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Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. We post it as supplied by the authors. Supplement to: Ewerling F, Lynch JW, Victora VG, van Eerdewijk A, Tyszler M, Barros AJD. The SWPER index for women’s empowerment in Africa: development and validation of an index based on survey data. Lancet Glob Health 2017; published online July 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30292-9.
The SWPER index for women’s empowerment in Africa:
development and validation of an index based on survey data Ewerling, F et al. The Lancet Global Health, 2017.
Supplementary tables and figures Table S1. Latest DHS surveys from African countries included in the analyses and number of women in the samples. Country 1. Benin 2. Burkina Faso 3. Burundi 4. Cameroon 5. Comoros 6. Congo DR 7. Côte d’Ivoire 8. Egypt 9. Ethiopia 10. Gabon 11. Gambia 12. Ghana 13. Guinea 14. Kenya 15. Lesotho 16. Liberia 17. Madagascar
Table S2. DHS variables included in the empowerment index and reasons for exclusion. Variable Beating justified if wife goes out without telling husband Beating justified if wife neglects the children Beating justified if wife argues with husband Beating justified if wife refuses to have sex with husband Beating justified if wife burns the food Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine Respondent worked in last 12 months Woman’s education Education difference: woman’s minus husband’s years of schooling Age difference: woman’s minus husband’s age Age at first cohabitation Age of respondent at 1st birth Who usually decides on respondent's health care Who usually decides on large household purchases Who usually decides on visits to family or relatives Who usually decides on daily household purchases Whether she can refuse to have sex with the husband Ever used anything or tried to delay or avoid getting pregnant Type of earnings from respondent’s work Can you go to a health centre or hospital alone or with your young children? Decision maker for using contraception Ownership of house or land Ownership of a personal mobile phone
1
Included Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
Reason for exclusion
Not available in all surveys Not available in all surveys Not available in all surveys Asked only to women employed in last year Not available in all surveys Asked only to women using contraception Not available in all surveys Usually a household question; personal information is not available in all surveys.
Table S3. Composition patterns of the SWPER domains. Variable numbers* Country Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Comoros Côte d’Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Kenya Madagascar Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Swaziland Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Congo DR Gabon Liberia S Tomé & Príncipe Egypt Ethiopia Lesotho Malawi Morocco Rwanda Mozambique Tanzania Namibia
1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Attitude to violence 2 3 4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Social independence 5 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
6 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
7 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
9 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
10
11
x x x x
x x
Decision making 12 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
13 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
14 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
11
6 7
x
x
x x x
x x
Key to variable numbers: Beating not justified: (1) if woman goes out without telling husband; (2) if woman neglects the children; (3) if woman argues with husband; (4) if woman refuses to have sex with husband; (5) if woman burns the food; (6) Frequency of reading newspaper; (7) Education; (8) Age at 1st birth; (9) Age at 1st cohabitation; (10) Education difference (woman’s minus husband’s years of schooling); (11) Work; Who usually decides on: (12) respondent’s healthcare; (13) large household purchases; (14) visits to family or relatives.
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Table S4. Tertiles (green=top; yellow=intermediate; red=bottom) and country rankings of the average national scores of the three domains. Top tertile represent the countries with higher average empowerment levels. Tertiles Social Independenc e ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸
Decisio n making ❸ ❸ ❸ ❸ ❷ ❷ ❸ ❸ ❸
Attitud e to violence 6 10 9 8 2 11 15 13 14
Ranking Social Independenc e 1 5 7 9 2 3 4 6 8
Decisio n making 1 7 3 6 12 15 4 9 5
Country
Year
Namibia Lesotho Zimbabwe Ghana Swaziland Egypt Gabon Rwanda Kenya S Tomé & Principe Madagascar Comoros Zambia Malawi Benin Mozambique Liberia Morocco Burundi Togo Congo DR Cameroon Nigeria Tanzania Senegal Uganda Gambia Cote d’Ivoire Burkina Faso Ethiopia Sierra Leone Mali Guinea Niger
How to calculate the SWPER for a specific survey The equation used to estimate individual standardized scores for each of the PCA j components is given by: ̅
⋯ ̅
̅
1
where Sij are the individual standardized scores for individual i and component j; x1j,…, x15j are the individual values for variables x1-x15 included in the PCA analyses; are the standard deviations of the predicted scores of each component j. The weight given to each of the 15 variables in each component j is defined as: 2 Where is the PCA loading for each of the variables in each domain j and deviation of each variable in the combined dataset. By using simple algebra, we can simplify the equation above to: ∑
∑
̅
is the standard
3
Please, follow the next steps to calculate the standardized individual SWPER scores for any African country of your interest1: 1. Recode variables The first step is to recode the variables as it is shown in Table S5, below. 1.1. Imputation of woman’s age at first birth To procced the imputation of age at first birth for nulliparous women, we used single hotdeck imputation. This method randomly selects the value to be imputed for a missing case from a group of individuals that are similar to it in terms of a variable or a group of variables. In this case, women were clustered in groups of age at first cohabitation. This variable was selected because it had the highest correlation with age at first birth, and other variables did not add much predictive power in a regression model. Despite the current preference for multiple imputation, we used a single imputation approach because procedures for principal component analysis with multiple imputation data are not commonly available, and the percentage of missing information was not so high that overall variance would be significantly reduced by use of single imputation. 2. Calculate the individual scores Using the equations below, it is possible to estimate the scores for the three SWPER domains:
0.950
∑ 1.818
5.360
∑ 1.475
0.857
∑ 1.417
1 A Stata do-file with all procedures required for the calculation of the SWPER Index scores is available from the Dropbox link .
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Table S5. Variables used in the development of the survey-based women’s empowerment index. Variable Beating justified if: 1. wife goes out without telling husband 2. wife neglects the children 3. wife argues with husband 4. wife refuses to have sex with husband 5. wife burns the food 6. Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine 7.
