF DHAR DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA K. Karthikeyan* , Pushpanjali, Jagdish Prasad and Dipak Sarkar
Received: 18-06-2012
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur- 440 033, India.
Accepted: 06-03-2013
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ABSTRACT
The study is aimed to analyze the soil-site suitability and assessment of productive potential of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Soybean is a rainfed crop pre-dominantly grown in shrink-swell soils of Malwa Plateau. Seven typical pedons (Vertisols) were studied for their suitability and productivity evaluation through bio-physical and soil site parameters. -3 These soils were slightly to strongly alkaline (pH 7.6 to 9.0) with bulk density of 1.6 to 1.7 Mg m . These soils had clay content ranging from 21.0 to 60.1 per cent with high clay CEC (> 54 c mol p (+ ) kg -1 ) and available water content (> 8.59 per cent). Parametric land evaluation techniques (Sys, Riquier’s and Storie) were compared and found that the Riquire index was more reliable than the other two methods in assessment of productive potential for soybean. The criteria indicated that these soils are marginally suitable as per Sys criteria, good (Riquier index) and fair to poor (Storie Index). The results warrant for re-parameterization in Storie and Sys suitability criteria as the results did not reflect the ground reality of soybean yield in study area.
Key words: Riquier’s productivity index, Soybean, Storie index, Sys suitability assessment.
INTRODUCTION Soybean [ Glycine max (L . ) Merr] is an important leguminous crop becasue of its economic and dietary value in India, which contains approximately 43% protein and 20% oil. It is a major rainfed kharif crop of central India and having larger acreage in Madhya Pradesh. Currently, Madhya Pradesh accounts nearly 56 % area of the country under soybean and contributes about 65 % of the total national pool of production (Anonymous, 2010), Soybean requires well drained fertile loamy soils with pH between 6.0 and 7.5 and it grows well in warm and moist climate. Soybean is a short day plant, which requires high moisture at the time of germination, flowering, pod formation stage and dry weather for ripening.
abiotic, biotic and socio-economic factors (Paroda, 1999; Joshi and Bhatia, 2003; Bhatnagar and Joshi, 2004). Since soybean crop is grown under rainfed ecosystem in central India it receives less inputs and agro-management practices. Being a easy care crop it is widely acceptable by majority of farmers and it gets its preference over all the soils (Jagdish Prasad and Hajare, 1992). Continuous growing of soybean in these areas led to decline in soil fertility as well as the productivity potential which warrants to re-look into the issue of suitability assessment of the crop correlating with productivity and hence present investigation was carried out.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven pedons viz., P1(Sardarpur), P2 Introduction of soybean in Madhya Pradesh (Rajpura), P3(Marol), P4(Kheda), P5(Dattigara), and particularly to Malwa Plateau led to a shift in fallow-wheat/chickpea to soybean wheat/chickpea P6(Dhar-1 ), P7(Dhar-II ) from extensively soybean system. Despite its phenomenal growth in area, the –growing area of Dhar, M. P. were studied (Soil average productivity of soybean has remained more Survey Division Staff 2000) in extensively soybean or less stagnated at about 1000 kg ha-1 due to several growing areas of Malwa Plateau. *Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
[email protected]
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Climate of the area is transitional ecosystem of moist semi-arid and dry sub- humid with mean annual temperature of 24.5 °C and mean annual rainfall of 1085 mm. The area falls under Ustic soil moisture regime, hyperthermic soil temperature regime with a length of growing period (LGP) is 120-150 days in a year. The horizon-wise soil samples were collected processed and analyzed using standard analytical procedures (Piper1950; Jackson 1979; Richard 1965) and classified according to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 2006). The soils were evaluated for their suitability as per the criteria outlined by Sys et al. (1993), and productivity of soils were computed and assessed by following the procedures described by Riquier et al. (1970) and Storie (1978). The Riquier’s system suggests ni ne factors for the calculation of productivity index, viz., moisture (H), drainage (D), effective depth (P), texture/structure (T), base saturation (N), soluble salt concentration (S), organic matter content (O), mineral exchange capacity/ nature of clay (A) and mineral reserve (M) Productivity Index = H x D x P x T x N (or) S xO x A x M Each factor is rated on a scale from 0 to 100, the actual percentages being multiplied by each other. The resultant index of productivity, also lying between 0 and 100, is set against a scale placing the soil in one or other of five productivity classes.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil characteristics: The soils had their genesis from basalt/ basaltic alluvium with colour in 10YR hue, value with 3 to 4 and chroma 1 to 3(Dark brown to Brown).. The surface and sub-surface horizons of pedons are associated with sub-angular blocky structure of varying grades and sizes but angular blocky structure associated with the pressure faces and slickenside which is a common feature of subsoil in Vertisol. The particle-size distribution shows that the clay content in soils (shrink- swell) of basaltic origin ranged from 46.5 to 60.1 per cent and bulk density in different horizons of the pedons ranged from 1.56 to 1.73 Mg m-3(Table 1). The CEC of the soils ranged from 26.08 to 71.30 cmol(p+ ) kg-1 and of clay CEC > 45 c mol (p+ ) kg-1 . The pH of soils ranged from 7.6 to 8.8 the values and in general it increased with depth. The surface horizons of the pedons had relatively higher organic carbon than the sub-soils but CaCO3 (11.8 to 24. %) increased with depth (Pedon 5 and 7). The clay micelle was dominantly by exchangeable Ca followed by Mg, Na and K. Exchangeable Na and ESP increased down the profile (P2, P4) and were higher in sub-soils which are of great concern (Lingade et al., 2008). These soils had base saturation i.e., more than 100 which indi cates the presence of zeolites of amygdaloidal group (Pal et al., 2006).
Suitability and Productivity assessment: The average yield of soybean in Dhar is > 2 tonnes/ha, Storie Index rating approach can be which is 15-30 per cent more than the national characterized as a multiplicative parametric method average. As per Sys et al, (1993) criteria, the soils to express the joint influence of soil factors on are marginally suitable due to severe limitation of suitability for productivity of agricultural crops. It does organic carbon and moderate to severe limitation not include management factors. The Storie Index of pH (Table 1) both being the dynamic property. is assessed by assigning percentage ratings to each The experience gained by researchers in this tract factor considering ideal soil condition as 100% and perception of farmers speaks against the and then multiplying the observation ratings as guidelines suggested by Sys et al. (1993) which is per formula: not fitting to the real situation (table 4) and it Storie index = A × B × C × X compelled us to include some other important where, factor A is characteristics of physical parameters for soil-site criteria suitability analysis profile (depth or permeability); factor B is the surface i.e., abiotic parameters during the critical crop texture; factor C is the slope factor and factor X is growth stage viz., water stress (Haskett et al., the miscellaneous factor like drainage, alkali, nutrient 2000), relative humidity, rainfall, temperature level, erosion and micro-relief. It is simple quantified (Wang et al. 1997: Lal et al. 1999), Post flowering expression for soil productivity but its reliability photoperiod (Han et al. 2006), Salinity (Wang et al. depends on the choice of factor determinants, their 2001), etc. Soil fertility characteristics like pH, weighi ng and the validity of the assumed organic carbon has to be given low (or) minimum multiplicative interaction between the factors. weightage in tropical situation, since these
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LEGUME RESEARCH
TABLE 1: Relevant physical and chemical properties of soils. Horiz on
Depth (cm)
pH
EC (dSm-1)
OC (%)
CEC Free Free c mol CaCo3 CaC (p+ ) O3 (%) -1 (%) kg
Clay (%)
BD (Mg m3 )
AWC (%)
Ca + +
Exchangeable Bases Mg + + Na +
K+
PEDON -1 SARDARPUR (22°40'01" N and 74°59'10"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert Ap 0–17 Bw 17–28 Bss 28–42 BC 42–84 Cr 84–159 PEDON -2 RAJPURA
7.6 0.21 0.24 67.8 48.5 1.56 15.2 7.6 0.19 0.21 65.2 47.9 1.58 15.1 7.7 0.22 0.18 71.3 51.2 1.60 16.2 8.1 0.21 0.06 48.7 12.2 21.0 1.68 9.09 (22°33'59" N and 75°07'43"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert
47.99 45.8 49.3 36.6 -
19.8 21.1 22.1 12.6 -
0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 -
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 -
38.9 38.7 40.6 40.3 40.7
10.9 12.8 12.5 13.6 14.1
2.9 2.6 3.2 2.7 1.9
1.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4
41.5 37.9 35.2 52.5 27.7
9.9 11.0 13.6 16.7 18.3
0.5 0.7 2.0 2.2 2.4
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
26.1 37.6 35.8 35.1 44.2 44.1
9.0 8.6 12.1 14.3 16.5 16.1
1.5 0.5 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.5
0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2
PEDON -5 DATTIGARA (22°49'08" N and 75°13'5 7"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert Ap 0–12 8.0 0.20 0.54 50.4 22.1 52.1 1.69 15.1
50.1
12.8
0.5
0.4
Bw Bss1 Bss2 Bss3
49.5 45.9 46.9 41.5
12.5 16.7 17.3 17.5
0.3 0.7 0.5 2.0
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
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Ap Bw Bss1 Bss2 Bss3
0–18 7.9 18-37 8.0 37–68 8.2 68–119 8.2 119+15 8.2 119+ 50 0 PEDON -3 MAROL (22°35'56"
N and 75°08'18"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert
Ap 0–22 7.8 Bw 22–52 8.1 Bss1 52–90 8.3 Bss2 90–130 8.6 Bss3 130–167 8.6 PEDON -4 KHEDA (23°01'59"
0.22 0.45 0.18 0.33 0.19 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.45 N and 75°15'33"E)
Ap Bw1 Bw2 Bss1 Bss2 Bss3
0.39 0.27 0.21 0.29 0.32 0.26
0–11 11–34 34–54 54-70 70-104 104–135
12–40 40–68 68-96 96–150
7.9 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.3
8.0 8.1 8.1 8.2
0.27 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40
0.19 0.18 0.19 0.20
0.42 0.36 0.36 0.30 0.25
0.36 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.12
0.36 0.24 0.33 0.18
52.1 52.1 60.8 53.9 56.5
18.9 18.4 19.5 19.0 14.6
46.5 48.8 53.1 54.8 52.3
52.7 51.8 54.7 52.2 53.0 54.7 49.5 52.5 31.3 57.2 Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic 46.9 54.7 51.3 48.7 50.4 51.3
52.1 49.5 52.1 48.6
-
21.0 21.0 24.3 24.2
52.6 54.6 54.8 56.0 56.8 56.7
55.5 54.2 54.7 54.7
1.62 1.65 1.68 1.68 1.65
12.7 13.0 13.4 13.5 12.3
1.61 13.4 1.68 10.7 1.73 12.9 1.64 15.4 1.73 16.5 Typic Haplustert 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.62 1.70 1.70
1.72 1.66 1.66 1.68
12.7 14.0 15.0 13.3 14.7 14.0
14.2 15.9 13.0 13.9
PEDON -6 DHAR-I (22°37'40" N and 75°23'51"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert Ap Bw1 Bw2 Bss1 Bss2 Bss3
0–11
8.0
0.21
0.43
53.0
-
52.4
1.61
11.6
51.8
13.5
0.9
0.7
11–23 23–56 56–74 74–96 96–140
8.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3
0.19 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.22
0.32 0.28 0.27 0.14 0.00
54.7 44.3 48.7 42.6 42.6
2.0 -
60.1 55.5 60.2 54.0 51.7
1.67 1.66 1.63 1.67 1.64
15.8 13.3 16.7 14.4 12.9
49.4 37.5 32.7 26.0 22.3
14.7 16.4 26.7 24.5 23.8
0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
PEDON -7 DHAR-II (22°39'32" N and 75°29'24"E) Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Haplustert Ap Bw Bss1 Bss2
0–17 17–43 43–65 65–103
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8
0.28 0.33 0.55 0.65
0.15 0.12 0.09 0.06
35.6 37.3 40.0 37.3
12.1 12.4 12.7 11.8
46.9 47.9 51.0 48.3
1.63 1.71 1.72 1.68
11.4 11.2 12.1 11.3
29.3 26.9 22.6 18.0
13.9 14.9 16.7 17.3
1.4 2.7 5.3 8.8
0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4
BC
103-150
9.0
0.69
0.06
26.0
14.5
25.3
1.65
8.59
14.8
12.2
8.3
0.4
Vol. 36, No. 5, 2013
Riquier’s index, of productivity shows that soils are good owing to some limitations of soil moisture, soluble salts and organic matter (Table 2). The data on Storie index ratings indicates that the values fall between fair (P2, P3, P5 and P6) and poor (P1, P4 and P7) productivity potential and are not suitable for soybean cultivation (Table 3). Although total rainfall during growing cycle of the area is sufficient to meet the crop water requirement but prolonged intermittent dry spell at critical stages of the soybean crop are found to adversely affect crop growth and yield. Peter and Johnson (1960) also reported that 60 cm rainfall during growing season is estimated to enough for the crop. A decline in daily rainfall amount by 10 % restricts the yield gain about 32 % (Lal et al., 1999), which indicates the importance of the abiotic factors is more important in analyzing the suitability and productivity potential of a soil. Humidity plays crucial role in successful farming of soybean and its inclusion in suitability evaluation is suggested in semi-arid tropical area. Actual yield of soybean is obtained by all the inter-related parameters influencing the crop production viz., climatic, edaphic, hydrological, physiological and management factors should be taken into account. Analyzing the effects of some speci f i c factors wi tho ut consi derati on of interactions from other controlling elements can often be misleading. The suitability evaluation indicated that the soil suitability criteria is more influenced by dynamic properties (soil fertility) of the soils which can be managed by application of external inputs and for that lowering of suitable class is not justified. Moreover, in tropical soils, pH, organic carbon which can be managed by agro-management practices. However, presence or absence of zeolite or other modifier may also be considered in soil suitability particularly for swelling clay soil having drainage problem. Therefore, abiotic factors influencing the crop growth during the critical stages have to be given due emphasis to make the indices more reliable for soil suitability assessment for soybean crop.
TABLE 2: Productivity index (rating class with assigned values) and productivity class (Riquier et al. (1970).
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parameters can be altered by better agromanagement practices.
445
446
LEGUME RESEARCH
TABLE 3: Productivity index and productivity class (Storie ,1978). Factor Factor Factor A (Depth) B (texture) C (slope)
Pedon
Drai nage
Factor X Erosion
Nutrient Level
Producti vity Index
Producti vity class
Grade
Pedon 1 Pedon 2 Pedon 3 Pedon 4
70 90 96 85
52 56 57 58
97 97 100 100
100 100 85 85
85 90 100 100
90 90 90 90
27.01 39.59 41.86 37.71
Poor Fair Fair Poor
4 3 3 4
Pedon 5 Pedon 6 Pedon 7
90 87 90
57 57 53
100 95 95
90 100 90
100 90 100
90 95 90
41.55 40.27 36.70
Fair Fair poor
3 3 4
TABLE 4: Landscape and soil characteristics (weighted mean) of soybean (Sys, 1983). Representative pedons
Parameters
P1
P2
P3
P4 P5 Sui tability class
P6
P7
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
(a) Slope
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
2. Wetness (w) (a) Flooding (b) Drainage
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S1
S2
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S1
S1
S3
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S1 S1
S2
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
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Climatic characteristics (a) Precipitation Preci pitation (b) Temperature (c) Relative humidity Land characteristics characteristics Land 1. Topography (t)
Physical soil characteristics soi l characteristics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Texture Coarse fragments (%) Soil depth (cm) CaCO3 (%) Gypsum (%)
Soil fertili ty characteristics 1.
Base saturati on (%)
2. 3. 4.
Sum of basic cations (c mol p(+ ) kg pH Organic Carbon (%)
-1
Salinity and Alkalini ty (n) 1. 2.
ECe (dS/m) ESP(%)
Overall suitability class
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he sen i o r au t ho r ex p r esses hi s gratitude to Head, Division of Soil Resource Studies for his encouragement and facilities provided during the investigation. Thanks to
all the fellow scientist of Soil Resource Studies Division for their support. We also thank the anonymous referees for their critical review, comments and suggesti on to i mprove the quality of the paper.
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