Supplementary appendix

Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. We post it as supplied by the authors. Supplement to: Chao F, You D, Pedersen J, Hug L, Alkema L. National and regional under-5 mortality rate by economic status for low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic assessment. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e535–47.

Web appendix National and regional under-5 mortality rate by economic status for low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic assessment Fengqing Chao∗ Danzhen You† Jon Pedersen‡ Lucia Hug† Leontine Alkema§

Contents 1

Abbreviations

1

2

Data

1

3

Method 3.1 Wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Data model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Model summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Computation of final results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Constructing posterior samples of outcomes that include crisis-related deaths and uncertainty in national-level under-5 mortality rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Constructing uncertainty intervals and point estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3 Imputing results for countries without data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.4 Computing aggregated results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.5 Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Model validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 3 5 5 6

4

Validation results 4.1 Leaving out data based on survey year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Leaving out data randomly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 9 9

5

Supplementary Tables

12

6

Supplementary Figures

53

7 7 8 8 8 9

∗ Institute of Policy Studies, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 259599, Singapore. Email: [email protected] † Division of Data, Research, and Policy, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY, USA ‡ Fafo, Oslo, Norway § Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

i

List of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11

Distribution of observations by source type for each wealth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data availability by region and reference period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notation summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Validation results for left-out observations when leaving out data from 2012 and later survey years. Validation results for estimates when leaving out data from 2012 and later survey years. . . . . . . Validation results for left-out observations when randomly leaving out 20% of all data. . . . . . . Data availability for all the low-income and middle-income countries (excluding China) by region Levels and trend in wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate, by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths, by wealth quintile, for all the low-income and middle-income countries (excluding China) combined, and by region and the 99 countries with empirical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimates and uncertainty intervals for inequality indexs, for the 99 countries with empirical data . Overview of data series by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 2 6 10 10 10 13 14

26 38 41

List of Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sampling error distribution for full birth history and summary birth history data, by wealth quintile 3rd quintile-disparity ratios against national-level under-5 mortality rate – data trend . . . . . . . B-splines used in the regression model for the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratios . . . . . . . . 3rd quintile-disparity ratios against national-level under-5 mortality rate – model results . . . . . . Country ranks for inequality indexes in 2016, for the 99 countries with empirical data . . . . . . . Slope inequality index and concentration index in 2016, for the 99 countries with empirical data . Comparison between aggregated results based on the 137 low-income and middle-income countries, and the aggregated results based on the 99 countries with empirical data. . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregated under-5 mortality rate and percentage of under-5 deaths by wealth quintile, by region. Under-5 mortality rate by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data. . . . . . . . . Ratio of under-5 mortality rate in wealth quintile 1 (poorest) to wealth quintile 5 (richest), for the 99 countries with empirical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All wealth quintile-specific results, for the 99 countries with empirical data. . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii

2 4 4 54 55 56 57 66 74 100 106

1

Abbreviations DHS FBH LMICs LOESS MCMC MICS SBH TSFB U5MR UN IGME VR

2

Demographic and Health Survey Full Birth History Low-income and middle-income countries Local Polynomial Regression Markov chain Monte Carlo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Summary Birth History Time since first birth Under-5 mortality rate United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation Vital Registration

Data

Wealth quintiles Wealth quintiles as constructed in our study refer to five equal-sized birth groups with different levels of economic status (from the poorest to the richest) according to the wealth index assigned to each household. The wealth index is computed based on selected questions asked in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICSs). The questions ask about living conditions and household assets, and assign a score based on different answers. The wealth index is calculated based on the weighted sum of those scores in order to give an indirect or approximate measure for living and wealth standards for each household (1). The division into wealth quintiles in our study uses the product of the sampling weight and the number of births to include equal numbers of births in each wealth quintile. Under-5 mortality rates by wealth quintile are derived from DHSs and MICSs. Under-5 mortality rates in these survey programs are collected in two forms: the Full Birth History (FBH), whereby women are asked for the date of birth of each of their children, whether the child is still alive, and if not the age at death; and the Summary Birth History (SBH), whereby women are asked only about the number of their children ever born and the number that have died (or equivalently the number still alive). In general, the sampling error of the wealth quintile-specific data points from FBH is smaller than the sampling error from SBH, and hence more informative and assigned more weight in the estimation process. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the the sampling errors for the ratio of wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate to the national-level under-5 mortality rate by wealth quintile group. FBH data, collected by all DHSs and increasingly so by MICSs, allow the calculation of child mortality indicators for specific time periods in the past. We calculated wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate in the five-year period before the survey. The reference year of the data from FBH represents the mid-point in a five-year interval. For SBHs, the time since first birth was used as an indicator of exposure time in the model to estimate mortality indicators. For wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rates from SBHs the time period of five to nine years since the first birth of mothers has been used, and is called “time since first birth (TSFB)” method. This method of constructing the under-5 mortality rate has been used by the United Nations Children’s Fund since the 2014 round of estimation to replace the method which uses the age of the woman as an indicator of exposure time and exposure time period of the children to estimate mortality indicators. The main advantages of the new method (TSFB) over the previous method (using age of women) has been discussed in the Appendix of (2). For wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rates, data are available for 99 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) with DHS and/or MICS surveys. Table 7 shows the data availability for all the LMICs (excluding China) by region and the World Bank income grouping. As of August 2017, the database contains 319 data series from DHS and MICS for LMICs. For each survey, we used one observation disaggregated by wealth quintile. In total, there are 1595 observations from LMICs, and the range of observed reference years (the mid-point of a five-year interval for FBH data) is 1987–2012. There are 41 surveys from 38 countries with reference year from 2010 onward. The percentage of the total number of under-5 deaths that were covered by the 38 counties with data since 2010 increased steadily from 32% in 1990 to 41% in 2016. Table 1 summarizes the observations by source type for each wealth quintile group. Table 2 illustrates the percentage of countries with data for different reference periods among the 137 LMICs. Table 11 provides a full list of data series for the 99 countries.

1

Data source type DHS Direct MICS Direct MICS Indirect total

Number of data series 224 29 66 319

Table 1: Distribution of observations by source type for each wealth quintile. Observations are grouped by source type. “Direct” refers to observations obtained from full birth histories. “Indirect” refers to observations obtained from summary information and demographic methods. DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys; MICS: Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.

137 low-income and middleincome countries South Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia Eastern and Southern Africa West and Central Africa Latin America and Caribbean East Asia and Pacific (excluding China) Middle East and North Africa

1990–1994 19.0

1995–1999 40.9

2000–2004 48.2

2005–2009 41.6

2010–2016 27.7

25.0 14.3 25.0 25.0 26.9 4.5

37.5 33.3 62.5 75.0 30.8 18.2

50.0 57.1 58.3 79.2 26.9 27.3

62.5 19.0 62.5 66.7 23.1 27.3

37.5 9.5 45.8 45.8 23.1 13.6

8.3

8.3

33.3

41.7

16.7

Table 2: Data availability by region and reference period (in %). Percentages of countries with data among the 137 LMICs or within each region by reference period. Note: the reference year for FBH data refers to the mid-point of a five-year interval.

Distribution of Sampling Error 1st quintile

2nd quintile

3rd quintile

6

5

6 5 4

5

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Density

4

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Sampling Error for the log−Ratio of quintile to national−level U5MR


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Summary Birth History data Full Birth History data

1


Figure 1: Sampling error distribution for full birth history and summary birth history data, by wealth quintile.

2

3

Method

Throughout the appendix, we use w as an index to denote the wealth quintile group w = 1, . . . , 5. In the appendix, Q refers to the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR).

3.1

Wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate model

Our goal is to estimate the wealth quintile-specific U5MR Qw,c,t for wealth quintile w, country c and year t. The wealth quintile-specific U5MRs are assumed to relate to the national-level U5MR as follows: Q(total)c,t

= D(total)c,t /B(total)c,t ,

Qw,c,t D(total)c,t B(total)c,t

= Dw,c,t /(B(total)c,t /5), P5 w=1 Dw,c,t = , (B(total)c,t /5) · 5

Q(total)c,t

=

5 X

Qw,c,t /5.

w=1

Q(total)c,t is the national-level U5MR, D(total)c,t is the total number of under-5 deaths, B(total)c,t is the total number of livebirths, and Dw,c,t is the number of under-5 deaths from the w-th wealth quintile group. All notations are referring to country c in year t. In order to incorporate the constraint that the wealth quintile-specific U5MRs sum up to five times the nationallevel U5MR, we estimated the 3rd quintile-disparity ratios Sw,c,t = Qw,c,t /Q3,c,t for w = 1, 2, 4, 5. After estimating those ratios, the wealth quintile-specific U5MRs are recovered as functions of Sw,c,t ’s: 5 · Q(total)c,t /(S1,c,t + S2,c,t + S4,c,t + S5,c,t + 1),

Q3,c,t

=

Qw,c,t

= Sw,c,t · Q3,c,t , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5.

We used the 3rd wealth quintile group (i.e. w = 3) as the reference group in the ratios because it is the group where we expected the proportion of deaths to be closest to 20%. National-level U5MR (excluding crisis-related deaths, i.e. crisis-free deaths) was used to predict the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratios based on an expected (and empirically observed) relation between the ratios and national-level U5MR, using a flexible (penalized Bsplines) regression model. Figure 2 shows the relationship between Sw,c,t and the crisis-free national-level U5MR Q(total)c,t for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 in the four plots respectively. The national-level U5MR inputs Q(total)c,t used are the point estimates (excluding crisis-related under-5 deaths, and including HIV-related under-5 deaths) from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) 2017 results (3). The LOESS (Local Polynomial Regression) curve in the 1st and 2nd plots increase as the national-level U5MR decreases, implying that as the national-level U5MR is decreasing, survival among children in the 3rd wealth quintile is improving more quickly as compared to survival among the poorest two groups. Similarly, the decreasing trend of the LOESS curve in the 4th plot indicate that as the national-level U5MR is declining over time, the decrease of the U5MR in the 4th richest wealth quintile is faster than that in the 3rd wealth quintile. For the richest wealth quintile, the LOESS curve suggests a survival advantage for children in the richest wealth quintile at any value of national-level U5MR, and the relative difference between the U5MR in the 5th and 3rd wealth quintile increases as the U5MR decreases until a national-level U5MR of about 50 deaths per 1000 livebirths, followed by a decrease of the relative difference. The relation between national-level U5MR Q(total)c,t and Sw,c,t is incorporated into the model for Sw,c,t : Sw,c,t

= Uw,c,t · Pw,c,t , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5,

where Uw,c,t is the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratio (as illustrated by the green LOESS curves in Figure 2) and Pw,c,t is a quintile-country-year-specific multiplier. The specification of Uw,c,t is explained in more detail below. We used an AR(1) process to model the Pw,c,t ’s on the log-scale: log(Pw,c,t ) ∼ N (0, (1 − ρ2w )/σ2 ), for t = 1990, log(Pw,c,t ) ∼ N (ρw · log(Pw,c,t−1 ), σ2 ), for t = 1991, . . . , 2016. ρw is wealth quintile-specific autoregressive parameter constrained to be between 0 and 1, allowing for a wealth quintile-specific rate of convergence back to zero on the log-scale. σ2 is distortion variance. ρw for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 and σ are assigned with vague priors.

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●

●

Figure 2: 3rd quintile-disparity ratios against national-level U5MR – data trend. The grey dots are observed 3rd quintile-disparity ratios Sw,c,t (i.e. = Qw,c,t /Q3,c,t ) for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively for the four plots. The green curves are LOESS curves between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the national-level U5MR. Specification of the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratio Uw,c,t We used flexible penalized B-spline regression models (4; 5) to estimate the relation between national-level U5MR and the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratios (based on data from the 95 LMICs), denoted by function fw (·), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5. The function fw (q) for some national-level U5MR value q was specified as follows: fw (q)

=

K X

Bk (q)αw,k , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5,

k=1

where Bk (q) refers to the k-th B-spline evaluated at q and αw,k to the k-th spline coefficient for group w. We set: e log(Uw,c,t ) = fw (Q(total) c,t ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, e where Q(total) c,t is the Q(total)c,t rounded to three decimal places (to reduce the number of splines evaluations). The B-splines used in the regression models are illustrated in Figure 3. We used symmetric third-order polynomials, equally spaced on the log-transformed national-level U5MR scale (knots are set to be 0.3 apart). The resulting splines add up to unity at any level of national-level U5MR. To avoid extreme extrapolations, splines are combined for national-level U5MR less than 20 deaths per 1000 livebirths, and for national-level U5MR greater than the 95-th percentile of Q(total)c,t . 1.0

B−splines

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 5

10

20

50

150

300

National−level U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths; log−scale)

Figure 3: B-splines used in the regression model for the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratios. B-splines plotted against the log-transformed national-level U5MR. The grey vertical lines indicate knots. When fitting the splines model to observations, the first-order differences in adjacent splines coefficients were penalized to guarantee smoothness of the global relation between national-level mortality and expected ratios. The remainder of this subsection discusses the implementation details. The splines regression model is specified as follows: e w, ˜ = Bα fw (q) q˜ = (q1 , . . . , qj , . . . , qJ )0 . 4

˜ q˜ represents the vector of unique values Q(total) c,t (rounded to three digits). Here, J = 334 since there are 334 e ˜ ˜ the matrix of splines evaluated at each entry of q, ˜ and αw the vector of unique values for Q(total)c,t . B = B(q) splines coefficients with length equal to number of knots K. The splines equation can be written as follows (5; 6; 7): e w Bα Z Di,j

= βw + Z × δw , e 0 (DD 0 )−1 , = BD  if i = j, −1 1 if i = j − 1, =  0 o.w.

(1)

where the difference matrix D has dimension H × K, with H = K − 1. The first part in Eq.(1), βw describes the average constant level in the expected relative difference, and the second part Z × δw describes the fluctuations around the linear trend. The dimension of matrix Z is J × H. δw = (δw,1 , . . . , δw,H )0 . The first-order differences are penalized by imposing: δw,h

∼ N (0, σδ2w ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, and h = 1, . . . , H,

where variance σδ2w determines the extent of smoothing. Vague prior distributions are used for the splines model parameters.

3.2

Data model

Instead of using the observed wealth quintile-specific U5MR in the data model, we used the observed ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR to the national-level U5MR. By using the ratio, the survey-level bias on nationallevel is cancelled out (8). The survey-level biases on national-level are the differences between national-level U5MR as measured in the survey and the UN IGME estimate of the U5MR for the corresponding country-year. Let rw,i = qw,i /q(total)i , the i-th observed ratio of the w-th wealth quintile-specific U5MR to the national-level U5MR, which is from country c[i], in year t[i]. The data model is: 2 log(rw,i ) ∼ N (log(Rw,c[i],t[i] ), γw,i ), 2 where Rw,c,t = Qw,c,t /Q(total)c,t . γw,i is the sampling variance for the i-th observation. This variance term is computed from the micro data (following the methods described in (9)) and used as an input to the model.

3.3

Model summary

Notations

Table 3 summarizes the notation and indexes used in Section 3.1 and Section 3.2.

Symbol

Description

t

Indicator for year, t = 1990, . . . , 2016.

c

Indicator for country, c = 1, . . . , 99.

w

Indicator for wealth quintile groups, w = 1, . . . , 5. w = 1 refers to the 1st (i.e. the poorest) wealth quintile group, and w = 5 refers to the 5th (i.e. the richest) wealth quintile group.

i

Indicator for the i-th observation within a certain wealth quintile group.

rw,i

The i-th observed ratio of the w-th wealth quintile-specific U5MR to the national-level U5MR.

γw,i

The i-th sampling error for rw,i .

qw,i

The i-th observed wealth quintile-specific U5MR from the w-th wealth quintile group.

q(total)i

The i-th national-level U5MR from DHS and MICS surveys.

Q(total)c,t

The crisis-free national-level U5MR for country c year t, is the point estimates (excluding crisis-related deaths) from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) 2017 results (3).

e Q(total) c,t

The Q(total)c,t rounded to three decimal places.

Qw,c,t

The crisis-free wealth quintile-specific U5MR (excluding crisis-related deaths) for wealth quintile w, with w = 1, . . . , 5, country c in year t. Continued on next page 5

Table 3 – continued from previous page Symbol

Description

Sw,c,t

The true 3rd quintile-disparity ratio (i.e. = Qw,c,t /Q3,c,t ) of the U5MR from the w-th wealth quintile to the 3rd wealth quintile for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively, for country c in year t.

Uw,c,t

The expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratio of the U5MR from the w-th wealth quintile to the 3rd wealth quintile for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively, for country c in year t.

Pw,c,t

The relative difference between Sw,c,t and Uw,c,t for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, for country c in year t.

Rw,c,t

The ratio of the w-th crisis-free wealth quintile-specific U5MR to the crisis-free nationallevel U5MR for country c in year t, i.e. = Qw,c,t /Q(total)c,t .

ρw

Autoregressive parameter for AR(1) time series model for log(Pw,c,t ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5.

σ2

Variance of distortion terms in AR(1) time series model for log(Pw,c,t ). Table 3: Notation summary.

Wealth quintile-specific U5MR model 2 log(rw,i ) ∼ N (log(Rw,c[i],t[i] ), γw,i ), for w = 1, . . . , 5,

Rw,c,t

= Qw,c,t /Q(total)c,t , for w = 1, . . . , 5,

Qw,c,t

= Sw,c,t · Q3,c,t , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5,

Q3,c,t

=

5 · Q(total)c,t /(S1,c,t + S2,c,t + S4,c,t + S5,c,t + 1),

= Uw,c,t · Pw,c,t , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, e log(Uw,c,t ) = fw (Q(total) c,t ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, ˜ = βw + Z × δw , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, fw (q) Sw,c,t

δ(w,h)

∼ N (0, σδ2w ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, and h = 1, . . . , H,

log(Pw,c,t ) ∼ N (0, (1 − ρ2w )/σ2 ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, for t = 1990, log(Pw,c,t ) ∼ N (ρw · log(Pw,c,t−1 ), σ2 ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, for t = 1991, . . . , 2016. Prior distributions Vague priors are assigned to hyper-parameters: βw

∼ U (−5, 5), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5,

ρw

∼ U (0, 1), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5,

σδw σ

∼ U (0, 0.5), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, ∼ U (0, 0.5).

Computing We obtained posterior samples of all the model parameters and hyper parameters using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, implemented in the open source softwares R 3.2.2 (10) and JAGS 4.0.1 (Just another Gibbs Sampler) (11), using R-packages coda (12), rjags (13), and R2jags (14). Results were obtained from 12 chains with a total number of 742,000 iterations in each chain, while the first 512,000 iterations were discarded as burn-in, and thinning for every 50 iterations, the final posterior sample size for each parameter is 5,520. Convergence of the MCMC algorithm and the sufficiency of the number of samples obtained were checked through visual inspection of trace plots and convergence diagnostics of Gelman and Rubin (15). All the other R-packages used in this project are: classInt (16), doMC (17), foreign (18), foreach (19), ggplot2 (20), MCMCpack (21), RColorBrewer (22), scales (23), soiltexture (24), truncnorm (25), and xtable (26).

3.4

Computation of final results

Throughout the project, we presented our results in the format of “point estimate [lower bound; upper bound]”. L U P.E. L U E.g. the wealth quintile-specific U5MR and under-5 deaths are presented as QP.E. w,c,t [Qw,c,t ; Qw,c,t ] and Dw,c,t [Dw,c,t ; Dw,c,t ] respectively. The rest of this section will explain how we derived each of the components in the result.

6

3.4.1

Constructing posterior samples of outcomes that include crisis-related deaths and uncertainty in national-level under-5 mortality rate

To include crisis-related deaths in the crisis-free quintile-specific estimates obtained from the model, we followed the procedures used by the UN IGME for adjusting national-level U5MR (2; 3), based on the assumption that the crisis events have the same effect across wealth quintiles. In total, 18 different crises from nine countries were accounted for in the estimation of wealth quintile-specific U5MR. The g-th posterior sample for wealth (g) quintile-specific U5MR including crisis-related deaths, denoted as Q(f ull)w,c,t , is defined as follows: ( (g) Q(crisis-free)w,c,t + Q(crisis)c,t , if affected by crisis (g) Q(f ull)w,c,t = (g) Q(crisis-free)w,c,t o.w. where (g)

Q(crisis-free)w,c,t

(g)

(g)

Rw,c,t · Q(total)c,t .

=

(g)

Q(crisis-free)w,c,t is the g-th posterior sample of crisis-free quintile-specific U5MR that includes uncertainty in (g)

national-level U5MR. Rw,c,t is the g-th posterior sample of the ratio of the crisis-free wealth quintile-specific (g)

U5MR to the crisis-free national-level U5MR obtained from the model. Q(total)c,t is the g-th trajectory of crisis-free national-level U5MR obtained from the UN IGME 2017 results (3), and is not part of this modelling process. Q(crisis)c,t is the country-year-specific national-level U5MR due to crisis. No uncertainty of crisis-related U5MR is included in the final adjusted wealth quintile-specific U5MR results. Posterior samples for the ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR (with crisis-related deaths) to the nationallevel U5MR (with crisis-related deaths), inclusive of uncertainty in the national-level under-5 death (including crisis-related deaths), were given by: (g)

(g)

R(f ull)w,c,t

Q(f ull)w,c,t

=

(g)

,

Q(f ull)c,t

(g)

where Q(f ull)c,t is the g-th trajectory of national-level U5MR (including crisis-related deaths). It is from the UN IGME 2017 results (3) and is not part of this modelling process. (g) Posterior samples for the number of under-5 deaths per wealth quintile (with crisis-related deaths) D(f ull)w,c,t , inclusive of uncertainty in the national-level under-5 death (including crisis-related deaths), were obtained as follows: (g)

(g) D(f ull)w,c,t

=

(g) R(f ull)w,c,t

D(f ull)c,t · , for w = 1, . . . , 5, 5

(g)

where D(f ull)c,t is the g-th trajectory of number of national-level under-5 deaths (with crisis-related deaths). It is from the UN IGME 2017 results (3) and is not part of this modelling process. 3.4.2

Constructing uncertainty intervals and point estimates

The 90% uncertainty intervals for R(f ull)w,c,t , Q(f ull)w,c,t , and D(f ull)w,c,t , denoted as [∗L ; ∗U ], are the 5th and 95th percentiles of the corresponding posterior samples: n o ∗L = percentile5% ∗(1) , . . . , ∗(G) , n o ∗U = percentile95% ∗(1) , . . . , ∗(G) . where ∗ can be substituted with R(f ull)w,c,t , Q(f ull)w,c,t , and D(f ull)w,c,t . We constructed the point estimates of R(f ull)w,c,t (denoted as R(f ull)P.E. w,c,t ) by re-scaling the medians of M P.E. R(f ull)w,c,t (denoted as R(f ull)w,c,t ), such that R(f ull)w,c,t across wealth quintiles sum up to 5 for ∀c, ∀t: n o (1) (G) R(f ull)M = median R(f ull)w,c,t , . . . , R(f ull)w,c,t , for w = 1, . . . , 5, w,c,t (g)

where R(f ull)w,c,t is the g-th posterior sample of R(f ull)w,c,t as explained in above Section 3.4.1. Then we P.E. re-scaled each R(f ull)M w,c,t to R(f ull)w,c,t for w = 1, . . . , 5: R(f ull)P.E. w,c,t

=

R(f ull)M w,c,t , for ∀c, ∀t. 5 · P5 M R(f ull) w,c,t w=1 7

P.E. The point estimates R(f ull)P.E. w,c,t are combined with the point estimates of national-level U5MR Q(f ull)c,t P.E. and number of national-level under-5 deaths D(f ull)c,t (both include crisis-related deaths and were obtained from the UN IGME 2017 results (3), not part of the modelling process) to derive the point estimates of quintileP.E. specific U5MR Q(f ull)P.E. w,c,t and point estimates of under-5 deaths D(f ull)w,c,t :

3.4.3

Q(f ull)P.E. w,c,t

P.E. = R(f ull)P.E. w,c,t · Q(f ull)c,t ,

D(f ull)P.E. w,c,t

= R(f ull)P.E. w,c,t ·

D(f ull)P.E. c,t . 5

Imputing results for countries without data

38 out of the 137 LMICs do not have wealth quintile-specific data. For these countries, the results were imputed as follows. Firstly, we imputed log(Pw,c,t ) for any country without data based on the posterior samples of parameters (g) (g) related to the multiplier. Let Pw,c,t be the g-th imputed sample for country c without data in time t, and σ , ρ(g) be the g-th posterior sample from the model: ! (g) (σ )2 (g) , for t = 1990, log(Pw,c,t ) ∼ N 0, 1 − (ρ(g) )2 (g)

log(Pw,c,t )

(g)

(g)

=

ρ(g) w · log(Pw,c,t−1 ) + c,t , for w = 1, 2, 4, 5, for t = 1991, . . . , 2016,

∼

N (0, (σ(g) )2 ), for t = 1991, . . . , 2016.

where (g)

c,t

Secondly, for a given country-year, the crisis-free national-level U5MR (rounded to three digits) was used to identify the posterior samples of log(Uw,c,t ) (1,...,G)

log(Uw,c,t

(g)

)

=

e fw (Q(total) c,t ), for w = 1, 2, 4, 5. (g)

(g)

Hence, we computed the imputed Sw,c,t = Pw,c,t · Uw,c,t . We then followed the same steps as described in Section 3.4.1 and Section 3.4.2 to calculate the uncertainty intervals and point estimates of wealth quintile-specific U5MR and under-5 deaths. 3.4.4

Computing aggregated results

The 137 countries were LMICs based on the World Bank country income classification∗ in 2016. We did not include China. The 137 LMICs are listed in Table 7 by region and data availability. The wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths from region r for the w-th wealth quintile group for year t, denoted by DRw,r,t , was computed as: X DRw,r,t = D(f ull)w,c,t , for w = 1, . . . , 5. c∈{region[c]=r}

The wealth quintile-specific U5MR from region r for the w-th wealth quintile group for year t, denoted by QRw,r,t , was computed as: QRw,r,t

=

QR(f ull)r,t ·

=

X

DRw,r,t · 5 , for w = 1, . . . , 5, DR(f ull)r,t

where DR(f ull)r,t

D(f ull)c,t .

c∈{region[c]=r}

QR(f ull)r,t is the aggregated U5MR from region r in year t from the UN IGME 2017 results (3). 3.4.5

Rounding

We kept three significant figures for all reported estimates and uncertainty intervals, including those for the number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths. ∗ The World Bank country classification based on income can be downloaded at: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

8

3.5

Model validation

Model performance was assessed through out-of-sample validation. In the first exercise, we left out all observations that were obtained after a certain survey year leaving out around 20% observations (27). Based on the current database, all data that were collected in the year 2012 and onward were left out. We fitted the model to the training data set, and obtained point estimates and uncertainty intervals that would have been constructed based on the available data set in the year 2011. We also assessed the model performance using the traditional approach of leaving out data at random, i.e. leaving out 20% of the data randomly, and repeated this exercise 30 times. We calculated median errors and median absolute errors for the left-out observations, where errors are defined as ea,i = rw,i − rbw,i , with rbw,i the posterior median of thePpredictive distribution based on training data set for the left-out observation rw,i . Coverage is given by 1/n · 1[rw,i ≥ lw,i ] · 1[rw,i ≤ uw,i ], where n refers to the number of left-out observations, and lw,i and uw,i correspond to the lower and upper bounds of the respective prediction interval for the left-out observation rw,i . The validation measures were calculated for 100,000 sets of left-out observations, where each set consisted of only one randomly selected left-out observation from each country. The reported validation results were based on the mean of the outcomes from the 100,000 sets of left-out observations for the validation exercise based on leaving out recent data, and the mean of the 100,000 times 30 training-set specific outcomes for the exercise with randomly left-out data. For the validation based on leaving out recent data only, point estimates based on the full data set were compared to point estimates and uncertainty intervals obtained from the training data set. For this calculation, errors are (train) defined as ew,c,t = Rw,c,t − Rw,c,t , where Rw,c,t is the posterior median for country c in year t for the w-th (train)

wealth quintile based on the full data set, and Rw,c,t is the posterior median for the same country-year and wealth quintile based on the training data set. Coverage was computed in a similar manner as for the left-out (train) observations, based on the lower and upper bounds of the 95% uncertainty interval of Rw,c,t from the training data set.

4 4.1

Validation results Leaving out data based on survey year

We left out all observations collected since the year 2012: 310 observations were left out, corresponding to 19.4% of all observations. Table 4 summarizes the results related to the left-out observations for the validation exercise based on 90% and 80% prediction intervals (PIs). Median errors were very close to zero for left-out observations in all the wealth quintile groups. Coverage of 90% PIs were higher than expected: 98.2%, 98.2%, 98.2%, 94.6%, 94.6% for the 5 wealth quintiles respectively. Coverage of 80% PIs were higher than expected at 94.6%, 96.4%, 95.5%, 83.9%, and 87.5%. Hence, PIs are conservative, meaning that they contain the truth more often than expected, with only one exception: observations of q1 /q5 fall below their respective uncertainty interval slightly more often than expected (7.1% of the left out observations fall below their respective 90% PI, as compared to the expected 5%, and 14.3% fall below their respective 80% PI, as compared to the expected 10%). This implies that the lower bound of the uncertainty intervals based on model-based extrapolations after the most recent data point may be too high for the ratio q1 /q5 . Table 5 shows the results for the comparison between estimates obtained from the full data set, and estimates based on the training set. Median errors were close to zero. The proportion of updated estimates that fell outside the uncertainty intervals constructed based on the training set was well below 5%, as desired. Given that the median errors are close to zero in both Table 4 and Table 5, the point forecasts for quintile-specific U5MR and the ratio q1 /q5 are unbiased.

4.2

Leaving out data randomly

Table 6 shows the results of the validation exercises whereby data were left out at random. Median errors are close to zero for all the wealth quintile groups. The proportions of left-out data falling outside the 90% and 80% PIs are lower than expected for all the wealth quintile groups. This means that the PIs of the model are more conservative than expected. No systematic biases are observed for PIs.

9

Median of Error Median of absolute Error Left-out observations fall below 90% PI (%) Left-out observations fall above 90% PI (%) Expected proportions (%) Left-out observations fall below 80% PI (%) Left-out observations fall above 80% PI (%) Expected proportions (%)

r1 -0.01 0.13 1.8 0.0 5 5.4 0.0 10

r2 -0.03 0.09 1.8 0.0 5 1.8 1.8 10

r3 -0.01 0.09 1.8 0.0 5 3.6 0.9 10

r4 0.00 0.11 0.0 5.4 5 5.4 10.7 10

r5 0.01 0.10 1.8 3.6 5 7.1 5.4 10

q1 /q5 -0.00 0.44 7.1 3.6 5 14.3 7.1 10

Table 4: Validation results for left-out observations when leaving out data from 2012 and later survey years. Errors are defined as the difference between a left-out observation and the posterior median of its predictive distribution obtained from the training set.

10

Year Median of Error Median of absolute Error Below 90% CI of validation run (%) Above 90% CI of validation run (%) Expected proportions (%)

2005 0.00 0.02 0.0

R1 2010 0.00 0.03 1.0

2013 0.00 0.03 1.0

2005 -0.00 0.01 0.0

R2 2010 0.00 0.01 0.0

2013 0.00 0.01 0.0

2005 -0.00 0.00 0.0

R3 2010 -0.01 0.01 0.0

2013 -0.01 0.01 0.0

2005 0.00 0.01 0.0

R4 2010 0.00 0.02 0.0

2013 0.00 0.02 0.0

2005 -0.00 0.01 1.0

R5 2010 -0.00 0.01 1.0

2013 -0.00 0.01 1.0

2005 0.00 0.05 0.0

Q1/Q5 2010 2013 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.0 0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

≤5

Table 5: Validation results for estimates when leaving out data from 2012 and later survey years. Errors are defined as the differences between estimates based on the full dataset and the training set. The proportions refer to the proportions (%) of countries in which the median ratio estimates based on the full data set fall below or above their corresponding 90% uncertainty intervals based on the training dataset. The results are broken down by wealth quintile groups and year.

Median of Error Median of absolute Error Left-out observations fall below 90% PI (%) Left-out observations fall above 90% PI (%) Expected proportions (%) Left-out observations fall below 80% PI (%) Left-out observations fall above 80% PI (%) Expected proportions (%)

r1 0.00 0.11 3.3 1.7 5 5.9 4.0 10

r2 -0.01 0.09 1.3 1.0 5 5.1 3.7 10

r3 -0.01 0.08 1.4 2.5 5 3.8 5.5 10

r4 0.00 0.09 2.6 1.9 5 8.2 4.8 10

r5 -0.01 0.10 2.3 3.4 5 6.5 5.6 10

q1 /q5 0.05 0.34 4.0 4.0 5 10.1 8.2 10

Table 6: Validation results for left-out observations when randomly leaving out 20% of all data. Errors are defined as the difference between a left-out observation and the posterior median of its predictive distribution. 10

References [1] Shea Oscar Rutstein KJ. DHS Comparative Reports No 6: The DHS Wealth Index. ORC Macro; 2004. [2] You D, Hug L, Ejdemyr S, Idele P, Hogan D, Mathers C, et al. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. The Lancet. 2015;386(10010):2275–2286. [3] UNICEF. UN Inter-agency group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2017; 2017. Available from: http://www.childmortality.org/files_v21/download/IGME% 20report%202017%20child%20mortality%20final.pdf. [4] Eilers PHC, Marx BD. Flexible Smoothing with B-splines and Penalties. Statistical Science. 1996;11(2):89–121. [5] Eilers PHC, Marx BD. Splines, knots, and penalties. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 2010 Nov;2(6):637–653. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wics.125. [6] Currie ID, Durban M. Flexible smoothing with P-splines: a unified approach. Statistical Modelling. 2002 Dec;2(4):333– 349. Available from: http://smj.sagepub.com/content/2/4/333. [7] Eilers PHC. Discussion of: Verbyla, A. P., B. R. Cullis, M. G. Kenward, and S. J. Welham. ”The Analysis of Designed Experiments and Longitudinal Data Using Smoothing Splines.”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 1999;Series C(48):300–311. [8] Alkema L, New JR, et al. Global estimation of child mortality using a Bayesian B-spline bias-reduction model. The Annals of Applied Statistics. 2014;8(4):2122–2149. [9] Pedersen J, Liu J. Child mortality estimation: appropriate time periods for child mortality estimates from full birth histories. PLoS medicine. 2012;9(8):e1001289. [10] R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria; 2015. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/. [11] Plummer M. JAGS: A Program for Analysis of Bayesian Graphical Models Using Gibbs Sampling. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing (DSC 2003), March 20-22, Vienna, Austria. ISSN 1609-395X. http://mcmc-jags.sourceforge.net/; 2003. . [12] Plummer M, Best N, Cowles K, Vines K. CODA: Convergence Diagnosis and Output Analysis for MCMC. R News. 2006;6(1):7–11. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/doc/Rnews/. [13] Plummer M. rjags: Bayesian graphical models using MCMC; 2011. R package version 3-5. Available from: http: //CRAN.R-project.org/package=rjags. [14] Su YS, Yajima M. R2jags: A Package for Running jags from R; 2011. R package version 0.02-17. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=R2jags. [15] Gelman A, Rubin D. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Statistical Science. 1992;7:457–511. [16] Bivand R. classInt: Choose Univariate Class Intervals; 2015. R package version 0.1-23. Available from: https:// CRAN.R-project.org/package=classInt. [17] Analytics R, Weston S. doMC: Foreach Parallel Adaptor for ’parallel’; 2015. R package version 1.3.4. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=doMC. [18] R Core Team. foreign: Read Data Stored by Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat, Weka, dBase, ...; 2016. R package version 0.8-67. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=foreign. [19] Analytics R, Weston S. foreach: Provides Foreach Looping Construct for R; 2015. R package version 1.4.3. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=foreach. [20] Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York; 2009. Available from: http: //ggplot2.org. [21] Martin AD, Quinn KM, Park JH. MCMCpack: Markov Chain Monte Carlo in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 2011;42(9):22. Available from: http://www.jstatsoft.org/v42/i09/. [22] Neuwirth E. RColorBrewer: ColorBrewer Palettes; 2014. R package version 1.1-2. Available from: https://CRAN. R-project.org/package=RColorBrewer. [23] Wickham H. scales: Scale Functions for Visualization; 2016. R package version 0.4.0. Available from: https:// CRAN.R-project.org/package=scales. [24] Moeys J. soiltexture: Functions for Soil Texture Plot, Classification and Transformation; 2016. R package version 1.4.1. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=soiltexture. [25] Trautmann H, Steuer D, Mersmann O, Bornkamp B. truncnorm: Truncated normal distribution; 2014. R package version 1.0-7. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=truncnorm. [26] Dahl DB. xtable: Export Tables to LaTeX or HTML; 2016. R package version 1.8-2. Available from: http://CRAN. R-project.org/package=xtable. [27] Alkema L, Wong MB, Seah PR. Monitoring progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4: a call for improved validation of under-5 mortality rate estimates. Statistics, Politics and Policy. 2012 Jun;3(2). Available from: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/spp.2012.3.issue-2/2151-7509.1043/ 2151-7509.1043.xml.

11

5 Supplementary Tables • Table 7: Data availability for all the LMICs (excluding China) by region; • Table 8: Levels of and trends in wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate, by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data; • Table 9: Number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths, by wealth quintile, for all the LMICs (excluding China) combined, by region and the 99 countries with empirical data; • Table 10: Estimates and uncertainty intervals for inequality indexs, for the 99 countries with empirical data; • Table 11: Overview of data series by country.

12

Table 7: Data availability for all the low-income and middle-income countries (excluding China) by region. The 137 low-income and middle-income countries are used to generate aggregated results. For counties with data, model estimates are used. For counties without data, we imputed results. Countries are categorized by region. The red numbers in brackets represent the numbers of countries in each group. Region South Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Eastern and Southern Africa

West and Africa

Central

Latin America and Caribbean

East Asia and Pacific (excluding China)

Middle East North Africa

and

[99] Country with data (use model estimates) [30] Low income [69] Middle income [2] Afghanistan; Nepal [5] Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Pakistan [0] [15] Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Republic of Moldova; The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Serbia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan [13] Burundi; Comoros; Eritrea; [8] Angola; Kenya; Lesotho; Ethiopia; Madagascar; Mozam- Namibia; Sudan; Swaziland; South bique; Malawi; Rwanda; Somalia; Africa; Zambia South Sudan; United Republic of Tanzania; Uganda; Zimbabwe [14] Benin; Burkina Faso; Cen- [9] Cote d’Ivoire; Cameroon; tral African Republic; Democratic Congo; Gabon; Ghana; Equatorial Republic of the Congo; Guinea; Guinea; Mauritania; Nigeria; Sao Gambia; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Tome and Principe Mali; Niger; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Chad; Togo [1] Haiti [13] Belize; Bolivia (Plurinational State of); Brazil; Colombia; Dominican Republic; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Peru; Paraguay; El Salvador; Suriname [0] [10] Indonesia; Cambodia; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Mongolia; Philippines; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam; Vanuatu [0] [9] Algeria; Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Morocco; State of Palestine; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; Yemen

13

[38] Country without data (use model-based estimates) [1] Low income [37] Middle income [0] [1] Sri Lanka [0]

[6] Bulgaria; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Montenegro; Romania; Russian Federation

[0]

[3] Botswana; Djibouti; Mauritius

[0]

[1] Cabo Verde

[0]

[12] Argentina; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica; Ecuador; Grenada; Jamaica; Saint Lucia; Mexico; Panama; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) [11] Fiji; Micronesia (Federated States of); Kiribati; Marshall Islands; Malaysia; Nauru; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Tuvalu; Samoa [3] Iran (Islamic Republic of); Lebanon; Libya

[1] Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

[0]

Table 8: Levels and trend in wealth quintile-specific under-5 mortality rate, by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data. Estimates and 90% uncertainty intervals for (i) wealth quintile-specific U5MR in 1990, 2000, and 2016, (ii) the absolute and percentage declines in the wealth quintile-specific U5MR from 1990 to 2016; (ii) ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR to the national-level U5MR per 1,000 in 1990, 2000, and 2016, and the change in the ratio from 1990 to 2016, by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data. Numbers in brackets are 90% uncertainty intervals. Countries are ordered alphabetically.

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Angola

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bangladesh

Belarus

Wealth Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

1990 201.9 (171.2 – 237.2) 200.7 (176.1 – 228.2) 188.6 (168.8 – 210.1) 178.0 (152.9 – 205.7) 117.3 (96.5 – 142.0) 49.5 (39.5 – 60.1) 47.5 (39.9 – 55.5) 40.8 (34.9 – 46.9) 34.5 (28.5 – 41.2) 27.8 (20.5 – 36.9) 63.7 (53.7 – 74.5) 56.2 (49.0 – 63.6) 48.9 (43.6 – 53.9) 41.6 (35.4 – 48.0) 34.6 (26.9 – 44.0) 232.3 (195.8 – 275.0) 248.7 (215.0 – 287.1) 234.0 (204.8 – 266.2) 221.0 (188.8 – 257.4) 171.0 (140.4 – 207.7) 65.5 (53.9 – 77.8) 58.1 (49.8 – 67.1) 50.2 (44.0 – 56.5) 42.2 (35.5 – 49.3) 32.5 (24.0 – 43.1) 113.0 (94.5 – 133.3) 107.8 (93.1 – 123.5) 100.7 (88.9 – 113.4) 86.7 (74.0 – 100.5) 64.3 (49.6 – 82.0) 172.9 (159.9 – 186.7) 166.0 (154.5 – 177.9) 150.4 (141.9 – 158.8) 133.6 (122.7 – 144.6) 96.1 (87.2 – 105.6) 20.9 (17.1 – 25.0) 17.5 (15.1 – 20.2) 15.3 (13.7 – 16.9) 12.2 (10.0 – 14.6) 10.1 (7.4 – 13.5)

wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline 1990–2016 156.0 (136.2 – 178.2) 90.5 (71.2 – 112.3) 111.3 (75.4 – 150.4)§ 146.3 (129.9 – 164.0) 80.8 (64.0 – 99.5) 119.9 (89.6 – 152.0)§ 137.6 (124.8 – 151.5) 73.1 (58.5 – 89.0) 115.5 (90.9 – 140.7)§ 123.4 (108.5 – 140.0) 62.1 (48.7 – 76.8) 115.9 (87.3 – 145.8)§ 85.2 (72.6 – 99.5) 45.5 (35.3 – 57.6) 71.9 (49.5 – 97.0)§ 32.6 (25.6 – 40.6) 17.7 (9.3 – 33.2) 31.8 (14.1 – 43.9)§ 30.6 (25.2 – 37.1) 15.8 (8.3 – 29.4) 31.7 (16.2 – 42.1)§ 26.5 (22.1 – 31.5) 13.7 (7.4 – 25.2) 27.2 (14.3 – 35.3)§ 22.2 (17.9 – 27.5) 11.0 (5.8 – 20.8) 23.5 (12.3 – 31.5)§ 18.1 (13.3 – 24.6) 9.4 (4.8 – 18.4) 18.4 (8.4 – 27.0)§ 52.3 (45.0 – 59.9) 33.9 (28.7 – 39.8) 29.8 (20.1 – 40.0)§ 45.2 (40.2 – 50.3) 28.3 (24.5 – 32.4) 27.9 (20.5 – 35.3)§ 39.2 (35.8 – 42.5) 24.7 (22.0 – 27.6) 24.2 (19.0 – 29.0)§ 33.7 (29.4 – 38.4) 21.1 (18.0 – 24.7) 20.5 (14.2 – 26.8)§ 28.0 (22.4 – 34.8) 17.9 (14.0 – 22.6) 16.6 (10.3 – 23.9)§ 217.5 (182.6 – 257.2) 98.7 (48.5 – 178.6) 133.6 (50.3 – 197.0)§ 232.6 (199.0 – 270.5) 94.3 (46.6 – 169.5) 154.4 (74.5 – 214.3)§ 219.1 (190.0 – 252.7) 85.9 (42.5 – 153.4) 148.1 (76.9 – 199.9)§ 205.9 (174.7 – 241.7) 72.6 (35.7 – 131.4) 148.4 (84.5 – 197.3)§ 160.0 (131.4 – 193.7) 60.9 (29.4 – 112.6) 110.1 (55.2 – 155.5)§ 40.7 (33.3 – 48.3) 18.7 (13.4 – 26.2) 46.8 (34.6 – 59.4)§ 34.9 (29.9 – 40.3) 15.4 (11.4 – 21.1) 42.7 (33.3 – 52.1)§ 30.0 (26.1 – 34.1) 13.3 (10.0 – 17.9) 36.9 (29.6 – 43.8)§ 25.3 (21.1 – 29.8) 10.7 (7.6 – 14.8) 31.5 (24.1 – 39.0)§ 19.7 (14.5 – 25.9) 8.9 (5.9 – 13.2) 23.6 (16.0 – 32.7)§ 90.1 (74.9 – 107.2) 40.0 (23.5 – 69.4) 72.9 (40.0 – 97.3)§ 86.1 (73.5 – 99.9) 36.3 (21.4 – 61.4) 71.5 (42.3 – 92.5)§ 78.0 (67.8 – 89.2) 31.4 (18.9 – 53.4) 69.3 (44.2 – 86.3)§ 67.7 (57.2 – 79.2) 26.7 (15.8 – 46.4) 60.0 (37.8 – 77.2)§ 49.5 (37.9 – 63.7) 20.1 (11.3 – 36.2) 44.2 (25.4 – 61.4)§ 111.4 (102.4 – 120.9) 45.3 (38.7 – 52.5) 127.7 (113.3 – 142.2)§ 99.2 (91.3 – 106.6) 40.0 (34.8 – 45.7) 126.0 (113.6 – 138.9)§ 90.9 (85.5 – 96.3) 34.4 (30.5 – 38.6) 115.9 (106.5 – 124.9)§ 77.8 (71.3 – 84.6) 29.2 (25.0 – 33.8) 104.4 (92.8 – 115.9)§ 57.8 (52.2 – 63.5) 22.2 (18.6 – 26.3) 73.9 (64.4 – 83.6)§ 17.7 (14.4 – 21.1) 5.4 (4.3 – 6.4) 15.5 (12.4 – 19.0)§ 14.7 (12.6 – 16.9) 4.5 (3.8 – 5.2) 13.0 (10.9 – 15.3)§ 12.9 (11.4 – 14.2) 3.9 (3.4 – 4.3) 11.4 (10.0 – 12.7)§ 10.3 (8.4 – 12.3) 3.1 (2.5 – 3.8) 9.1 (7.2 – 11.1)§ 8.5 (6.2 – 11.3) 2.6 (1.9 – 3.5) 7.5 (5.4 – 10.3)§

‡: Ratio is significantly different from one. §: Change/decline is significantly different from zero. Absolute decline: wealth quintile-specific U5MR (1990) - wealth quintile-specific U5MR (2016). Percentage decline: absolute decline over wealth quintile-specific U5MR (1990) ×100. Change in ratio: ratio (2016) - ratio (1990).

14

Percentage decline 1990–2016 55.1% (42.0 – 66.0)§ 59.7% (48.9 – 69.0)§ 61.3% (51.6 – 69.7)§ 65.1% (55.1 – 73.4)§ 61.2% (48.8 – 71.1)§ 64.3% (31.1 – 81.2)§ 66.8% (36.7 – 82.4)§ 66.5% (36.8 – 82.0)§ 68.1% (38.5 – 83.4)§ 66.2% (34.2 – 82.5)§ 46.7% (35.6 – 55.7)§ 49.7% (40.3 – 57.2)§ 49.4% (42.4 – 55.5)§ 49.3% (38.0 – 57.8)§ 48.1% (35.7 – 58.0)§ 57.5% (22.7 – 79.2)§ 62.1% (31.0 – 81.3)§ 63.3% (34.0 – 81.8)§ 67.1% (39.7 – 83.8)§ 64.4% (34.0 – 82.9)§ 71.4% (59.5 – 79.8)§ 73.5% (62.9 – 80.7)§ 73.5% (63.7 – 80.4)§ 74.7% (63.6 – 82.3)§ 72.7% (60.6 – 81.0)§ 64.6% (37.9 – 79.3)§ 66.3% (41.6 – 80.2)§ 68.8% (45.7 – 81.4)§ 69.2% (45.9 – 81.9)§ 68.7% (44.9 – 81.8)§ 73.8% (69.3 – 77.9)§ 75.9% (72.1 – 79.3)§ 77.1% (74.0 – 79.9)§ 78.2% (74.2 – 81.6)§ 76.9% (72.2 – 80.9)§ 74.3% (70.3 – 78.1)§ 74.4% (70.7 – 77.8)§ 74.4% (72.1 – 76.8)§ 74.4% (70.4 – 78.3)§ 74.3% (69.2 – 79.0)§

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.14 (0.99 – 1.30) 1.20 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 1.29 (1.16 – 1.42)‡ 0.15 (-0.03 – 0.32) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.24)‡ 1.13 (1.03 – 1.22)‡ 1.15 (1.05 – 1.25)‡ 0.02 (-0.12 – 0.15) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.13) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12)‡ 1.04 (0.98 – 1.10) -0.03 (-0.10 – 0.05) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.12) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.05) 0.88 (0.79 – 0.97)‡ -0.12 (-0.25 – 0.01) 0.66 (0.56 – 0.78)‡ 0.66 (0.57 – 0.75)‡ 0.65 (0.56 – 0.74)‡ -0.02 (-0.14 – 0.10) 1.24 (1.03 – 1.45)‡ 1.25 (1.04 – 1.47)‡ 1.31 (1.08 – 1.56)‡ 0.07 (-0.15 – 0.30) 1.19 (1.05 – 1.33)‡ 1.18 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 1.17 (1.01 – 1.33)‡ -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.15) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.11) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.82 (0.67 – 0.97)‡ -0.05 (-0.21 – 0.11) 0.69 (0.53 – 0.90)‡ 0.70 (0.53 – 0.91)‡ 0.70 (0.52 – 0.92)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.30 (1.11 – 1.50)‡ 1.32 (1.14 – 1.51)‡ 1.35 (1.16 – 1.54)‡ 0.05 (-0.16 – 0.25) 1.15 (1.02 – 1.28)‡ 1.14 (1.02 – 1.26)‡ 1.12 (1.00 – 1.25) -0.02 (-0.17 – 0.13) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.07) 0.98 (0.90 – 1.06) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97)‡ 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.96)‡ -0.01 (-0.15 – 0.12) 0.71 (0.56 – 0.89)‡ 0.71 (0.57 – 0.88)‡ 0.71 (0.56 – 0.89)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.05 (0.92 – 1.19) 1.05 (0.93 – 1.18) 1.20 (1.04 – 1.37)‡ 0.15 (-0.02 – 0.32) 1.12 (1.02 – 1.22)‡ 1.12 (1.03 – 1.22)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.26)‡ 0.02 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.12) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.12) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.10) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.09) 0.88 (0.78 – 0.98)‡ -0.12 (-0.25 – 0.01) 0.77 (0.66 – 0.90)‡ 0.77 (0.67 – 0.89)‡ 0.74 (0.61 – 0.88)‡ -0.03 (-0.17 – 0.10) 1.32 (1.11 – 1.53)‡ 1.35 (1.15 – 1.56)‡ 1.40 (1.15 – 1.66)‡ 0.08 (-0.15 – 0.32) 1.17 (1.04 – 1.30)‡ 1.16 (1.03 – 1.29)‡ 1.15 (1.00 – 1.31) -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.15) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.09) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.08) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97)‡ 0.84 (0.72 – 0.96)‡ 0.80 (0.65 – 0.95)‡ -0.05 (-0.21 – 0.11) 0.65 (0.49 – 0.85)‡ 0.65 (0.49 – 0.85)‡ 0.66 (0.49 – 0.87)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.20 (1.03 – 1.37)‡ 1.21 (1.05 – 1.39)‡ 1.30 (1.10 – 1.50)‡ 0.10 (-0.09 – 0.29) 1.14 (1.02 – 1.26)‡ 1.16 (1.04 – 1.28)‡ 1.17 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 0.03 (-0.12 – 0.18) 1.07 (0.99 – 1.14) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.13) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) -0.05 (-0.13 – 0.03) 0.92 (0.81 – 1.03) 0.91 (0.81 – 1.02) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.99)‡ -0.05 (-0.19 – 0.09) 0.68 (0.53 – 0.85)‡ 0.67 (0.52 – 0.84)‡ 0.65 (0.50 – 0.83)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.20 (1.12 – 1.29)‡ 1.27 (1.18 – 1.37)‡ 1.32 (1.18 – 1.47)‡ 0.12 (-0.04 – 0.28) 1.15 (1.08 – 1.23)‡ 1.13 (1.05 – 1.21)‡ 1.17 (1.06 – 1.28)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.14) 1.05 (1.00 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.09) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.11 – 0.04) 0.93 (0.86 – 1.00) 0.89 (0.82 – 0.96)‡ 0.85 (0.76 – 0.95)‡ -0.08 (-0.19 – 0.04) 0.67 (0.61 – 0.73)‡ 0.66 (0.60 – 0.72)‡ 0.65 (0.56 – 0.75)‡ -0.02 (-0.12 – 0.09) 1.37 (1.13 – 1.64)‡ 1.38 (1.13 – 1.65)‡ 1.38 (1.13 – 1.65)‡ 0.00 (-0.19 – 0.19) 1.15 (0.99 – 1.32) 1.15 (0.99 – 1.32) 1.15 (1.00 – 1.32) 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.11) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.11) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.11) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ 0.80 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ 0.80 (0.65 – 0.96)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.11) 0.66 (0.49 – 0.88)‡ 0.66 (0.49 – 0.88)‡ 0.66 (0.48 – 0.89)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.12) Continued on next page 1990

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Brazil

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Wealth Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

1990 51.2 (41.2 – 62.9) 45.7 (38.4 – 54.0) 39.5 (33.8 – 45.5) 33.0 (27.2 – 39.5) 25.6 (18.4 – 34.8) 198.8 (177.1 – 222.5) 199.9 (180.5 – 220.9) 193.2 (177.6 – 210.5) 172.4 (153.6 – 192.3) 127.7 (111.3 – 146.9) 164.6 (135.2 – 200.3) 143.8 (122.1 – 170.5) 134.1 (116.6 – 155.7) 117.1 (98.2 – 140.7) 78.3 (58.1 – 104.8) 170.8 (154.5 – 188.0) 143.0 (130.4 – 157.1) 130.5 (120.5 – 140.9) 111.1 (99.8 – 122.9) 63.6 (55.4 – 72.5) 93.9 (80.7 – 108.1) 73.9 (65.1 – 83.2) 64.2 (57.6 – 70.8) 52.6 (45.0 – 60.6) 36.4 (27.8 – 46.9) 208.4 (187.5 – 229.8) 220.6 (200.7 – 243.1) 213.9 (197.2 – 231.6) 203.6 (184.1 – 224.8) 146.5 (131.0 – 163.5) 204.8 (172.8 – 241.5) 189.5 (164.3 – 215.8) 179.2 (158.7 – 200.3) 164.2 (140.6 – 189.0) 112.8 (90.8 – 138.6) 147.3 (129.2 – 166.8) 134.7 (119.5 – 150.6) 127.0 (115.5 – 139.1) 110.5 (97.3 – 124.7) 61.0 (50.4 – 72.9) 185.6 (165.0 – 207.6) 162.0 (145.9 – 179.9) 146.7 (133.6 – 160.5) 128.0 (113.6 – 143.3) 93.2 (80.9 – 107.1)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 32.4 (26.7 – 38.7) 20.5 (16.3 – 25.1) 30.8 (21.4 – 41.6)§ 60.1% (49.4 – 68.4)§ 27.8 (24.1 – 31.9) 17.2 (14.4 – 20.2) 28.5 (21.2 – 36.5)§ 62.4% (53.4 – 69.6)§ 24.3 (21.7 – 27.0) 15.0 (12.9 – 17.1) 24.5 (19.0 – 30.5)§ 62.1% (54.7 – 68.3)§ 20.1 (16.9 – 23.6) 12.0 (9.5 – 14.6) 21.0 (15.2 – 27.6)§ 63.5% (53.8 – 72.1)§ 15.9 (11.6 – 21.2) 9.8 (7.1 – 13.3) 15.8 (10.0 – 23.0)§ 61.6% (50.4 – 70.3)§ 164.5 (147.9 – 183.1) 116.6 (86.6 – 161.5) 82.2 (34.6 – 118.1)§ 41.3% (18.3 – 56.9)§ 162.0 (146.6 – 179.2) 112.3 (84.5 – 152.3) 87.6 (44.0 – 121.4)§ 43.8% (22.8 – 58.3)§ 158.2 (145.0 – 173.1) 105.3 (79.8 – 142.8) 87.9 (49.6 – 117.2)§ 45.5% (26.0 – 58.7)§ 136.4 (122.8 – 151.6) 86.8 (64.8 – 120.4) 85.6 (49.1 – 114.7)§ 49.6% (29.7 – 63.0)§ 100.9 (88.7 – 114.4) 67.0 (48.9 – 93.8) 60.7 (32.4 – 85.2)§ 47.5% (26.4 – 62.4)§ 106.5 (89.0 – 126.7) 46.9 (32.0 – 66.5) 117.7 (84.0 – 154.9)§ 71.5% (58.3 – 81.0)§ 88.2 (75.8 – 101.5) 37.4 (25.8 – 52.1) 106.5 (79.8 – 135.2)§ 74.0% (62.4 – 82.6)§ 79.6 (70.2 – 90.0) 32.2 (22.4 – 44.5) 101.9 (80.1 – 125.9)§ 76.0% (65.8 – 83.8)§ 66.7 (56.2 – 78.1) 26.7 (18.1 – 37.6) 90.4 (69.1 – 114.8)§ 77.2% (66.9 – 85.1)§ 46.1 (34.4 – 60.5) 18.8 (11.9 – 28.7) 59.5 (40.2 – 84.1)§ 76.0% (64.3 – 84.5)§ 113.8 (102.8 – 125.5) 55.1 (37.4 – 78.1) 115.7 (88.9 – 138.9)§ 67.7% (53.9 – 78.1)§ 95.8 (86.4 – 105.8) 43.8 (30.0 – 61.7) 99.1 (78.1 – 117.8)§ 69.3% (56.6 – 79.1)§ 82.1 (75.2 – 89.5) 36.9 (25.6 – 51.9) 93.6 (76.8 – 108.5)§ 71.7% (60.3 – 80.4)§ 67.6 (60.1 – 75.4) 30.1 (20.5 – 42.9) 81.0 (64.3 – 95.5)§ 72.9% (61.0 – 81.5)§ 39.6 (34.5 – 45.3) 18.6 (12.4 – 27.1) 45.1 (34.0 – 55.2)§ 70.8% (56.9 – 80.5)§ 53.9 (46.0 – 62.8) 23.1 (17.7 – 29.6) 70.9 (57.6 – 84.6)§ 75.5% (68.5 – 81.2)§ 41.3 (36.0 – 46.5) 17.2 (13.5 – 21.6) 56.7 (47.3 – 66.2)§ 76.8% (70.3 – 82.0)§ 35.1 (31.3 – 38.9) 14.8 (11.8 – 18.3) 49.4 (42.5 – 56.1)§ 76.9% (71.4 – 81.7)§ 28.7 (24.4 – 33.3) 11.7 (8.8 – 15.1) 40.9 (33.1 – 49.0)§ 77.7% (70.7 – 83.4)§ 20.1 (15.2 – 25.9) 8.7 (6.1 – 12.1) 27.6 (20.1 – 36.8)§ 76.0% (68.0 – 82.1)§ 189.5 (171.3 – 209.0) 101.0 (75.5 – 133.6) 107.4 (70.0 – 138.2)§ 51.5% (35.0 – 63.7)§ 206.4 (187.6 – 226.6) 97.9 (74.8 – 127.9) 122.8 (88.4 – 153.0)§ 55.6% (41.8 – 66.3)§ 193.0 (178.1 – 209.3) 88.9 (68.4 – 114.7) 125.0 (96.3 – 150.7)§ 58.4% (46.3 – 68.1)§ 182.4 (165.2 – 201.6) 75.8 (57.3 – 99.6) 127.7 (98.1 – 154.3)§ 62.8% (50.3 – 72.0)§ 131.6 (117.4 – 146.9) 59.5 (44.4 – 79.4) 87.1 (63.5 – 108.6)§ 59.4% (45.6 – 70.0)§ 186.1 (159.2 – 218.0) 94.5 (71.1 – 123.1) 110.4 (71.6 – 149.1)§ 53.9% (38.4 – 65.8)§ 167.7 (145.9 – 191.1) 82.0 (62.8 – 106.6) 107.5 (74.5 – 138.7)§ 56.7% (42.0 – 67.5)§ 159.2 (141.1 – 178.8) 74.0 (57.5 – 94.7) 105.1 (77.0 – 130.6)§ 58.7% (46.0 – 68.3)§ 142.4 (123.1 – 163.7) 62.0 (47.4 – 81.5) 102.2 (73.6 – 130.2)§ 62.2% (49.0 – 72.0)§ 99.5 (81.6 – 121.4) 46.1 (33.7 – 62.7) 66.8 (44.3 – 91.3)§ 59.2% (44.1 – 70.0)§ 138.0 (122.7 – 154.5) 42.8 (26.2 – 69.7) 104.5 (73.0 – 129.6)§ 70.9% (51.9 – 82.4)§ 123.9 (110.5 – 138.2) 36.5 (22.5 – 58.8) 98.2 (71.1 – 119.0)§ 72.9% (55.5 – 83.4)§ 117.4 (106.5 – 129.3) 31.8 (19.6 – 51.0) 95.2 (73.4 – 111.7)§ 74.9% (59.6 – 84.6)§ 100.5 (88.9 – 113.4) 26.3 (15.9 – 42.8) 84.1 (63.2 – 100.8)§ 76.2% (60.8 – 85.6)§ 55.3 (46.3 – 65.2) 15.5 (9.2 – 26.3) 45.4 (32.0 – 57.5)§ 74.5% (57.2 – 84.7)§ 205.8 (183.8 – 230.4) 106.5 (79.8 – 142.2) 79.1 (40.9 – 111.6)§ 42.6% (23.4 – 57.4)§ 186.9 (167.8 – 207.4) 90.4 (68.6 – 119.1) 71.6 (40.5 – 97.9)§ 44.2% (26.0 – 57.6)§ 170.2 (154.4 – 187.1) 81.2 (62.5 – 105.6) 65.6 (40.3 – 86.9)§ 44.7% (28.1 – 57.5)§ 156.0 (139.4 – 174.8) 68.4 (51.8 – 90.6) 59.6 (34.5 – 80.9)§ 46.6% (28.0 – 59.9)§ 109.7 (96.5 – 125.0) 52.0 (38.3 – 71.0) 41.2 (20.6 – 58.2)§ 44.2% (23.2 – 59.0)§


15

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.31 (1.09 – 1.55)‡ 1.34 (1.12 – 1.59)‡ 1.37 (1.13 – 1.65)‡ 0.06 (-0.17 – 0.31) 1.17 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.29)‡ 1.15 (1.00 – 1.32) -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.15) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.10) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.85 (0.73 – 0.97)‡ 0.83 (0.71 – 0.96)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ -0.04 (-0.21 – 0.11) 0.66 (0.48 – 0.87)‡ 0.66 (0.49 – 0.87)‡ 0.66 (0.48 – 0.88)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.11 (1.01 – 1.22)‡ 1.14 (1.06 – 1.22)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 0.08 (-0.08 – 0.24) 1.12 (1.03 – 1.21)‡ 1.12 (1.05 – 1.20)‡ 1.15 (1.04 – 1.26)‡ 0.03 (-0.10 – 0.17) 1.08 (1.03 – 1.14)‡ 1.10 (1.04 – 1.15)‡ 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14)‡ 0.00 (-0.08 – 0.07) 0.97 (0.88 – 1.06) 0.94 (0.88 – 1.02) 0.89 (0.79 – 0.99)‡ -0.08 (-0.20 – 0.05) 0.72 (0.63 – 0.81)‡ 0.70 (0.63 – 0.77)‡ 0.69 (0.58 – 0.80)‡ -0.03 (-0.15 – 0.09) 1.29 (1.09 – 1.50)‡ 1.38 (1.18 – 1.59)‡ 1.45 (1.23 – 1.68)‡ 0.16 (-0.05 – 0.38) 1.13 (1.00 – 1.25)‡ 1.14 (1.01 – 1.26)‡ 1.15 (1.01 – 1.29)‡ 0.03 (-0.13 – 0.18) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.13) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.10) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.08) -0.06 (-0.14 – 0.03) 0.92 (0.80 – 1.05) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ 0.82 (0.71 – 0.94)‡ -0.09 (-0.23 – 0.05) 0.61 (0.46 – 0.79)‡ 0.60 (0.45 – 0.76)‡ 0.58 (0.44 – 0.76)‡ -0.03 (-0.15 – 0.09) 1.38 (1.27 – 1.49)‡ 1.43 (1.32 – 1.53)‡ 1.49 (1.31 – 1.68)‡ 0.11 (-0.08 – 0.30) 1.15 (1.07 – 1.24)‡ 1.20 (1.12 – 1.29)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.31)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.17) 1.05 (1.00 – 1.11) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) -0.05 (-0.14 – 0.03) 0.90 (0.82 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.77 – 0.93)‡ 0.82 (0.72 – 0.92)‡ -0.08 (-0.20 – 0.04) 0.51 (0.45 – 0.58)‡ 0.50 (0.44 – 0.56)‡ 0.50 (0.42 – 0.60)‡ -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.09) 1.46 (1.28 – 1.66)‡ 1.51 (1.30 – 1.72)‡ 1.53 (1.27 – 1.80)‡ 0.06 (-0.18 – 0.32) 1.15 (1.03 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.28)‡ 1.14 (0.98 – 1.30) -0.01 (-0.18 – 0.15) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.08) 0.98 (0.90 – 1.06) 0.98 (0.88 – 1.08) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.07) 0.82 (0.71 – 0.93)‡ 0.80 (0.69 – 0.92)‡ 0.78 (0.63 – 0.92)‡ -0.04 (-0.20 – 0.11) 0.57 (0.44 – 0.72)‡ 0.56 (0.43 – 0.72)‡ 0.58 (0.43 – 0.76)‡ 0.01 (-0.10 – 0.14) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.13) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.13) 1.19 (1.06 – 1.34)‡ 0.14 (0.00 – 0.30) 1.11 (1.03 – 1.19)‡ 1.14 (1.07 – 1.22)‡ 1.16 (1.06 – 1.27)‡ 0.05 (-0.08 – 0.18) 1.08 (1.03 – 1.13)‡ 1.07 (1.02 – 1.12)‡ 1.05 (0.99 – 1.11) -0.03 (-0.10 – 0.04) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.08) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.00)‡ -0.13 (-0.25 – -0.01)§ 0.74 (0.67 – 0.81)‡ 0.73 (0.67 – 0.80)‡ 0.70 (0.61 – 0.81)‡ -0.04 (-0.14 – 0.08) 1.20 (1.05 – 1.38)‡ 1.23 (1.09 – 1.39)‡ 1.32 (1.14 – 1.51)‡ 0.11 (-0.08 – 0.30) 1.11 (1.00 – 1.22)‡ 1.11 (1.01 – 1.21)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.27)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.17) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.12) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.13) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.11) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 0.97 (0.86 – 1.08) 0.94 (0.84 – 1.04) 0.86 (0.76 – 0.97)‡ -0.10 (-0.23 – 0.03) 0.66 (0.54 – 0.80)‡ 0.66 (0.55 – 0.78)‡ 0.64 (0.52 – 0.79)‡ -0.02 (-0.14 – 0.10) 1.27 (1.14 – 1.41)‡ 1.29 (1.19 – 1.40)‡ 1.40 (1.23 – 1.57)‡ 0.13 (-0.07 – 0.33) 1.16 (1.06 – 1.26)‡ 1.16 (1.07 – 1.24)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.32)‡ 0.03 (-0.12 – 0.19) 1.09 (1.03 – 1.16)‡ 1.10 (1.04 – 1.16)‡ 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) -0.05 (-0.14 – 0.03) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.05) 0.94 (0.86 – 1.02) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.98)‡ -0.09 (-0.23 – 0.05) 0.53 (0.44 – 0.62)‡ 0.52 (0.44 – 0.60)‡ 0.51 (0.41 – 0.62)‡ -0.02 (-0.12 – 0.09) 1.30 (1.18 – 1.42)‡ 1.24 (1.15 – 1.34)‡ 1.34 (1.17 – 1.50)‡ 0.04 (-0.14 – 0.22) 1.13 (1.05 – 1.22)‡ 1.13 (1.05 – 1.21)‡ 1.13 (1.03 – 1.24)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.08) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.08) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.08) -0.01 (-0.08 – 0.07) 0.89 (0.81 – 0.98)‡ 0.94 (0.87 – 1.02) 0.86 (0.76 – 0.96)‡ -0.04 (-0.15 – 0.09) 0.65 (0.58 – 0.73)‡ 0.66 (0.60 – 0.73)‡ 0.65 (0.55 – 0.77)‡ 0.00 (-0.11 – 0.12) Continued on next page 1990

Central African Republic

Chad

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cote d’Ivoire

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Dominican Republic

Egypt


1990 199.3 (174.5 – 227.5) 202.0 (178.5 – 229.6) 186.4 (165.6 – 209.7) 163.1 (142.5 – 186.7) 118.3 (101.1 – 137.7) 178.1 (156.7 – 201.0) 241.6 (217.6 – 266.3) 225.2 (205.7 – 246.1) 216.0 (192.7 – 241.0) 193.1 (171.0 – 217.7) 47.3 (41.3 – 53.6) 40.1 (35.5 – 45.0) 35.0 (31.6 – 38.6) 28.9 (25.2 – 33.0) 24.3 (20.2 – 29.1) 148.8 (123.5 – 177.0) 141.4 (120.2 – 162.6) 133.3 (115.6 – 150.9) 113.8 (95.8 – 132.7) 91.8 (73.4 – 112.6) 102.5 (84.8 – 122.5) 104.6 (88.4 – 122.4) 96.7 (83.5 – 111.6) 82.0 (68.9 – 96.7) 68.1 (53.8 – 85.5) 181.9 (162.3 – 203.3) 172.3 (155.2 – 190.8) 155.7 (142.0 – 169.6) 143.6 (128.5 – 159.6) 101.0 (88.0 – 115.0) 215.3 (185.1 – 249.4) 209.9 (183.3 – 239.0) 196.3 (174.6 – 220.0) 185.5 (161.2 – 212.8) 111.0 (92.4 – 133.2) 77.8 (68.1 – 88.3) 70.0 (62.4 – 78.2) 61.5 (56.2 – 67.2) 52.2 (45.7 – 59.5) 38.0 (31.0 – 46.4) 123.1 (112.1 – 134.7) 98.4 (89.6 – 107.5) 88.5 (82.0 – 95.0) 73.7 (66.0 – 81.9) 45.8 (39.3 – 53.3)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 204.4 (177.5 – 234.2) 154.3 (97.6 – 242.2) 44.9 (-45.5 – 107.5) 22.5% (-24.2 – 51.8) 198.3 (173.2 – 226.0) 139.3 (89.0 – 218.4) 62.7 (-18.9 – 120.4) 31.1% (-9.9 – 56.8) 183.2 (161.5 – 206.6) 130.4 (83.8 – 203.0) 55.9 (-19.3 – 108.1) 30.0% (-11.0 – 55.7) 159.1 (137.4 – 183.1) 111.0 (70.4 – 175.1) 52.0 (-15.1 – 98.7) 31.9% (-9.5 – 57.4) 116.5 (99.4 – 135.9) 82.9 (52.1 – 132.4) 35.4 (-16.5 – 71.2) 29.9% (-14.7 – 56.8) 158.7 (142.2 – 176.7) 126.2 (101.3 – 155.5) 51.9 (17.7 – 84.0)§ 29.1% (10.6 – 44.0)§ 206.1 (187.1 – 227.6) 141.3 (114.8 – 169.5) 100.3 (65.4 – 136.0)§ 41.5% (28.4 – 53.3)§ 197.2 (180.8 – 215.8) 133.6 (110.1 – 159.1) 91.6 (61.4 – 120.4)§ 40.7% (28.4 – 51.3)§ 191.9 (172.8 – 213.2) 119.6 (96.5 – 144.8) 96.4 (64.5 – 128.5)§ 44.6% (31.8 – 56.0)§ 171.5 (153.9 – 191.2) 115.8 (92.3 – 141.0) 77.3 (45.6 – 108.9)§ 40.0% (25.1 – 52.8)§ 34.4 (30.3 – 38.9) 21.5 (16.1 – 28.4) 25.7 (17.1 – 33.4)§ 54.5% (38.9 – 66.3)§ 28.4 (25.1 – 31.9) 17.6 (13.2 – 22.9) 22.5 (16.0 – 28.5)§ 56.2% (42.3 – 67.1)§ 24.8 (22.3 – 27.5) 15.1 (11.6 – 19.4) 19.9 (14.8 – 24.4)§ 56.9% (44.2 – 66.9)§ 19.9 (17.2 – 22.8) 11.8 (8.7 – 15.7) 17.1 (12.1 – 21.9)§ 59.3% (45.0 – 70.2)§ 17.5 (14.6 – 20.7) 10.6 (7.6 – 14.4) 13.7 (8.9 – 18.6)§ 56.5% (40.6 – 68.2)§ 124.8 (95.9 – 153.3) 90.1 (46.9 – 181.5) 58.7 (-34.8 – 107.6) 39.5% (-24.2 – 68.4) 115.2 (90.0 – 138.5) 82.9 (43.5 – 163.0) 58.5 (-25.9 – 102.0) 41.4% (-19.8 – 69.3) 108.4 (85.5 – 128.4) 75.6 (40.2 – 148.4) 57.7 (-19.3 – 96.0) 43.3% (-15.1 – 69.9) 89.9 (69.8 – 109.2) 63.6 (33.3 – 125.4) 50.2 (-15.8 – 84.8) 44.1% (-14.6 – 70.9) 76.2 (57.1 – 97.2) 54.3 (27.8 – 110.1) 37.4 (-20.3 – 68.1) 40.8% (-22.9 – 69.5) 127.0 (109.3 – 147.1) 63.2 (43.6 – 87.8) 39.4 (10.1 – 65.5)§ 38.4% (10.7 – 58.5)§ 134.5 (117.2 – 153.3) 64.0 (44.6 – 88.6) 40.6 (12.1 – 66.7)§ 38.8% (12.5 – 58.3)§ 126.3 (111.8 – 142.4) 56.1 (39.7 – 77.2) 40.7 (16.0 – 62.2)§ 42.0% (17.7 – 59.8)§ 109.0 (94.1 – 125.9) 47.3 (32.8 – 65.7) 34.7 (12.1 – 55.1)§ 42.3% (16.3 – 61.4)§ 89.7 (74.0 – 108.4) 40.0 (27.5 – 57.2) 28.2 (8.1 – 47.3)§ 41.3% (13.4 – 60.9)§ 173.4 (152.5 – 196.0) 113.8 (83.0 – 153.9) 68.1 (26.5 – 103.1)§ 37.5% (14.9 – 54.8)§ 167.3 (148.9 – 187.1) 104.4 (76.3 – 141.2) 67.9 (29.3 – 100.3)§ 39.4% (17.5 – 56.0)§ 151.0 (136.1 – 166.1) 95.2 (70.5 – 126.7) 60.5 (27.6 – 87.3)§ 38.9% (18.2 – 54.8)§ 138.0 (121.8 – 155.3) 81.8 (59.8 – 110.8) 61.7 (30.7 – 87.8)§ 43.0% (21.8 – 58.8)§ 98.9 (85.9 – 114.4) 63.8 (45.8 – 88.4) 37.2 (11.3 – 57.9)§ 36.8% (11.7 – 54.7)§ 190.4 (167.1 – 217.0) 117.7 (82.2 – 164.7) 97.6 (44.8 – 144.8)§ 45.3% (22.1 – 62.6)§ 182.7 (161.2 – 206.0) 108.7 (76.0 – 150.9) 101.2 (53.4 – 142.5)§ 48.2% (26.8 – 64.1)§ 170.8 (152.7 – 191.1) 100.5 (70.7 – 139.0) 95.8 (54.1 – 132.0)§ 48.8% (28.3 – 64.1)§ 158.6 (138.9 – 181.0) 85.9 (60.2 – 120.7) 99.5 (58.8 – 135.8)§ 53.7% (33.9 – 68.0)§ 96.4 (81.9 – 113.0) 58.7 (40.0 – 84.2) 52.3 (22.5 – 78.5)§ 47.1% (22.5 – 64.2)§ 54.7 (48.1 – 61.7) 40.0 (29.4 – 54.0) 37.7 (21.7 – 52.1)§ 48.5% (29.5 – 62.6)§ 47.4 (42.0 – 53.2) 35.8 (26.8 – 47.9) 34.2 (20.7 – 45.9)§ 48.9% (30.9 – 62.4)§ 41.6 (37.4 – 45.8) 31.1 (23.4 – 41.4) 30.4 (19.8 – 39.6)§ 49.5% (32.9 – 62.2)§ 35.2 (30.6 – 40.1) 26.5 (19.5 – 36.0) 25.7 (14.7 – 35.3)§ 49.3% (30.2 – 63.0)§ 26.2 (21.4 – 31.4) 20.1 (14.3 – 27.8) 17.9 (9.1 – 26.4)§ 47.0% (26.3 – 62.0)§ 68.7 (62.4 – 75.3) 33.1 (25.3 – 43.5) 90.1 (75.3 – 103.6)§ 73.1% (64.2 – 79.7)§ 52.9 (47.8 – 58.2) 26.0 (19.8 – 34.3) 72.4 (60.4 – 83.5)§ 73.6% (64.6 – 80.1)§ 46.9 (43.1 – 51.0) 22.8 (17.7 – 29.7) 65.7 (56.6 – 73.6)§ 74.2% (66.1 – 80.0)§ 41.0 (36.7 – 45.6) 19.2 (14.5 – 25.6) 54.4 (45.1 – 63.3)§ 73.9% (65.0 – 80.5)§ 25.0 (21.8 – 28.7) 12.9 (9.6 – 17.6) 32.9 (25.4 – 40.4)§ 71.8% (61.2 – 79.3)§


16

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.15 (1.05 – 1.25)‡ 1.19 (1.09 – 1.29)‡ 1.25 (1.10 – 1.40)‡ 0.10 (-0.06 – 0.27) 1.16 (1.08 – 1.24)‡ 1.15 (1.07 – 1.24)‡ 1.13 (1.02 – 1.23)‡ -0.04 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.06 (1.01 – 1.12)‡ 1.06 (0.99 – 1.12) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 0.94 (0.86 – 1.02) 0.92 (0.84 – 1.00) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.00) -0.04 (-0.15 – 0.08) 0.68 (0.61 – 0.76)‡ 0.68 (0.60 – 0.76)‡ 0.67 (0.57 – 0.79)‡ -0.01 (-0.12 – 0.10) 0.84 (0.76 – 0.93)‡ 0.86 (0.79 – 0.93)‡ 0.99 (0.88 – 1.12) 0.15 (0.02 – 0.29)§ 1.15 (1.06 – 1.23)‡ 1.11 (1.04 – 1.19)‡ 1.11 (1.02 – 1.20)‡ -0.04 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.12)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.12)‡ 1.05 (0.99 – 1.11) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.11) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 0.94 (0.85 – 1.04) -0.09 (-0.21 – 0.04) 0.92 (0.83 – 1.00) 0.93 (0.85 – 1.00) 0.91 (0.81 – 1.02) -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 1.35 (1.20 – 1.49)‡ 1.38 (1.24 – 1.52)‡ 1.41 (1.22 – 1.60)‡ 0.06 (-0.15 – 0.28) 1.14 (1.03 – 1.25)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.24)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.28)‡ 0.01 (-0.15 – 0.17) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.06) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.07) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.82 (0.73 – 0.92)‡ 0.80 (0.70 – 0.90)‡ 0.77 (0.64 – 0.90)‡ -0.05 (-0.20 – 0.09) 0.69 (0.58 – 0.82)‡ 0.70 (0.59 – 0.82)‡ 0.69 (0.57 – 0.83)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 1.18 (1.03 – 1.35)‡ 1.21 (1.05 – 1.38)‡ 1.23 (1.05 – 1.41)‡ 0.05 (-0.13 – 0.23) 1.12 (1.01 – 1.23)‡ 1.12 (1.01 – 1.23)‡ 1.13 (1.01 – 1.25)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.13) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.11) -0.03 (-0.10 – 0.04) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) 0.87 (0.77 – 0.98)‡ 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ -0.04 (-0.16 – 0.09) 0.73 (0.60 – 0.87)‡ 0.74 (0.61 – 0.89)‡ 0.74 (0.60 – 0.90)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.14) 1.13 (0.99 – 1.28) 1.08 (0.97 – 1.20) 1.17 (1.02 – 1.32)‡ 0.04 (-0.13 – 0.22) 1.15 (1.04 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.05 – 1.25)‡ 1.18 (1.07 – 1.30)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.17) 1.07 (0.99 – 1.13) 1.08 (1.01 – 1.14)‡ 1.04 (0.96 – 1.11) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.05) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) 0.93 (0.84 – 1.02) 0.87 (0.78 – 0.98)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.10) 0.75 (0.62 – 0.90)‡ 0.76 (0.65 – 0.90)‡ 0.74 (0.61 – 0.89)‡ -0.01 (-0.15 – 0.12) 1.21 (1.10 – 1.32)‡ 1.19 (1.08 – 1.31)‡ 1.24 (1.09 – 1.39)‡ 0.03 (-0.13 – 0.20) 1.14 (1.06 – 1.23)‡ 1.15 (1.06 – 1.24)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.25)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.12) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.10) 0.01 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.95 (0.87 – 1.03) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.03) 0.89 (0.80 – 0.99)‡ -0.06 (-0.18 – 0.06) 0.67 (0.60 – 0.75)‡ 0.68 (0.60 – 0.76)‡ 0.69 (0.59 – 0.82)‡ 0.03 (-0.08 – 0.15) 1.17 (1.05 – 1.31)‡ 1.19 (1.09 – 1.30)‡ 1.25 (1.10 – 1.40)‡ 0.08 (-0.10 – 0.25) 1.14 (1.04 – 1.24)‡ 1.14 (1.06 – 1.23)‡ 1.15 (1.04 – 1.26)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.07 (1.00 – 1.13) 0.00 (-0.08 – 0.07) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.08) 0.91 (0.82 – 1.02) -0.10 (-0.23 – 0.03) 0.60 (0.52 – 0.70)‡ 0.60 (0.53 – 0.68)‡ 0.62 (0.53 – 0.73)‡ 0.02 (-0.09 – 0.13) 1.30 (1.15 – 1.45)‡ 1.33 (1.21 – 1.47)‡ 1.30 (1.14 – 1.47)‡ 0.01 (-0.18 – 0.20) 1.17 (1.06 – 1.28)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.26)‡ 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 0.00 (-0.15 – 0.15) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.08) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.09) -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.87 (0.77 – 0.98)‡ 0.86 (0.77 – 0.96)‡ 0.86 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 0.63 (0.52 – 0.76)‡ 0.64 (0.53 – 0.76)‡ 0.65 (0.53 – 0.79)‡ 0.02 (-0.10 – 0.14) 1.43 (1.32 – 1.55)‡ 1.47 (1.36 – 1.57)‡ 1.45 (1.28 – 1.62)‡ 0.02 (-0.18 – 0.21) 1.15 (1.06 – 1.23)‡ 1.13 (1.04 – 1.21)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.26)‡ -0.01 (-0.15 – 0.14) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.94 – 1.06) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.05) 0.86 (0.78 – 0.94)‡ 0.87 (0.80 – 0.96)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.96)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 0.53 (0.46 – 0.61)‡ 0.53 (0.47 – 0.60)‡ 0.57 (0.48 – 0.67)‡ 0.03 (-0.07 – 0.14) Continued on next page 1990

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Ghana

Guatemala


1990 76.5 (62.7 – 91.7) 69.2 (59.8 – 79.7) 60.8 (53.9 – 68.6) 51.1 (43.2 – 59.9) 40.3 (29.5 – 53.4) 206.6 (169.2 – 252.3) 199.7 (166.2 – 237.8) 190.9 (161.3 – 225.2) 183.4 (150.5 – 221.2) 172.9 (137.3 – 216.9) 150.8 (125.5 – 178.7) 179.7 (156.9 – 204.4) 168.9 (150.9 – 188.8) 157.2 (135.8 – 181.1) 97.9 (76.8 – 123.2) 190.5 (164.6 – 218.7) 224.0 (198.9 – 249.7) 219.6 (199.9 – 240.6) 220.7 (194.7 – 248.1) 161.3 (138.9 – 186.7) 104.3 (85.5 – 126.4) 109.1 (92.0 – 130.2) 99.1 (84.9 – 116.5) 85.0 (70.6 – 102.9) 64.5 (49.3 – 83.4) 183.8 (153.5 – 218.9) 191.2 (164.5 – 221.0) 180.5 (158.1 – 205.4) 168.8 (144.0 – 198.5) 113.7 (91.7 – 139.8) 60.3 (48.9 – 72.8) 56.6 (48.3 – 65.9) 48.4 (42.1 – 55.3) 40.3 (33.5 – 47.7) 30.4 (22.1 – 40.7) 155.8 (140.5 – 172.0) 141.2 (128.2 – 155.1) 131.7 (121.7 – 142.2) 116.8 (105.1 – 129.4) 89.0 (77.2 – 102.0) 93.2 (81.6 – 105.2) 95.8 (85.7 – 105.9) 87.8 (80.0 – 95.7) 75.1 (66.1 – 84.9) 57.2 (46.5 – 69.3)



17

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.28 (1.07 – 1.50)‡ 1.34 (1.12 – 1.56)‡ 1.40 (1.16 – 1.65)‡ 0.11 (-0.11 – 0.35) 1.16 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.16 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.15 (0.99 – 1.31) -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.15) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.10) -0.02 (-0.12 – 0.07) 0.86 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.72 – 0.96)‡ 0.79 (0.65 – 0.94)‡ -0.07 (-0.23 – 0.09) 0.68 (0.50 – 0.89)‡ 0.67 (0.50 – 0.87)‡ 0.67 (0.50 – 0.88)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) 1.08 (0.94 – 1.24) 1.12 (0.98 – 1.26) 1.20 (1.03 – 1.38)‡ 0.12 (-0.06 – 0.29) 1.05 (0.94 – 1.16) 1.04 (0.94 – 1.15) 1.07 (0.95 – 1.19) 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.96 (0.85 – 1.07) 0.93 (0.82 – 1.04) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ -0.11 (-0.23 – 0.03) 0.91 (0.76 – 1.08) 0.91 (0.76 – 1.07) 0.87 (0.70 – 1.07) -0.03 (-0.19 – 0.12) 1.00 (0.86 – 1.15) 1.05 (0.93 – 1.19) 1.17 (0.99 – 1.36) 0.17 (0.00 – 0.35) 1.19 (1.08 – 1.31)‡ 1.21 (1.10 – 1.31)‡ 1.23 (1.10 – 1.37)‡ 0.04 (-0.11 – 0.19) 1.12 (1.05 – 1.19)‡ 1.12 (1.05 – 1.19)‡ 1.07 (0.99 – 1.15) -0.05 (-0.13 – 0.03) 1.04 (0.93 – 1.16) 0.97 (0.88 – 1.08) 0.91 (0.79 – 1.03) -0.14 (-0.28 – 0.01) 0.65 (0.52 – 0.80)‡ 0.64 (0.52 – 0.79)‡ 0.62 (0.49 – 0.78)‡ -0.03 (-0.15 – 0.09) 0.94 (0.83 – 1.05) 0.98 (0.90 – 1.06) 1.15 (1.01 – 1.30)‡ 0.21 (0.04 – 0.39)§ 1.10 (1.00 – 1.20)‡ 1.08 (1.00 – 1.16)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.28)‡ 0.06 (-0.08 – 0.20) 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14)‡ 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14)‡ 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.03) 1.09 (0.98 – 1.19) 1.07 (0.99 – 1.15) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) -0.18 (-0.32 – -0.04)§ 0.79 (0.70 – 0.90)‡ 0.79 (0.72 – 0.87)‡ 0.75 (0.64 – 0.87)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.09) 1.13 (0.98 – 1.28) 1.12 (0.99 – 1.26) 1.21 (1.05 – 1.38)‡ 0.08 (-0.09 – 0.27) 1.18 (1.07 – 1.30)‡ 1.19 (1.08 – 1.30)‡ 1.20 (1.08 – 1.33)‡ 0.02 (-0.13 – 0.17) 1.07 (1.00 – 1.14) 1.07 (1.00 – 1.14) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.11) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.92 (0.82 – 1.04) 0.92 (0.82 – 1.03) 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ -0.05 (-0.19 – 0.08) 0.70 (0.56 – 0.86)‡ 0.70 (0.57 – 0.85)‡ 0.68 (0.55 – 0.85)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 1.10 (0.95 – 1.25) 1.17 (1.03 – 1.31)‡ 1.21 (1.05 – 1.38)‡ 0.11 (-0.07 – 0.29) 1.14 (1.03 – 1.25)‡ 1.14 (1.03 – 1.24)‡ 1.18 (1.06 – 1.30)‡ 0.04 (-0.11 – 0.19) 1.08 (1.01 – 1.15)‡ 1.08 (1.01 – 1.15)‡ 1.06 (0.98 – 1.12) -0.02 (-0.10 – 0.05) 1.01 (0.90 – 1.13) 0.94 (0.85 – 1.05) 0.91 (0.80 – 1.03) -0.10 (-0.23 – 0.04) 0.68 (0.57 – 0.81)‡ 0.67 (0.57 – 0.79)‡ 0.65 (0.53 – 0.78)‡ -0.03 (-0.15 – 0.09) 1.28 (1.07 – 1.50)‡ 1.29 (1.08 – 1.50)‡ 1.36 (1.11 – 1.62)‡ 0.08 (-0.15 – 0.31) 1.20 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 1.21 (1.08 – 1.35)‡ 1.18 (1.02 – 1.34)‡ -0.02 (-0.20 – 0.15) 1.03 (0.94 – 1.11) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) -0.01 (-0.11 – 0.08) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.73 – 0.97)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ -0.05 (-0.21 – 0.11) 0.64 (0.48 – 0.85)‡ 0.64 (0.48 – 0.85)‡ 0.65 (0.47 – 0.86)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.23 (1.12 – 1.33)‡ 1.26 (1.16 – 1.36)‡ 1.30 (1.15 – 1.45)‡ 0.07 (-0.09 – 0.24) 1.11 (1.03 – 1.20)‡ 1.07 (0.99 – 1.15) 1.11 (1.00 – 1.22) -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 1.04 (0.98 – 1.10) 1.04 (0.98 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.11 – 0.03) 0.92 (0.84 – 1.01) 0.90 (0.82 – 0.98)‡ 0.86 (0.77 – 0.96)‡ -0.06 (-0.18 – 0.06) 0.70 (0.62 – 0.79)‡ 0.74 (0.66 – 0.83)‡ 0.73 (0.62 – 0.85)‡ 0.03 (-0.09 – 0.16) 1.14 (1.01 – 1.27)‡ 1.20 (1.06 – 1.34)‡ 1.27 (1.09 – 1.44)‡ 0.13 (-0.05 – 0.31) 1.17 (1.07 – 1.27)‡ 1.21 (1.10 – 1.32)‡ 1.21 (1.09 – 1.34)‡ 0.04 (-0.10 – 0.19) 1.07 (1.00 – 1.14)‡ 1.04 (0.97 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) -0.05 (-0.13 – 0.03) 0.92 (0.82 – 1.02) 0.88 (0.78 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.74 – 0.96)‡ -0.07 (-0.20 – 0.05) 0.70 (0.57 – 0.84)‡ 0.67 (0.55 – 0.81)‡ 0.65 (0.53 – 0.80)‡ -0.04 (-0.17 – 0.08) Continued on next page 1990

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

India

Indonesia

Iraq

Jordan


1990 272.9 (240.1 – 308.6) 264.7 (237.5 – 295.6) 245.9 (225.4 – 268.0) 227.9 (201.6 – 255.0) 162.6 (140.4 – 188.9) 241.0 (204.1 – 282.0) 254.3 (220.3 – 292.2) 232.0 (204.5 – 261.7) 213.6 (182.5 – 246.9) 155.1 (129.1 – 184.8) 68.4 (56.1 – 81.8) 71.0 (61.0 – 81.6) 62.4 (55.0 – 70.6) 52.8 (44.7 – 62.3) 45.8 (35.5 – 59.3) 158.0 (140.2 – 177.7) 164.4 (147.7 – 182.4) 154.5 (141.5 – 168.3) 140.5 (124.8 – 157.5) 107.0 (91.5 – 124.5) 79.9 (68.2 – 92.5) 67.0 (58.9 – 76.3) 59.0 (52.9 – 65.4) 49.1 (42.1 – 56.7) 35.5 (27.8 – 44.4) 169.7 (160.0 – 179.5) 160.3 (150.8 – 170.1) 132.8 (125.7 – 140.3) 105.1 (98.4 – 112.2) 61.6 (57.2 – 66.3) 119.2 (106.5 – 133.6) 94.4 (84.8 – 103.9) 87.2 (80.6 – 94.1) 73.4 (64.8 – 82.3) 47.2 (39.3 – 56.5) 63.0 (52.5 – 74.1) 61.3 (53.1 – 70.0) 54.0 (47.7 – 60.4) 46.3 (39.5 – 54.1) 46.3 (37.0 – 57.4) 45.2 (39.4 – 51.6) 41.3 (36.6 – 46.3) 36.7 (33.3 – 40.6) 32.3 (28.3 – 36.8) 26.9 (22.5 – 32.1)



18

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.16 (1.04 – 1.29)‡ 1.19 (1.10 – 1.28)‡ 1.29 (1.15 – 1.44)‡ 0.13 (-0.05 – 0.31) 1.13 (1.03 – 1.23)‡ 1.12 (1.04 – 1.20)‡ 1.12 (1.03 – 1.23)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.13) 1.05 (0.99 – 1.11) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.10) -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.97 (0.87 – 1.07) 0.97 (0.90 – 1.05) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.00)‡ -0.07 (-0.20 – 0.06) 0.69 (0.61 – 0.79)‡ 0.68 (0.61 – 0.75)‡ 0.65 (0.56 – 0.75)‡ -0.04 (-0.16 – 0.07) 1.10 (0.97 – 1.23) 1.11 (1.00 – 1.22) 1.19 (1.03 – 1.35)‡ 0.09 (-0.09 – 0.26) 1.16 (1.06 – 1.27)‡ 1.17 (1.09 – 1.26)‡ 1.15 (1.05 – 1.26)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.13) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.12) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.12) -0.01 (-0.08 – 0.07) 0.97 (0.87 – 1.08) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.03) 0.89 (0.79 – 0.99)‡ -0.08 (-0.21 – 0.05) 0.71 (0.61 – 0.81)‡ 0.72 (0.64 – 0.81)‡ 0.72 (0.61 – 0.83)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.13) 1.14 (0.96 – 1.32) 1.14 (0.97 – 1.32) 1.17 (0.98 – 1.36) 0.03 (-0.15 – 0.22) 1.18 (1.05 – 1.31)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.32)‡ 1.19 (1.05 – 1.32)‡ 0.01 (-0.14 – 0.16) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.11) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.11) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.88 (0.77 – 0.99)‡ 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ 0.86 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ -0.02 (-0.15 – 0.12) 0.76 (0.60 – 0.97)‡ 0.76 (0.60 – 0.97)‡ 0.76 (0.59 – 0.97)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) 1.09 (0.99 – 1.20) 1.15 (1.05 – 1.26)‡ 1.19 (1.04 – 1.33)‡ 0.09 (-0.07 – 0.26) 1.13 (1.04 – 1.23)‡ 1.14 (1.05 – 1.24)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.28)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12)‡ 1.04 (0.97 – 1.10) -0.03 (-0.10 – 0.04) 0.97 (0.87 – 1.07) 0.92 (0.83 – 1.01) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.02) -0.06 (-0.19 – 0.07) 0.74 (0.64 – 0.85)‡ 0.73 (0.63 – 0.83)‡ 0.71 (0.60 – 0.83)‡ -0.03 (-0.15 – 0.09) 1.37 (1.20 – 1.56)‡ 1.43 (1.28 – 1.60)‡ 1.46 (1.26 – 1.67)‡ 0.09 (-0.14 – 0.32) 1.15 (1.03 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.04 – 1.26)‡ 1.13 (1.00 – 1.27) -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.14) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.08) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.07) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.96)‡ 0.82 (0.72 – 0.92)‡ 0.80 (0.68 – 0.93)‡ -0.04 (-0.19 – 0.11) 0.61 (0.49 – 0.75)‡ 0.60 (0.49 – 0.73)‡ 0.61 (0.49 – 0.76)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.13) 1.35 (1.29 – 1.41)‡ 1.37 (1.29 – 1.46)‡ 1.42 (1.26 – 1.59)‡ 0.07 (-0.10 – 0.25) 1.27 (1.21 – 1.34)‡ 1.25 (1.18 – 1.33)‡ 1.23 (1.11 – 1.35)‡ -0.04 (-0.18 – 0.09) 1.05 (1.01 – 1.10)‡ 1.06 (1.00 – 1.11)‡ 1.02 (0.95 – 1.09) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.04) 0.83 (0.79 – 0.88)‡ 0.81 (0.75 – 0.87)‡ 0.81 (0.71 – 0.92)‡ -0.02 (-0.13 – 0.09) 0.49 (0.46 – 0.52)‡ 0.51 (0.47 – 0.55)‡ 0.51 (0.44 – 0.61)‡ 0.02 (-0.06 – 0.12) 1.41 (1.28 – 1.57)‡ 1.47 (1.35 – 1.61)‡ 1.49 (1.32 – 1.67)‡ 0.08 (-0.12 – 0.27) 1.12 (1.02 – 1.22)‡ 1.14 (1.04 – 1.24)‡ 1.13 (1.01 – 1.25)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.16) 1.03 (0.97 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.87 (0.78 – 0.97)‡ 0.83 (0.75 – 0.92)‡ 0.82 (0.72 – 0.94)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.08) 0.56 (0.47 – 0.67)‡ 0.54 (0.46 – 0.64)‡ 0.56 (0.46 – 0.67)‡ 0.00 (-0.11 – 0.11) 1.16 (1.00 – 1.34) 1.16 (1.01 – 1.32)‡ 1.18 (1.03 – 1.34)‡ 0.02 (-0.17 – 0.20) 1.13 (1.01 – 1.25)‡ 1.13 (1.01 – 1.24)‡ 1.12 (1.00 – 1.24)‡ -0.02 (-0.16 – 0.12) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.06) 0.98 (0.91 – 1.05) -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.85 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ 0.86 (0.75 – 0.96)‡ 0.85 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 0.85 (0.70 – 1.04) 0.87 (0.72 – 1.04) 0.87 (0.72 – 1.04) 0.02 (-0.14 – 0.18) 1.24 (1.10 – 1.39)‡ 1.25 (1.10 – 1.40)‡ 1.31 (1.11 – 1.51)‡ 0.07 (-0.13 – 0.28) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.24)‡ 1.13 (1.01 – 1.24)‡ 1.14 (1.00 – 1.28) 0.00 (-0.15 – 0.16) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.07) 0.89 (0.79 – 0.99)‡ 0.88 (0.77 – 0.99)‡ 0.83 (0.69 – 0.96)‡ -0.06 (-0.22 – 0.09) 0.74 (0.62 – 0.87)‡ 0.75 (0.63 – 0.88)‡ 0.74 (0.59 – 0.90)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) Continued on next page 1990

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kyrgyzstan

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Maldives


1990 63.6 (53.4 – 74.6) 61.9 (53.5 – 70.8) 53.6 (47.6 – 60.2) 45.1 (38.4 – 52.2) 36.8 (28.8 – 46.6) 125.4 (112.6 – 139.3) 112.1 (101.2 – 123.2) 99.4 (91.3 – 107.5) 81.5 (72.2 – 90.8) 72.1 (63.2 – 81.9) 82.0 (68.0 – 97.0) 75.1 (64.2 – 87.2) 66.9 (58.1 – 76.3) 56.3 (47.2 – 66.7) 46.8 (36.3 – 59.3) 196.1 (162.2 – 235.0) 189.2 (163.1 – 217.5) 176.2 (155.6 – 198.7) 161.9 (137.3 – 188.8) 84.5 (63.7 – 109.0) 102.6 (87.0 – 120.0) 103.0 (89.9 – 117.2) 96.6 (85.7 – 107.7) 83.9 (71.6 – 97.2) 70.4 (57.9 – 84.7) 260.1 (219.0 – 307.0) 276.4 (240.5 – 313.9) 264.6 (236.9 – 294.2) 256.8 (221.0 – 295.8) 231.6 (192.8 – 276.9) 187.0 (164.9 – 210.5) 185.7 (166.4 – 206.3) 170.0 (155.4 – 185.4) 158.3 (141.0 – 177.3) 96.5 (81.8 – 113.5) 242.4 (218.5 – 267.4) 254.8 (231.5 – 278.4) 248.0 (230.2 – 266.4) 241.7 (218.7 – 265.1) 175.2 (156.3 – 195.8) 113.6 (92.9 – 136.9) 107.3 (92.2 – 124.2) 99.1 (87.2 – 111.4) 84.3 (71.2 – 98.6) 65.2 (48.3 – 87.4)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 52.9 (44.9 – 61.7) 14.9 (12.3 – 17.8) 48.7 (39.1 – 59.3)§ 76.5% (71.5 – 80.8)§ 51.2 (44.7 – 58.1) 13.3 (11.4 – 15.2) 48.7 (40.5 – 57.5)§ 78.6% (74.5 – 82.2)§ 44.0 (39.2 – 49.1) 11.5 (10.2 – 12.8) 42.1 (36.2 – 48.5)§ 78.5% (75.5 – 81.3)§ 36.5 (31.2 – 42.2) 9.2 (7.5 – 10.9) 35.9 (29.5 – 42.9)§ 79.6% (74.8 – 83.7)§ 30.4 (24.1 – 37.8) 8.1 (6.2 – 10.3) 28.7 (21.7 – 37.6)§ 78.0% (72.6 – 82.5)§ 125.5 (112.9 – 139.7) 60.4 (48.3 – 75.3) 65.0 (46.5 – 82.5)§ 51.8% (39.0 – 61.9)§ 112.1 (100.7 – 124.3) 56.7 (45.7 – 70.0) 55.3 (39.2 – 70.2)§ 49.4% (36.6 – 59.6)§ 102.6 (93.7 – 111.8) 48.8 (40.0 – 59.7) 50.6 (37.6 – 62.0)§ 50.9% (39.3 – 60.2)§ 86.4 (77.1 – 96.3) 42.9 (34.3 – 53.7) 38.5 (24.7 – 50.5)§ 47.3% (32.5 – 58.6)§ 77.4 (68.5 – 87.4) 37.1 (29.2 – 47.6) 35.0 (22.7 – 46.4)§ 48.6% (33.3 – 60.0)§ 63.3 (52.6 – 73.7) 28.2 (23.8 – 33.1) 53.7 (40.3 – 68.2)§ 65.6% (57.7 – 71.7)§ 57.6 (49.4 – 65.6) 24.2 (21.1 – 27.5) 50.9 (40.0 – 62.9)§ 67.8% (61.2 – 73.1)§ 49.8 (43.3 – 55.6) 21.1 (19.0 – 23.2) 45.8 (37.2 – 55.1)§ 68.5% (63.2 – 72.8)§ 41.4 (34.8 – 48.0) 17.1 (14.4 – 20.0) 39.2 (30.1 – 49.6)§ 69.6% (62.4 – 75.6)§ 34.9 (27.4 – 43.6) 14.9 (11.7 – 18.7) 31.9 (23.1 – 42.9)§ 68.2% (60.2 – 74.6)§ 151.2 (125.6 – 181.3) 87.1 (60.2 – 123.6) 109.1 (63.9 – 150.0)§ 55.6% (36.1 – 69.3)§ 136.9 (117.7 – 158.9) 76.9 (54.0 – 107.5) 112.3 (74.7 – 147.7)§ 59.4% (42.4 – 71.7)§ 126.9 (111.6 – 144.4) 67.6 (48.1 – 94.1) 108.6 (77.8 – 136.9)§ 61.6% (46.2 – 73.0)§ 108.3 (91.6 – 127.6) 56.5 (39.5 – 80.1) 105.4 (74.3 – 135.9)§ 65.1% (49.8 – 76.1)§ 59.1 (45.4 – 76.1) 31.4 (20.5 – 46.9) 53.1 (33.2 – 75.0)§ 62.8% (45.5 – 74.9)§ 119.5 (103.7 – 136.3) 103.4 (77.2 – 138.1) -0.8 (-36.3 – 28.3) -0.8% (-37.6 – 25.8) 123.3 (108.8 – 138.5) 105.4 (79.3 – 138.3) -2.4 (-37.2 – 25.7) -2.3% (-38.0 – 23.5) 117.5 (105.6 – 129.7) 98.8 (74.9 – 128.3) -2.2 (-33.0 – 22.8) -2.3% (-35.4 – 22.6) 105.2 (92.1 – 120.0) 88.7 (66.7 – 117.6) -4.9 (-34.9 – 19.4) -5.8% (-44.0 – 21.9) 86.1 (73.0 – 101.6) 71.1 (52.0 – 96.4) -0.7 (-26.3 – 20.1) -1.0% (-39.8 – 26.2) 186.9 (159.8 – 215.1) 78.0 (56.4 – 109.8) 182.1 (134.7 – 231.5)§ 70.0% (57.2 – 78.7)§ 192.9 (170.3 – 216.6) 73.9 (54.1 – 102.9) 202.5 (160.1 – 243.4)§ 73.3% (62.5 – 80.6)§ 188.5 (170.0 – 207.4) 67.6 (49.9 – 93.5) 197.0 (162.6 – 229.1)§ 74.4% (64.6 – 81.3)§ 182.9 (160.2 – 207.8) 58.6 (43.0 – 82.0) 198.2 (158.5 – 237.7)§ 77.2% (67.7 – 83.6)§ 168.3 (144.5 – 195.3) 58.9 (42.0 – 83.3) 172.7 (131.2 – 215.9)§ 74.6% (63.9 – 81.9)§ 135.2 (119.6 – 152.7) 62.2 (42.2 – 90.8) 124.8 (90.1 – 154.1)§ 66.7% (50.6 – 77.6)§ 125.5 (111.6 – 140.1) 55.3 (37.7 – 79.8) 130.3 (99.8 – 156.3)§ 70.2% (56.7 – 79.7)§ 114.5 (103.3 – 126.2) 47.5 (32.6 – 68.5) 122.5 (97.5 – 143.1)§ 72.0% (59.4 – 80.9)§ 98.4 (87.0 – 111.1) 39.8 (26.9 – 57.8) 118.5 (93.8 – 140.4)§ 74.9% (62.8 – 83.1)§ 64.3 (54.4 – 75.7) 27.2 (17.8 – 40.7) 69.4 (51.5 – 86.8)§ 71.8% (57.9 – 81.5)§ 185.3 (170.1 – 201.5) 65.2 (49.2 – 85.5) 177.1 (146.7 – 205.9)§ 73.1% (64.4 – 79.9)§ 193.9 (178.0 – 211.0) 64.1 (49.0 – 83.7) 190.7 (160.8 – 218.3)§ 74.8% (66.8 – 81.0)§ 184.6 (171.7 – 198.4) 56.3 (43.4 – 72.4) 191.7 (168.3 – 213.9)§ 77.3% (70.7 – 82.6)§ 177.4 (162.9 – 193.2) 47.9 (36.0 – 62.9) 193.7 (167.3 – 219.2)§ 80.2% (73.7 – 85.2)§ 132.2 (120.1 – 145.5) 41.9 (31.4 – 55.5) 133.3 (110.8 – 155.6)§ 76.1% (67.8 – 82.4)§ 55.8 (45.5 – 67.2) 11.5 (8.4 – 15.3) 102.1 (81.6 – 124.6)§ 89.9% (86.1 – 92.6)§ 51.3 (43.7 – 59.5) 9.9 (7.4 – 12.9) 97.4 (82.1 – 114.0)§ 90.8% (87.6 – 93.2)§ 44.1 (38.4 – 50.1) 8.5 (6.6 – 11.0) 90.5 (78.2 – 103.0)§ 91.4% (88.6 – 93.4)§ 37.1 (31.1 – 43.8) 6.9 (5.0 – 9.2) 77.4 (64.3 – 91.9)§ 91.9% (88.8 – 94.2)§ 29.1 (21.6 – 39.0) 5.7 (3.9 – 8.2) 59.5 (43.3 – 80.6)§ 91.2% (87.8 – 93.7)§


19

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.22 (1.05 – 1.39)‡ 1.23 (1.07 – 1.40)‡ 1.31 (1.09 – 1.55)‡ 0.09 (-0.12 – 0.32) 1.19 (1.06 – 1.31)‡ 1.19 (1.08 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.01 – 1.32)‡ -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.15) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.07) 0.86 (0.76 – 0.97)‡ 0.85 (0.74 – 0.96)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.95)‡ -0.06 (-0.22 – 0.10) 0.70 (0.56 – 0.87)‡ 0.71 (0.57 – 0.87)‡ 0.71 (0.55 – 0.90)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.15) 1.28 (1.17 – 1.40)‡ 1.25 (1.15 – 1.35)‡ 1.23 (1.10 – 1.37)‡ -0.05 (-0.22 – 0.11) 1.14 (1.06 – 1.23)‡ 1.11 (1.03 – 1.20)‡ 1.15 (1.05 – 1.26)‡ 0.01 (-0.12 – 0.14) 1.01 (0.96 – 1.07) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.93 – 1.06) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 0.83 (0.75 – 0.91)‡ 0.86 (0.78 – 0.93)‡ 0.87 (0.78 – 0.97)‡ 0.04 (-0.07 – 0.17) 0.74 (0.66 – 0.82)‡ 0.77 (0.69 – 0.85)‡ 0.75 (0.65 – 0.87)‡ 0.02 (-0.10 – 0.14) 1.25 (1.08 – 1.43)‡ 1.28 (1.11 – 1.46)‡ 1.34 (1.14 – 1.55)‡ 0.08 (-0.12 – 0.30) 1.15 (1.04 – 1.27)‡ 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 1.15 (1.01 – 1.29)‡ 0.00 (-0.16 – 0.16) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.06) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.95)‡ 0.81 (0.69 – 0.94)‡ -0.05 (-0.19 – 0.09) 0.72 (0.57 – 0.88)‡ 0.71 (0.57 – 0.87)‡ 0.70 (0.56 – 0.88)‡ -0.01 (-0.15 – 0.13) 1.21 (1.03 – 1.41)‡ 1.30 (1.12 – 1.49)‡ 1.36 (1.17 – 1.56)‡ 0.15 (-0.05 – 0.34) 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 1.18 (1.05 – 1.30)‡ 1.20 (1.08 – 1.33)‡ 0.03 (-0.12 – 0.18) 1.09 (1.01 – 1.17)‡ 1.09 (1.01 – 1.16)‡ 1.06 (0.98 – 1.13) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.05) 1.00 (0.88 – 1.13) 0.93 (0.82 – 1.05) 0.88 (0.78 – 1.00)‡ -0.12 (-0.25 – 0.02) 0.52 (0.40 – 0.67)‡ 0.51 (0.40 – 0.63)‡ 0.49 (0.38 – 0.62)‡ -0.03 (-0.13 – 0.06) 1.12 (0.99 – 1.27) 1.08 (0.96 – 1.21) 1.11 (0.97 – 1.26) -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.14) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.24)‡ 1.12 (1.02 – 1.22)‡ 1.13 (1.02 – 1.23)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.13) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.13) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.13) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.13) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.92 (0.82 – 1.03) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.06) 0.95 (0.85 – 1.06) 0.03 (-0.10 – 0.16) 0.77 (0.65 – 0.90)‡ 0.78 (0.68 – 0.90)‡ 0.76 (0.64 – 0.90)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 1.01 (0.87 – 1.16) 1.02 (0.89 – 1.15) 1.16 (1.01 – 1.31)‡ 0.15 (-0.03 – 0.32) 1.07 (0.96 – 1.18) 1.05 (0.95 – 1.14) 1.10 (0.99 – 1.21) 0.02 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) -0.02 (-0.10 – 0.05) 1.00 (0.88 – 1.11) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.10) 0.87 (0.77 – 0.97)‡ -0.13 (-0.26 – 0.01) 0.90 (0.76 – 1.06) 0.92 (0.80 – 1.04) 0.87 (0.75 – 1.02) -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.13) 1.17 (1.06 – 1.29)‡ 1.26 (1.15 – 1.37)‡ 1.34 (1.17 – 1.52)‡ 0.17 (-0.02 – 0.36) 1.16 (1.07 – 1.26)‡ 1.17 (1.08 – 1.26)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.32)‡ 0.03 (-0.12 – 0.17) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12)‡ 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.09) 0.91 (0.83 – 1.00) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.96)‡ -0.14 (-0.26 – 0.00)§ 0.61 (0.52 – 0.70)‡ 0.60 (0.52 – 0.69)‡ 0.59 (0.48 – 0.71)‡ -0.02 (-0.13 – 0.09) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.13) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.13) 1.18 (1.06 – 1.32)‡ 0.14 (-0.01 – 0.30) 1.10 (1.02 – 1.18)‡ 1.11 (1.05 – 1.18)‡ 1.16 (1.06 – 1.27)‡ 0.07 (-0.06 – 0.20) 1.07 (1.02 – 1.12)‡ 1.06 (1.01 – 1.10)‡ 1.02 (0.96 – 1.08) -0.05 (-0.12 – 0.03) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.08) 0.87 (0.78 – 0.97)‡ -0.17 (-0.29 – -0.05)§ 0.75 (0.68 – 0.83)‡ 0.76 (0.70 – 0.81)‡ 0.76 (0.67 – 0.86)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.12) 1.21 (1.01 – 1.43)‡ 1.28 (1.07 – 1.50)‡ 1.35 (1.11 – 1.61)‡ 0.14 (-0.08 – 0.38) 1.14 (1.01 – 1.27)‡ 1.18 (1.04 – 1.32)‡ 1.16 (1.00 – 1.33) 0.02 (-0.15 – 0.20) 1.06 (0.97 – 1.13) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.10) -0.05 (-0.14 – 0.05) 0.90 (0.78 – 1.02) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ -0.09 (-0.25 – 0.07) 0.69 (0.52 – 0.92)‡ 0.67 (0.50 – 0.88)‡ 0.67 (0.49 – 0.90)‡ -0.02 (-0.16 – 0.12) Continued on next page 1990

Mali

Mauritania

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nepal

Nicaragua


1990 278.8 (252.0 – 308.2) 286.2 (261.1 – 313.6) 272.8 (251.9 – 295.5) 260.9 (237.1 – 286.5) 170.8 (152.1 – 191.3) 146.0 (122.5 – 171.8) 128.9 (110.4 – 148.6) 120.4 (105.9 – 135.9) 103.1 (87.3 – 120.0) 84.0 (66.9 – 103.5) 138.2 (118.2 – 159.9) 124.7 (109.0 – 141.5) 113.6 (101.2 – 126.4) 94.1 (80.9 – 108.8) 71.9 (58.1 – 87.9) 106.1 (92.8 – 120.4) 95.3 (84.8 – 106.6) 84.1 (76.2 – 92.2) 70.4 (61.5 – 79.9) 42.2 (34.6 – 50.8) 267.9 (234.4 – 306.3) 277.1 (246.8 – 310.2) 259.3 (235.1 – 284.4) 249.5 (219.3 – 282.7) 184.7 (158.4 – 214.4) 139.4 (114.3 – 166.4) 132.0 (113.9 – 151.0) 122.7 (108.7 – 137.3) 105.4 (89.3 – 123.2) 77.9 (57.4 – 103.3) 81.7 (70.7 – 93.6) 84.5 (74.6 – 95.1) 74.8 (66.6 – 82.8) 66.2 (57.5 – 76.2) 49.3 (40.9 – 58.9) 153.9 (136.4 – 172.8) 163.0 (147.1 – 179.7) 154.9 (142.2 – 168.2) 137.8 (123.1 – 154.3) 95.0 (81.4 – 109.3) 81.4 (69.8 – 94.2) 81.9 (72.5 – 92.3) 71.8 (64.7 – 79.4) 60.7 (52.7 – 69.7) 41.6 (33.1 – 51.9)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 237.3 (214.4 – 261.8) 132.8 (80.8 – 212.2) 146.0 (63.9 – 202.8)§ 52.4% (23.7 – 71.1)§ 253.3 (230.4 – 278.5) 127.9 (78.6 – 203.5) 158.3 (82.0 – 212.6)§ 55.3% (29.1 – 72.6)§ 238.1 (218.4 – 259.8) 119.7 (73.6 – 189.3) 153.0 (84.1 – 202.4)§ 56.1% (30.8 – 72.9)§ 230.1 (208.0 – 253.8) 104.3 (64.0 – 166.3) 156.7 (92.7 – 201.7)§ 60.0% (36.2 – 75.4)§ 140.2 (125.6 – 156.3) 68.3 (41.5 – 109.8) 102.4 (59.6 – 135.4)§ 60.0% (35.8 – 75.8)§ 144.1 (121.2 – 169.6) 104.3 (56.9 – 190.9) 41.8 (-45.5 – 94.0) 28.6% (-32.4 – 61.3) 124.6 (107.0 – 144.5) 91.7 (50.2 – 168.0) 37.2 (-39.3 – 81.3) 28.8% (-31.9 – 60.9) 116.5 (101.6 – 133.2) 82.9 (45.6 – 149.9) 37.5 (-30.3 – 76.6) 31.2% (-25.5 – 62.0) 98.7 (83.6 – 116.2) 69.4 (37.9 – 126.9) 33.7 (-25.2 – 68.8) 32.7% (-25.5 – 63.5) 81.6 (66.1 – 100.1) 58.6 (31.6 – 109.6) 25.4 (-25.0 – 56.2) 30.2% (-32.2 – 62.6) 84.9 (72.9 – 97.9) 26.0 (17.1 – 39.0) 112.2 (89.0 – 134.7)§ 81.2% (71.4 – 87.7)§ 75.1 (65.4 – 85.6) 20.8 (13.6 – 31.0) 103.9 (85.5 – 121.8)§ 83.3% (74.7 – 89.0)§ 64.6 (56.9 – 72.5) 17.7 (11.8 – 26.1) 95.8 (81.2 – 109.4)§ 84.4% (76.7 – 89.7)§ 52.5 (44.9 – 60.9) 13.9 (8.9 – 20.8) 80.2 (65.6 – 95.1)§ 85.3% (77.7 – 90.6)§ 40.0 (32.2 – 48.8) 11.1 (6.9 – 17.1) 60.9 (46.7 – 75.8)§ 84.6% (76.2 – 90.2)§ 69.4 (60.0 – 79.5) 38.5 (27.0 – 53.7) 67.6 (48.6 – 84.8)§ 63.7% (48.7 – 74.7)§ 61.5 (53.9 – 69.7) 32.3 (23.2 – 44.7) 62.9 (47.3 – 77.3)§ 66.1% (52.4 – 75.9)§ 51.0 (45.3 – 57.2) 27.5 (19.9 – 37.8) 56.5 (43.7 – 67.5)§ 67.2% (54.4 – 76.5)§ 41.3 (35.4 – 47.9) 22.6 (16.0 – 31.8) 47.8 (35.4 – 59.1)§ 67.9% (54.2 – 77.6)§ 25.9 (20.8 – 31.6) 14.6 (9.9 – 21.2) 27.6 (19.0 – 36.1)§ 65.4% (49.7 – 76.2)§ 190.5 (171.8 – 211.1) 86.4 (62.7 – 119.7) 181.5 (137.1 – 223.6)§ 67.8% (54.7 – 76.9)§ 192.4 (173.4 – 212.3) 79.7 (58.3 – 109.2) 197.4 (157.4 – 235.7)§ 71.2% (60.2 – 79.1)§ 184.3 (168.3 – 201.1) 73.0 (54.0 – 98.9) 186.2 (152.4 – 215.8)§ 71.8% (61.5 – 79.3)§ 180.3 (163.2 – 199.3) 63.6 (46.1 – 87.9) 185.9 (149.0 – 220.6)§ 74.5% (64.1 – 81.6)§ 130.5 (116.2 – 146.3) 53.8 (38.4 – 75.1) 131.0 (98.9 – 162.0)§ 70.9% (58.3 – 79.3)§ 111.4 (93.1 – 132.4) 66.2 (48.5 – 86.9) 73.2 (45.1 – 101.4)§ 52.5% (36.1 – 65.1)§ 103.9 (90.3 – 118.9) 60.4 (45.6 – 78.2) 71.6 (47.5 – 95.2)§ 54.2% (39.0 – 66.0)§ 95.1 (84.7 – 106.1) 52.0 (39.4 – 66.3) 70.7 (51.9 – 89.1)§ 57.7% (45.2 – 68.3)§ 79.7 (67.8 – 92.4) 42.8 (31.8 – 55.8) 62.6 (43.8 – 82.3)§ 59.4% (45.6 – 70.4)§ 59.9 (44.9 – 79.1) 32.6 (22.2 – 46.4) 45.3 (27.5 – 66.0)§ 58.2% (42.5 – 69.9)§ 85.7 (74.4 – 98.3) 56.2 (37.8 – 83.8) 25.5 (-3.4 – 46.2) 31.2% (-4.4 – 53.8) 88.7 (78.0 – 100.1) 53.9 (36.7 – 79.9) 30.6 (3.0 – 50.4)§ 36.2% (3.9 – 56.9)§ 78.5 (70.4 – 87.1) 46.3 (31.7 – 67.9) 28.4 (5.8 – 44.6)§ 38.1% (7.6 – 57.8)§ 70.0 (60.9 – 80.3) 40.1 (27.1 – 60.0) 26.1 (5.3 – 41.8)§ 39.4% (8.2 – 59.6)§ 50.2 (41.5 – 60.1) 29.4 (19.3 – 45.0) 19.9 (3.7 – 32.3)§ 40.3% (8.0 – 61.0)§ 96.2 (85.9 – 106.9) 44.1 (35.4 – 55.1) 109.8 (89.5 – 129.4)§ 71.3% (63.4 – 77.5)§ 95.1 (85.9 – 104.8) 41.1 (33.3 – 50.7) 121.8 (103.9 – 139.7)§ 74.8% (68.3 – 79.9)§ 88.7 (81.3 – 96.4) 35.6 (29.2 – 43.4) 119.3 (105.0 – 133.6)§ 77.0% (71.6 – 81.4)§ 74.1 (66.2 – 82.3) 29.5 (23.7 – 36.9) 108.3 (92.5 – 125.2)§ 78.6% (72.9 – 83.1)§ 54.4 (47.2 – 62.5) 22.2 (17.3 – 28.7) 72.8 (59.2 – 86.8)§ 76.6% (69.5 – 82.0)§ 51.0 (43.2 – 59.7) 26.1 (16.1 – 43.1) 55.3 (36.6 – 70.4)§ 67.9% (47.1 – 80.4)§ 49.4 (43.0 – 56.3) 23.5 (14.6 – 37.9) 58.4 (41.7 – 72.2)§ 71.3% (53.4 – 82.2)§ 42.0 (37.4 – 47.0) 20.3 (12.7 – 32.5) 51.5 (37.8 – 62.0)§ 71.8% (54.2 – 82.3)§ 35.1 (30.1 – 40.9) 16.5 (10.3 – 26.8) 44.3 (31.6 – 54.9)§ 72.9% (54.9 – 83.4)§ 24.5 (19.3 – 30.8) 12.2 (7.1 – 20.4) 29.5 (19.4 – 39.0)§ 70.8% (51.7 – 82.4)§


20

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.10 (1.02 – 1.18)‡ 1.08 (1.01 – 1.14)‡ 1.20 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 0.10 (-0.05 – 0.26) 1.13 (1.05 – 1.20)‡ 1.15 (1.09 – 1.22)‡ 1.16 (1.06 – 1.26)‡ 0.03 (-0.09 – 0.16) 1.07 (1.03 – 1.12)‡ 1.08 (1.04 – 1.13)‡ 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14)‡ 0.01 (-0.06 – 0.08) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.11) 0.94 (0.85 – 1.05) -0.09 (-0.20 – 0.04) 0.67 (0.61 – 0.74)‡ 0.64 (0.59 – 0.69)‡ 0.62 (0.53 – 0.71)‡ -0.05 (-0.16 – 0.05) 1.25 (1.09 – 1.43)‡ 1.27 (1.13 – 1.43)‡ 1.28 (1.12 – 1.45)‡ 0.03 (-0.16 – 0.21) 1.11 (0.99 – 1.22) 1.10 (1.00 – 1.21) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.24)‡ 0.02 (-0.12 – 0.16) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.09) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.89 (0.78 – 0.99)‡ 0.87 (0.78 – 0.97)‡ 0.85 (0.75 – 0.96)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.09) 0.72 (0.59 – 0.87)‡ 0.72 (0.61 – 0.85)‡ 0.72 (0.60 – 0.86)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 1.27 (1.12 – 1.43)‡ 1.34 (1.19 – 1.49)‡ 1.45 (1.25 – 1.67)‡ 0.18 (-0.03 – 0.41) 1.15 (1.04 – 1.26)‡ 1.18 (1.08 – 1.29)‡ 1.16 (1.02 – 1.31)‡ 0.01 (-0.15 – 0.18) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.09) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.08) -0.06 (-0.15 – 0.03) 0.87 (0.77 – 0.97)‡ 0.83 (0.73 – 0.93)‡ 0.77 (0.65 – 0.90)‡ -0.09 (-0.24 – 0.05) 0.66 (0.54 – 0.80)‡ 0.63 (0.52 – 0.75)‡ 0.62 (0.49 – 0.77)‡ -0.04 (-0.17 – 0.09) 1.33 (1.18 – 1.49)‡ 1.39 (1.25 – 1.54)‡ 1.42 (1.22 – 1.62)‡ 0.09 (-0.11 – 0.29) 1.20 (1.09 – 1.31)‡ 1.23 (1.13 – 1.35)‡ 1.19 (1.06 – 1.33)‡ 0.00 (-0.15 – 0.14) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.09) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.88 (0.79 – 0.99)‡ 0.83 (0.73 – 0.93)‡ 0.83 (0.72 – 0.96)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.09) 0.53 (0.44 – 0.63)‡ 0.52 (0.43 – 0.62)‡ 0.54 (0.43 – 0.67)‡ 0.01 (-0.09 – 0.12) 1.08 (0.97 – 1.20) 1.08 (1.01 – 1.16)‡ 1.21 (1.08 – 1.36)‡ 0.13 (-0.04 – 0.30) 1.12 (1.03 – 1.21)‡ 1.10 (1.03 – 1.17)‡ 1.12 (1.01 – 1.22)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.13) 1.05 (0.99 – 1.10) 1.05 (1.00 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.09) -0.02 (-0.10 – 0.05) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) 0.89 (0.80 – 0.99)‡ -0.12 (-0.25 – 0.02) 0.75 (0.65 – 0.84)‡ 0.74 (0.68 – 0.81)‡ 0.75 (0.66 – 0.86)‡ 0.01 (-0.12 – 0.14) 1.21 (1.01 – 1.41)‡ 1.24 (1.05 – 1.44)‡ 1.30 (1.11 – 1.51)‡ 0.10 (-0.09 – 0.28) 1.14 (1.01 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 1.19 (1.06 – 1.32)‡ 0.05 (-0.10 – 0.19) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 1.06 (0.97 – 1.14) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.91 (0.79 – 1.03) 0.89 (0.77 – 1.00)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.96)‡ -0.07 (-0.20 – 0.06) 0.67 (0.50 – 0.88)‡ 0.67 (0.51 – 0.87)‡ 0.64 (0.48 – 0.84)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.15 (1.02 – 1.28)‡ 1.15 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 1.24 (1.08 – 1.42)‡ 0.10 (-0.07 – 0.28) 1.19 (1.08 – 1.29)‡ 1.19 (1.08 – 1.29)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.32)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.15) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.11) 1.05 (0.99 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) -0.02 (-0.10 – 0.05) 0.93 (0.83 – 1.04) 0.94 (0.84 – 1.05) 0.89 (0.78 – 1.01) -0.04 (-0.17 – 0.09) 0.69 (0.59 – 0.81)‡ 0.67 (0.57 – 0.78)‡ 0.65 (0.53 – 0.78)‡ -0.04 (-0.16 – 0.08) 1.09 (0.99 – 1.20) 1.18 (1.07 – 1.28)‡ 1.28 (1.12 – 1.45)‡ 0.19 (0.01 – 0.37)§ 1.16 (1.07 – 1.25)‡ 1.16 (1.08 – 1.25)‡ 1.19 (1.07 – 1.31)‡ 0.04 (-0.11 – 0.18) 1.10 (1.04 – 1.16)‡ 1.09 (1.03 – 1.15)‡ 1.03 (0.96 – 1.10) -0.07 (-0.15 – 0.01) 0.98 (0.89 – 1.07) 0.91 (0.83 – 0.99)‡ 0.86 (0.75 – 0.96)‡ -0.12 (-0.26 – 0.01) 0.67 (0.59 – 0.77)‡ 0.67 (0.59 – 0.75)‡ 0.64 (0.54 – 0.76)‡ -0.03 (-0.14 – 0.09) 1.21 (1.06 – 1.37)‡ 1.26 (1.10 – 1.43)‡ 1.33 (1.12 – 1.55)‡ 0.12 (-0.08 – 0.33) 1.21 (1.10 – 1.33)‡ 1.22 (1.10 – 1.35)‡ 1.19 (1.05 – 1.33)‡ -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.14) 1.06 (0.99 – 1.14) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.94 – 1.12) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.05) 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.71 – 0.97)‡ -0.06 (-0.21 – 0.08) 0.62 (0.50 – 0.76)‡ 0.61 (0.48 – 0.75)‡ 0.62 (0.48 – 0.78)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.13) Continued on next page 1990

Niger

Nigeria

Pakistan

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Republic of Moldova

Rwanda

Sao Tome and Principe


1990 305.4 (272.0 – 341.9) 395.2 (357.3 – 435.4) 360.4 (332.0 – 390.3) 349.5 (313.6 – 386.9) 234.0 (205.3 – 264.1) 253.5 (225.3 – 284.2) 254.7 (230.1 – 281.4) 231.2 (211.9 – 251.0) 200.6 (177.7 – 224.9) 124.5 (109.4 – 142.2) 160.0 (142.3 – 178.1) 161.0 (145.9 – 176.6) 148.5 (138.2 – 158.7) 132.2 (118.5 – 146.4) 92.2 (79.1 – 106.6) 58.7 (49.1 – 69.7) 55.4 (47.6 – 64.0) 48.6 (42.5 – 55.1) 41.1 (34.8 – 48.3) 29.2 (21.8 – 38.1) 118.7 (108.1 – 129.3) 100.4 (91.4 – 109.6) 82.0 (75.4 – 88.8) 61.9 (55.4 – 68.7) 39.1 (33.4 – 45.1) 87.5 (78.5 – 97.1) 68.6 (61.6 – 75.9) 58.5 (53.2 – 64.1) 45.3 (39.6 – 51.2) 30.6 (25.8 – 36.0) 42.9 (33.9 – 53.3) 38.1 (31.2 – 46.1) 33.0 (27.5 – 39.0) 27.6 (22.2 – 33.6) 23.5 (17.0 – 32.0) 149.4 (133.0 – 167.2) 167.8 (151.6 – 185.0) 157.0 (144.5 – 170.7) 157.7 (141.5 – 174.6) 121.2 (107.3 – 136.6) 119.1 (96.0 – 144.9) 114.3 (96.1 – 134.7) 107.9 (92.6 – 124.9) 91.6 (75.7 – 109.5) 91.0 (70.6 – 115.9)



21

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 0.93 (0.84 – 1.02) 0.91 (0.84 – 0.98)‡ 1.06 (0.93 – 1.20) 0.13 (-0.02 – 0.28) 1.20 (1.11 – 1.29)‡ 1.18 (1.10 – 1.25)‡ 1.17 (1.06 – 1.28)‡ -0.03 (-0.17 – 0.10) 1.10 (1.04 – 1.15)‡ 1.09 (1.04 – 1.14)‡ 1.08 (1.02 – 1.14)‡ -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.06) 1.06 (0.97 – 1.15) 1.09 (1.01 – 1.17)‡ 0.96 (0.86 – 1.07) -0.10 (-0.24 – 0.03) 0.71 (0.64 – 0.79)‡ 0.73 (0.67 – 0.80)‡ 0.73 (0.63 – 0.85)‡ 0.02 (-0.10 – 0.15) 1.19 (1.08 – 1.31)‡ 1.21 (1.13 – 1.29)‡ 1.34 (1.21 – 1.48)‡ 0.15 (-0.02 – 0.32) 1.20 (1.10 – 1.29)‡ 1.24 (1.17 – 1.32)‡ 1.20 (1.10 – 1.31)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.09 (1.03 – 1.14)‡ 1.08 (1.03 – 1.13)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ -0.01 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.94 (0.85 – 1.04) 0.92 (0.85 – 0.99)‡ 0.83 (0.75 – 0.93)‡ -0.11 (-0.23 – 0.01) 0.58 (0.52 – 0.65)‡ 0.55 (0.50 – 0.60)‡ 0.55 (0.49 – 0.63)‡ -0.03 (-0.13 – 0.06) 1.15 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 1.20 (1.08 – 1.33)‡ 1.25 (1.10 – 1.41)‡ 0.10 (-0.07 – 0.27) 1.16 (1.06 – 1.26)‡ 1.16 (1.07 – 1.26)‡ 1.17 (1.06 – 1.28)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.13)‡ 1.05 (0.98 – 1.12) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.05) 0.89 (0.81 – 0.98)‡ 0.87 (0.78 – 0.98)‡ -0.08 (-0.20 – 0.05) 0.66 (0.57 – 0.77)‡ 0.67 (0.59 – 0.77)‡ 0.66 (0.56 – 0.77)‡ -0.01 (-0.12 – 0.11) 1.26 (1.09 – 1.44)‡ 1.28 (1.09 – 1.49)‡ 1.33 (1.12 – 1.57)‡ 0.08 (-0.12 – 0.29) 1.19 (1.06 – 1.32)‡ 1.19 (1.05 – 1.32)‡ 1.18 (1.03 – 1.32)‡ -0.01 (-0.18 – 0.14) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.11) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.12) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.06) 0.88 (0.77 – 1.00)‡ 0.87 (0.75 – 1.00)‡ 0.84 (0.70 – 0.98)‡ -0.05 (-0.20 – 0.10) 0.63 (0.47 – 0.80)‡ 0.63 (0.47 – 0.81)‡ 0.63 (0.47 – 0.83)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.14) 1.48 (1.37 – 1.58)‡ 1.53 (1.42 – 1.65)‡ 1.56 (1.38 – 1.76)‡ 0.09 (-0.13 – 0.31) 1.25 (1.16 – 1.34)‡ 1.25 (1.16 – 1.35)‡ 1.19 (1.05 – 1.33)‡ -0.06 (-0.22 – 0.10) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.05) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.08) -0.03 (-0.12 – 0.06) 0.77 (0.70 – 0.85)‡ 0.74 (0.67 – 0.82)‡ 0.75 (0.62 – 0.87)‡ -0.02 (-0.16 – 0.11) 0.49 (0.42 – 0.55)‡ 0.49 (0.42 – 0.56)‡ 0.51 (0.41 – 0.63)‡ 0.02 (-0.07 – 0.14) 1.51 (1.38 – 1.64)‡ 1.53 (1.40 – 1.66)‡ 1.52 (1.34 – 1.70)‡ 0.01 (-0.18 – 0.21) 1.18 (1.09 – 1.28)‡ 1.19 (1.10 – 1.29)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.28)‡ -0.02 (-0.16 – 0.12) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.05) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.06) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 0.78 (0.69 – 0.86)‡ 0.78 (0.70 – 0.87)‡ 0.80 (0.70 – 0.91)‡ 0.02 (-0.09 – 0.15) 0.53 (0.45 – 0.61)‡ 0.51 (0.43 – 0.59)‡ 0.52 (0.43 – 0.63)‡ 0.00 (-0.10 – 0.09) 1.30 (1.08 – 1.52)‡ 1.30 (1.08 – 1.52)‡ 1.35 (1.11 – 1.61)‡ 0.05 (-0.17 – 0.29) 1.16 (1.02 – 1.30)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.30)‡ 1.15 (0.99 – 1.31) -0.01 (-0.18 – 0.16) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.09) 0.00 (-0.09 – 0.08) 0.84 (0.72 – 0.95)‡ 0.83 (0.72 – 0.95)‡ 0.79 (0.65 – 0.94)‡ -0.04 (-0.20 – 0.11) 0.71 (0.53 – 0.93)‡ 0.72 (0.55 – 0.94)‡ 0.71 (0.54 – 0.95)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.15) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.09) 1.03 (0.94 – 1.12) 1.25 (1.10 – 1.40)‡ 0.25 (0.09 – 0.43)§ 1.11 (1.03 – 1.20)‡ 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.25)‡ 0.01 (-0.12 – 0.15) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.10) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.03) 1.05 (0.96 – 1.14) 1.09 (1.01 – 1.18)‡ 0.89 (0.79 – 1.00)‡ -0.16 (-0.29 – -0.03)§ 0.80 (0.72 – 0.89)‡ 0.78 (0.71 – 0.86)‡ 0.74 (0.63 – 0.85)‡ -0.07 (-0.20 – 0.06) 1.14 (0.96 – 1.32) 1.15 (0.98 – 1.34) 1.24 (1.04 – 1.44)‡ 0.10 (-0.09 – 0.30) 1.09 (0.97 – 1.21) 1.10 (0.98 – 1.22) 1.14 (1.01 – 1.27)‡ 0.05 (-0.10 – 0.20) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.11) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.87 (0.76 – 0.99)‡ 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ 0.83 (0.72 – 0.95)‡ -0.04 (-0.17 – 0.09) 0.87 (0.70 – 1.07) 0.86 (0.70 – 1.05) 0.80 (0.64 – 1.00) -0.06 (-0.22 – 0.08) Continued on next page 1990

Wealth Quintile 1st 2nd Senegal 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd Serbia 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd Sierra Leone 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd Somalia 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd South Africa 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd South Sudan 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd State of Palestine 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd Sudan 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd Suriname 3rd 4th 5th

1990 179.1 (160.7 – 198.3) 162.4 (147.4 – 178.2) 148.9 (138.1 – 160.2) 125.5 (111.5 – 140.3) 86.2 (74.2 – 99.7) 37.3 (31.1 – 44.2) 32.6 (28.5 – 36.6) 28.2 (25.6 – 30.7) 23.6 (20.1 – 27.2) 19.4 (14.5 – 25.8) 280.2 (241.9 – 320.9) 275.0 (240.4 – 312.0) 268.1 (240.0 – 297.3) 274.5 (240.7 – 313.2) 212.7 (179.8 – 247.8) 195.6 (150.1 – 252.5) 205.3 (165.3 – 257.4) 191.7 (156.8 – 238.0) 180.4 (144.0 – 228.3) 131.5 (93.4 – 182.0) 78.7 (65.1 – 94.7) 67.3 (57.0 – 78.6) 58.4 (50.6 – 67.4) 48.9 (41.0 – 58.2) 33.7 (25.2 – 44.5) 251.6 (194.2 – 317.6) 276.3 (221.3 – 334.1) 259.4 (210.6 – 308.2) 247.0 (196.2 – 302.1) 247.8 (186.4 – 322.6) 57.6 (47.3 – 68.7) 52.7 (45.4 – 60.2) 45.6 (40.4 – 50.9) 38.3 (32.4 – 44.8) 28.9 (21.5 – 37.7) 145.2 (122.4 – 170.2) 153.4 (134.6 – 173.5) 142.2 (128.3 – 156.6) 126.7 (109.6 – 145.9) 89.4 (71.8 – 109.6) 64.1 (49.2 – 82.1) 53.8 (42.1 – 66.8) 46.7 (37.2 – 57.6) 39.0 (30.5 – 49.4) 28.4 (19.9 – 40.1)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 173.4 (157.8 – 190.6) 65.1 (50.4 – 84.7) 114.0 (88.3 – 138.0)§ 63.6% (52.2 – 72.2)§ 154.9 (141.2 – 169.4) 55.6 (43.2 – 71.9) 106.8 (85.2 – 126.7)§ 65.8% (54.8 – 73.6)§ 142.1 (131.1 – 154.1) 47.9 (37.6 – 61.5) 101.0 (84.4 – 115.8)§ 67.8% (58.5 – 74.9)§ 118.1 (105.9 – 131.5) 39.4 (30.3 – 51.4) 86.1 (67.7 – 103.3)§ 68.6% (58.1 – 76.3)§ 82.5 (71.9 – 94.0) 27.6 (20.8 – 36.7) 58.6 (45.0 – 72.2)§ 68.0% (56.5 – 76.1)§ 17.3 (14.2 – 20.9) 7.9 (6.3 – 10.0) 29.4 (23.7 – 35.5)§ 78.8% (73.6 – 82.6)§ 14.6 (12.5 – 16.6) 6.7 (5.5 – 8.0) 25.9 (22.0 – 29.6)§ 79.5% (75.2 – 83.0)§ 12.6 (11.3 – 13.9) 5.8 (4.9 – 6.8) 22.4 (20.0 – 24.6)§ 79.5% (76.1 – 82.2)§ 10.1 (8.2 – 12.0) 4.6 (3.7 – 5.8) 18.9 (15.6 – 22.4)§ 80.3% (75.4 – 84.4)§ 8.8 (6.5 – 11.7) 4.0 (2.9 – 5.5) 15.4 (11.2 – 20.7)§ 79.4% (73.9 – 83.4)§ 255.0 (227.8 – 284.7) 130.5 (99.8 – 165.9) 149.7 (102.9 – 197.3)§ 53.4% (39.5 – 65.1)§ 243.1 (217.5 – 270.0) 120.2 (92.6 – 150.5) 154.8 (111.6 – 197.8)§ 56.3% (43.9 – 66.8)§ 238.7 (216.4 – 262.8) 115.8 (90.4 – 144.6) 152.2 (116.7 – 188.1)§ 56.8% (45.5 – 66.3)§ 242.1 (216.4 – 271.3) 103.3 (78.9 – 130.9) 171.2 (130.1 – 214.1)§ 62.4% (51.4 – 71.7)§ 190.5 (167.5 – 215.8) 97.7 (74.2 – 125.2) 115.0 (75.6 – 152.9)§ 54.1% (39.4 – 65.6)§ 188.6 (138.8 – 253.9) 151.1 (81.3 – 282.0) 44.5 (-69.5 – 112.3) 22.7% (-35.1 – 55.0) 198.2 (151.8 – 263.5) 150.4 (82.4 – 279.4) 54.9 (-56.7 – 119.2) 26.7% (-26.7 – 57.4) 184.7 (143.9 – 242.0) 140.4 (78.0 – 259.8) 51.3 (-50.3 – 110.2) 26.8% (-26.2 – 56.8) 173.4 (132.4 – 231.5) 125.3 (68.8 – 234.5) 55.2 (-40.4 – 109.8) 30.6% (-21.8 – 59.3) 127.0 (87.3 – 184.6) 95.4 (50.6 – 183.1) 36.1 (-38.3 – 83.3) 27.5% (-29.8 – 57.9) 89.9 (75.4 – 106.1) 59.9 (47.5 – 73.3) 18.8 (2.8 – 36.1)§ 23.9% (3.9 – 40.9)§ 77.7 (66.9 – 89.0) 50.8 (41.8 – 61.1) 16.4 (3.4 – 30.0)§ 24.4% (5.7 – 40.2)§ 68.5 (60.0 – 77.1) 43.7 (36.5 – 51.6) 14.7 (4.6 – 25.3)§ 25.2% (8.6 – 39.5)§ 57.7 (48.5 – 67.4) 36.5 (29.5 – 44.5) 12.5 (2.5 – 22.7)§ 25.5% (5.7 – 41.4)§ 39.6 (29.7 – 51.5) 25.7 (18.4 – 34.7) 8.0 (0.3 – 16.3)§ 23.9% (0.9 – 41.8)§ 180.6 (143.6 – 224.6) 98.6 (59.5 – 160.3) 153.0 (71.5 – 226.4)§ 60.8% (32.8 – 77.1)§ 197.7 (162.6 – 238.6) 98.1 (59.3 – 157.4) 178.1 (98.2 – 249.9)§ 64.5% (39.9 – 79.2)§ 185.6 (154.7 – 220.5) 90.7 (54.9 – 145.6) 168.6 (96.0 – 231.2)§ 65.0% (41.1 – 79.4)§ 175.4 (142.9 – 213.3) 77.5 (46.5 – 124.6) 169.4 (99.3 – 232.7)§ 68.6% (46.1 – 81.6)§ 182.7 (142.6 – 235.2) 88.5 (52.5 – 145.0) 159.3 (81.7 – 237.6)§ 64.3% (38.8 – 79.7)§ 39.1 (32.2 – 46.8) 26.2 (18.0 – 38.3) 31.4 (17.2 – 43.8)§ 54.5% (32.7 – 68.8)§ 35.0 (30.2 – 40.2) 22.6 (16.0 – 32.4) 30.1 (18.3 – 40.1)§ 57.2% (37.3 – 70.4)§ 30.4 (26.8 – 34.1) 19.7 (13.9 – 27.8) 25.9 (16.5 – 33.7)§ 56.9% (38.0 – 69.9)§ 25.6 (21.6 – 30.0) 16.0 (11.1 – 23.5) 22.3 (13.3 – 30.1)§ 58.2% (37.5 – 71.7)§ 19.4 (14.5 – 25.1) 12.6 (8.1 – 19.3) 16.3 (8.7 – 23.9)§ 56.4% (34.9 – 70.9)§ 118.3 (100.5 – 137.6) 77.0 (59.8 – 98.3) 68.2 (40.4 – 96.0)§ 47.0% (30.6 – 59.8)§ 123.5 (109.0 – 139.5) 78.5 (61.9 – 98.9) 74.9 (48.7 – 99.9)§ 48.8% (34.2 – 60.5)§ 113.5 (102.1 – 125.9) 68.8 (55.0 – 85.1) 73.4 (52.9 – 92.2)§ 51.6% (39.5 – 61.8)§ 97.1 (84.2 – 111.7) 58.6 (46.0 – 74.3) 68.1 (46.4 – 89.4)§ 53.7% (40.0 – 64.5)§ 71.1 (58.4 – 85.6) 42.5 (32.1 – 55.2) 46.9 (27.9 – 66.8)§ 52.5% (36.4 – 64.6)§ 47.2 (34.2 – 64.5) 28.6 (13.6 – 59.4) 35.5 (3.9 – 57.3)§ 55.4% (6.8 – 79.1)§ 38.4 (28.3 – 52.1) 22.8 (11.0 – 47.3) 31.0 (5.3 – 47.8)§ 57.6% (10.4 – 79.6)§ 33.4 (25.0 – 44.8) 19.9 (9.6 – 41.2) 26.8 (5.1 – 40.9)§ 57.3% (11.4 – 79.6)§ 28.1 (20.6 – 38.1) 16.2 (7.7 – 33.8) 22.8 (4.8 – 35.7)§ 58.4% (12.9 – 80.7)§ 20.4 (13.6 – 30.5) 12.5 (5.6 – 26.8) 16.0 (2.2 – 27.3)§ 56.2% (8.7 – 79.6)§


22

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.28 (1.16 – 1.39)‡ 1.29 (1.20 – 1.39)‡ 1.38 (1.24 – 1.52)‡ 0.11 (-0.07 – 0.28) 1.16 (1.06 – 1.25)‡ 1.15 (1.08 – 1.23)‡ 1.18 (1.08 – 1.29)‡ 0.02 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12)‡ 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12)‡ 1.02 (0.95 – 1.08) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.03) 0.89 (0.80 – 0.99)‡ 0.88 (0.80 – 0.96)‡ 0.84 (0.74 – 0.93)‡ -0.06 (-0.18 – 0.07) 0.61 (0.53 – 0.70)‡ 0.61 (0.54 – 0.69)‡ 0.59 (0.50 – 0.68)‡ -0.03 (-0.13 – 0.08) 1.32 (1.10 – 1.56)‡ 1.37 (1.12 – 1.64)‡ 1.37 (1.11 – 1.64)‡ 0.04 (-0.18 – 0.28) 1.15 (1.01 – 1.29)‡ 1.15 (0.99 – 1.31) 1.15 (0.99 – 1.31) -0.01 (-0.17 – 0.16) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.89 – 1.10) 0.00 (-0.09 – 0.08) 0.84 (0.71 – 0.96)‡ 0.80 (0.65 – 0.95)‡ 0.80 (0.65 – 0.95)‡ -0.04 (-0.20 – 0.11) 0.69 (0.51 – 0.91)‡ 0.69 (0.51 – 0.93)‡ 0.69 (0.51 – 0.92)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.07 (0.96 – 1.19) 1.09 (1.01 – 1.18)‡ 1.15 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 0.08 (-0.09 – 0.24) 1.05 (0.95 – 1.15) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.11) 1.06 (0.96 – 1.15) 0.01 (-0.12 – 0.14) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.08) 1.02 (0.97 – 1.07) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.08) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 1.05 (0.95 – 1.16) 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) 0.91 (0.82 – 1.01) -0.14 (-0.28 – -0.01)§ 0.81 (0.70 – 0.92)‡ 0.81 (0.74 – 0.89)‡ 0.86 (0.76 – 0.97)‡ 0.05 (-0.08 – 0.19) 1.08 (0.90 – 1.27) 1.08 (0.91 – 1.26) 1.14 (0.96 – 1.33) 0.06 (-0.11 – 0.23) 1.14 (1.01 – 1.26)‡ 1.14 (1.02 – 1.26)‡ 1.14 (1.01 – 1.26)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 1.00 (0.88 – 1.12) 0.99 (0.88 – 1.12) 0.95 (0.83 – 1.07) -0.05 (-0.19 – 0.08) 0.73 (0.55 – 0.95)‡ 0.73 (0.55 – 0.95)‡ 0.72 (0.54 – 0.94)‡ -0.01 (-0.13 – 0.13) 1.37 (1.19 – 1.56)‡ 1.35 (1.17 – 1.54)‡ 1.38 (1.18 – 1.60)‡ 0.01 (-0.19 – 0.21) 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 1.16 (1.04 – 1.28)‡ 1.17 (1.04 – 1.30)‡ 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.15) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.09) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.09) -0.01 (-0.08 – 0.07) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97)‡ 0.87 (0.76 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.96)‡ -0.01 (-0.14 – 0.12) 0.59 (0.45 – 0.75)‡ 0.59 (0.45 – 0.76)‡ 0.59 (0.45 – 0.77)‡ 0.01 (-0.10 – 0.12) 0.98 (0.82 – 1.16) 0.98 (0.82 – 1.15) 1.09 (0.92 – 1.27) 0.11 (-0.06 – 0.27) 1.08 (0.95 – 1.20) 1.07 (0.95 – 1.19) 1.08 (0.96 – 1.20) 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.09) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.08) -0.01 (-0.08 – 0.06) 0.96 (0.84 – 1.09) 0.95 (0.83 – 1.07) 0.85 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ -0.11 (-0.24 – 0.03) 0.97 (0.78 – 1.19) 0.99 (0.82 – 1.20) 0.98 (0.80 – 1.18) 0.01 (-0.16 – 0.18) 1.29 (1.08 – 1.51)‡ 1.31 (1.10 – 1.53)‡ 1.35 (1.12 – 1.59)‡ 0.06 (-0.16 – 0.28) 1.18 (1.05 – 1.32)‡ 1.17 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.02 – 1.31)‡ -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.14) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.10) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.86 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.86 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.82 (0.69 – 0.96)‡ -0.03 (-0.18 – 0.12) 0.65 (0.49 – 0.84)‡ 0.65 (0.50 – 0.83)‡ 0.65 (0.49 – 0.84)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.13) 1.11 (0.95 – 1.27) 1.13 (0.98 – 1.28) 1.18 (1.04 – 1.33)‡ 0.08 (-0.10 – 0.25) 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 1.18 (1.07 – 1.29)‡ 1.21 (1.10 – 1.32)‡ 0.04 (-0.11 – 0.19) 1.08 (1.01 – 1.15)‡ 1.08 (1.01 – 1.15)‡ 1.06 (0.99 – 1.12) -0.03 (-0.10 – 0.05) 0.96 (0.85 – 1.08) 0.93 (0.83 – 1.04) 0.90 (0.81 – 1.00) -0.06 (-0.19 – 0.07) 0.68 (0.56 – 0.83)‡ 0.68 (0.57 – 0.81)‡ 0.65 (0.55 – 0.77)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.38 (1.18 – 1.61)‡ 1.41 (1.20 – 1.63)‡ 1.43 (1.20 – 1.68)‡ 0.05 (-0.18 – 0.27) 1.16 (1.03 – 1.29)‡ 1.15 (1.01 – 1.28)‡ 1.14 (1.00 – 1.29) -0.02 (-0.18 – 0.14) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.09) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.84 (0.73 – 0.96)‡ 0.84 (0.72 – 0.96)‡ 0.81 (0.68 – 0.95)‡ -0.03 (-0.18 – 0.11) 0.61 (0.46 – 0.81)‡ 0.61 (0.45 – 0.81)‡ 0.62 (0.46 – 0.82)‡ 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.13) Continued on next page 1990

Swaziland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Thailand

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tunisia

Turkey


1990 83.4 (69.5 – 99.4) 72.3 (61.2 – 84.7) 65.4 (56.6 – 75.2) 57.5 (48.1 – 68.1) 50.4 (40.6 – 61.7) 46.6 (38.2 – 55.6) 43.6 (37.6 – 50.0) 37.7 (33.3 – 42.1) 31.8 (26.8 – 37.0) 25.8 (19.3 – 34.0) 124.2 (103.9 – 147.0) 118.4 (101.7 – 136.9) 111.2 (97.2 – 126.5) 93.7 (79.3 – 109.9) 88.0 (71.1 – 107.9) 48.8 (40.4 – 57.7) 44.8 (38.9 – 50.9) 38.4 (34.2 – 42.4) 32.2 (27.3 – 37.4) 24.9 (18.3 – 33.3) 50.1 (41.7 – 58.5) 42.9 (37.7 – 48.1) 37.0 (33.6 – 40.4) 30.8 (26.4 – 35.2) 24.6 (18.3 – 32.4) 186.4 (152.7 – 223.4) 203.2 (175.2 – 232.6) 189.6 (167.4 – 213.3) 177.5 (150.9 – 206.6) 118.8 (91.7 – 151.7) 170.1 (149.6 – 192.8) 170.4 (152.2 – 189.8) 158.7 (144.3 – 174.0) 139.6 (123.2 – 157.0) 85.2 (72.1 – 99.7) 73.6 (58.9 – 90.2) 66.2 (55.3 – 77.9) 58.1 (49.6 – 67.5) 48.9 (40.1 – 59.0) 37.2 (26.8 – 51.0) 109.4 (96.7 – 123.8) 84.0 (74.6 – 93.9) 75.3 (68.4 – 82.5) 62.9 (55.1 – 71.6) 39.4 (31.3 – 49.0)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 141.4 (121.1 – 163.4) 89.3 (59.7 – 130.7) -6.0 (-47.5 – 25.2) -7.2% (-58.9 – 28.5) 122.8 (106.8 – 139.4) 75.9 (51.2 – 109.9) -3.6 (-38.8 – 22.0) -5.0% (-56.0 – 29.3) 119.1 (105.4 – 134.3) 69.9 (47.2 – 101.7) -4.5 (-36.3 – 18.4) -6.9% (-57.2 – 27.2) 109.9 (95.3 – 127.4) 62.5 (42.1 – 92.2) -5.0 (-35.4 – 16.5) -8.7% (-63.3 – 27.3) 94.2 (79.1 – 111.5) 54.3 (35.9 – 80.0) -3.9 (-29.6 – 15.4) -7.7% (-63.0 – 29.2) 30.1 (24.8 – 35.6) 22.7 (16.5 – 33.0) 24.0 (11.2 – 33.8)§ 51.4% (26.5 – 65.0)§ 27.5 (23.6 – 31.4) 20.1 (15.0 – 28.9) 23.5 (12.7 – 31.5)§ 53.9% (31.6 – 66.2)§ 23.9 (21.1 – 26.7) 17.6 (13.2 – 25.2) 20.0 (11.1 – 26.0)§ 53.2% (31.3 – 65.0)§ 19.9 (16.8 – 23.3) 14.4 (10.4 – 21.1) 17.3 (9.2 – 23.5)§ 54.5% (31.8 – 67.6)§ 16.6 (12.5 – 21.9) 12.6 (8.5 – 19.6) 13.2 (5.9 – 20.0)§ 51.0% (25.5 – 65.3)§ 107.8 (89.3 – 130.4) 54.0 (32.0 – 92.1) 70.3 (29.8 – 99.2)§ 56.6% (25.0 – 74.2)§ 103.7 (87.1 – 123.6) 49.8 (29.6 – 85.1) 68.6 (31.5 – 93.7)§ 58.0% (27.8 – 74.8)§ 96.1 (81.9 – 113.0) 42.9 (25.9 – 73.2) 68.3 (37.4 – 89.4)§ 61.4% (34.4 – 76.6)§ 79.2 (65.9 – 95.2) 35.2 (21.0 – 61.2) 58.5 (31.0 – 78.5)§ 62.4% (34.7 – 77.6)§ 76.8 (61.7 – 95.1) 33.6 (19.5 – 59.1) 54.4 (26.6 – 75.9)§ 61.8% (32.2 – 77.5)§ 30.4 (24.2 – 37.0) 16.5 (9.7 – 28.1) 32.3 (19.3 – 42.5)§ 66.2% (41.9 – 80.1)§ 27.2 (22.7 – 32.0) 14.2 (8.5 – 24.0) 30.5 (19.8 – 38.5)§ 68.2% (46.3 – 80.9)§ 23.3 (19.7 – 26.8) 12.3 (7.4 – 20.5) 26.1 (17.3 – 32.1)§ 67.9% (46.1 – 80.6)§ 19.2 (15.7 – 23.2) 9.9 (5.8 – 17.0) 22.3 (14.3 – 28.6)§ 69.4% (47.4 – 82.2)§ 15.3 (11.0 – 20.6) 8.1 (4.5 – 14.4) 16.8 (9.4 – 24.2)§ 67.5% (43.9 – 80.9)§ 22.7 (18.8 – 27.1) 17.2 (11.9 – 28.1) 32.9 (19.9 – 41.9)§ 65.7% (43.3 – 76.1)§ 18.2 (15.7 – 21.0) 13.9 (9.9 – 22.6) 29.0 (18.9 – 35.1)§ 67.5% (46.3 – 76.9)§ 15.8 (14.1 – 17.6) 12.1 (8.7 – 19.5) 24.9 (16.5 – 29.4)§ 67.3% (46.5 – 76.3)§ 12.6 (10.3 – 15.0) 9.7 (6.7 – 15.9) 21.1 (13.8 – 26.2)§ 68.6% (47.4 – 78.5)§ 10.7 (7.8 – 14.2) 8.1 (5.2 – 13.9) 16.5 (9.3 – 23.2)§ 67.0% (44.3 – 77.4)§ 124.3 (103.5 – 147.4) 61.0 (39.4 – 94.6) 125.4 (82.1 – 165.4)§ 67.3% (49.0 – 78.9)§ 126.8 (110.4 – 145.1) 59.8 (39.1 – 91.2) 143.3 (103.7 – 177.9)§ 70.5% (54.5 – 80.8)§ 117.9 (105.0 – 132.2) 51.9 (34.3 – 78.0) 137.7 (104.2 – 166.6)§ 72.6% (58.2 – 82.0)§ 101.2 (86.8 – 117.7) 43.6 (28.3 – 66.6) 133.9 (100.7 – 165.2)§ 75.4% (61.7 – 84.1)§ 73.3 (57.3 – 93.6) 32.2 (20.3 – 51.3) 86.6 (58.1 – 116.7)§ 72.9% (57.2 – 82.8)§ 149.7 (132.9 – 167.6) 99.0 (77.1 – 125.7) 71.0 (38.9 – 100.5)§ 41.8% (24.3 – 55.1)§ 141.5 (126.5 – 157.1) 91.2 (71.9 – 114.7) 79.2 (51.8 – 105.1)§ 46.5% (32.1 – 58.2)§ 131.1 (118.9 – 143.5) 81.4 (64.5 – 101.3) 77.3 (55.3 – 97.6)§ 48.7% (35.8 – 59.3)§ 106.9 (94.8 – 120.0) 66.0 (51.3 – 83.9) 73.6 (51.1 – 94.7)§ 52.7% (38.8 – 63.6)§ 67.4 (57.7 – 78.4) 40.9 (31.0 – 53.1) 44.3 (28.5 – 59.9)§ 52.0% (36.6 – 64.0)§ 42.5 (33.2 – 52.7) 19.0 (12.9 – 27.5) 54.6 (38.5 – 71.6)§ 74.2% (61.2 – 82.8)§ 36.7 (30.0 – 44.0) 15.6 (10.8 – 22.3) 50.6 (38.1 – 63.4)§ 76.5% (65.2 – 84.2)§ 31.9 (26.5 – 37.8) 13.6 (9.6 – 19.1) 44.5 (34.2 – 54.8)§ 76.6% (65.9 – 84.1)§ 26.7 (21.5 – 32.9) 10.9 (7.4 – 15.7) 38.0 (28.1 – 48.5)§ 77.7% (66.5 – 85.6)§ 20.7 (14.8 – 28.5) 8.9 (5.7 – 13.6) 28.3 (18.6 – 40.4)§ 76.1% (63.9 – 84.3)§ 59.8 (52.5 – 68.0) 19.6 (16.6 – 22.9) 89.8 (77.4 – 103.6)§ 82.0% (78.6 – 85.0)§ 45.6 (40.5 – 51.2) 14.5 (12.6 – 16.5) 69.5 (60.2 – 79.4)§ 82.7% (79.7 – 85.4)§ 38.6 (34.9 – 42.6) 12.6 (11.2 – 13.8) 62.7 (56.1 – 69.9)§ 83.3% (81.3 – 85.3)§ 31.6 (27.4 – 36.4) 9.9 (8.1 – 11.8) 53.0 (45.2 – 61.5)§ 84.2% (80.8 – 87.3)§ 20.4 (16.1 – 25.4) 6.8 (5.3 – 8.8) 32.5 (25.3 – 41.1)§ 82.6% (78.3 – 86.0)§


23

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.27 (1.11 – 1.44)‡ 1.20 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 1.27 (1.12 – 1.43)‡ 0.00 (-0.18 – 0.18) 1.10 (0.99 – 1.21) 1.05 (0.95 – 1.14) 1.08 (0.97 – 1.19) -0.02 (-0.15 – 0.11) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.06) 1.01 (0.95 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.06) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.87 (0.77 – 0.98)‡ 0.94 (0.84 – 1.04) 0.89 (0.79 – 1.00) 0.01 (-0.11 – 0.14) 0.77 (0.64 – 0.90)‡ 0.80 (0.69 – 0.92)‡ 0.77 (0.65 – 0.90)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.26 (1.05 – 1.47)‡ 1.28 (1.07 – 1.48)‡ 1.30 (1.07 – 1.53)‡ 0.04 (-0.09 – 0.38) 1.18 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.15 (1.00 – 1.31) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.24) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.09) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.90 – 1.10) -0.01 (-0.02 – 0.17) 0.86 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.73 – 0.97)‡ 0.83 (0.68 – 0.97)‡ -0.03 (-0.13 – 0.20) 0.70 (0.53 – 0.91)‡ 0.70 (0.54 – 0.91)‡ 0.72 (0.54 – 0.95)‡ 0.03 (-0.06 – 0.24) 1.16 (1.02 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.25 (1.08 – 1.43)‡ 0.09 (-0.09 – 0.28) 1.11 (1.00 – 1.22)‡ 1.12 (1.01 – 1.22)‡ 1.15 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 0.05 (-0.09 – 0.19) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.92 – 1.07) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.03) 0.87 (0.78 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.76 – 0.95)‡ 0.82 (0.71 – 0.93)‡ -0.06 (-0.18 – 0.07) 0.82 (0.68 – 0.98)‡ 0.83 (0.70 – 0.97)‡ 0.78 (0.64 – 0.94)‡ -0.04 (-0.18 – 0.10) 1.29 (1.08 – 1.51)‡ 1.32 (1.09 – 1.54)‡ 1.35 (1.11 – 1.63)‡ 0.06 (-0.16 – 0.31) 1.18 (1.05 – 1.33)‡ 1.18 (1.04 – 1.32)‡ 1.17 (1.01 – 1.33)‡ -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.16) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.90 – 1.11) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.83 (0.71 – 0.96)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ -0.04 (-0.21 – 0.11) 0.66 (0.49 – 0.87)‡ 0.66 (0.49 – 0.88)‡ 0.66 (0.48 – 0.88)‡ 0.01 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.35 (1.13 – 1.58)‡ 1.42 (1.18 – 1.68)‡ 1.41 (1.16 – 1.67)‡ 0.06 (-0.17 – 0.30) 1.16 (1.02 – 1.30)‡ 1.14 (0.98 – 1.30) 1.14 (0.98 – 1.31) -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.16) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.09) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.10) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.08) 0.83 (0.71 – 0.95)‡ 0.79 (0.64 – 0.93)‡ 0.79 (0.64 – 0.94)‡ -0.04 (-0.20 – 0.11) 0.66 (0.49 – 0.87)‡ 0.67 (0.49 – 0.88)‡ 0.67 (0.49 – 0.88)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.14) 1.06 (0.90 – 1.24) 1.14 (0.97 – 1.31) 1.23 (1.04 – 1.42)‡ 0.16 (-0.02 – 0.34) 1.16 (1.04 – 1.28)‡ 1.17 (1.05 – 1.29)‡ 1.20 (1.08 – 1.33)‡ 0.04 (-0.10 – 0.19) 1.08 (1.00 – 1.16)‡ 1.08 (1.01 – 1.16)‡ 1.04 (0.96 – 1.12) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 1.01 (0.90 – 1.14) 0.93 (0.82 – 1.05) 0.88 (0.76 – 0.99)‡ -0.14 (-0.28 – 0.00) 0.68 (0.53 – 0.85)‡ 0.67 (0.53 – 0.84)‡ 0.65 (0.51 – 0.81)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.09) 1.17 (1.06 – 1.30)‡ 1.25 (1.15 – 1.36)‡ 1.31 (1.17 – 1.46)‡ 0.13 (-0.03 – 0.31) 1.18 (1.08 – 1.28)‡ 1.19 (1.10 – 1.27)‡ 1.20 (1.10 – 1.31)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.16) 1.10 (1.03 – 1.16)‡ 1.10 (1.04 – 1.16)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.14)‡ -0.02 (-0.10 – 0.05) 0.96 (0.87 – 1.06) 0.90 (0.82 – 0.98)‡ 0.87 (0.77 – 0.97)‡ -0.09 (-0.22 – 0.03) 0.59 (0.51 – 0.68)‡ 0.56 (0.50 – 0.64)‡ 0.54 (0.46 – 0.64)‡ -0.05 (-0.15 – 0.05) 1.30 (1.08 – 1.52)‡ 1.34 (1.12 – 1.58)‡ 1.40 (1.15 – 1.66)‡ 0.10 (-0.13 – 0.34) 1.17 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.16 (1.02 – 1.30)‡ 1.15 (0.99 – 1.31) -0.02 (-0.19 – 0.15) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.11) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.10) -0.02 (-0.11 – 0.07) 0.86 (0.75 – 0.98)‡ 0.84 (0.72 – 0.97)‡ 0.80 (0.65 – 0.95)‡ -0.06 (-0.22 – 0.10) 0.65 (0.49 – 0.87)‡ 0.65 (0.48 – 0.87)‡ 0.65 (0.48 – 0.88)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 1.47 (1.32 – 1.64)‡ 1.53 (1.36 – 1.70)‡ 1.55 (1.31 – 1.80)‡ 0.07 (-0.17 – 0.32) 1.13 (1.03 – 1.24)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.00 – 1.30) 0.01 (-0.15 – 0.18) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.08) 0.98 (0.91 – 1.06) 0.99 (0.89 – 1.08) -0.03 (-0.13 – 0.07) 0.85 (0.75 – 0.95)‡ 0.81 (0.71 – 0.91)‡ 0.78 (0.64 – 0.92)‡ -0.07 (-0.22 – 0.09) 0.53 (0.43 – 0.65)‡ 0.52 (0.41 – 0.64)‡ 0.54 (0.41 – 0.69)‡ 0.01 (-0.10 – 0.13) Continued on next page 1990

Turkmenistan

Uganda

Ukraine

United Republic of Tanzania

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia


1990 109.4 (87.2 – 135.9) 97.5 (80.3 – 116.7) 89.6 (75.6 – 105.5) 75.6 (61.6 – 92.0) 59.3 (42.7 – 79.4) 196.1 (175.2 – 218.3) 186.6 (168.9 – 205.5) 178.0 (164.1 – 193.3) 181.1 (162.8 – 201.9) 133.3 (117.5 – 150.8) 26.2 (21.1 – 32.6) 22.4 (18.8 – 26.9) 19.5 (16.9 – 22.9) 15.9 (12.9 – 19.5) 13.0 (9.4 – 17.8) 171.9 (152.4 – 193.2) 207.6 (188.5 – 228.4) 190.0 (175.5 – 204.7) 181.8 (163.9 – 201.5) 142.1 (124.5 – 161.3) 80.5 (66.4 – 96.7) 83.7 (70.1 – 98.1) 74.4 (63.8 – 86.3) 63.5 (52.9 – 75.8) 59.4 (47.3 – 73.9) 46.8 (36.6 – 58.8) 41.6 (34.0 – 50.9) 36.0 (29.8 – 43.3) 30.2 (24.2 – 37.5) 23.0 (16.1 – 31.9) 72.4 (61.7 – 84.4) 58.9 (51.1 – 67.1) 51.3 (45.8 – 57.0) 42.0 (35.9 – 48.5) 30.4 (23.5 – 38.6) 160.3 (135.9 – 187.4) 142.2 (124.6 – 160.5) 133.1 (120.5 – 146.0) 116.7 (101.0 – 133.8) 76.7 (59.3 – 97.7) 196.4 (176.6 – 218.2) 199.3 (180.8 – 219.2) 188.2 (173.7 – 203.4) 187.5 (169.0 – 207.6) 139.6 (123.6 – 157.1)

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 106.3 (81.8 – 138.3) 68.6 (28.7 – 147.5) 40.8 (-37.4 – 84.5) 37.3% (-35.2 – 73.3) 94.0 (74.2 – 118.6) 58.7 (24.7 – 125.1) 38.8 (-27.6 – 75.4) 39.8% (-28.6 – 74.2) 86.1 (69.0 – 107.4) 51.5 (21.8 – 108.3) 38.1 (-19.5 – 69.7) 42.6% (-22.3 – 75.3) 72.3 (56.6 – 91.6) 42.4 (17.8 – 89.9) 33.3 (-14.5 – 60.8) 44.0% (-19.6 – 76.6) 56.7 (40.2 – 78.9) 33.9 (13.8 – 74.0) 25.4 (-12.5 – 50.5) 42.9% (-22.9 – 75.8) 188.2 (169.9 – 208.0) 67.4 (54.6 – 82.4) 128.6 (104.7 – 153.1)§ 65.6% (57.2 – 72.6)§ 180.1 (163.7 – 197.0) 60.0 (49.3 – 72.2) 126.6 (105.9 – 147.7)§ 67.8% (60.4 – 74.0)§ 171.7 (158.1 – 185.6) 52.1 (43.2 – 61.9) 125.8 (110.0 – 142.1)§ 70.7% (64.9 – 75.9)§ 178.2 (161.2 – 195.8) 46.8 (37.9 – 57.0) 134.4 (113.9 – 156.0)§ 74.2% (68.0 – 79.5)§ 132.4 (118.4 – 147.8) 38.7 (30.7 – 47.9) 94.6 (77.2 – 112.7)§ 71.0% (63.2 – 77.3)§ 24.8 (20.0 – 30.2) 12.4 (10.1 – 15.0) 13.8 (9.6 – 19.1)§ 52.6% (43.0 – 61.2)§ 21.1 (17.9 – 24.7) 10.5 (9.0 – 12.1) 11.8 (8.7 – 16.0)§ 52.9% (44.5 – 61.1)§ 18.4 (16.1 – 21.1) 9.1 (8.1 – 10.2) 10.4 (8.0 – 13.5)§ 53.2% (46.4 – 60.1)§ 15.0 (12.1 – 18.2) 7.4 (5.9 – 8.8) 8.5 (6.0 – 11.8)§ 53.7% (44.3 – 62.5)§ 12.3 (9.0 – 16.6) 6.1 (4.4 – 8.1) 7.0 (4.4 – 10.5)§ 53.4% (42.4 – 63.1)§ 133.3 (120.4 – 147.3) 63.0 (49.8 – 80.9) 108.9 (84.1 – 132.8)§ 63.3% (52.4 – 71.5)§ 148.1 (135.1 – 162.1) 64.2 (50.9 – 81.2) 143.4 (118.3 – 167.1)§ 69.1% (60.2 – 75.7)§ 140.5 (129.6 – 152.0) 57.9 (46.8 – 72.5) 132.1 (112.5 – 149.5)§ 69.5% (61.4 – 75.5)§ 127.6 (115.4 – 140.8) 50.8 (40.0 – 64.7) 131.1 (108.9 – 152.8)§ 72.1% (63.8 – 78.1)§ 109.4 (97.6 – 122.2) 47.5 (37.3 – 61.2) 94.5 (72.9 – 115.3)§ 66.5% (56.2 – 74.3)§ 70.8 (57.9 – 86.1) 29.5 (23.0 – 37.4) 51.0 (39.0 – 64.3)§ 63.4% (55.1 – 70.1)§ 73.3 (60.8 – 88.0) 27.8 (22.0 – 34.2) 55.9 (45.1 – 68.1)§ 66.8% (60.4 – 72.6)§ 64.3 (54.0 – 76.4) 24.1 (19.5 – 29.2) 50.3 (42.0 – 59.6)§ 67.7% (62.5 – 72.3)§ 55.0 (45.0 – 66.9) 20.0 (15.6 – 25.1) 43.5 (34.7 – 53.9)§ 68.5% (61.6 – 74.5)§ 51.5 (40.7 – 65.2) 19.2 (14.2 – 25.2) 40.3 (30.6 – 51.7)§ 67.8% (60.0 – 74.4)§ 38.0 (30.0 – 47.5) 36.6 (23.5 – 57.5) 10.2 (-11.2 – 26.3) 21.8% (-26.1 – 50.6) 33.4 (27.2 – 40.4) 32.1 (20.9 – 49.4) 9.5 (-8.9 – 23.3) 22.8% (-23.1 – 51.1) 29.0 (24.1 – 34.5) 27.9 (18.3 – 42.5) 8.1 (-7.6 – 19.7) 22.4% (-22.0 – 50.4) 24.4 (19.5 – 30.0) 23.4 (15.1 – 36.5) 6.8 (-6.8 – 17.2) 22.5% (-25.1 – 51.5) 18.6 (13.1 – 25.5) 18.0 (10.8 – 29.6) 5.0 (-5.8 – 13.9) 21.7% (-29.1 – 51.6) 43.9 (35.3 – 53.6) 31.6 (25.3 – 39.8) 40.8 (29.0 – 52.7)§ 56.4% (44.6 – 65.4)§ 34.3 (27.9 – 41.1) 24.6 (20.2 – 30.5) 34.3 (25.4 – 42.9)§ 58.3% (47.4 – 66.5)§ 29.7 (24.3 – 35.3) 21.4 (18.0 – 26.0) 29.8 (23.1 – 36.0)§ 58.2% (48.6 – 65.3)§ 24.4 (19.5 – 29.8) 17.4 (14.0 – 21.8) 24.6 (17.6 – 31.4)§ 58.5% (46.8 – 67.5)§ 17.7 (13.2 – 23.3) 13.0 (9.7 – 17.6) 17.5 (11.3 – 24.2)§ 57.4% (43.6 – 67.1)§ 127.1 (108.2 – 147.8) 76.1 (52.9 – 107.6) 84.1 (49.3 – 116.0)§ 52.5% (32.7 – 66.9)§ 107.4 (93.8 – 122.2) 64.4 (45.1 – 90.0) 77.8 (48.1 – 103.4)§ 54.7% (35.8 – 68.4)§ 99.9 (89.2 – 110.9) 56.4 (40.1 – 78.3) 76.7 (52.0 – 96.4)§ 57.6% (40.5 – 70.0)§ 84.3 (72.9 – 97.0) 47.3 (33.1 – 66.9) 69.4 (46.1 – 90.1)§ 59.5% (42.1 – 71.9)§ 56.8 (44.1 – 72.1) 32.3 (21.0 – 48.9) 44.4 (26.1 – 63.0)§ 57.9% (39.1 – 71.4)§ 172.1 (155.2 – 191.4) 76.8 (55.0 – 104.9) 119.6 (86.1 – 149.2)§ 60.9% (46.2 – 72.2)§ 174.3 (158.4 – 191.9) 71.5 (51.7 – 97.3) 127.9 (97.8 – 154.9)§ 64.2% (51.1 – 74.3)§ 168.2 (154.7 – 182.9) 64.5 (46.8 – 87.2) 123.7 (98.4 – 145.7)§ 65.7% (53.7 – 75.2)§ 161.9 (145.9 – 180.2) 55.8 (40.0 – 76.3) 131.7 (104.6 – 156.1)§ 70.3% (58.8 – 78.8)§ 126.5 (112.7 – 141.7) 48.5 (34.5 – 66.8) 91.1 (68.2 – 112.3)§ 65.3% (51.7 – 75.5)§


24

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.27 (1.07 – 1.49)‡ 1.28 (1.08 – 1.51)‡ 1.34 (1.14 – 1.57)‡ 0.08 (-0.11 – 0.27) 1.13 (1.01 – 1.25)‡ 1.13 (1.00 – 1.26)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.28)‡ 0.02 (-0.13 – 0.16) 1.04 (0.95 – 1.12) 1.04 (0.95 – 1.11) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.04) 0.88 (0.76 – 1.00)‡ 0.87 (0.75 – 0.99)‡ 0.83 (0.72 – 0.94)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.08) 0.69 (0.52 – 0.89)‡ 0.68 (0.52 – 0.89)‡ 0.66 (0.50 – 0.86)‡ -0.02 (-0.15 – 0.11) 1.12 (1.02 – 1.23)‡ 1.11 (1.02 – 1.20)‡ 1.27 (1.12 – 1.43)‡ 0.15 (-0.02 – 0.32) 1.07 (0.98 – 1.15) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.14) 1.13 (1.02 – 1.24)‡ 0.07 (-0.07 – 0.20) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.07) 1.01 (0.95 – 1.06) 0.98 (0.92 – 1.05) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.04) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.13) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.13) 0.88 (0.78 – 0.99)‡ -0.15 (-0.28 – -0.02)§ 0.76 (0.68 – 0.85)‡ 0.78 (0.71 – 0.85)‡ 0.73 (0.62 – 0.84)‡ -0.03 (-0.16 – 0.10) 1.35 (1.11 – 1.60)‡ 1.35 (1.12 – 1.60)‡ 1.36 (1.12 – 1.64)‡ 0.01 (-0.18 – 0.21) 1.15 (1.00 – 1.31)‡ 1.15 (1.00 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.00 – 1.32) 0.00 (-0.14 – 0.14) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.11) 1.01 (0.91 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.90 – 1.11) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.82 (0.68 – 0.96)‡ 0.82 (0.68 – 0.96)‡ 0.81 (0.66 – 0.96)‡ -0.01 (-0.13 – 0.11) 0.67 (0.49 – 0.89)‡ 0.67 (0.50 – 0.89)‡ 0.67 (0.49 – 0.89)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.12) 0.96 (0.86 – 1.06) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.11 (0.99 – 1.25) 0.15 (0.00 – 0.30) 1.16 (1.07 – 1.25)‡ 1.12 (1.05 – 1.20)‡ 1.13 (1.03 – 1.24)‡ -0.03 (-0.17 – 0.10) 1.06 (1.01 – 1.12)‡ 1.07 (1.01 – 1.12)‡ 1.02 (0.96 – 1.09) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.03) 1.02 (0.93 – 1.11) 0.97 (0.90 – 1.05) 0.90 (0.80 – 0.99)‡ -0.12 (-0.25 – 0.00) 0.80 (0.71 – 0.89)‡ 0.83 (0.75 – 0.91)‡ 0.84 (0.74 – 0.96)‡ 0.04 (-0.08 – 0.18) 1.11 (0.96 – 1.27) 1.12 (0.98 – 1.27) 1.22 (1.04 – 1.43)‡ 0.11 (-0.07 – 0.31) 1.16 (1.05 – 1.27)‡ 1.16 (1.05 – 1.27)‡ 1.15 (1.02 – 1.29)‡ -0.01 (-0.16 – 0.14) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.95 – 1.10) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.08) -0.03 (-0.11 – 0.05) 0.88 (0.78 – 0.99)‡ 0.87 (0.77 – 0.98)‡ 0.83 (0.71 – 0.95)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.08) 0.82 (0.69 – 0.98)‡ 0.82 (0.69 – 0.97)‡ 0.79 (0.64 – 0.98)‡ -0.03 (-0.18 – 0.13) 1.32 (1.10 – 1.54)‡ 1.32 (1.11 – 1.55)‡ 1.33 (1.10 – 1.57)‡ 0.01 (-0.18 – 0.21) 1.17 (1.04 – 1.31)‡ 1.16 (1.03 – 1.30)‡ 1.16 (1.02 – 1.30)‡ -0.01 (-0.16 – 0.13) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.92 – 1.09) 0.00 (-0.07 – 0.07) 0.85 (0.74 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.73 – 0.98)‡ 0.85 (0.73 – 0.98)‡ 0.00 (-0.13 – 0.13) 0.65 (0.47 – 0.85)‡ 0.65 (0.48 – 0.86)‡ 0.65 (0.48 – 0.86)‡ 0.00 (-0.11 – 0.12) 1.42 (1.24 – 1.61)‡ 1.46 (1.28 – 1.66)‡ 1.46 (1.25 – 1.69)‡ 0.04 (-0.18 – 0.26) 1.16 (1.03 – 1.28)‡ 1.14 (1.02 – 1.27)‡ 1.14 (1.00 – 1.27)‡ -0.02 (-0.17 – 0.14) 1.00 (0.93 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.91 – 1.07) 0.99 (0.90 – 1.08) -0.01 (-0.10 – 0.07) 0.82 (0.72 – 0.93)‡ 0.81 (0.71 – 0.92)‡ 0.81 (0.68 – 0.93)‡ -0.02 (-0.16 – 0.12) 0.60 (0.47 – 0.74)‡ 0.59 (0.47 – 0.74)‡ 0.60 (0.46 – 0.77)‡ 0.00 (-0.11 – 0.13) 1.27 (1.09 – 1.48)‡ 1.34 (1.17 – 1.52)‡ 1.38 (1.18 – 1.59)‡ 0.10 (-0.09 – 0.30) 1.13 (1.01 – 1.25)‡ 1.13 (1.01 – 1.24)‡ 1.17 (1.04 – 1.29)‡ 0.03 (-0.11 – 0.18) 1.06 (0.98 – 1.13) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.12) 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) -0.04 (-0.12 – 0.04) 0.93 (0.82 – 1.05) 0.89 (0.78 – 0.99)‡ 0.85 (0.75 – 0.97)‡ -0.07 (-0.20 – 0.06) 0.61 (0.47 – 0.77)‡ 0.60 (0.47 – 0.75)‡ 0.58 (0.45 – 0.74)‡ -0.03 (-0.14 – 0.09) 1.08 (0.99 – 1.17) 1.07 (0.99 – 1.15) 1.21 (1.08 – 1.35)‡ 0.13 (-0.02 – 0.29) 1.09 (1.01 – 1.17)‡ 1.09 (1.02 – 1.16)‡ 1.13 (1.03 – 1.23)‡ 0.03 (-0.09 – 0.16) 1.03 (0.98 – 1.08) 1.05 (1.00 – 1.10) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.08) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.06) 1.03 (0.95 – 1.12) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.09) 0.88 (0.79 – 0.98)‡ -0.15 (-0.27 – -0.03)§ 0.77 (0.69 – 0.85)‡ 0.79 (0.72 – 0.86)‡ 0.76 (0.66 – 0.87)‡ 0.00 (-0.12 – 0.12) Continued on next page 1990

Table 8 – continued from previous page wealth quintile-specific U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 2000 2016 Absolute decline Percentage decline 1990–2016 1990–2016 106.8 (93.9 – 120.8) 67.9 (51.0 – 88.9) 14.5 (-8.1 – 33.4) 17.6% (-10.2 – 38.6) 105.6 (93.7 – 117.9) 64.4 (48.7 – 83.0) 19.0 (-1.0 – 37.2) 22.7% (-1.2 – 42.4) 102.6 (92.5 – 113.4) 57.9 (44.4 – 74.1) 20.9 (3.8 – 35.7)§ 26.5% (4.9 – 43.7)§ 91.6 (81.1 – 103.5) 49.9 (37.6 – 65.0) 21.8 (5.2 – 36.4)§ 30.4% (7.7 – 48.1)§ 77.4 (66.8 – 89.2) 41.9 (31.0 – 55.0) 17.9 (3.5 – 31.5)§ 29.9% (6.3 – 48.7)§

Wealth 1990 Quintile 1st 82.4 (71.3 – 94.1) 2nd 83.3 (73.5 – 94.0) Zimbabwe 3rd 78.7 (70.7 – 87.1) 4th 71.7 (62.9 – 81.4) 5th 59.8 (50.9 – 69.7) ‡: Ratio is significantly different from one. §: Change/decline is significantly different from zero. Absolute decline: wealth quintile-specific U5MR (1990) - wealth quintile-specific U5MR (2016). Percentage decline: absolute decline over wealth quintile-specific U5MR (1990) ×100. Change in ratio: ratio (2016) - ratio (1990).

25

Ratio of wealth quintile-specific to national-level U5MR 2000 2016 Change 1990–2016 1.10 (0.98 – 1.22) 1.10 (1.00 – 1.21)‡ 1.20 (1.07 – 1.34)‡ 0.11 (-0.04 – 0.27) 1.11 (1.01 – 1.20)‡ 1.09 (1.00 – 1.18)‡ 1.14 (1.04 – 1.25)‡ 0.03 (-0.10 – 0.16) 1.05 (0.98 – 1.11) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.96 – 1.09) -0.02 (-0.09 – 0.05) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.05) 0.95 (0.87 – 1.03) 0.88 (0.79 – 0.98)‡ -0.07 (-0.19 – 0.05) 0.80 (0.70 – 0.91)‡ 0.80 (0.71 – 0.89)‡ 0.74 (0.64 – 0.85)‡ -0.05 (-0.18 – 0.07) 1990

Table 9: Number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths, by wealth quintile, for all the low-income and middle-income countries (excluding China) combined, and by region and the 99 countries with empirical data. Estimates and 90% uncertainty intervals for (i) number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths in 1990, 2000, and 2016; (ii) the absolute and percentage declines in wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths from 1990 to 2016; (iii) the percentage of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths among all under-5 deaths in 1990, 2000, and 2016; by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data. Numbers in brackets are 90% uncertainty intervals. The share of total death by wealth quintile may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Countries are ordered alphabetically.

All low-income and middle-income countries (excluding China) South Asia

Eastern Europe and Central Asia


West and Central Africa

Latin America and Caribbean

East Asia and Pacific (excluding China)

Middle East and North Africa

Wealth Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2016

1990

2000

2,740,000 (2,670,000 – 2,810,000) 2,620,000 (2,550,000 – 2,680,000) 2,320,000 (2,270,000 – 2,380,000) 2,000,000 (1,950,000 – 2,060,000) 1,350,000 (1,310,000 – 1,400,000) 1,230,000 (1,170,000 – 1,280,000) 1,170,000 (1,120,000 – 1,230,000) 1,000,000 (960,000 – 1,040,000) 820,000 (781,000 – 861,000) 511,000 (484,000 – 540,000) 86,900 (81,500 – 93,000) 75,800 (72,000 – 80,200) 67,400 (64,400 – 70,800) 56,600 (53,300 – 60,400) 44,100 (40,100 – 48,800) 391,000 (374,000 – 410,000) 415,000 (399,000 – 432,000) 390,000 (378,000 – 405,000) 374,000 (358,000 – 391,000) 281,000 (267,000 – 297,000) 469,000 (443,000 – 497,000) 475,000 (452,000 – 500,000) 438,000 (419,000 – 457,000) 396,000 (375,000 – 419,000) 264,000 (249,000 – 280,000) 175,000 (162,000 – 189,000) 150,000 (141,000 – 159,000) 131,000 (124,000 – 137,000) 109,000 (101,000 – 117,000) 79,000 (69,400 – 90,300) 248,000 (233,000 – 264,000) 207,000 (196,000 – 218,000) 187,000 (179,000 – 196,000) 157,000 (147,000 – 167,000) 106,000 (96,200 – 117,000) 140,000 (132,000 – 148,000) 122,000 (116,000 – 128,000) 108,000 (104,000 – 113,000) 91,700 (86,500 – 97,200) 65,400 (59,300 – 72,100)

2,280,000 (2,220,000 – 2,350,000) 2,160,000 (2,100,000 – 2,220,000) 1,930,000 (1,890,000 – 1,970,000) 1,650,000 (1,610,000 – 1,700,000) 1,150,000 (1,110,000 – 1,180,000) 939,000 (888,000 – 989,000) 862,000 (817,000 – 910,000) 744,000 (711,000 – 780,000) 588,000 (554,000 – 625,000) 389,000 (364,000 – 416,000) 50,700 (47,400 – 54,600) 44,400 (41,800 – 47,400) 38,700 (36,700 – 41,000) 32,200 (30,100 – 34,600) 26,000 (23,500 – 28,800) 410,000 (396,000 – 427,000) 419,000 (405,000 – 435,000) 399,000 (386,000 – 413,000) 377,000 (363,000 – 392,000) 289,000 (277,000 – 303,000) 524,000 (501,000 – 549,000) 533,000 (509,000 – 557,000) 482,000 (464,000 – 502,000) 433,000 (413,000 – 453,000) 284,000 (271,000 – 299,000) 107,000 (98,500 – 115,000) 89,200 (83,700 – 95,000) 76,700 (72,700 – 81,000) 63,300 (58,500 – 68,100) 47,200 (41,500 – 53,700) 169,000 (159,000 – 179,000) 139,000 (132,000 – 147,000) 123,000 (117,000 – 129,000) 102,000 (95,400 – 108,000) 69,400 (62,900 – 76,600) 84,700 (79,800 – 89,600) 72,100 (68,500 – 76,000) 63,500 (60,700 – 66,500) 54,200 (50,900 – 57,600) 39,800 (36,300 – 43,500)

1,410,000 (1,330,000 – 1,530,000) 1,270,000 (1,200,000 – 1,380,000) 1,120,000 (1,060,000 – 1,210,000) 928,000 (878,000 – 1,010,000) 684,000 (645,000 – 746,000) 468,000 (413,000 – 526,000) 413,000 (368,000 – 463,000) 353,000 (317,000 – 390,000) 286,000 (252,000 – 324,000) 194,000 (169,000 – 226,000) 23,700 (21,200 – 27,800) 20,200 (18,100 – 23,600) 17,500 (15,800 – 20,300) 14,300 (12,500 – 16,900) 12,100 (10,500 – 14,500) 264,000 (243,000 – 300,000) 253,000 (233,000 – 286,000) 226,000 (209,000 – 255,000) 196,000 (180,000 – 223,000) 163,000 (149,000 – 187,000) 445,000 (387,000 – 525,000) 409,000 (358,000 – 483,000) 372,000 (326,000 – 436,000) 308,000 (270,000 – 362,000) 222,000 (195,000 – 260,000) 51,600 (46,300 – 58,600) 42,700 (38,800 – 47,800) 36,900 (33,900 – 40,600) 29,900 (26,300 – 34,100) 23,300 (20,100 – 27,600) 96,800 (85,600 – 112,000) 77,400 (68,800 – 89,500) 67,300 (60,000 – 77,400) 55,400 (48,600 – 64,700) 38,900 (33,600 – 46,100) 61,200 (54,300 – 70,900) 51,600 (46,000 – 59,300) 45,100 (40,400 – 51,600) 37,900 (33,400 – 44,100) 29,700 (26,000 – 34,900)

Absolute decline: wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (1990) - wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (2016). Percentage decline: absolute decline over wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (1990) ×100. Share of total death (in percentage): wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths over the total under-5 deaths × 100.

26

Absolute decline 1990–2016 1,330,000 (1,190,000 – 1,430,000) 1,350,000 (1,230,000 – 1,440,000) 1,200,000 (1,100,000 – 1,280,000) 1,080,000 (983,000 – 1,150,000) 667,000 (595,000 – 717,000) 759,000 (679,000 – 835,000) 760,000 (686,000 – 830,000) 647,000 (593,000 – 699,000) 534,000 (480,000 – 586,000) 317,000 (276,000 – 354,000) 63,200 (57,300 – 68,700) 55,600 (51,000 – 59,600) 49,900 (46,300 – 53,000) 42,300 (38,600 – 45,800) 32,100 (28,200 – 35,800) 127,000 (88,000 – 153,000) 162,000 (127,000 – 186,000) 164,000 (134,000 – 185,000) 178,000 (148,000 – 199,000) 117,000 (91,100 – 136,000) 24,400 (-61,500 – 86,200) 65,700 (-11,600 – 121,000) 65,600 (660 – 113,000) 88,200 (30,400 – 131,000) 42,000 (1,770 – 71,600) 124,000 (111,000 – 137,000) 107,000 (97,800 – 116,000) 94,000 (87,300 – 100,000) 79,000 (70,700 – 87,000) 55,600 (47,200 – 64,800) 151,000 (130,000 – 170,000) 129,000 (114,000 – 142,000) 120,000 (108,000 – 130,000) 102,000 (88,900 – 113,000) 67,400 (56,800 – 77,400) 78,300 (66,600 – 88,100) 69,900 (60,300 – 77,800) 63,200 (55,700 – 69,000) 53,800 (46,000 – 60,100) 35,700 (28,800 – 42,000)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 48.6% 51.6% 51.7% 53.9% 49.4% 61.9% 64.8% 64.7% 65.1% 62.1% 72.7% 73.3% 74.0% 74.8% 72.8% 32.5% 39.1% 42.0% 47.6% 41.7% 5.2% 13.8% 15.0% 22.2% 15.9% 70.7% 71.3% 71.8% 72.6% 70.4% 60.9% 62.3% 64.0% 65.0% 63.4% 56.1% 57.5% 58.4% 58.7% 54.6%

Share of total death (in percentage) 1990 2000 2016 24.8 24.9 26.1 23.7 23.6 23.4 21.0 21.0 20.7 18.2 18.0 17.2 12.2 12.5 12.7 25.9 26.6 27.3 24.8 24.5 24.1 21.1 21.1 20.6 17.3 16.7 16.7 10.8 11.0 11.3 26.3 26.4 27.0 22.9 23.1 23.0 20.4 20.2 20.0 17.1 16.8 16.2 13.3 13.5 13.7 21.1 21.6 24.0 22.4 22.1 22.9 21.1 21.1 20.5 20.2 19.9 17.8 15.2 15.3 14.8 23.0 23.2 25.3 23.3 23.6 23.3 21.4 21.4 21.2 19.4 19.2 17.6 12.9 12.6 12.6 27.2 27.8 28.0 23.3 23.3 23.2 20.3 20.0 20.0 16.9 16.5 16.2 12.3 12.3 12.7 27.4 28.0 28.8 22.8 23.1 23.1 20.7 20.4 20.0 17.3 16.9 16.5 11.7 11.5 11.6 26.5 27.0 27.2 23.1 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.2 20.0 17.4 17.2 16.8 12.4 12.7 13.2 Continued on next page

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Angola

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bangladesh

Belarus

Belize


1990 24,600 (20,900 – 28,900) 24,400 (21,400 – 27,700) 23,000 (20,600 – 25,500) 21,700 (18,700 – 25,000) 14,300 (11,800 – 17,200) 783 (628 – 948) 751 (634 – 880) 646 (555 – 741) 546 (450 – 649) 439 (324 – 580) 10,600 (8,970 – 12,400) 9,390 (8,160 – 10,600) 8,160 (7,310 – 9,010) 6,950 (5,950 – 8,040) 5,770 (4,490 – 7,320) 28,500 (24,200 – 33,700) 30,600 (26,400 – 35,200) 28,800 (25,200 – 32,700) 27,200 (23,200 – 31,500) 21,000 (17,300 – 25,600) 1,000 (824 – 1,190) 888 (759 – 1,020) 767 (675 – 864) 645 (543 – 757) 496 (368 – 658) 4,610 (3,850 – 5,440) 4,400 (3,800 – 5,050) 4,110 (3,630 – 4,620) 3,540 (3,030 – 4,110) 2,620 (2,020 – 3,340) 128,000 (118,000 – 138,000) 123,000 (115,000 – 132,000) 111,000 (105,000 – 118,000) 98,900 (91,000 – 107,000) 71,200 (64,600 – 78,000) 623 (510 – 743) 523 (450 – 599) 456 (407 – 503) 365 (298 – 434) 301 (220 – 401) 68 (54 – 83) 60 (50 – 71) 52 (45 – 60) 44 (36 – 53) 34 (24 – 46)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 29,300 (25,600 – 33,500) 27,500 (24,500 – 30,700) 25,900 (23,500 – 28,300) 23,200 (20,400 – 26,300) 16,000 (13,700 – 18,700) 346 (272 – 430) 324 (266 – 394) 281 (233 – 335) 236 (190 – 290) 192 (140 – 262) 6,470 (5,580 – 7,410) 5,590 (4,980 – 6,220) 4,860 (4,440 – 5,260) 4,180 (3,640 – 4,750) 3,470 (2,780 – 4,310) 33,600 (28,300 – 39,800) 35,900 (30,900 – 41,700) 33,800 (29,400 – 38,900) 31,800 (27,000 – 37,100) 24,700 (20,400 – 29,900) 329 (271 – 392) 283 (242 – 327) 243 (212 – 275) 204 (171 – 241) 159 (117 – 211) 2,600 (2,170 – 3,100) 2,490 (2,120 – 2,880) 2,250 (1,960 – 2,570) 1,950 (1,650 – 2,300) 1,430 (1,090 – 1,830) 80,500 (74,100 – 87,000) 71,700 (66,000 – 77,200) 65,700 (61,800 – 69,600) 56,200 (51,500 – 61,300) 41,800 (37,800 – 45,900) 321 (263 – 383) 268 (230 – 306) 234 (208 – 257) 187 (152 – 223) 154 (113 – 204) 47 (39 – 56) 40 (35 – 46) 35 (31 – 39) 29 (25 – 34) 23 (17 – 31)

20,500 (16,000 – 25,300) 18,300 (14,400 – 22,500) 16,600 (13,200 – 20,100) 14,100 (11,100 – 17,400) 10,300 (7,920 – 13,100) 122 (64 – 228) 109 (58 – 200) 95 (50 – 174) 76 (40 – 140) 65 (33 – 128) 6,380 (5,380 – 7,480) 5,320 (4,620 – 6,070) 4,650 (4,140 – 5,190) 3,970 (3,370 – 4,650) 3,370 (2,640 – 4,250) 23,000 (11,300 – 41,400) 21,900 (10,900 – 39,400) 20,000 (9,980 – 35,100) 16,900 (8,380 – 30,100) 14,200 (6,970 – 25,600) 149 (107 – 208) 123 (91 – 168) 106 (79 – 143) 85 (61 – 118) 71 (47 – 105) 1,390 (811 – 2,390) 1,260 (749 – 2,130) 1,090 (652 – 1,840) 928 (547 – 1,580) 698 (396 – 1,240) 28,000 (24,100 – 32,400) 24,700 (21,500 – 28,300) 21,300 (18,900 – 23,900) 18,000 (15,500 – 20,900) 13,700 (11,500 – 16,300) 122 (99 – 147) 102 (87 – 118) 89 (78 – 99) 71 (57 – 85) 59 (43 – 79) 34 (27 – 41) 28 (24 – 33) 25 (21 – 28) 20 (16 – 24) 16 (12 – 22)


27

Absolute decline 1990–2016 4,030 (-1,720 – 9,880) 6,100 (1,200 – 11,100) 6,380 (2,250 – 10,500) 7,580 (3,370 – 11,800) 3,970 (712 – 7,510) 660 (480 – 826) 642 (493 – 777) 552 (433 – 651) 469 (355 – 575) 374 (255 – 501) 4,260 (2,600 – 5,990) 4,070 (2,780 – 5,350) 3,510 (2,660 – 4,370) 2,980 (1,920 – 4,080) 2,400 (1,350 – 3,610) 5,600 (-12,400 – 17,900) 8,630 (-8,910 – 20,500) 8,770 (-6,740 – 19,400) 10,300 (-3,450 – 19,600) 6,840 (-4,590 – 14,900) 851 (676 – 1,040) 765 (635 – 902) 661 (566 – 762) 559 (458 – 670) 425 (307 – 572) 3,220 (2,020 – 4,170) 3,140 (2,120 – 3,920) 3,020 (2,130 – 3,670) 2,610 (1,780 – 3,280) 1,930 (1,210 – 2,610) 100,000 (89,500 – 110,000) 98,200 (89,100 – 108,000) 90,000 (83,400 – 96,600) 80,900 (72,500 – 89,500) 57,400 (50,700 – 64,300) 500 (404 – 606) 421 (355 – 489) 366 (325 – 407) 294 (235 – 356) 242 (175 – 326) 34 (21 – 48) 32 (22 – 43) 27 (20 – 35) 24 (16 – 33) 18 (11 – 27)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 16.4% 25.0% 27.8% 35.0% 27.8% 84.3% 85.5% 85.4% 86.0% 85.1% 40.1% 43.3% 43.0% 42.9% 41.6% 19.6% 28.2% 30.5% 37.9% 32.6% 85.1% 86.2% 86.2% 86.7% 85.7% 69.8% 71.4% 73.5% 73.7% 73.5% 78.1% 79.9% 80.8% 81.8% 80.6% 80.3% 80.5% 80.3% 80.5% 80.5% 50.4% 53.1% 51.9% 55.2% 53.4%

Share of total death (in percentage) 1990 2000 2016 22.8 24.1 25.7 22.6 22.6 23.0 21.3 21.2 20.8 20.1 19.0 17.6 13.2 13.1 12.9 24.7 25.1 26.2 23.7 23.5 23.3 20.4 20.4 20.3 17.2 17.1 16.3 13.9 13.9 13.9 26.0 26.3 26.9 23.0 22.8 22.5 19.9 19.8 19.6 17.0 17.0 16.8 14.1 14.1 14.2 21.0 21.0 23.9 22.5 22.5 22.9 21.1 21.2 20.8 20.0 19.9 17.6 15.4 15.5 14.8 26.3 27.0 27.9 23.4 23.2 23.0 20.2 19.9 19.9 17.0 16.8 16.0 13.1 13.1 13.2 23.9 24.3 25.9 22.8 23.2 23.5 21.3 21.0 20.3 18.4 18.2 17.3 13.6 13.3 13.0 24.1 25.5 26.5 23.1 22.7 23.4 20.9 20.8 20.1 18.6 17.8 17.1 13.4 13.2 13.0 27.5 27.6 27.5 23.1 23.0 23.0 20.1 20.1 20.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 13.3 13.2 13.3 26.3 26.9 27.5 23.4 23.1 23.1 20.2 20.1 20.1 16.9 16.7 16.2 13.1 13.2 13.2 Continued on next page

Benin

Bhutan


Brazil

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon



1990 8,700 (7,740 – 9,730) 8,740 (7,900 – 9,680) 8,450 (7,760 – 9,190) 7,540 (6,750 – 8,400) 5,590 (4,870 – 6,420) 663 (541 – 807) 580 (491 – 687) 540 (470 – 627) 472 (397 – 567) 316 (234 – 422) 8,130 (7,370 – 8,910) 6,800 (6,190 – 7,470) 6,210 (5,730 – 6,690) 5,290 (4,750 – 5,870) 3,030 (2,630 – 3,460) 70,100 (60,100 – 80,800) 55,200 (48,500 – 62,000) 47,900 (43,100 – 52,800) 39,300 (33,500 – 45,300) 27,100 (20,700 – 34,900) 16,600 (14,900 – 18,300) 17,600 (16,000 – 19,300) 17,000 (15,700 – 18,500) 16,200 (14,700 – 17,900) 11,700 (10,400 – 13,000) 10,700 (9,070 – 12,600) 9,920 (8,580 – 11,300) 9,380 (8,290 – 10,500) 8,600 (7,360 – 9,950) 5,910 (4,760 – 7,250) 11,200 (9,830 – 12,700) 10,200 (9,120 – 11,400) 9,660 (8,800 – 10,600) 8,400 (7,380 – 9,500) 4,640 (3,840 – 5,540) 18,700 (16,600 – 20,900) 16,300 (14,600 – 18,100) 14,800 (13,400 – 16,200) 12,900 (11,500 – 14,500) 9,370 (8,140 – 10,700) 4,680 (4,090 – 5,360) 4,750 (4,190 – 5,380) 4,380 (3,890 – 4,910) 3,830 (3,350 – 4,380) 2,780 (2,380 – 3,250)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 9,210 (8,280 – 10,200) 9,070 (8,180 – 10,000) 8,850 (8,100 – 9,680) 7,640 (6,880 – 8,480) 5,640 (4,990 – 6,380) 347 (289 – 413) 287 (247 – 332) 260 (229 – 293) 217 (184 – 254) 150 (111 – 196) 5,790 (5,230 – 6,380) 4,880 (4,410 – 5,370) 4,180 (3,820 – 4,550) 3,440 (3,060 – 3,840) 2,020 (1,760 – 2,310) 38,300 (32,800 – 44,500) 29,300 (25,600 – 33,100) 24,900 (22,200 – 27,600) 20,400 (17,400 – 23,600) 14,300 (10,800 – 18,400) 19,400 (17,500 – 21,300) 21,100 (19,200 – 23,200) 19,700 (18,200 – 21,400) 18,600 (16,800 – 20,600) 13,400 (12,000 – 15,000) 9,980 (8,560 – 11,700) 8,990 (7,880 – 10,300) 8,540 (7,600 – 9,590) 7,640 (6,610 – 8,760) 5,340 (4,400 – 6,500) 9,380 (8,340 – 10,500) 8,420 (7,500 – 9,360) 7,980 (7,220 – 8,780) 6,830 (6,030 – 7,710) 3,760 (3,170 – 4,430) 24,900 (22,300 – 27,900) 22,700 (20,300 – 25,100) 20,600 (18,700 – 22,700) 18,900 (16,900 – 21,100) 13,300 (11,700 – 15,100) 5,900 (5,130 – 6,750) 5,730 (5,000 – 6,520) 5,290 (4,680 – 5,960) 4,590 (4,000 – 5,280) 3,360 (2,860 – 3,930)

9,110 (6,750 – 12,600) 8,770 (6,560 – 12,000) 8,230 (6,220 – 11,200) 6,780 (5,080 – 9,320) 5,230 (3,820 – 7,350) 136 (92 – 192) 108 (75 – 151) 93 (65 – 129) 77 (53 – 109) 54 (35 – 83) 2,770 (1,900 – 3,920) 2,210 (1,530 – 3,130) 1,860 (1,290 – 2,610) 1,520 (1,020 – 2,160) 936 (629 – 1,380) 13,600 (10,400 – 17,500) 10,100 (7,980 – 12,700) 8,750 (7,020 – 10,800) 6,920 (5,250 – 8,940) 5,150 (3,590 – 7,180) 14,200 (10,800 – 18,700) 13,800 (10,500 – 18,100) 12,500 (9,610 – 16,200) 10,700 (8,120 – 14,000) 8,380 (6,200 – 11,200) 8,130 (6,080 – 10,700) 7,060 (5,420 – 9,200) 6,370 (4,960 – 8,160) 5,340 (4,070 – 6,950) 3,960 (2,890 – 5,380) 3,130 (1,920 – 5,090) 2,670 (1,640 – 4,300) 2,330 (1,440 – 3,760) 1,930 (1,180 – 3,120) 1,140 (684 – 1,910) 17,700 (13,300 – 23,500) 15,000 (11,400 – 19,600) 13,500 (10,400 – 17,400) 11,400 (8,560 – 15,000) 8,650 (6,360 – 11,700) 5,060 (3,240 – 7,970) 4,570 (2,940 – 7,140) 4,280 (2,760 – 6,680) 3,640 (2,300 – 5,700) 2,720 (1,680 – 4,340)


28

Absolute decline 1990–2016 -413 (-3,930 – 2,150) -26 (-3,190 – 2,360) 222 (-2,650 – 2,300) 759 (-1,770 – 2,640) 353 (-1,740 – 1,950) 528 (401 – 672) 471 (373 – 586) 447 (367 – 538) 395 (313 – 491) 261 (185 – 360) 5,360 (4,010 – 6,500) 4,600 (3,540 – 5,520) 4,360 (3,510 – 5,070) 3,770 (2,980 – 4,500) 2,090 (1,550 – 2,590) 56,500 (46,700 – 66,700) 45,000 (38,200 – 52,000) 39,200 (34,100 – 44,100) 32,300 (26,600 – 38,400) 22,000 (16,300 – 28,800) 2,360 (-2,210 – 5,990) 3,770 (-592 – 7,340) 4,500 (826 – 7,540) 5,520 (2,020 – 8,460) 3,290 (358 – 5,720) 2,590 (-149 – 5,070) 2,860 (431 – 4,880) 3,000 (978 – 4,700) 3,260 (1,300 – 5,000) 1,940 (419 – 3,330) 8,070 (5,740 – 9,920) 7,580 (5,610 – 9,090) 7,330 (5,720 – 8,560) 6,470 (4,900 – 7,760) 3,500 (2,490 – 4,420) 949 (-4,930 – 5,530) 1,260 (-3,410 – 5,100) 1,260 (-2,740 – 4,480) 1,500 (-2,280 – 4,540) 722 (-2,450 – 3,140) -377 (-3,380 – 1,590) 181 (-2,460 – 1,930) 103 (-2,320 – 1,710) 193 (-1,910 – 1,630) 61 (-1,600 – 1,150)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 -4.8% -0.3% 2.6% 10.1% 6.3% 79.6% 81.3% 82.7% 83.7% 82.7% 65.9% 67.6% 70.2% 71.3% 69.0% 80.6% 81.6% 81.8% 82.3% 81.1% 14.2% 21.5% 26.4% 34.0% 28.2% 24.2% 28.8% 32.0% 37.9% 32.8% 72.1% 74.0% 75.9% 77.0% 75.5% 5.1% 7.7% 8.5% 11.7% 7.7% -8.0% 3.8% 2.4% 5.0% 2.2%


Chad

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cote d’Ivoire


Dominican Republic

Egypt

El Salvador


1990 10,100 (8,960 – 11,400) 13,700 (12,400 – 15,200) 12,800 (11,700 – 14,000) 12,300 (11,000 – 13,700) 11,000 (9,720 – 12,300) 8,530 (7,470 – 9,640) 7,240 (6,410 – 8,110) 6,320 (5,710 – 6,980) 5,210 (4,540 – 5,960) 4,380 (3,630 – 5,230) 506 (420 – 601) 481 (410 – 554) 453 (395 – 513) 387 (327 – 449) 312 (250 – 387) 1,850 (1,540 – 2,210) 1,890 (1,610 – 2,220) 1,750 (1,510 – 2,010) 1,480 (1,250 – 1,760) 1,230 (977 – 1,550) 18,500 (16,500 – 20,700) 17,500 (15,800 – 19,400) 15,800 (14,500 – 17,300) 14,600 (13,100 – 16,300) 10,300 (8,970 – 11,700) 65,600 (56,400 – 75,900) 64,000 (56,100 – 72,600) 59,800 (53,600 – 66,800) 56,500 (49,000 – 64,700) 33,800 (28,200 – 40,600) 3,290 (2,880 – 3,740) 2,970 (2,650 – 3,320) 2,610 (2,380 – 2,860) 2,210 (1,940 – 2,520) 1,610 (1,310 – 1,960) 47,200 (42,900 – 51,700) 37,700 (34,300 – 41,100) 33,900 (31,500 – 36,400) 28,200 (25,300 – 31,400) 17,600 (15,000 – 20,400) 2,500 (2,050 – 3,000) 2,260 (1,960 – 2,610) 1,980 (1,760 – 2,230) 1,670 (1,410 – 1,960) 1,310 (970 – 1,740)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 12,700 (11,400 – 14,200) 16,500 (14,900 – 18,200) 15,800 (14,500 – 17,200) 15,400 (13,900 – 17,000) 13,700 (12,300 – 15,300) 5,840 (5,140 – 6,600) 4,820 (4,280 – 5,410) 4,200 (3,780 – 4,670) 3,380 (2,920 – 3,890) 2,970 (2,480 – 3,520) 493 (382 – 606) 455 (360 – 548) 428 (341 – 509) 355 (276 – 432) 301 (226 – 387) 3,060 (2,640 – 3,550) 3,240 (2,820 – 3,710) 3,050 (2,700 – 3,440) 2,630 (2,280 – 3,030) 2,160 (1,770 – 2,610) 22,700 (19,900 – 25,700) 21,900 (19,500 – 24,500) 19,700 (17,800 – 21,800) 18,000 (16,000 – 20,300) 12,900 (11,200 – 14,900) 79,000 (69,200 – 90,100) 75,800 (67,300 – 85,800) 70,900 (63,500 – 79,300) 65,800 (57,900 – 74,900) 40,000 (34,200 – 46,700) 2,340 (2,060 – 2,640) 2,030 (1,800 – 2,270) 1,780 (1,600 – 1,960) 1,500 (1,310 – 1,710) 1,120 (919 – 1,350) 24,000 (21,800 – 26,400) 18,500 (16,800 – 20,300) 16,400 (15,100 – 17,800) 14,300 (12,800 – 15,900) 8,740 (7,590 – 10,000) 1,290 (1,050 – 1,560) 1,120 (955 – 1,310) 966 (841 – 1,100) 808 (668 – 957) 647 (473 – 864)

15,200 (12,300 – 18,600) 17,000 (13,800 – 20,500) 16,100 (13,300 – 19,200) 14,400 (11,600 – 17,500) 14,000 (11,200 – 17,000) 3,200 (2,410 – 4,210) 2,610 (1,960 – 3,440) 2,250 (1,700 – 2,920) 1,750 (1,280 – 2,340) 1,570 (1,130 – 2,140) 462 (243 – 908) 425 (224 – 838) 388 (206 – 758) 326 (170 – 647) 279 (144 – 562) 2,210 (1,530 – 3,070) 2,240 (1,570 – 3,070) 1,960 (1,390 – 2,680) 1,660 (1,150 – 2,320) 1,400 (943 – 2,000) 19,300 (14,000 – 25,900) 17,700 (12,900 – 23,700) 16,100 (11,900 – 21,300) 13,900 (10,200 – 18,700) 10,800 (7,720 – 14,900) 75,900 (53,300 – 106,000) 70,100 (49,500 – 97,500) 64,900 (46,500 – 89,700) 55,400 (39,300 – 77,400) 37,900 (26,200 – 54,200) 1,720 (1,280 – 2,350) 1,540 (1,150 – 2,070) 1,340 (1,010 – 1,780) 1,140 (842 – 1,550) 864 (615 – 1,220) 16,700 (12,600 – 21,700) 13,100 (10,000 – 17,100) 11,500 (8,920 – 14,800) 9,680 (7,330 – 12,900) 6,520 (4,840 – 8,750) 494 (326 – 742) 405 (273 – 601) 352 (239 – 517) 279 (183 – 419) 237 (146 – 377)


29

Absolute decline 1990–2016 -5,090 (-8,590 – -2,000) -3,300 (-6,900 – 146) -3,310 (-6,380 – -352) -2,140 (-5,350 – 819) -2,980 (-6,210 – 113) 5,330 (3,940 – 6,610) 4,620 (3,510 – 5,660) 4,070 (3,260 – 4,860) 3,460 (2,620 – 4,300) 2,800 (2,020 – 3,630) 44 (-415 – 276) 56 (-371 – 266) 65 (-312 – 253) 61 (-265 – 223) 33 (-253 – 175) -357 (-1,260 – 395) -349 (-1,210 – 383) -214 (-963 – 412) -173 (-856 – 376) -167 (-754 – 328) -757 (-7,430 – 4,780) -150 (-6,150 – 4,750) -276 (-5,480 – 3,930) 750 (-4,150 – 4,730) -526 (-4,530 – 2,570) -10,300 (-41,300 – 13,600) -6,130 (-34,400 – 15,500) -5,010 (-30,000 – 14,200) 1,090 (-21,500 – 18,500) -4,020 (-20,300 – 8,130) 1,570 (873 – 2,180) 1,430 (831 – 1,930) 1,270 (801 – 1,670) 1,070 (596 – 1,480) 744 (354 – 1,100) 30,500 (24,200 – 36,400) 24,600 (19,600 – 29,100) 22,400 (18,500 – 25,800) 18,500 (14,300 – 22,400) 11,000 (7,870 – 14,100) 2,000 (1,530 – 2,490) 1,850 (1,500 – 2,210) 1,630 (1,360 – 1,890) 1,390 (1,110 – 1,680) 1,080 (753 – 1,460)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 -50.3% -24.0% -25.9% -17.4% -27.1% 62.5% 63.9% 64.4% 66.4% 64.0% 8.7% 11.6% 14.3% 15.8% 10.6% -19.3% -18.5% -12.2% -11.7% -13.6% -4.1% -0.9% -1.7% 5.1% -5.1% -15.7% -9.6% -8.4% 1.9% -11.9% 47.7% 48.2% 48.7% 48.4% 46.3% 64.7% 65.3% 66.1% 65.6% 62.6% 80.1% 81.9% 82.1% 83.3% 82.2%


Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea


1990 704 (572 – 862) 680 (563 – 811) 650 (551 – 764) 624 (514 – 750) 589 (466 – 738) 3,760 (3,150 – 4,460) 4,490 (3,910 – 5,110) 4,220 (3,760 – 4,710) 3,920 (3,380 – 4,530) 2,440 (1,910 – 3,080) 82,800 (71,900 – 94,900) 97,300 (86,600 – 109,000) 95,400 (86,800 – 104,000) 95,900 (84,500 – 108,000) 70,100 (60,200 – 81,300) 712 (586 – 864) 745 (626 – 885) 677 (576 – 795) 581 (484 – 704) 441 (338 – 567) 1,480 (1,230 – 1,760) 1,540 (1,320 – 1,770) 1,450 (1,270 – 1,640) 1,360 (1,160 – 1,590) 914 (742 – 1,120) 1,110 (904 – 1,350) 1,040 (890 – 1,210) 894 (775 – 1,020) 744 (616 – 886) 561 (412 – 751) 17,100 (15,500 – 18,900) 15,500 (14,100 – 17,000) 14,500 (13,400 – 15,700) 12,800 (11,500 – 14,300) 9,790 (8,510 – 11,200) 6,560 (5,760 – 7,410) 6,740 (6,050 – 7,480) 6,180 (5,650 – 6,730) 5,290 (4,650 – 5,960) 4,030 (3,270 – 4,890) 14,600 (12,900 – 16,500) 14,200 (12,800 – 15,800) 13,200 (12,100 – 14,400) 12,200 (10,800 – 13,700) 8,730 (7,540 – 10,100)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 809 (681 – 962) 755 (651 – 882) 722 (634 – 832) 674 (572 – 798) 656 (537 – 806) 2,190 (1,860 – 2,570) 2,510 (2,190 – 2,860) 2,340 (2,070 – 2,620) 2,020 (1,740 – 2,330) 1,340 (1,050 – 1,670) 78,900 (70,500 – 88,100) 87,600 (78,800 – 96,800) 87,400 (79,800 – 95,500) 86,200 (77,500 – 95,600) 64,100 (56,700 – 71,900) 764 (635 – 934) 808 (681 – 970) 727 (620 – 864) 625 (523 – 759) 474 (369 – 607) 1,460 (1,220 – 1,710) 1,420 (1,210 – 1,640) 1,350 (1,170 – 1,550) 1,180 (996 – 1,380) 840 (683 – 1,020) 530 (430 – 644) 498 (422 – 585) 420 (362 – 486) 348 (290 – 418) 264 (194 – 358) 16,400 (14,800 – 18,100) 14,000 (12,700 – 15,400) 13,500 (12,500 – 14,700) 11,800 (10,600 – 13,100) 9,620 (8,440 – 11,000) 5,070 (4,380 – 5,800) 5,100 (4,510 – 5,730) 4,410 (3,960 – 4,880) 3,710 (3,200 – 4,240) 2,830 (2,270 – 3,470) 14,300 (12,900 – 15,800) 13,500 (12,200 – 14,800) 12,600 (11,500 – 13,700) 11,700 (10,600 – 13,000) 8,150 (7,190 – 9,230)

875 (579 – 1,310) 784 (518 – 1,160) 729 (485 – 1,060) 624 (411 – 931) 637 (403 – 976) 1,660 (1,030 – 2,670) 1,740 (1,100 – 2,780) 1,510 (961 – 2,400) 1,280 (800 – 2,050) 879 (526 – 1,480) 43,000 (33,000 – 55,200) 43,400 (33,800 – 55,400) 38,800 (30,500 – 48,900) 33,800 (25,900 – 43,200) 27,900 (21,200 – 36,200) 656 (439 – 960) 647 (438 – 944) 560 (380 – 815) 470 (316 – 690) 370 (234 – 563) 1,230 (755 – 1,940) 1,200 (739 – 1,890) 1,080 (674 – 1,680) 928 (571 – 1,470) 660 (401 – 1,070) 158 (126 – 197) 137 (114 – 166) 118 (100 – 140) 94 (75 – 117) 76 (54 – 104) 13,100 (9,750 – 17,500) 11,200 (8,360 – 14,600) 10,100 (7,670 – 13,300) 8,740 (6,490 – 11,700) 7,430 (5,410 – 10,100) 3,000 (2,350 – 3,800) 2,870 (2,300 – 3,590) 2,420 (1,980 – 3,010) 2,000 (1,590 – 2,530) 1,550 (1,160 – 2,070) 10,000 (7,840 – 12,700) 8,720 (6,900 – 11,000) 8,040 (6,430 – 10,100) 6,970 (5,480 – 8,880) 5,050 (3,900 – 6,520)


30

Absolute decline 1990–2016 -171 (-613 – 156) -104 (-485 – 191) -79 (-431 – 192) 0 (-320 – 244) -48 (-380 – 201) 2,110 (998 – 2,970) 2,740 (1,610 – 3,600) 2,700 (1,740 – 3,410) 2,640 (1,740 – 3,380) 1,560 (907 – 2,160) 39,700 (23,900 – 54,400) 54,000 (38,600 – 68,400) 56,600 (44,300 – 67,900) 62,100 (48,000 – 75,300) 42,200 (30,200 – 54,300) 57 (-263 – 318) 98 (-209 – 356) 117 (-144 – 337) 110 (-119 – 309) 70 (-118 – 229) 244 (-485 – 776) 333 (-358 – 835) 374 (-241 – 816) 429 (-133 – 836) 254 (-149 – 555) 955 (756 – 1,180) 907 (752 – 1,070) 776 (658 – 898) 650 (523 – 788) 485 (348 – 659) 3,990 (-575 – 7,750) 4,320 (743 – 7,500) 4,330 (1,160 – 6,950) 4,100 (1,110 – 6,670) 2,360 (-350 – 4,610) 3,560 (2,540 – 4,520) 3,880 (2,920 – 4,720) 3,760 (3,050 – 4,400) 3,290 (2,510 – 4,000) 2,480 (1,780 – 3,220) 4,620 (1,430 – 7,380) 5,480 (2,830 – 7,780) 5,160 (2,980 – 7,050) 5,260 (3,020 – 7,300) 3,680 (1,940 – 5,320)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 -24.3% -15.3% -12.1% 0.0% -8.2% 56.1% 61.1% 64.0% 67.3% 63.9% 48.0% 55.5% 59.3% 64.8% 60.2% 8.0% 13.2% 17.3% 18.9% 15.9% 16.5% 21.7% 25.8% 31.6% 27.8% 85.8% 86.8% 86.8% 87.4% 86.4% 23.3% 27.8% 29.9% 31.9% 24.1% 54.3% 57.5% 60.8% 62.2% 61.6% 31.5% 38.6% 39.1% 43.0% 42.2%


Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

India

Indonesia

Iraq

Jordan

Kazakhstan


1990 2,190 (1,860 – 2,550) 2,310 (2,010 – 2,650) 2,110 (1,850 – 2,370) 1,940 (1,660 – 2,240) 1,410 (1,180 – 1,680) 292 (241 – 350) 303 (261 – 349) 266 (235 – 301) 225 (191 – 265) 196 (150 – 253) 8,240 (7,320 – 9,300) 8,570 (7,710 – 9,500) 8,050 (7,380 – 8,780) 7,330 (6,480 – 8,240) 5,580 (4,790 – 6,490) 2,990 (2,540 – 3,460) 2,510 (2,200 – 2,840) 2,210 (1,970 – 2,440) 1,840 (1,570 – 2,120) 1,330 (1,050 – 1,650) 915,000 (863,000 – 969,000) 865,000 (813,000 – 917,000) 716,000 (679,000 – 756,000) 567,000 (530,000 – 605,000) 332,000 (309,000 – 358,000) 112,000 (99,700 – 125,000) 88,400 (79,700 – 97,200) 81,700 (75,300 – 88,200) 68,700 (60,700 – 76,900) 44,200 (36,800 – 52,900) 8,140 (6,800 – 9,600) 7,920 (6,870 – 9,070) 6,970 (6,180 – 7,800) 5,990 (5,090 – 6,960) 5,980 (4,780 – 7,410) 1,110 (969 – 1,270) 1,020 (897 – 1,140) 904 (818 – 995) 795 (696 – 905) 662 (552 – 792) 4,960 (4,160 – 5,820) 4,820 (4,160 – 5,520) 4,180 (3,680 – 4,710) 3,510 (2,990 – 4,070) 2,870 (2,230 – 3,630)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 1,930 (1,670 – 2,210) 2,050 (1,800 – 2,330) 1,840 (1,640 – 2,070) 1,650 (1,440 – 1,890) 1,250 (1,070 – 1,460) 209 (171 – 248) 218 (187 – 251) 188 (166 – 214) 159 (134 – 186) 140 (108 – 180) 6,340 (5,620 – 7,140) 6,280 (5,590 – 7,000) 5,850 (5,290 – 6,420) 5,050 (4,460 – 5,670) 3,990 (3,410 – 4,630) 2,260 (1,960 – 2,580) 1,810 (1,590 – 2,040) 1,570 (1,400 – 1,740) 1,290 (1,110 – 1,480) 942 (752 – 1,160) 693,000 (645,000 – 742,000) 633,000 (589,000 – 678,000) 532,000 (500,000 – 565,000) 408,000 (376,000 – 443,000) 255,000 (233,000 – 280,000) 69,900 (63,000 – 77,400) 54,100 (48,600 – 59,600) 47,800 (43,800 – 51,800) 39,500 (34,900 – 44,400) 25,700 (21,700 – 30,400) 8,540 (7,290 – 9,980) 8,280 (7,180 – 9,480) 7,270 (6,440 – 8,150) 6,300 (5,360 – 7,310) 6,400 (5,210 – 7,800) 1,090 (942 – 1,260) 992 (865 – 1,120) 880 (786 – 978) 768 (662 – 888) 654 (541 – 786) 2,550 (2,140 – 2,970) 2,460 (2,150 – 2,810) 2,120 (1,880 – 2,370) 1,760 (1,500 – 2,030) 1,460 (1,150 – 1,830)

1,360 (930 – 1,920) 1,320 (903 – 1,870) 1,200 (829 – 1,680) 1,020 (697 – 1,430) 818 (552 – 1,180) 120 (79 – 184) 122 (82 – 184) 105 (71 – 157) 88 (59 – 135) 78 (49 – 124) 4,150 (3,130 – 5,550) 4,060 (3,100 – 5,400) 3,640 (2,800 – 4,760) 3,160 (2,410 – 4,230) 2,480 (1,820 – 3,360) 1,080 (777 – 1,480) 835 (608 – 1,130) 734 (537 – 992) 593 (423 – 822) 452 (307 – 645) 308,000 (262,000 – 356,000) 266,000 (229,000 – 303,000) 221,000 (195,000 – 247,000) 176,000 (149,000 – 204,000) 111,000 (91,300 – 135,000) 39,000 (30,200 – 50,300) 29,600 (22,900 – 38,000) 26,000 (20,400 – 33,200) 21,600 (16,500 – 28,200) 14,700 (10,800 – 19,700) 8,880 (6,440 – 12,400) 8,410 (6,180 – 11,500) 7,400 (5,460 – 10,100) 6,410 (4,680 – 8,930) 6,580 (4,650 – 9,350) 1,110 (768 – 1,570) 968 (680 – 1,360) 850 (601 – 1,180) 704 (475 – 1,010) 627 (419 – 922) 1,140 (939 – 1,360) 1,010 (867 – 1,160) 880 (784 – 977) 703 (570 – 833) 617 (474 – 786)


31

Absolute decline 1990–2016 829 (218 – 1,370) 990 (392 – 1,510) 907 (393 – 1,340) 921 (436 – 1,340) 591 (204 – 940) 172 (97 – 236) 181 (109 – 242) 162 (103 – 209) 137 (81 – 184) 117 (65 – 169) 4,100 (2,560 – 5,410) 4,510 (3,040 – 5,780) 4,420 (3,170 – 5,430) 4,160 (2,900 – 5,280) 3,100 (2,070 – 4,090) 1,910 (1,360 – 2,430) 1,670 (1,260 – 2,050) 1,470 (1,160 – 1,740) 1,250 (922 – 1,550) 874 (597 – 1,170) 608,000 (538,000 – 678,000) 599,000 (537,000 – 662,000) 495,000 (453,000 – 541,000) 391,000 (344,000 – 437,000) 222,000 (189,000 – 252,000) 72,500 (57,200 – 87,600) 58,800 (47,000 – 68,800) 55,600 (46,800 – 63,400) 47,100 (37,600 – 56,500) 29,500 (21,900 – 37,700) -736 (-4,260 – 1,880) -485 (-3,600 – 1,890) -422 (-3,110 – 1,540) -423 (-2,960 – 1,430) -594 (-3,200 – 1,400) -2 (-471 – 359) 49 (-356 – 354) 54 (-287 – 310) 91 (-214 – 338) 35 (-240 – 250) 3,820 (3,070 – 4,630) 3,810 (3,170 – 4,500) 3,300 (2,830 – 3,810) 2,810 (2,290 – 3,360) 2,250 (1,680 – 2,930)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 37.9% 42.9% 43.1% 47.5% 42.0% 58.9% 59.8% 60.8% 60.8% 59.8% 49.8% 52.6% 54.9% 56.8% 55.5% 63.9% 66.6% 66.6% 68.0% 65.9% 66.4% 69.3% 69.1% 69.0% 66.8% 65.0% 66.5% 68.1% 68.6% 66.7% -9.0% -6.1% -6.1% -7.1% -9.9% -0.2% 4.8% 6.0% 11.5% 5.3% 77.1% 79.0% 79.0% 80.0% 78.5%


Kenya

Kyrgyzstan


Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Maldives

Mali


1990 24,300 (21,900 – 27,000) 21,700 (19,700 – 23,900) 19,300 (17,700 – 20,900) 15,800 (14,000 – 17,600) 14,000 (12,300 – 15,800) 2,220 (1,840 – 2,640) 2,040 (1,750 – 2,370) 1,820 (1,580 – 2,070) 1,530 (1,280 – 1,820) 1,270 (988 – 1,610) 6,860 (5,700 – 8,200) 6,620 (5,700 – 7,620) 6,160 (5,460 – 6,930) 5,660 (4,830 – 6,560) 2,960 (2,250 – 3,830) 1,160 (982 – 1,340) 1,160 (1,010 – 1,320) 1,090 (965 – 1,220) 945 (811 – 1,090) 793 (655 – 957) 4,970 (4,220 – 5,860) 5,280 (4,610 – 6,020) 5,060 (4,530 – 5,630) 4,910 (4,210 – 5,650) 4,430 (3,670 – 5,300) 18,300 (16,100 – 20,600) 18,200 (16,300 – 20,200) 16,600 (15,200 – 18,100) 15,500 (13,800 – 17,300) 9,440 (7,990 – 11,100) 20,500 (18,500 – 22,600) 21,600 (19,600 – 23,600) 21,000 (19,500 – 22,500) 20,500 (18,600 – 22,400) 14,800 (13,300 – 16,600) 207 (170 – 250) 195 (168 – 225) 180 (159 – 202) 154 (130 – 181) 119 (88 – 159) 22,100 (20,100 – 24,400) 22,700 (20,700 – 24,900) 21,700 (20,000 – 23,400) 20,700 (18,800 – 22,800) 13,600 (12,100 – 15,200)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 30,200 (27,100 – 33,500) 26,900 (24,300 – 29,800) 24,600 (22,600 – 26,900) 20,700 (18,600 – 23,100) 18,600 (16,400 – 21,000) 1,360 (1,130 – 1,580) 1,240 (1,060 – 1,400) 1,070 (932 – 1,190) 887 (741 – 1,030) 749 (589 – 936) 5,170 (4,280 – 6,170) 4,680 (4,020 – 5,440) 4,340 (3,810 – 4,940) 3,710 (3,150 – 4,370) 2,020 (1,560 – 2,610) 1,410 (1,220 – 1,620) 1,450 (1,280 – 1,630) 1,380 (1,250 – 1,530) 1,240 (1,090 – 1,410) 1,020 (861 – 1,190) 4,120 (3,530 – 4,750) 4,250 (3,770 – 4,790) 4,160 (3,760 – 4,590) 4,030 (3,530 – 4,580) 3,710 (3,180 – 4,330) 17,000 (15,100 – 19,200) 15,800 (14,000 – 17,700) 14,400 (13,000 – 15,800) 12,400 (10,900 – 13,900) 8,090 (6,830 – 9,500) 17,900 (16,400 – 19,500) 18,800 (17,300 – 20,300) 17,900 (16,700 – 19,200) 17,200 (15,700 – 18,700) 12,800 (11,600 – 14,000) 73 (60 – 88) 67 (57 – 78) 58 (51 – 66) 49 (41 – 58) 38 (28 – 51) 24,000 (21,700 – 26,400) 25,600 (23,300 – 28,200) 24,100 (22,100 – 26,300) 23,300 (21,100 – 25,700) 14,200 (12,700 – 15,800)

18,100 (14,400 – 22,700) 17,000 (13,700 – 21,100) 14,600 (11,900 – 18,000) 12,800 (10,200 – 16,000) 11,100 (8,700 – 14,100) 851 (717 – 995) 730 (638 – 828) 635 (572 – 698) 516 (436 – 602) 448 (352 – 564) 2,810 (1,950 – 3,980) 2,480 (1,760 – 3,470) 2,180 (1,550 – 3,040) 1,820 (1,270 – 2,580) 1,010 (662 – 1,530) 1,250 (937 – 1,650) 1,280 (969 – 1,670) 1,200 (916 – 1,550) 1,070 (808 – 1,420) 860 (628 – 1,160) 2,420 (1,780 – 3,400) 2,300 (1,700 – 3,180) 2,100 (1,570 – 2,910) 1,820 (1,330 – 2,540) 1,830 (1,330 – 2,600) 10,000 (6,790 – 14,400) 8,920 (6,130 – 12,800) 7,660 (5,300 – 10,900) 6,410 (4,370 – 9,160) 4,380 (2,890 – 6,520) 8,450 (6,400 – 11,100) 8,300 (6,320 – 10,900) 7,290 (5,610 – 9,430) 6,210 (4,690 – 8,150) 5,430 (4,110 – 7,200) 18 (13 – 24) 15 (12 – 20) 13 (10 – 17) 11 (8 – 14) 9 (6 – 13) 19,800 (12,100 – 31,900) 19,100 (11,700 – 30,600) 17,800 (11,100 – 28,600) 15,500 (9,640 – 25,200) 10,200 (6,170 – 16,500)


32

Absolute decline 1990–2016 6,260 (1,450 – 10,600) 4,770 (443 – 8,650) 4,680 (1,050 – 7,540) 2,970 (-615 – 6,020) 2,900 (-391 – 5,620) 1,370 (1,010 – 1,760) 1,310 (1,020 – 1,630) 1,180 (952 – 1,430) 1,010 (762 – 1,290) 822 (579 – 1,120) 4,050 (2,580 – 5,520) 4,140 (2,900 – 5,280) 3,980 (2,950 – 4,920) 3,840 (2,800 – 4,860) 1,940 (1,250 – 2,710) -95 (-509 – 240) -115 (-529 – 220) -107 (-471 – 182) -129 (-486 – 156) -67 (-371 – 179) 2,550 (1,450 – 3,550) 2,990 (1,960 – 3,850) 2,960 (2,090 – 3,670) 3,090 (2,170 – 3,930) 2,600 (1,630 – 3,530) 8,280 (3,460 – 12,100) 9,250 (5,050 – 12,600) 8,980 (5,580 – 11,600) 9,080 (5,870 – 11,700) 5,070 (2,840 – 7,100) 12,100 (8,740 – 15,000) 13,300 (10,100 – 16,100) 13,700 (11,200 – 15,900) 14,300 (11,600 – 16,700) 9,410 (7,130 – 11,400) 189 (152 – 230) 180 (153 – 210) 167 (145 – 189) 143 (119 – 170) 110 (80 – 148) 2,360 (-9,660 – 10,100) 3,670 (-7,690 – 11,100) 3,820 (-6,850 – 10,600) 5,190 (-4,440 – 11,400) 3,380 (-2,960 – 7,600)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 25.7% 22.0% 24.3% 18.8% 20.7% 61.6% 64.3% 65.0% 66.1% 64.7% 59.0% 62.6% 64.6% 67.8% 65.6% -8.2% -9.9% -9.8% -13.7% -8.5% 51.3% 56.6% 58.5% 63.0% 58.7% 45.3% 50.9% 54.0% 58.6% 53.7% 59.0% 61.6% 65.2% 69.9% 63.4% 91.3% 92.1% 92.6% 93.1% 92.6% 10.7% 16.1% 17.6% 25.0% 24.9%


Mauritania

Mongolia

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nepal

Nicaragua

Niger


1990 2,330 (1,960 – 2,760) 2,060 (1,770 – 2,360) 1,920 (1,690 – 2,170) 1,650 (1,400 – 1,910) 1,340 (1,070 – 1,640) 1,940 (1,660 – 2,250) 1,760 (1,540 – 1,990) 1,600 (1,430 – 1,780) 1,320 (1,140 – 1,530) 1,010 (814 – 1,240) 15,500 (13,500 – 17,700) 13,900 (12,400 – 15,500) 12,300 (11,100 – 13,500) 10,300 (8,960 – 11,700) 6,160 (5,050 – 7,440) 32,100 (28,000 – 36,700) 33,200 (29,800 – 37,200) 31,100 (28,200 – 34,100) 29,900 (26,400 – 33,800) 22,200 (19,000 – 25,600) 31,000 (25,500 – 37,100) 29,300 (25,300 – 33,500) 27,300 (24,200 – 30,600) 23,400 (19,800 – 27,300) 17,300 (12,700 – 22,900) 844 (727 – 969) 872 (770 – 985) 772 (692 – 855) 683 (594 – 787) 508 (422 – 608) 21,600 (19,200 – 24,300) 22,900 (20,700 – 25,300) 21,800 (20,000 – 23,700) 19,400 (17,300 – 21,700) 13,400 (11,500 – 15,400) 2,420 (2,080 – 2,790) 2,430 (2,150 – 2,740) 2,130 (1,920 – 2,360) 1,800 (1,560 – 2,070) 1,240 (978 – 1,540) 25,500 (22,700 – 28,600) 33,000 (29,800 – 36,400) 30,100 (27,600 – 32,600) 29,200 (26,100 – 32,400) 19,500 (17,100 – 22,100)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 2,880 (2,440 – 3,400) 2,490 (2,140 – 2,900) 2,330 (2,030 – 2,660) 1,980 (1,680 – 2,310) 1,630 (1,320 – 2,000) 803 (691 – 928) 711 (619 – 809) 611 (537 – 687) 497 (422 – 577) 378 (304 – 462) 8,890 (7,700 – 10,200) 7,870 (6,920 – 8,930) 6,530 (5,820 – 7,300) 5,290 (4,540 – 6,140) 3,320 (2,670 – 4,070) 29,500 (26,600 – 32,700) 29,800 (27,000 – 32,900) 28,500 (26,100 – 31,200) 27,900 (25,200 – 30,800) 20,200 (18,000 – 22,600) 24,700 (20,500 – 29,300) 23,000 (19,900 – 26,300) 21,000 (18,800 – 23,500) 17,600 (15,000 – 20,400) 13,300 (9,950 – 17,500) 1,010 (877 – 1,160) 1,050 (925 – 1,180) 927 (835 – 1,030) 827 (722 – 950) 592 (492 – 704) 14,600 (13,000 – 16,300) 14,400 (13,000 – 15,900) 13,400 (12,300 – 14,600) 11,200 (10,100 – 12,500) 8,250 (7,170 – 9,470) 1,380 (1,170 – 1,620) 1,340 (1,170 – 1,530) 1,140 (1,010 – 1,280) 953 (816 – 1,110) 663 (521 – 835) 23,300 (21,000 – 25,800) 30,100 (27,200 – 33,200) 28,000 (25,600 – 30,500) 27,900 (25,200 – 30,800) 18,800 (16,700 – 21,000)

2,970 (1,630 – 5,420) 2,620 (1,440 – 4,750) 2,360 (1,310 – 4,260) 1,980 (1,090 – 3,570) 1,670 (909 – 3,110) 377 (248 – 569) 302 (199 – 448) 257 (170 – 378) 201 (130 – 303) 161 (102 – 249) 5,410 (3,800 – 7,550) 4,550 (3,240 – 6,290) 3,880 (2,800 – 5,310) 3,180 (2,260 – 4,440) 2,050 (1,400 – 3,000) 18,900 (13,500 – 25,900) 17,400 (12,700 – 23,800) 16,000 (11,700 – 21,700) 13,900 (10,100 – 19,100) 11,800 (8,400 – 16,300) 12,400 (9,100 – 16,400) 11,400 (8,560 – 14,700) 9,770 (7,470 – 12,400) 8,050 (6,010 – 10,500) 6,130 (4,190 – 8,700) 798 (540 – 1,180) 765 (522 – 1,130) 657 (449 – 961) 569 (385 – 846) 417 (275 – 634) 5,040 (4,050 – 6,280) 4,700 (3,830 – 5,800) 4,070 (3,360 – 4,960) 3,370 (2,690 – 4,230) 2,540 (1,970 – 3,240) 630 (387 – 1,010) 567 (350 – 914) 489 (307 – 786) 398 (245 – 646) 294 (174 – 495) 18,200 (12,700 – 26,200) 20,100 (14,300 – 28,600) 18,600 (13,300 – 26,400) 16,500 (11,600 – 23,600) 12,600 (8,800 – 18,200)


33

Absolute decline 1990–2016 -643 (-3,100 – 731) -559 (-2,680 – 644) -442 (-2,340 – 617) -334 (-1,950 – 581) -332 (-1,730 – 456) 1,570 (1,240 – 1,880) 1,450 (1,200 – 1,700) 1,340 (1,140 – 1,540) 1,120 (926 – 1,320) 852 (651 – 1,070) 10,100 (7,390 – 12,600) 9,360 (7,120 – 11,300) 8,400 (6,630 – 9,930) 7,100 (5,320 – 8,660) 4,110 (2,900 – 5,350) 13,300 (5,440 – 19,700) 15,800 (8,870 – 21,800) 15,100 (9,020 – 20,100) 16,000 (9,960 – 21,100) 10,400 (5,150 – 15,000) 18,500 (12,600 – 24,800) 18,000 (13,100 – 22,800) 17,500 (13,700 – 21,400) 15,400 (11,400 – 19,600) 11,200 (7,270 – 15,800) 46 (-341 – 319) 107 (-256 – 370) 114 (-197 – 334) 114 (-168 – 323) 91 (-122 – 250) 16,600 (14,000 – 19,300) 18,200 (15,800 – 20,700) 17,700 (15,800 – 19,700) 16,000 (13,800 – 18,300) 10,800 (8,950 – 12,800) 1,790 (1,300 – 2,210) 1,860 (1,440 – 2,230) 1,640 (1,300 – 1,920) 1,400 (1,070 – 1,710) 941 (659 – 1,220) 7,330 (-983 – 13,400) 12,900 (3,730 – 19,600) 11,500 (3,630 – 17,300) 12,700 (5,180 – 18,400) 6,940 (1,040 – 11,400)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 -27.6% -27.2% -23.0% -20.3% -24.8% 80.7% 82.6% 83.8% 84.6% 84.2% 65.2% 67.3% 68.4% 69.1% 66.7% 41.4% 47.5% 48.5% 53.5% 46.9% 59.7% 61.4% 64.2% 65.7% 64.7% 5.5% 12.3% 14.8% 16.7% 17.9% 76.7% 79.4% 81.3% 82.6% 80.9% 74.1% 76.5% 77.0% 77.7% 76.2% 28.7% 39.1% 38.2% 43.5% 35.5%


Nigeria

Pakistan

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Republic of Moldova

Rwanda


Senegal


1990 205,000 (182,000 – 230,000) 206,000 (186,000 – 228,000) 187,000 (171,000 – 203,000) 162,000 (144,000 – 182,000) 101,000 (88,600 – 115,000) 135,000 (120,000 – 150,000) 135,000 (123,000 – 149,000) 125,000 (116,000 – 134,000) 111,000 (99,700 – 123,000) 77,600 (66,900 – 89,900) 1,630 (1,360 – 1,930) 1,540 (1,330 – 1,780) 1,350 (1,190 – 1,540) 1,140 (970 – 1,340) 813 (603 – 1,070) 15,500 (14,100 – 16,900) 13,100 (11,900 – 14,300) 10,700 (9,820 – 11,500) 8,050 (7,200 – 8,940) 5,080 (4,360 – 5,860) 35,000 (31,400 – 38,900) 27,400 (24,600 – 30,400) 23,400 (21,300 – 25,600) 18,100 (15,900 – 20,400) 12,200 (10,300 – 14,500) 715 (560 – 887) 636 (521 – 768) 550 (459 – 652) 459 (373 – 561) 391 (282 – 531) 9,520 (8,440 – 10,700) 10,700 (9,680 – 11,800) 10,000 (9,200 – 10,900) 10,000 (9,030 – 11,200) 7,720 (6,840 – 8,730) 106 (86 – 129) 102 (85 – 119) 96 (82 – 111) 81 (67 – 97) 81 (63 – 103) 11,200 (10,100 – 12,400) 10,200 (9,260 – 11,200) 9,330 (8,640 – 10,000) 7,870 (6,980 – 8,780) 5,400 (4,660 – 6,260)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 228,000 (208,000 – 249,000) 235,000 (215,000 – 255,000) 204,000 (188,000 – 220,000) 173,000 (156,000 – 190,000) 103,000 (92,400 – 115,000) 119,000 (106,000 – 133,000) 115,000 (104,000 – 126,000) 106,000 (98,300 – 113,000) 88,300 (79,100 – 98,000) 66,600 (57,500 – 76,900) 1,240 (1,000 – 1,510) 1,150 (954 – 1,370) 996 (843 – 1,170) 842 (684 – 1,020) 606 (441 – 812) 7,390 (6,640 – 8,150) 6,030 (5,440 – 6,680) 4,750 (4,310 – 5,200) 3,570 (3,140 – 4,020) 2,340 (1,990 – 2,740) 27,600 (24,600 – 30,900) 21,500 (19,200 – 24,100) 17,800 (16,100 – 19,700) 14,100 (12,300 – 16,000) 9,150 (7,640 – 10,900) 402 (312 – 512) 358 (288 – 443) 310 (251 – 376) 258 (204 – 324) 222 (160 – 308) 11,700 (10,500 – 13,200) 12,200 (10,900 – 13,600) 11,900 (10,800 – 13,100) 12,500 (11,200 – 13,900) 8,930 (7,860 – 10,100) 103 (83 – 126) 98 (82 – 117) 92 (78 – 107) 78 (64 – 93) 77 (60 – 98) 13,000 (11,800 – 14,300) 11,600 (10,600 – 12,700) 10,700 (9,810 – 11,500) 8,850 (7,900 – 9,870) 6,180 (5,420 – 7,060)

197,000 (144,000 – 267,000) 176,000 (129,000 – 238,000) 157,000 (116,000 – 210,000) 122,000 (89,000 – 167,000) 80,900 (58,900 – 111,000) 106,000 (79,300 – 141,000) 99,100 (75,300 – 130,000) 88,900 (68,200 – 116,000) 74,000 (55,600 – 98,400) 55,900 (41,000 – 75,700) 745 (444 – 1,220) 656 (395 – 1,060) 571 (346 – 924) 466 (280 – 760) 353 (198 – 606) 2,940 (2,210 – 3,960) 2,230 (1,690 – 2,990) 1,860 (1,410 – 2,470) 1,400 (1,020 – 1,910) 959 (696 – 1,340) 19,600 (14,100 – 27,200) 15,000 (10,800 – 20,500) 12,800 (9,290 – 17,400) 10,400 (7,400 – 14,500) 6,730 (4,670 – 9,650) 183 (123 – 277) 155 (106 – 232) 134 (93 – 199) 107 (71 – 162) 96 (61 – 157) 3,530 (2,220 – 5,610) 3,190 (2,030 – 5,000) 2,830 (1,800 – 4,420) 2,530 (1,600 – 4,000) 2,090 (1,310 – 3,350) 56 (36 – 85) 51 (34 – 77) 45 (29 – 67) 38 (24 – 56) 36 (23 – 57) 6,990 (5,440 – 9,020) 5,970 (4,630 – 7,690) 5,140 (4,040 – 6,550) 4,230 (3,280 – 5,480) 2,960 (2,240 – 3,920)


34

Absolute decline 1990–2016 8,290 (-64,500 – 64,000) 30,500 (-33,200 – 80,900) 30,100 (-23,300 – 72,500) 40,100 (-6,310 – 75,900) 19,900 (-12,800 – 44,800) 28,800 (-7,360 – 57,700) 36,400 (3,520 – 63,200) 36,000 (7,930 – 58,100) 37,300 (11,300 – 58,500) 21,700 (1,470 – 39,100) 889 (387 – 1,290) 887 (453 – 1,220) 782 (418 – 1,060) 679 (369 – 939) 461 (205 – 692) 12,500 (10,900 – 14,100) 10,800 (9,500 – 12,100) 8,810 (7,810 – 9,760) 6,650 (5,710 – 7,610) 4,120 (3,350 – 4,890) 15,400 (7,410 – 21,700) 12,400 (6,390 – 17,200) 10,600 (5,750 – 14,500) 7,750 (3,340 – 11,300) 5,490 (2,510 – 8,160) 532 (364 – 704) 481 (344 – 618) 415 (306 – 523) 352 (250 – 455) 295 (189 – 419) 5,990 (3,680 – 7,690) 7,490 (5,430 – 9,070) 7,170 (5,430 – 8,480) 7,520 (5,780 – 8,940) 5,630 (4,150 – 6,880) 50 (17 – 78) 50 (21 – 75) 51 (26 – 72) 44 (21 – 64) 45 (21 – 67) 4,230 (1,930 – 6,160) 4,210 (2,270 – 5,850) 4,190 (2,670 – 5,450) 3,640 (2,150 – 4,930) 2,440 (1,290 – 3,470)



Serbia

Sierra Leone

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

State of Palestine

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland


1990 1,080 (894 – 1,280) 939 (826 – 1,060) 813 (737 – 887) 679 (581 – 785) 560 (418 – 743) 10,600 (9,210 – 12,200) 10,400 (9,130 – 11,800) 10,200 (9,100 – 11,200) 10,400 (9,080 – 11,800) 8,060 (6,820 – 9,370) 13,200 (10,100 – 17,100) 13,900 (11,100 – 17,400) 12,900 (10,600 – 16,000) 12,200 (9,680 – 15,400) 8,870 (6,330 – 12,300) 17,200 (14,300 – 20,600) 14,700 (12,500 – 17,300) 12,700 (11,000 – 14,700) 10,700 (8,950 – 12,800) 7,370 (5,540 – 9,700) 13,100 (10,100 – 16,500) 14,400 (11,500 – 17,500) 13,500 (11,000 – 16,100) 12,900 (10,200 – 15,700) 12,900 (9,780 – 16,800) 1,070 (876 – 1,280) 981 (852 – 1,120) 849 (754 – 946) 712 (604 – 830) 537 (401 – 705) 23,500 (19,800 – 27,500) 24,800 (21,800 – 28,000) 23,000 (20,700 – 25,300) 20,500 (17,700 – 23,400) 14,500 (11,700 – 17,800) 142 (110 – 181) 119 (94 – 149) 104 (83 – 127) 87 (68 – 110) 63 (44 – 89) 592 (492 – 706) 513 (434 – 598) 464 (402 – 533) 408 (341 – 483) 358 (288 – 437)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 414 (339 – 498) 348 (298 – 396) 302 (269 – 333) 242 (196 – 287) 210 (154 – 281) 10,500 (9,380 – 11,700) 9,980 (8,940 – 11,100) 9,800 (8,880 – 10,800) 9,940 (8,870 – 11,100) 7,820 (6,880 – 8,870) 15,900 (11,800 – 21,600) 16,700 (12,900 – 21,900) 15,600 (12,100 – 20,300) 14,600 (11,100 – 19,400) 10,700 (7,420 – 15,500) 19,800 (16,600 – 23,300) 17,100 (14,700 – 19,500) 15,100 (13,200 – 17,000) 12,700 (10,700 – 14,800) 8,720 (6,540 – 11,300) 9,850 (7,800 – 12,300) 10,800 (8,840 – 13,000) 10,100 (8,440 – 12,000) 9,560 (7,760 – 11,600) 9,960 (7,870 – 12,700) 935 (765 – 1,120) 837 (723 – 961) 726 (640 – 814) 612 (515 – 717) 463 (348 – 600) 24,700 (21,100 – 28,700) 25,800 (22,700 – 29,000) 23,700 (21,300 – 26,200) 20,300 (17,600 – 23,200) 14,900 (12,200 – 18,000) 104 (75 – 142) 84 (62 – 113) 73 (55 – 98) 62 (45 – 84) 45 (30 – 67) 976 (834 – 1,130) 848 (736 – 967) 823 (729 – 928) 759 (658 – 879) 651 (545 – 768)

148 (118 – 186) 125 (104 – 149) 108 (93 – 127) 87 (69 – 108) 75 (54 – 104) 6,650 (5,050 – 8,470) 6,130 (4,700 – 7,730) 5,900 (4,560 – 7,400) 5,260 (4,000 – 6,720) 4,980 (3,760 – 6,410) 18,000 (9,780 – 33,500) 18,000 (9,900 – 32,900) 16,700 (9,260 – 30,600) 14,900 (8,200 – 27,600) 11,400 (5,960 – 22,100) 14,000 (11,200 – 17,200) 11,900 (9,790 – 14,300) 10,200 (8,530 – 12,100) 8,530 (6,880 – 10,400) 6,000 (4,320 – 8,110) 8,370 (5,030 – 13,600) 8,330 (5,040 – 13,300) 7,700 (4,710 – 12,200) 6,580 (3,980 – 10,500) 7,500 (4,500 – 12,300) 785 (532 – 1,130) 677 (468 – 974) 590 (415 – 835) 480 (328 – 697) 377 (244 – 577) 19,700 (15,300 – 25,000) 20,100 (15,900 – 25,100) 17,600 (14,100 – 21,700) 15,000 (11,800 – 19,000) 10,900 (8,200 – 14,200) 58 (28 – 121) 46 (22 – 96) 40 (19 – 84) 33 (15 – 69) 25 (12 – 54) 684 (460 – 1,010) 581 (393 – 859) 536 (365 – 781) 479 (323 – 708) 416 (276 – 621)


35

Absolute decline 1990–2016 928 (757 – 1,110) 815 (702 – 925) 705 (634 – 773) 593 (498 – 693) 485 (356 – 649) 3,970 (1,850 – 6,060) 4,300 (2,420 – 6,120) 4,260 (2,610 – 5,830) 5,140 (3,330 – 6,960) 3,080 (1,320 – 4,690) -4,840 (-19,000 – 2,690) -4,100 (-17,600 – 3,270) -3,820 (-16,500 – 2,920) -2,770 (-14,200 – 3,460) -2,510 (-11,800 – 2,310) 3,190 (-374 – 6,980) 2,810 (-32 – 5,930) 2,540 (312 – 4,920) 2,160 (-77 – 4,530) 1,360 (-348 – 3,250) 4,750 (-1,010 – 9,300) 6,080 (426 – 10,600) 5,820 (641 – 9,900) 6,300 (1,480 – 10,100) 5,420 (-1 – 9,940) 286 (-68 – 578) 304 (-8 – 550) 259 (-4 – 455) 233 (-1 – 417) 160 (-25 – 325) 3,800 (-1,960 – 9,200) 4,740 (-747 – 9,840) 5,410 (848 – 9,470) 5,520 (892 – 9,680) 3,600 (-43 – 7,090) 84 (21 – 130) 73 (21 – 109) 63 (19 – 93) 54 (15 – 81) 38 (8 – 62) -92 (-418 – 146) -68 (-343 – 125) -71 (-317 – 99) -70 (-300 – 89) -58 (-258 – 85)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 86.2% 86.8% 86.7% 87.3% 86.6% 37.4% 41.3% 41.9% 49.4% 38.2% -36.7% -29.6% -29.5% -22.8% -28.3% 18.6% 19.1% 19.9% 20.2% 18.5% 36.2% 42.2% 43.0% 48.9% 42.0% 26.7% 31.0% 30.5% 32.7% 29.8% 16.2% 19.1% 23.5% 26.9% 24.9% 59.0% 61.2% 60.8% 62.3% 60.2% -15.5% -13.3% -15.3% -17.1% -16.2%



Tajikistan

Thailand


Timor-Leste

Togo

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan


1990 4,130 (3,390 – 4,950) 3,870 (3,320 – 4,430) 3,340 (2,950 – 3,740) 2,820 (2,380 – 3,300) 2,290 (1,710 – 3,010) 5,170 (4,350 – 6,100) 4,930 (4,250 – 5,710) 4,630 (4,070 – 5,270) 3,900 (3,320 – 4,580) 3,660 (2,960 – 4,490) 10,600 (8,780 – 12,600) 9,750 (8,500 – 11,100) 8,360 (7,470 – 9,260) 7,020 (5,950 – 8,180) 5,430 (3,980 – 7,250) 358 (298 – 418) 307 (269 – 343) 264 (240 – 287) 220 (188 – 252) 176 (130 – 231) 1,160 (953 – 1,400) 1,270 (1,100 – 1,460) 1,180 (1,050 – 1,330) 1,110 (950 – 1,290) 742 (571 – 950) 5,250 (4,620 – 5,940) 5,260 (4,700 – 5,870) 4,900 (4,470 – 5,370) 4,310 (3,800 – 4,840) 2,630 (2,240 – 3,080) 3,190 (2,560 – 3,930) 2,870 (2,400 – 3,400) 2,520 (2,160 – 2,920) 2,120 (1,760 – 2,560) 1,610 (1,170 – 2,210) 30,600 (27,000 – 34,600) 23,500 (21,000 – 26,200) 21,100 (19,100 – 23,100) 17,600 (15,400 – 20,000) 11,000 (8,750 – 13,700) 2,810 (2,260 – 3,500) 2,510 (2,080 – 2,990) 2,300 (1,940 – 2,710) 1,940 (1,580 – 2,360) 1,520 (1,100 – 2,050)

Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016 3,020 (2,480 – 3,580) 2,760 (2,380 – 3,170) 2,400 (2,110 – 2,690) 2,000 (1,680 – 2,350) 1,670 (1,260 – 2,200) 4,060 (3,350 – 4,900) 3,900 (3,280 – 4,620) 3,620 (3,090 – 4,240) 2,980 (2,490 – 3,570) 2,890 (2,320 – 3,600) 5,630 (4,500 – 6,900) 5,040 (4,180 – 5,920) 4,320 (3,670 – 4,980) 3,560 (2,910 – 4,310) 2,840 (2,040 – 3,830) 122 (101 – 145) 98 (84 – 112) 85 (76 – 94) 67 (55 – 80) 57 (42 – 76) 972 (808 – 1,150) 992 (863 – 1,130) 922 (822 – 1,030) 792 (680 – 921) 574 (449 – 729) 5,580 (4,960 – 6,250) 5,270 (4,710 – 5,870) 4,890 (4,430 – 5,360) 3,980 (3,520 – 4,460) 2,510 (2,160 – 2,920) 1,440 (1,140 – 1,800) 1,250 (1,020 – 1,510) 1,080 (902 – 1,280) 907 (730 – 1,120) 701 (503 – 969) 16,400 (14,400 – 18,600) 12,500 (11,100 – 14,000) 10,600 (9,560 – 11,700) 8,640 (7,490 – 9,920) 5,570 (4,400 – 6,950) 2,280 (1,760 – 2,930) 2,020 (1,600 – 2,540) 1,850 (1,490 – 2,310) 1,550 (1,220 – 1,980) 1,220 (852 – 1,710)

1,930 (1,400 – 2,820) 1,710 (1,280 – 2,470) 1,500 (1,150 – 2,130) 1,230 (898 – 1,800) 1,080 (736 – 1,680) 2,690 (1,590 – 4,720) 2,480 (1,480 – 4,290) 2,140 (1,290 – 3,700) 1,750 (1,040 – 3,050) 1,670 (979 – 2,970) 2,380 (1,390 – 4,090) 2,060 (1,220 – 3,450) 1,780 (1,070 – 2,960) 1,420 (834 – 2,400) 1,170 (649 – 2,090) 80 (56 – 132) 65 (46 – 106) 57 (41 – 91) 45 (31 – 73) 38 (25 – 65) 535 (343 – 825) 524 (347 – 805) 455 (298 – 691) 382 (247 – 591) 282 (177 – 451) 5,020 (3,920 – 6,390) 4,620 (3,630 – 5,820) 4,130 (3,290 – 5,160) 3,350 (2,610 – 4,260) 2,080 (1,560 – 2,720) 792 (535 – 1,130) 650 (446 – 919) 568 (395 – 790) 455 (305 – 654) 371 (236 – 569) 5,070 (4,300 – 5,910) 3,750 (3,250 – 4,270) 3,240 (2,900 – 3,550) 2,560 (2,090 – 3,030) 1,760 (1,360 – 2,280) 1,950 (830 – 4,150) 1,670 (720 – 3,560) 1,470 (629 – 3,110) 1,210 (511 – 2,600) 966 (398 – 2,130)


36

Absolute decline 1990–2016 2,200 (1,120 – 3,060) 2,150 (1,210 – 2,860) 1,830 (1,060 – 2,370) 1,580 (877 – 2,140) 1,210 (580 – 1,800) 2,480 (417 – 3,780) 2,450 (564 – 3,620) 2,490 (880 – 3,500) 2,150 (818 – 3,050) 1,990 (648 – 2,970) 8,240 (5,950 – 10,300) 7,700 (5,880 – 9,210) 6,580 (5,180 – 7,680) 5,590 (4,230 – 6,830) 4,260 (2,800 – 5,860) 277 (203 – 336) 241 (186 – 281) 208 (166 – 236) 175 (133 – 207) 138 (92 – 186) 630 (300 – 906) 745 (435 – 992) 730 (473 – 930) 727 (476 – 936) 460 (263 – 659) 233 (-1,200 – 1,460) 642 (-612 – 1,750) 777 (-255 – 1,660) 965 (-2 – 1,820) 558 (-95 – 1,150) 2,400 (1,730 – 3,130) 2,220 (1,680 – 2,790) 1,950 (1,520 – 2,380) 1,660 (1,250 – 2,120) 1,240 (829 – 1,780) 25,500 (22,100 – 29,400) 19,800 (17,300 – 22,500) 17,800 (16,000 – 19,900) 15,000 (12,900 – 17,400) 9,260 (7,230 – 11,600) 856 (-1,330 – 2,070) 833 (-1,010 – 1,860) 836 (-799 – 1,720) 736 (-624 – 1,490) 559 (-546 – 1,230)



Table 9 – continued from previous page number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths 2000 2016

Wealth 1990 Quintile 1st 32,100 (28,600 – 35,700) 42,200 (38,000 – 46,400) 2nd 30,500 (27,600 – 33,700) 40,400 (36,600 – 44,200) Uganda 3rd 29,100 (26,800 – 31,500) 38,500 (35,400 – 41,600) 4th 29,600 (26,600 – 33,000) 39,900 (36,100 – 44,000) 5th 21,800 (19,200 – 24,600) 29,700 (26,500 – 33,100) 1st 3,470 (2,790 – 4,330) 2,050 (1,650 – 2,500) 2nd 2,970 (2,500 – 3,550) 1,740 (1,470 – 2,040) Ukraine 3rd 2,590 (2,240 – 3,030) 1,520 (1,330 – 1,750) 4th 2,110 (1,710 – 2,580) 1,240 (1,010 – 1,490) 5th 1,730 (1,260 – 2,360) 1,010 (732 – 1,380) 1st 37,000 (32,700 – 41,500) 36,500 (33,000 – 40,400) 2nd 44,600 (40,600 – 49,100) 40,600 (37,000 – 44,400) United Republic 3rd 40,900 (37,700 – 44,100) 38,500 (35,700 – 41,600) of Tanzania 4th 39,100 (35,100 – 43,400) 35,000 (31,700 – 38,600) 5th 30,500 (26,700 – 34,700) 30,000 (26,700 – 33,600) 1st 11,300 (9,270 – 13,600) 8,160 (6,580 – 10,000) 2nd 11,700 (9,920 – 13,800) 8,440 (7,000 – 10,200) Uzbekistan 3rd 10,400 (8,940 – 12,100) 7,410 (6,210 – 8,810) 4th 8,910 (7,430 – 10,600) 6,330 (5,180 – 7,740) 5th 8,330 (6,660 – 10,300) 5,940 (4,710 – 7,490) 1st 49 (38 – 61) 46 (36 – 57) 2nd 43 (35 – 53) 40 (33 – 48) Vanuatu 3rd 37 (31 – 45) 35 (29 – 42) 4th 31 (25 – 39) 29 (23 – 36) 5th 24 (17 – 33) 22 (16 – 31) 1st 28,100 (23,800 – 32,700) 12,700 (10,200 – 15,500) 2nd 22,800 (20,000 – 26,100) 9,940 (8,020 – 12,000) Viet Nam 3rd 19,900 (17,700 – 22,200) 8,600 (7,060 – 10,200) 4th 16,300 (14,000 – 18,900) 7,070 (5,660 – 8,610) 5th 11,800 (9,150 – 15,000) 5,130 (3,800 – 6,770) 1st 19,400 (16,400 – 22,800) 17,600 (15,100 – 20,600) 2nd 17,200 (15,200 – 19,500) 14,900 (13,000 – 16,900) Yemen 3rd 16,100 (14,600 – 17,700) 13,900 (12,400 – 15,400) 4th 14,100 (12,300 – 16,200) 11,700 (10,100 – 13,500) 5th 9,300 (7,190 – 11,800) 7,880 (6,120 – 10,000) 1st 13,600 (12,300 – 15,100) 15,500 (14,000 – 17,200) 2nd 13,800 (12,500 – 15,200) 15,700 (14,200 – 17,300) Zambia 3rd 13,000 (12,000 – 14,100) 15,100 (13,900 – 16,500) 4th 13,000 (11,700 – 14,400) 14,500 (13,100 – 16,100) 5th 9,680 (8,550 – 10,900) 11,400 (10,100 – 12,800) 1st 6,160 (5,330 – 7,040) 8,520 (7,510 – 9,640) 2nd 6,230 (5,500 – 7,010) 8,430 (7,500 – 9,460) Zimbabwe 3rd 5,890 (5,290 – 6,520) 8,190 (7,380 – 9,060) 4th 5,360 (4,700 – 6,100) 7,310 (6,440 – 8,240) 5th 4,470 (3,810 – 5,200) 6,180 (5,320 – 7,090) Absolute decline: wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (1990) - wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (2016). Percentage decline: absolute decline over wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths (1990) ×100. Share of total death (in percentage): wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths over the total under-5 deaths × 100.

22,900 (18,500 – 27,900) 20,400 (16,800 – 24,500) 17,700 (14,800 – 20,900) 15,900 (13,000 – 19,300) 13,100 (10,400 – 16,300) 1,180 (963 – 1,430) 1,000 (856 – 1,150) 872 (774 – 972) 702 (567 – 835) 580 (424 – 772) 26,100 (20,500 – 33,200) 26,600 (21,100 – 33,600) 23,900 (19,300 – 29,900) 21,000 (16,600 – 26,700) 19,700 (15,400 – 25,200) 3,890 (3,020 – 4,940) 3,660 (2,920 – 4,500) 3,170 (2,570 – 3,860) 2,640 (2,070 – 3,300) 2,520 (1,890 – 3,310) 51 (32 – 79) 44 (29 – 68) 39 (25 – 58) 32 (21 – 50) 25 (15 – 41) 9,960 (8,050 – 12,500) 7,750 (6,360 – 9,610) 6,740 (5,650 – 8,190) 5,490 (4,400 – 6,950) 4,090 (3,010 – 5,580) 13,100 (9,110 – 18,700) 11,100 (7,780 – 15,700) 9,720 (6,900 – 13,400) 8,140 (5,610 – 11,500) 5,550 (3,670 – 8,230) 9,420 (6,730 – 12,900) 8,760 (6,270 – 11,900) 7,910 (5,740 – 10,700) 6,840 (4,900 – 9,300) 5,950 (4,210 – 8,160) 7,200 (5,360 – 9,380) 6,820 (5,160 – 8,820) 6,130 (4,710 – 7,890) 5,290 (4,000 – 6,920) 4,440 (3,300 – 5,820)

37

Absolute decline 1990–2016 9,180 (3,370 – 14,400) 10,100 (5,290 – 14,800) 11,400 (7,730 – 14,900) 13,800 (9,510 – 17,900) 8,680 (4,940 – 12,300) 2,290 (1,720 – 3,040) 1,960 (1,530 – 2,510) 1,720 (1,390 – 2,130) 1,400 (1,070 – 1,840) 1,150 (782 – 1,660) 10,900 (2,960 – 17,700) 18,100 (10,400 – 24,900) 16,900 (10,500 – 22,200) 18,100 (11,400 – 24,000) 10,900 (4,380 – 16,500) 7,410 (5,690 – 9,260) 8,080 (6,570 – 9,790) 7,260 (6,120 – 8,540) 6,270 (5,030 – 7,710) 5,810 (4,430 – 7,460) -2 (-30 – 19) -1 (-25 – 17) -1 (-22 – 14) -1 (-19 – 13) -1 (-15 – 10) 18,100 (13,900 – 22,600) 15,100 (11,900 – 18,300) 13,100 (10,800 – 15,400) 10,800 (8,290 – 13,400) 7,710 (5,460 – 10,400) 6,330 (584 – 11,000) 6,160 (1,410 – 9,780) 6,420 (2,550 – 9,430) 6,010 (2,460 – 8,950) 3,740 (1,090 – 6,140) 4,190 (646 – 7,220) 5,050 (1,790 – 7,860) 5,130 (2,290 – 7,520) 6,160 (3,460 – 8,480) 3,730 (1,300 – 5,730) -1,040 (-3,320 – 871) -591 (-2,640 – 1,170) -244 (-2,000 – 1,240) 73 (-1,570 – 1,460) 31 (-1,370 – 1,270)

Percentage decline 1990–2016 28.6% 33.1% 39.2% 46.6% 39.8% 65.9% 66.0% 66.4% 66.4% 66.5% 29.5% 40.6% 41.4% 46.3% 35.7% 65.6% 68.9% 69.6% 70.4% 69.7% -4.1% -2.3% -2.7% -3.2% -4.2% 64.5% 66.1% 65.9% 66.3% 65.4% 32.6% 35.7% 39.8% 42.5% 40.2% 30.8% 36.6% 39.3% 47.4% 38.6% -16.9% -9.5% -4.1% 1.4% 0.7%

Share of total death (in percentage) 1990 2000 2016 22.4 22.1 25.4 21.3 21.2 22.6 20.3 20.2 19.7 20.7 21.0 17.6 15.2 15.6 14.6 27.0 27.1 27.3 23.1 23.0 23.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 16.4 16.3 16.2 13.4 13.4 13.3 19.2 20.2 22.2 23.2 22.5 22.7 21.3 21.3 20.4 20.4 19.4 17.9 15.9 16.6 16.8 22.3 22.5 24.5 23.1 23.3 23.0 20.6 20.4 20.0 17.6 17.5 16.6 16.4 16.4 15.9 26.3 26.5 26.5 23.4 23.3 23.3 20.3 20.2 20.2 17.0 17.0 17.0 12.9 13.0 13.0 28.4 29.3 29.3 23.1 22.9 22.8 20.1 19.8 19.8 16.5 16.3 16.1 11.9 11.8 12.0 25.5 26.7 27.5 22.6 22.6 23.3 21.2 21.0 20.4 18.6 17.7 17.1 12.2 11.9 11.7 21.6 21.4 24.2 21.9 21.7 22.5 20.7 20.9 20.3 20.6 20.2 17.6 15.3 15.8 15.3 21.9 22.1 24.1 22.2 21.8 22.8 20.9 21.2 20.5 19.1 18.9 17.7 15.9 16.0 14.9

Table 10: Estimates and uncertainty intervals for inequality indexs, for the 99 countries with empirical data. Estimates and 90% uncertainty intervals for (i) difference in 1st and 5th wealth quintilespecific U5MR in 1990 and 2016; (ii) ratio of 1st to 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR in 1990 and 2016; (iii) concentration index in 1990 and 2016; and (iv) slope inequality index in 1990 and 2016; for the 99 countries with empirical data. Numbers in brackets are 90% uncertainty intervals. §: change of ratio is significantly different from zero. ¶: point estimates of ratio < 1.5 in 2016. ‡: point estimates of ratio > 2.5 in 2016. Countries are ordered alphabetically.

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of)‡ Brazil‡ Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia‡ Cameroon Central African Republic Chad¶ Colombia Comoros Congo Cote d’Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Egypt‡ El Salvador Equatorial Guinea¶ Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras India‡ Indonesia‡ Iraq¶ Jordan

Difference* (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 84.5 (45.7 – 124.2) 45.1 (29.9 – 61.6) 21.7 (8.0 – 35.0) 8.3 (2.6 – 18.0) 29.1 (14.3 – 43.3) 16.0 (8.5 – 23.5) 61.3 (15.2 – 108.2) 37.8 (13.5 – 78.2) 33.0 (16.0 – 49.3) 9.8 (4.6 – 16.2) 48.7 (22.7 – 74.3) 19.9 (8.6 – 38.4) 76.8 (59.9 – 93.6) 23.1 (16.0 – 30.4) 10.8 (4.8 – 16.5) 2.8 (1.2 – 4.2) 25.6 (11.1 – 39.8) 10.6 (4.7 – 16.5) 71.1 (42.4 – 98.9) 49.6 (27.7 – 78.4) 86.3 (47.0 – 126.3) 28.1 (15.7 – 43.8) 107.1 (89.4 – 125.3) 36.5 (23.3 – 53.6) 57.6 (39.4 – 75.4) 14.3 (8.6 – 20.8) 61.8 (37.4 – 85.5) 41.5 (23.4 – 63.7) 92.0 (51.2 – 132.9) 48.4 (27.5 – 71.9) 86.3 (64.3 – 108.4) 27.3 (15.4 – 46.1) 92.4 (69.1 – 115.8) 54.5 (33.2 – 80.2) 81.0 (55.4 – 107.5) 71.4 (38.2 – 121.7) -15.1 (-43.3 – 13.3) 10.4 (-11.3 – 34.9) 23.0 (15.1 – 30.7) 11.0 (6.4 – 16.3) 57.0 (25.5 – 88.4) 35.8 (12.1 – 80.9) 34.4 (12.7 – 56.2) 23.2 (9.5 – 39.8) 80.9 (58.8 – 104.7) 50.0 (27.9 – 76.8) 104.2 (70.7 – 139.5) 59.0 (35.0 – 89.3) 39.8 (26.0 – 52.9) 19.9 (11.7 – 30.3) 77.3 (63.5 – 91.3) 20.1 (13.8 – 28.0) 36.3 (15.6 – 56.6) 10.9 (4.8 – 18.8) 33.8 (-14.8 – 80.4) 29.7 (2.8 – 61.5) 52.9 (17.6 – 89.0) 24.4 (10.7 – 44.7) 29.2 (-6.1 – 64.4) 23.7 (10.9 – 38.7) 39.8 (16.7 – 63.4) 25.0 (11.0 – 42.7) 29.9 (13.9 – 46.1) 7.5 (3.4 – 11.7) 66.8 (46.5 – 87.2) 33.2 (18.8 – 50.0) 36.0 (18.2 – 52.9) 17.4 (9.8 – 25.9) 110.3 (69.3 – 151.6) 57.1 (37.4 – 81.6) 85.8 (45.1 – 127.8) 41.7 (20.4 – 68.6) 22.6 (3.0 – 40.4) 13.3 (2.3 – 26.5) 51.0 (25.9 – 75.4) 31.9 (16.5 – 50.5) 44.4 (28.8 – 60.0) 15.9 (9.6 – 23.9) 108.0 (97.7 – 118.4) 39.1 (29.5 – 49.0) 72.0 (55.0 – 89.4) 24.5 (16.9 – 33.8) 16.7 (1.2 – 32.2) 9.5 (1.3 – 18.9) 18.3 (10.5 – 26.4) 10.0 (4.5 – 17.0)

Ratio† 1990 1.72 (1.34 – 2.20) 1.78 (1.23 – 2.57) 1.84 (1.34 – 2.53) 1.36 (1.08 – 1.72) 2.02 (1.40 – 2.93) 1.76 (1.29 – 2.40) 1.80 (1.58 – 2.04) 2.07 (1.37 – 3.11) 2.00 (1.34 – 2.98) 1.56 (1.30 – 1.85) 2.10 (1.48 – 3.00) 2.68 (2.29 – 3.15) 2.58 (1.88 – 3.57) 1.42 (1.24 – 1.62) 1.82 (1.40 – 2.36) 2.42 (1.94 – 3.01) 1.99 (1.68 – 2.35) 1.68 (1.43 – 1.98) 0.92 (0.79 – 1.07) 1.95 (1.55 – 2.45) 1.62 (1.24 – 2.11) 1.50 (1.16 – 1.96) 1.80 (1.54 – 2.13) 1.94 (1.57 – 2.39) 2.05 (1.59 – 2.63) 2.69 (2.24 – 3.24) 1.90 (1.31 – 2.78) 1.20 (0.93 – 1.53) 1.54 (1.15 – 2.10) 1.18 (0.97 – 1.44) 1.62 (1.22 – 2.16) 1.98 (1.36 – 2.93) 1.75 (1.47 – 2.09) 1.63 (1.27 – 2.09) 1.68 (1.39 – 2.02) 1.55 (1.27 – 1.90) 1.49 (1.05 – 2.07) 1.48 (1.21 – 1.78) 2.25 (1.69 – 3.01) 2.75 (2.51 – 3.01) 2.52 (2.01 – 3.18) 1.36 (1.02 – 1.82) 1.68 (1.34 – 2.12)

2016 1.99 (1.62 – 2.42) 1.88 (1.27 – 2.80) 1.89 (1.39 – 2.57) 1.62 (1.24 – 2.12) 2.11 (1.42 – 3.19) 1.99 (1.43 – 2.84) 2.04 (1.66 – 2.51) 2.08 (1.36 – 3.14) 2.08 (1.37 – 3.17) 1.74 (1.39 – 2.19) 2.49 (1.74 – 3.56) 2.96 (2.31 – 3.77) 2.64 (1.81 – 3.89) 1.70 (1.38 – 2.10) 2.05 (1.54 – 2.70) 2.76 (2.11 – 3.57) 2.05 (1.60 – 2.59) 1.86 (1.48 – 2.32) 1.09 (0.91 – 1.32) 2.04 (1.54 – 2.69) 1.66 (1.23 – 2.20) 1.58 (1.22 – 2.06) 1.78 (1.41 – 2.25) 2.01 (1.59 – 2.51) 1.99 (1.53 – 2.59) 2.55 (2.01 – 3.22) 2.08 (1.41 – 3.08) 1.37 (1.03 – 1.85) 1.88 (1.35 – 2.63) 1.54 (1.23 – 1.94) 1.77 (1.31 – 2.37) 2.08 (1.39 – 3.15) 1.77 (1.42 – 2.22) 1.93 (1.46 – 2.57) 1.99 (1.61 – 2.45) 1.66 (1.32 – 2.09) 1.54 (1.09 – 2.17) 1.67 (1.32 – 2.12) 2.38 (1.76 – 3.22) 2.78 (2.19 – 3.47) 2.65 (2.07 – 3.42) 1.35 (1.05 – 1.76) 1.77 (1.32 – 2.39)

*: Difference in 1st and 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR. †: Ratio of 1st to 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR.

38

Concentration index (× 100) 1990 2016 -8.7 (-12.4 – -4.9) -12.4 (-15.4 – -9.1) -11.3 (-16.5 – -5.7) -12.6 (-18.7 – -6.4) -11.9 (-16.7 – -6.9) -12.4 (-17.1 – -7.5) -5.4 (-9.0 – -1.9) -9.4 (-13.5 – -5.1) -13.2 (-18.3 – -7.6) -14.5 (-20.7 – -8.2) -10.0 (-14.5 – -5.4) -12.8 (-17.7 – -7.6) -10.3 (-12.4 – -8.3) -13.3 (-16.6 – -9.9) -14.1 (-20.3 – -7.7) -14.2 (-20.5 – -7.6) -13.1 (-18.7 – -7.1) -14.2 (-20.5 – -7.5) -7.6 (-10.3 – -4.9) -10.2 (-13.8 – -6.7) -12.5 (-17.4 – -7.3) -16.5 (-21.6 – -11.2) -15.9 (-18.3 – -13.6) -18.8 (-22.4 – -14.9) -17.0 (-21.4 – -12.3) -18.1 (-24.0 – -12.2) -5.7 (-7.8 – -3.5) -9.9 (-13.3 – -6.6) -9.8 (-13.7 – -5.8) -13 (-17.2 – -8.6) -13.6 (-16.7 – -10.4) -16.9 (-20.6 – -13.0) -12.2 (-14.9 – -9.5) -13.2 (-16.9 – -9.3) -9.2 (-11.7 – -6.7) -11.1 (-14.5 – -7.4) 0.2 (-2.2 – 2.6) -2.7 (-5.9 – 0.3) -13.0 (-16.6 – -9.2) -14.5 (-19.1 – -9.8) -9.0 (-13.0 – -4.9) -9.9 (-14.5 – -5.2) -8.0 (-11.9 – -4.0) -9.3 (-13.3 – -5.3) -10.1 (-12.7 – -7.6) -10.7 (-14.3 – -6.9) -10.1 (-13.2 – -7.0) -11.9 (-15.4 – -8.3) -13.0 (-16.6 – -9.1) -12.8 (-16.8 – -8.7) -16.7 (-19.4 – -14.0) -16.5 (-20.1 – -12.6) -12.2 (-17.6 – -6.5) -14.5 (-20.3 – -8.2) -3.5 (-7.6 – 0.8) -7.0 (-11.9 – -2.0) -6.8 (-10.8 – -2.7) -11.4 (-16.1 – -6.6) -2.4 (-5.5 – 0.7) -8.5 (-12.3 – -4.8) -9.0 (-12.9 – -4.8) -11.1 (-15.3 – -6.5) -12.9 (-18.3 – -7.2) -14.3 (-20.3 – -7.9) -10.0 (-12.7 – -7.2) -11.0 (-14.6 – -7.3) -9.1 (-12.6 – -5.3) -12.7 (-16.8 – -8.4) -8.8 (-11.7 – -5.7) -12.1 (-15.4 – -8.7) -7.8 (-10.9 – -4.6) -9.7 (-13.3 – -6.0) -8.4 (-13.3 – -3.1) -9.2 (-14.2 – -3.7) -6.9 (-9.8 – -3.9) -9.7 (-13.3 – -6.0) -14.7 (-18.9 – -10.3) -16.2 (-20.7 – -11.5) -17.2 (-18.6 – -15.9) -17.9 (-21.4 – -14.2) -15.7 (-19 – -12.3) -17.3 (-21.1 – -13.4) -7.1 (-11.9 – -2.3) -7.0 (-11.3 – -2.6) -10.0 (-13.6 – -6.3) -11.6 (-16.5 – -6.6)

Slope inequality index (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 -95.9 (-138.6 – -53.5) -54.4 (-72.6 – -37.5) -28.2 (-42.0 – -13.9) -10.7 (-22.2 – -4.1) -36.4 (-51.0 – -20.9) -19.6 (-27.4 – -11.8) -75.2 (-126.5 – -25.9) -48.6 (-95.0 – -19.6) -41 (-57.7 – -23.3) -12.2 (-19.1 – -6.5) -59.2 (-85.9 – -31.6) -24.7 (-46.5 – -11.9) -93.0 (-111.9 – -74.6) -28.4 (-36.3 – -20.9) -13.4 (-19.3 – -7.3) -3.5 (-5.0 – -1.8) -32.0 (-46.4 – -16.9) -13.2 (-19.3 – -7.0) -84.8 (-115.7 – -54.5) -62.3 (-94.5 – -37.9) -99.7 (-140.9 – -58.3) -33.4 (-50.5 – -19.8) -123.1 (-143.0 – -103.4) -43.4 (-62.9 – -28.2) -68.2 (-87 – -49.2) -17.0 (-24.1 – -11.0) -70.4 (-97.3 – -43.2) -52.5 (-77.7 – -32.6) -104.7 (-147.8 – -61.5) -58.4 (-84.1 – -35.6) -98.4 (-122.3 – -74.5) -32.4 (-54.1 – -18.8) -109.4 (-135 – -84.4) -65.5 (-93.8 – -42.4) -100.4 (-130.2 – -71.3) -85.5 (-143.0 – -47.4) 2.3 (-29.4 – 34.3) -21.2 (-47.8 – 2.3) -28.6 (-36.8 – -20.2) -13.9 (-19.9 – -8.9) -70.9 (-104.2 – -37.2) -45.4 (-99.5 – -17.9) -45.7 (-68.2 – -22.5) -31.5 (-50.3 – -16.0) -95.3 (-120.5 – -70.7) -61.3 (-91.8 – -36.5) -116.5 (-154.1 – -78.4) -70.4 (-105.1 – -43.1) -48.7 (-62.8 – -33.9) -24.6 (-36.4 – -15.3) -89.7 (-104.7 – -74.9) -23.5 (-32.2 – -16.5) -45.3 (-66.4 – -23.9) -13.6 (-22.5 – -6.9) -41.9 (-92.6 – 9.7) -39.7 (-75.2 – -10.7) -64.2 (-103.7 – -25.8) -31.7 (-55.7 – -16.0) -30.9 (-69.5 – 8.7) -31.2 (-48.3 – -16.8) -51.8 (-77.1 – -27.4) -32.8 (-53.4 – -17.0) -38.1 (-55.0 – -21.1) -9.5 (-14.1 – -5.2) -79.0 (-101.0 – -56.7) -40.3 (-59.3 – -24.6) -46.3 (-64.6 – -26.9) -22.6 (-31.9 – -14.5) -128.7 (-174 – -83.6) -67.2 (-93.5 – -45.7) -106.2 (-153.1 – -61.4) -53.3 (-84.0 – -29.0) -31.6 (-50.1 – -11.3) -18.6 (-33.9 – -6.8) -62.9 (-89.7 – -35.6) -40.5 (-61.5 – -23.4) -53.4 (-69.9 – -37.2) -18.9 (-27.8 – -12.0) -135.6 (-147.2 – -124.1) -48.1 (-58.7 – -37.3) -82.5 (-100.9 – -64.3) -28.5 (-38.8 – -20.3) -24.2 (-40.5 – -7.8) -13.7 (-24.1 – -4.8) -22.8 (-31.4 – -14.3) -12.8 (-20.7 – -6.7) Continued on next page

Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Lao People’s Democratic Republic‡ Lesotho¶ Liberia¶ Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mongolia Morocco‡ Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Nicaragua Niger¶ Nigeria Pakistan Paraguay Peru‡ Philippines‡ Republic of Moldova Rwanda§ Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone¶ Somalia South Africa South Sudan¶ State of Palestine Sudan Suriname Swaziland Syria Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia The Gambia Timor-Leste Togo Tunisia Turkey‡ Turkmenistan

Table 10 – continued from previous page Ratio†

Difference* (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 26.8 (12.2 – 40.8) 6.8 (3.1 – 10.7) 53.3 (37.9 – 69.3) 23.3 (12.8 – 35.0) 35.2 (16.6 – 53.3) 13.4 (6.8 – 19.8) 111.6 (69.5 – 156.2) 55.6 (34.3 – 83.9) 32.3 (12.4 – 52.4) 32.3 (11.1 – 57.9) 28.5 (-33.3 – 92.1) 19.1 (2.8 – 37.9) 90.5 (63.4 – 117.5) 35.0 (20.8 – 54.7) 67.2 (37.2 – 97.3) 23.3 (12.5 – 36.3) 48.4 (15.9 – 79.4) 5.8 (2.4 – 9.5) 108.1 (78.1 – 137.5) 64.5 (35.1 – 109.1) 62.0 (31.8 – 92.4) 45.6 (20.4 – 90.3) 66.3 (40.4 – 91.6) 14.9 (8.4 – 24.4) 63.9 (47.7 – 80.2) 23.9 (14.9 – 35.7) 83.2 (41.0 – 126.9) 32.6 (17.3 – 52.3) 61.5 (22.8 – 97.7) 33.6 (16.0 – 52.7) 32.5 (18.5 – 46.6) 26.8 (14.2 – 44.8) 59.0 (36.7 – 81.3) 21.9 (13.7 – 31.0) 39.8 (23.9 – 55.8) 13.9 (6.6 – 25.6) 71.4 (29.1 – 116.2) 29.6 (11.6 – 52.6) 129.0 (96.9 – 161.9) 82.6 (56.0 – 116.4) 67.8 (43.0 – 91.8) 46.4 (27.8 – 69.8) 29.4 (16.3 – 42.5) 14.0 (6.0 – 25.9) 79.7 (67.5 – 91.8) 16.1 (11.1 – 22.3) 57.0 (46.5 – 67.4) 27.1 (18.0 – 38.9) 19.4 (7.0 – 31.3) 10.1 (3.5 – 18.9) 28.2 (5.7 – 49.8) 19.5 (9.6 – 34.6) 28.1 (-4.9 – 59.9) 14.7 (3.5 – 28.6) 92.9 (69.3 – 116.5) 37.5 (26.4 – 51.6) 17.9 (7.3 – 28.0) 3.9 (1.5 – 6.4) 67.5 (21.4 – 116.1) 32.8 (10.5 – 56.6) 64.1 (3.9 – 124.4) 55.7 (9.0 – 127.7) 45.0 (27.8 – 62.2) 34.2 (19.9 – 49.2) 3.9 (-78.0 – 81.9) 10.2 (-18.6 – 40.8) 28.7 (13.7 – 43.2) 13.6 (6.5 – 22.8) 55.8 (23.5 – 87.8) 34.5 (19.7 – 51.0) 35.6 (19.1 – 53.2) 16.1 (6.3 – 35.6) 33.0 (17.1 – 50.3) 35.0 (16.9 – 59.9) 20.8 (7.9 – 33.0) 10.0 (3.4 – 18.2) 36.2 (10.1 – 62.3) 20.4 (7.3 – 39.9) 23.8 (10.3 – 36.6) 8.4 (3.1 – 16.5) 25.5 (11.9 – 37.8) 9.0 (4.0 – 16.6)

1990 1.73 (1.28 – 2.33) 1.74 (1.48 – 2.05) 1.75 (1.30 – 2.34) 2.32 (1.68 – 3.24) 1.46 (1.15 – 1.84) 1.12 (0.88 – 1.46) 1.94 (1.58 – 2.36) 1.38 (1.20 – 1.60) 1.74 (1.19 – 2.54) 1.63 (1.43 – 1.86) 1.74 (1.33 – 2.29) 1.92 (1.49 – 2.47) 2.52 (1.99 – 3.19) 1.45 (1.20 – 1.76) 1.79 (1.23 – 2.61) 1.66 (1.33 – 2.07) 1.62 (1.35 – 1.95) 1.96 (1.48 – 2.59) 1.31 (1.11 – 1.54) 2.04 (1.72 – 2.39) 1.73 (1.42 – 2.11) 2.01 (1.44 – 2.85) 3.04 (2.56 – 3.61) 2.86 (2.37 – 3.47) 1.83 (1.23 – 2.65) 1.23 (1.04 – 1.45) 1.31 (0.95 – 1.78) 2.08 (1.73 – 2.50) 1.92 (1.29 – 2.84) 1.32 (1.09 – 1.61) 1.49 (1.02 – 2.18) 2.33 (1.68 – 3.24) 1.02 (0.74 – 1.39) 2.00 (1.38 – 2.89) 1.62 (1.22 – 2.16) 2.25 (1.55 – 3.28) 1.65 (1.30 – 2.13) 1.81 (1.25 – 2.60) 1.41 (1.10 – 1.81) 1.96 (1.32 – 2.90) 2.04 (1.38 – 2.99)

70.1 (34.0 – 108.6) 67.7 (18.2 – 114.5) 84.8 (60.5 – 109.1) 36.4 (15.9 – 56.4) 70.0 (53.0 – 87.0) 50.0 (21.2 – 80.6)

1.62 (1.26 – 2.08) 1.57 (1.13 – 2.17) 1.99 (1.64 – 2.42) 1.98 (1.34 – 2.91) 2.78 (2.13 – 3.65) 1.84 (1.29 – 2.72)

36.7 (17.8 – 65.3) 28.8 (13.1 – 50.8) 58.1 (40.6 – 79.2) 10.1 (4.4 – 16.8) 12.8 (8.7 – 16.8) 34.7 (11.3 – 79.5)

2016 1.85 (1.31 – 2.64) 1.63 (1.32 – 2.01) 1.90 (1.38 – 2.61) 2.77 (2.02 – 3.79) 1.45 (1.14 – 1.86) 1.32 (1.04 – 1.67) 2.29 (1.76 – 2.97) 1.56 (1.28 – 1.89) 2.01 (1.34 – 3.03) 1.94 (1.59 – 2.38) 1.78 (1.38 – 2.28) 2.35 (1.74 – 3.20) 2.64 (1.96 – 3.56) 1.61 (1.31 – 1.96) 2.03 (1.41 – 2.93) 1.91 (1.47 – 2.51) 1.99 (1.56 – 2.53) 2.15 (1.53 – 3.04) 1.44 (1.16 – 1.79) 2.44 (2.01 – 2.91) 1.89 (1.49 – 2.40) 2.11 (1.45 – 3.09) 3.06 (2.32 – 3.99) 2.91 (2.24 – 3.76) 1.89 (1.25 – 2.78) 1.69 (1.36 – 2.12) 1.54 (1.11 – 2.12) 2.36 (1.90 – 2.92) 1.98 (1.30 – 3.00) 1.34 (1.10 – 1.61) 1.58 (1.08 – 2.29) 2.33 (1.64 – 3.35) 1.12 (0.83 – 1.49) 2.08 (1.45 – 3.01) 1.81 (1.43 – 2.30) 2.29 (1.57 – 3.43) 1.64 (1.31 – 2.10) 1.79 (1.22 – 2.63) 1.61 (1.21 – 2.11) 2.03 (1.35 – 3.13) 2.11 (1.42 – 3.19)

Concentration index (× 100) 1990 2016 -10.8 (-15.1 – -6.2) -12.5 (-18.1 – -6.8) -11.2 (-13.9 – -8.5) -9.8 (-13.2 – -6.2) -10.9 (-15.3 – -6.1) -12.8 (-17.9 – -7.6) -12.4 (-16.8 – -8.0) -16.5 (-20.6 – -12.1) -7.3 (-11.1 – -3.6) -7.0 (-10.7 – -3.1) -2.4 (-6.5 – 1.7) -6.4 (-10.3 – -2.3) -10.4 (-13.3 – -7.5) -14.8 (-18.6 – -10.9) -5.1 (-7.3 – -2.8) -9.1 (-12.2 – -5.9) -10.2 (-15.6 – -4.3) -13.7 (-19.8 – -7.2) -7.6 (-9.6 – -5.5) -11 (-14.1 – -7.9) -10.3 (-14.5 – -6.0) -11.2 (-15.1 – -7.0) -12.0 (-15.8 – -8.1) -16.5 (-21.3 – -11.7) -15.3 (-18.7 – -12.0) -17 (-21.3 – -12.5) -6.3 (-9.3 – -3.2) -9.1 (-12.5 – -5.8) -10.4 (-15.5 – -4.9) -13.4 (-18.3 – -7.9) -9.3 (-12.5 – -5.9) -11.9 (-16.0 – -7.9) -8.1 (-10.8 – -5.4) -12.9 (-16.6 – -9.1) -12.0 (-15.7 – -7.9) -14.2 (-19.2 – -8.9) -4.6 (-7.1 – -2.2) -6.9 (-10.1 – -3.5) -11.7 (-14.3 – -9.1) -15.6 (-18.4 – -12.6) -9.5 (-12.5 – -6.4) -11.8 (-15.4 – -8.2) -12.6 (-17.1 – -7.8) -14 (-19.4 – -8.2) -19.7 (-22.1 – -17.2) -20.4 (-24.6 – -16.0) -18.9 (-21.7 – -16.0) -18.9 (-22.6 – -14.8) -12.0 (-17.5 – -5.7) -13.0 (-19 – -6.4) -3.5 (-6.1 – -0.9) -10.0 (-13.8 – -6.3) -6.0 (-10.9 – -0.8) -9.4 (-14.6 – -4.0) -12.7 (-15.5 – -9.8) -15.5 (-18.6 – -12.1) -12.7 (-18.5 – -6.4) -13.6 (-19.9 – -6.9) -4.1 (-7.3 – -1.0) -5.8 (-9.0 – -2.5) -6.8 (-12 – -1.2) -8.3 (-13.5 – -2.5) -15.1 (-19.5 – -10.3) -15.3 (-20.2 – -10.1) -1.2 (-6.2 – 4.2) -3.6 (-8.5 – 1.5) -12.9 (-18.1 – -7.3) -13.9 (-19.5 – -8.3) -8.4 (-12.5 – -4.3) -10.9 (-14.4 – -7.3) -14.8 (-20.1 – -9.3) -15.5 (-21.4 – -9.5) -9.8 (-14 – -5.8) -9.5 (-13.4 – -5.6) -11.5 (-16.8 – -5.9) -11.7 (-17.7 – -5.4) -7.3 (-11.2 – -3.2) -10.3 (-14.7 – -5.6) -12.8 (-18.2 – -6.7) -13.9 (-20.2 – -7.4) -13.6 (-19 – -7.5) -14.7 (-20.7 – -8.1)

Slope inequality index (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 -35.2 (-49.9 – -19.9) -8.9 (-12.9 – -4.8) -68.6 (-85.9 – -51.6) -30.2 (-43.4 – -18.7) -44.6 (-63.4 – -24.7) -16.9 (-23.8 – -10.0) -125.2 (-172.3 – -79.9) -65.8 (-97.1 – -41.7) -41.8 (-64.0 – -20.4) -40.7 (-68.0 – -17.6) -38.3 (-105.9 – 27.0) -26.8 (-47.8 – -9.4) -104.1 (-133.6 – -73.8) -42.8 (-65.3 – -26.7) -73.7 (-106.6 – -40.3) -31.4 (-46.5 – -19.1) -59.9 (-92.5 – -25.2) -7.3 (-11.3 – -3.7) -120.7 (-153.4 – -87.5) -76.3 (-127.6 – -42.2) -74.9 (-107.1 – -43.8) -56.8 (-109.5 – -27.1) -81.5 (-108.8 – -54.7) -18.4 (-29.2 – -10.8) -76.4 (-94.2 – -59.2) -28.8 (-42.3 – -18.5) -97.0 (-144.3 – -49.9) -40.7 (-62.9 – -23.8) -74.8 (-112 – -35.2) -42.4 (-63.2 – -23.5) -41.6 (-56.7 – -26.6) -33.7 (-54.4 – -19.1) -71.5 (-96.0 – -47.2) -27.7 (-38.1 – -18.7) -50.4 (-67.4 – -33.2) -17.5 (-31 – -8.9) -94.3 (-146.9 – -46.1) -39.2 (-66.7 – -18.4) -156.0 (-193.1 – -119.8) -101.6 (-142.4 – -70.3) -82.2 (-108.5 – -55.3) -58 (-84.3 – -37.5) -36.6 (-50.4 – -22.5) -17.4 (-31.2 – -8.5) -98.9 (-112.4 – -85.7) -19.5 (-27.1 – -13.7) -68.6 (-79.9 – -57.6) -32.0 (-45.7 – -21.8) -24.7 (-37.3 – -11.8) -13 (-22.6 – -5.8) -33.2 (-57.3 – -8.4) -24.1 (-41.6 – -12.5) -39.4 (-72.3 – -5.3) -19.9 (-35.2 – -7.7) -111.3 (-136.9 – -85.7) -45.6 (-61.7 – -32.7) -22.4 (-32.7 – -11.3) -4.9 (-7.5 – -2.5) -67.8 (-119.8 – -16.5) -41.3 (-67.2 – -16.9) -76.6 (-141.6 – -13.6) -68.3 (-150.1 – -17.7) -54.1 (-72.3 – -36.4) -41.4 (-57 – -26.2) -18.5 (-100.9 – 66.4) -20.5 (-54.6 – 9.5) -35.9 (-50.9 – -20.3) -16.9 (-27.2 – -9.3) -69.2 (-103.6 – -35.0) -44.5 (-63.2 – -28.3) -43 (-61.8 – -25.5) -19.4 (-42.4 – -8.0) -40.3 (-58.8 – -23.3) -41.7 (-69.5 – -22.1) -26.7 (-39.3 – -13.6) -12.9 (-21.9 – -5.7) -48.6 (-76.4 – -21.3) -27.6 (-51.5 – -12.4) -30.1 (-43 – -15.9) -10.6 (-19.9 – -4.8) -31.5 (-44.1 – -17.4) -11.2 (-19.8 – -5.8)

1.87 (1.44 – 2.43) 1.90 (1.38 – 2.59) 2.42 (1.95 – 3.02) 2.13 (1.42 – 3.23) 2.87 (2.03 – 4.07) 2.02 (1.40 – 2.96)

-7.8 (-11.5 – -4.0) -7.4 (-11.8 – -2.6) -11.1 (-13.8 – -8.2) -12.7 (-18.2 – -6.8) -17.4 (-21 – -13.6) -11.3 (-16.7 – -5.7)

-81.3 (-123.3 – -41.9) -80.5 (-130.5 – -28.9) -100.2 (-126.9 – -74.0) -45.1 (-65.8 – -23.8) -80.6 (-98.7 – -62.5) -61.0 (-92.7 – -30.6)

*: Difference in 1st and 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR. †: Ratio of 1st to 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR.

39

-11.2 (-15 – -7.2) -11.9 (-16.5 – -7.2) -14.9 (-18.2 – -11.8) -14.6 (-20.6 – -8.1) -19.0 (-24.2 – -13.5) -13.4 (-18.9 – -7.8)

-45.5 (-79.5 – -23.7) -37.0 (-62.0 – -19.1) -70.6 (-94.4 – -50.7) -12.4 (-19.9 – -6.4) -15.1 (-19.3 – -10.7) -42.8 (-96.8 – -15.4) Continued on next page

Difference* (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 Uganda 62.8 (36.4 – 89.6) 28.8 (16.8 – 42.0) Ukraine 13.2 (5.7 – 20.8) 6.3 (2.8 – 9.8) United Republic of Tanzania¶ 29.9 (2.2 – 57.5) 15.5 (4.3 – 27.6) Uzbekistan 21.1 (3.3 – 38.7) 10.3 (2.8 – 18.2) Vanuatu 23.8 (11.0 – 36.7) 18.6 (7.9 – 33.8) Vietnam 42.0 (27.7 – 56.4) 18.6 (11.4 – 26.5) Yemen 83.6 (48.1 – 119.1) 43.9 (25.2 – 67.9) Zambia 56.8 (32.5 – 81.8) 28.3 (15.0 – 45.8) Zimbabwe 22.6 (8.8 – 36.4) 26.0 (14.5 – 40.3) *: Difference in 1st and 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR. †: Ratio of 1st to 5th wealth quintile-specific U5MR.

Table 10 – continued from previous page Ratio† 1990 1.47 (1.25 – 1.73) 2.01 (1.35 – 3.03) 1.21 (1.01 – 1.44) 1.36 (1.05 – 1.74) 2.04 (1.38 – 3.03) 2.38 (1.76 – 3.25) 2.09 (1.51 – 2.91) 1.41 (1.22 – 1.64) 1.38 (1.14 – 1.67)

2016 1.74 (1.39 – 2.19) 2.04 (1.35 – 3.09) 1.33 (1.08 – 1.61) 1.54 (1.13 – 2.11) 2.03 (1.37 – 3.06) 2.44 (1.74 – 3.42) 2.36 (1.70 – 3.28) 1.58 (1.30 – 1.94) 1.62 (1.33 – 2.01)

40

Concentration index (× 100) 1990 2016 -6.0 (-8.7 – -3.3) -10.7 (-14.5 – -6.9) -13.5 (-19.5 – -7.3) -13.9 (-20.2 – -7.5) -3.8 (-6.5 – -1.0) -6.3 (-9.5 – -2.9) -6.9 (-10.8 – -2.7) -9.4 (-14.5 – -4.3) -13.3 (-18.8 – -7.3) -13.3 (-19.1 – -7.4) -15.8 (-20.2 – -11.2) -16.5 (-21.5 – -11.1) -12.3 (-16.9 – -7.5) -15.2 (-19.9 – -10.4) -5.5 (-7.9 – -3.1) -9.1 (-12.5 – -5.8) -6.0 (-9.2 – -2.9) -9.4 (-12.8 – -6.2)

Slope inequality index (deaths per 1000 livebirths) 1990 2016 -65.5 (-95.6 – -35.8) -35.4 (-50.2 – -22.2) -16.4 (-24.4 – -8.9) -7.9 (-11.5 – -4.3) -42.8 (-73.1 – -11.6) -22.2 (-35.9 – -9.9) -31.2 (-49.9 – -12.2) -14.2 (-22.7 – -6.2) -29.5 (-43.3 – -16.0) -22.9 (-39.8 – -11.3) -50.4 (-65.3 – -35.5) -22.2 (-30.8 – -14.5) -96.3 (-133.5 – -58.8) -52.4 (-79.1 – -31.5) -62.7 (-90.7 – -35.2) -36.2 (-56.6 – -20.8) -28.4 (-43.4 – -13.5) -33.3 (-49.3 – -20.3)

Table 11: Overview of data series by country. For each country, the total number of observation and the most recent observation year are shown after the country name. For each country-specific data series, the number of observations and the most recent observation year within that series are shown before each data series name. Countries are ordered alphabetically. Country

ISO code

# obs.

Afghanistan

AFG

3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Albania

ALB

Algeria

DZA

Angola

AGO

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bangladesh

ARM

AZE

BGD

Belarus

BLR

Belize

BLZ

Most recent ref. year 2012.5 2007.5 2006.6 2012.5 2005.5 1995.3 2000.9 2005.5 2009.5 2009.5 2012.5 1997 2008.5 2012.5 2007.5 1997.5 2002.5 2007.5 2003.5 1995.6 2003.5 2011.5 1990.5 1993.5 1996.5 2001.5 2004.5 2008.5 2011.5 2000.5 2000.5 2006.8 2006.8

Series Name (Survey Year)

Data collection method

Demographic and Health Survey (2010) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010–2011) Demographic and Health Survey (2015)

Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) Demographic and Health Survey (2008–2009)

Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2012–2013)

Full birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2001) Demographic and Health Survey (2011) Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016)

Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories

Demographic and Health Survey (2000) Demographic and Health Survey (2005) Demographic and Health Survey (2010)

Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) Demographic and Health Survey (2006)

Summary birth histories Full birth histories

Demographic and Health Survey (1993–1994) Demographic and Health Survey (1996–1997) Demographic and Health Survey (1999–2000) Demographic and Health Survey (2004) Demographic and Health Survey (2007) Demographic and Health Survey (2011) Demographic and Health Survey (2014)

Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005)

Summary birth histories

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011)

Summary birth histories Continued on next page

# obs.: the short form of “number of observations” ref. year: the short form of “reference year”. Reference year of data from full birth history represents the mid-point of a five-year interval.

41

Country

ISO code

Benin

BEN

Bhutan

BTN


BOL

Brazil

BRA

Burkina Faso

BFA

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon


BDI

KHM

CMR

CAF

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 4 2008.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1998.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2001) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011–2012) 1 2005.7 1 2005.7 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 5 2005.5 1 1990.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1994) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 1996.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 1993.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 5 2007.5 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998–1999) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2002 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 3 2007.5 1 1995.7 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 3 2007.5 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 5 2008.5 1 1988.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1991) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 1996.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) 4 2006.4


Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

# obs.: the short form of “number of observations” ref. year: the short form of “reference year”. Reference year of data from full birth history represents the mid-point of a five-year interval. 42

Country

Chad

Colombia

Comoros

Congo


Cote d’Ivoire

Dominican Republic

ISO code

TCD

COL

COM

COG

COD

CIV

DOM

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1991.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1994–1995) 1 1996.4 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2002.3 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2006.4 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 5 2011.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996–1997) 1 1996.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004) 1 2005.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014–2015) 6 2012.5 1 1987.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1990) 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015) 3 2009.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1996.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 2 2008.5 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011–2012) 4 2010.5 1 1997.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2001) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 1 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013–2014) 4 2008.5 1 1991.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1994) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998–1999) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011–2012) 7 2011.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996)



Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

Country

Egypt

ISO code

EGY

El Salvador

SLV

Equatorial Guinea

GNQ

Eritrea

ERI

Ethiopia

ETH

Gabon

Gambia

GAB

GMB

Georgia

GEO

Ghana

GHA

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1996.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1999) 1 1996.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 1999.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2002) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 6 2011.5 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 1 2011.5 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 1 1996.2 1 1996.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 1999.5 1 1999.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2002) 3 2007.5 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) 2 2009.5 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 3 2010.5 1 1995.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–2006) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) 1 2000.7 1 2000.7 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) 7 2011.5 1 1990.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003)



Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

Country

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

India

Indonesia

ISO code

GTM

GIN

GNB

GUY

HTI

HND

IND

IDN

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 2002 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 2008.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 3 2011.5 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998–1999) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014–2015) 3 2009.5 1 1996.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1999) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 3 2011.5 1 1995.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2000.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 5 2011.5 1 1996 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000–2001) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2001.6 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 4 2009.5 1 1991.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1994–1995) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005–2006) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 2 2008.5 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005–2006) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011–2012) 3 2002.5 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1992–1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998–1999) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005–2006) 3 2009.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997)



Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

Country

ISO code

Iraq

IRQ

Jordan

JOR

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kyrgyzstan

KAZ

KEN

KGZ


LAO

Lesotho

LSO

Liberia

LBR

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1999.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2002–2003) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 1 2008.5 1 2008.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) 6 2009.5 1 1987.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1990) 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 1999.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2002) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 4 2005.9 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995) 1 1996.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1999) 1 2000.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2005.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010–2011) 6 2011.5 1 1990.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 1996 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008–2009) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 4 2011.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 2001.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–2006) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 1 2008.5 1 2008.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011–2012) 4 2011.5 1 1995.6 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 3 2010.5


Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page


Country

ISO code


MKD

Madagascar

MDG

Malawi

MWI

Maldives

MDV

Mali

MLI

Mauritania

Republic of Moldova

Mongolia

Morocco

MRT

MDA

MNG

MAR

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) 1 2000.5 1 2000.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) 4 2005.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 1996.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003–2004) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008–2009) 6 2012.5 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1992) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004) 1 2003.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) 1 2006.5 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 4 2009.5 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995–1996) 1 1998.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2001) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012–2013) 2 2008.5 1 2003.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2007) 1 2008.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) 2 2009.5 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2009.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2012) 4 2010.5 1 1996 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) 1 2005.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2010.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2013–2014) 2 2000.5


Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page


Country

Mozambique

Myanmar Namibia

Nepal

Nicaragua Niger

Nigeria

Pakistan

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1992) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003–2004) MOZ 4 2008.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2005.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2008) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) MMR 1 2012.5 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) NAM 4 2010.5 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1992) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006–2007) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) NPL 5 2011.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1998.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2001) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) NIC 1 1994.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) NER 4 2009.5 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 1996 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) NGA 7 2010.5 1 1987.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1990) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2002.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2007) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2006.6 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) PAK 3 2009.5 ISO code


Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page


Country

ISO code

Paraguay

PRY

Peru

PER

Philippines

Rwanda


Senegal

PHL

RWA

STP

SEN

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1987.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1990–1991) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006–2007) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012–2013) 1 1987.5 1 1987.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1990) 9 2011.5 1 1988.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1991–1992) 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004–2008) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 5 2010.5 1 1990.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) 5 2011.5 1 1989.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1992) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007–2008) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014–2015) 3 2011.5 1 1996.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008–2009) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 7 2012.5 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008–2009) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010–2011)



Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

Country

ISO code

Serbia

SRB

Sierra Leone

SLE

Somalia

SOM

South Africa

ZAF

South Sudan

SSD

State of Palestine

PSE

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

SDN

SUR

SWZ


SYR

Tajikistan

TJK

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012–2013) 1 2011.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2014) 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015) 1 2005.7 1 2005.7 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 5 2010.5 1 1995.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2000.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–2006) 1 2005.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2008) 1 2006.3 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013) 1 2003.5 1 2003.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 1995.5 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 2007.5 1 2007.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 2 2011.5 1 2007.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 2 2011.5 1 2007.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 2 2001.5 1 1995.2 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (1999–2000) 1 2001.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 4 2011.5 1 1995.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (1999–2000) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006–2007) 1 2007.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 1 2001.8 1 2001.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 3 2009.5 1 1996.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005)



Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Continued on next page

Country

ISO code


TZA

Thailand

THA

Timor-Leste

TLS

Togo

TGO

Tunisia

TUN

Turkey

TUR

Turkmenistan

TKM

Uganda

UGA

Ukraine

Uzbekistan

UKR

UZB

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 2009.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2012) 6 2012.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1996.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1999) 1 2001.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2004–2005) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007–2008) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010) 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) 1 2000.9 1 2000.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005–2006) 1 2006.5 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009–2010) 4 2010.5 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 2001.8 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2006.1 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013–2014) 1 2008.5 1 2008.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011–2012) 3 2000.5 1 1990.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1993) 1 1995.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1998) 1 2000.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2003) 1 2012.5 1 2012.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2015–2016) 5 2008.5 1 1992.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1995) 1 1997.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2000–2001) 1 2003.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2006) 1 2006.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2009) 1 2008.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2011) 2 2004.5 1 1999.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2005) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 3 2001.4 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996)



Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Continued on next page

Country

ISO code

Vanuatu

VUT

Viet Nam

VNM

Yemen

YEM

Zambia

ZMB

Zimbabwe

ZWE

Table 11 – continued from previous page # obs. Most Series Name (Survey Year) recent ref. year 1 1995.9 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 2001.4 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2003.4 1 2003.4 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2007–2008) 5 2005.7 1 1994.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1997) 1 1995.3 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2000) 1 1999.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2002) 1 2001.6 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 1 2005.7 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2010–2011) 1 2003.5 1 2003.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006) 4 2010.5 1 1993.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1996) 1 1998.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2001–2002) 1 2004.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2007) 1 2010.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2013–2014) 7 2012.5 1 1991.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1994) 1 1996.5 Demographic and Health Survey (1999) 1 2002.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2005–2006) 1 2006.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2009) 1 2007.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2010–2011) 1 2011.5 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014) 1 2012.5 Demographic and Health Survey (2015)

52


Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Summary birth histories Summary birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories Full birth histories

6 Supplementary Figures • Figure 4: 3rd quintile-disparity ratios against national-level U5MR – model results; • Figure 5: Country ranks for inequality indexes in 2016; • Figure 6: Slope inequality index and concentration index in 2016, for the 99 countries with empirical data; • Figure 7: Comparison between aggregated results based on the 137 LMICs, and the aggregated results based on the 99 countries with empirical data; • Figure 8: Aggregated U5MR and percentage of under-5 deaths by wealth quintile, for the 137 LMICs combined and for regions; • Figure 9: U5MR by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data; • Figure 10: Ratio of U5MR in wealth quintile 1 (poorest) to wealth quintile 5 (richest), for the 99 countries with empirical data; • Figure 11: All wealth quintile-specific results, for the 99 countries with empirical data;

53

Figure 4 shows the model results of the average relative difference Uw,c,t given the national-level U5MR for that country-year. From left to right, the four plots show the model results of Uw,c,t for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively. Comparing to the LOESS curves in green, within the 95% bounds of national-level U5MR, the model estimates and LOESS curves produce mostly agree with each other.

2nd : 3rd quintile

4th : 3rd quintile

● ●

● ●

2.0

●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

1.5

1.0

●

●

●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●●

● ●

●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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2.5

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Ratio of 2nd to 3rd quintile U5MR (log−scale)

Ratio of 1st to 3rd quintile U5MR (log−scale)

2.5

●

2.5

● ●

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2.0

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1.0

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2.5

2.0

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1.0

0.5

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150 50 20 10 national−level U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths; log−scale)

300


●

● ● ● ●

●● ●

● ● ●

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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●

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●

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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

300

5th : 3rd quintile

●

●

300

●

●


●

●

●


1st : 3rd quintile

loess curve model estimate ●

2.0 ●

●

1.5

● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ●

● ●

●

●

1.0

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●

● ●

●

0.5

300

● ●● ●

●

●

●● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

●

●

●

● ●

150 50 20 10 national−level U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths; log−scale) ●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

Figure 4: 3rd quintile-disparity ratios against national-level U5MR – model results. The grey dots are observed 3rd quintile-disparity ratios Sw,c,t (i.e. = Qw,c,t /Q3,c,t ) for w = 1, 2, 4, 5 respectively for the four plots. The red solid curves are point estimates for the expected 3rd quintile-disparity ratios Uw,c,t (i.e. = Sw,c,t /Pw,c,t ) and dashed lines are the corresponding 5th and 95th percentiles of the uncertainty bounds. The green curves are LOESS curves between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the national-level U5MR.

54

80

60

40

20

0

100

● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● 7 ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● 6 ● ●●● ● ● 1 11 ● ● ●● 13 ●●● ●● 9 ● ● ● ●

●● 5● ● ●2 4 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● 310 ● ●● 8 ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●12 ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●●

0

20

40

Country Rank: Concentration Index

Country Rank: Slope Inequality Index

100

1 − Chad 2 − Congo 3 − Equatorial Guinea 4 − Eritrea 5 − Ethiopia 6 − Guyana 7 − Iraq 8 − Lesotho 9 − Liberia 10 − Niger 11 − South Sudan 12 − Sudan 13 − United Republic of Tanzania

60

80

● ● ●5 ●● ● 6 2 ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● 12 ● ● ● ● ●● ● 4 ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●

80

60

40

20

0

100

1 11 ●● ●13 ●● 9 10 ● 83 ● ●● 7

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●

0

Country Rank: Difference in 1st and 5th quintile U5MR

20

40

1 − Chad 2 − Congo 3 − Equatorial Guinea 4 − Eritrea 5 − Ethiopia 6 − Guyana 7 − Iraq 8 − Lesotho 9 − Liberia 10 − Niger 11 − South Sudan 12 − Sudan 13 − United Republic of Tanzania

●

60

80

100

Country Rank: Ratio of 1st to 5th quintile U5MR

Figure 5: Country ranks for inequality indexes in 2016, for the 99 countries with empirical data. The dots are the country disparity ranks based on point estimates of the four inequality indexes in 2016. The smaller the ranks, the greater the disparity is. The green line is the diagonal, indicating equality of two ranks. The blue line is the fitted regression line. The red squared dots refer to countries in which the U5MR in the 1st wealth quintile is not the largest and/or the U5MR in the 5th wealth quintile is not the smallest, among all the wealth quintiles for a country in 2016.

55

0 ● Chad

Concentration Index in 2016 (x100)

● South Sudan

−5

Sierra Leone

●

Liberia

● Lesotho Equatorial Guinea ● ● Niger

● ● Tanzania ● Iraq

●

−10

−15

● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Central African Republic ● ● ● Mali ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Congo DR ● ● Guinea ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● Cameroon ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● Togo ● ● Nigeria ● ●● ● ● ● ● Lao PDR ● ● ● India ● ● ● Bolivia

−20

●

−100

−80

−60

−40

−20

0

Slope Inequality Index in 2016 (deaths per 1000 livebirths) Figure 6: Slope inequality index and concentration index in 2016, for the 99 countries with empirical data. The dots are point estimates of indexes in 2016 for the 99 countries with empirical data. The green dots highlight countries with the smallest absolute disparity (based on slope inequality index) and the smallest relative disparity (based on concentration index). The red dots highlighted countries with the largest absolute and relative disparity.

56

Figure 7: Comparison between aggregated results based on the 137 low-income and middle-income countries, and the aggregated results based on the 99 countries with empirical data. Solid curves are point estimates from the model. Shaded areas around the solid curves are the 90% uncertainty intervals. Top: estimated ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR to national-level U5MR. Bottom: U5MR by wealth quintile.

57

Quintile 1 U5MR (per 1,000 livebirths) 150

100

50

Quintile 2 U5MR (per 1,000 livebirths)

0.8

0.6 1990

1990 2000

0 2000 2010 1.0

0.8

2010

Ratio of quintile−specific U5MR to national−level U5MR (log−scale)

1.2

1990

1990 2000

150

100

50

0 2000 2010

0.6

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


0.6 1990

1990

2000

150

100

50

0 2000

58 2010

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


Wealth Quintile Group 3

150

100

50


1.0 Wealth Quintile Group 2


1.2





All countries combined Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


0.6

137 countries 99 countries

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010 1990

150

1990

2000

2000

2010


100

50

0 2010


100

50


1.0

0.8

0.6

1990

1990 2000

0 2000 2010 1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1.4

1990

1990 2000

150

100

50

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1990

1990

2000

150

100

50

0 2000

59 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010



150

100

50




1.4





South Asia Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


1.4

2010 137 countries 99 countries

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

1990

1990

2000

2000

2010


150

100

50

0 2010


60

40

20


1.0

0.8

0.6 1990

1990 2000

0 2000 2010 1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


1.4

1990

1990 2000

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

0.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


0.6 1990

1990

2000

80

60

40

20

0 2000

60 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010



80

60

40

20




1.4





Eastern Europe and Central Asia Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


0.6

1.4


1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 1990

80

1990

2000

2000

2010


60

40

20

0 2010


100

50


0.8

1990

1990 2000

200

0 2000 2010 1.0

0.8

2010


1.2

1990

1990 2000

150

100

50

0 2000 2010

200

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


1990

1990

2000

200

150

100

50

0 2000

61 2010

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010



150

100

50




1.2





Eastern and Southern Africa Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


200

1.2


1.0

0.8

1990

1990

2000

2000

2010


150

100

50

0 2010


150

100

50


0.8

0.6 1990

1990 2000

250

0 2000 2010 1.0

0.8

2010


1.2

1990

1990 2000

200

150

100

50

0 2000 2010

0.6

250

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010


0.6 1990

1990

2000

250

200

150

100

50

0 2000

62 2010

1.2

1.0

0.8

2010



200

150

100

50




1.2





West and Central Africa Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


0.6

250


1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010 1990

250

1990

2000

2000

2010


200

150

100

50

0 2010

Quintile 1 U5MR (per 1,000 livebirths) 0.8

0.6

1990

1990 2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010 1990

1990 2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010



1990

1990

2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000

63 2010

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1.6

100

80

60

40

20




1.2 1.6




1.4


1.6



Latin America and Caribbean Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010

1.6

2010


1.4 137 countries 99 countries

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

1990

100

1990

2000

2000

2010


80

60

40

20

0 2010

Quintile 1 U5MR (per 1,000 livebirths) 0.8

0.6

1990

1990 2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010 1990

1990 2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010



1990

1990

2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000

64 2010

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1.6

100

80

60

40

20




1.2 1.6




1.4


1.6



East Asia and Pacific (excluding China) Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010

1.6

2010


1.4


1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

1990

100

1990

2000

2000

2010


80

60

40

20

0 2010


80

60

40

20


1.0

0.8

0.6 1990

1990 2000

0 2000 2010 1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1.4

1990

1990 2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010


1990

1990

2000

100

80

60

40

20

0 2000

65 2010

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

2010



100

80

60

40

20




1.4





Middle East and North Africa Wealth Quintile Group 4

1990

1990

2000

0 2000 2010


1.4


1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 1990

100

1990

2000

2000

2010


80

60

40

20

0 2010

Figure 8: Aggregated U5MR and percentage of under-5 deaths by wealth quintile, by region. Solid curves are point estimates from the model. Shaded areas around the solid curves are the 90% uncertainty intervals. Left: U5MR by wealth quintile. Right: percentage of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths among national-level under-5 deaths (in %) by wealth quintile. Q1: the 1st wealth quintile, the 20% poorest wealth quintile; Q5: the 5th wealth quintile, the 20% richest wealth quintile.

66

South Asia Q1

150

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

50

Q5

Percentage of under−5 death (%)

U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

30

0

25

Q2 Q3

20

Q4 15 Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

67

2010

2015

Eastern Europe and Central Asia 60

50

40

30

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10



30

0

Q1 25 Q2 20

Q3 Q4

15 Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

68

2010

2015


150

100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50



30

0

25

Q1 Q2 Q3

20

Q4 15

Q5

10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

69

2010

2015

West and Central Africa 30

200

150 Q1 Q2 Q3

100

Q4 Q5 50



250

0

Q1

25

Q2 Q3

20

Q4 15 Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

70

2010

2015

Latin America and Caribbean 30

60

40

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20



80

0

Q1 25 Q2 Q3

20

Q4

15

Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

71

2010

2015

East Asia and Pacific (excluding China) 30

80

60

40

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20



100

0

Q1

25 Q2 Q3

20

Q4 15 Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

72

2010

2015

Middle East and North Africa 30

80

60

40 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20



100

0

Q1 25 Q2 Q3

20

Q4 15 Q5 10

5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

Year

1995

2000

2005

Year

73

2010

2015

Figure 9: U5MR by wealth quintile, for the 99 countries with empirical data. Solid curves are point estimates from the model. Shaded areas around the solid curves are the 90% uncertainty intervals. Vertical grey lines indicate the most recent reference year of data points for each country. Q1: the 1st wealth quintile, the 20% poorest wealth quintile; Q5: the 5th wealth quintile, the 20% richest wealth quintile.

74


Afghanistan

Albania 60

Q2 200 Q1

50 Q1 Q2

Q3 Q4

40 Q3 150

Q4

30 Q5

Q5

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10

2015

1990

1995


Algeria

2000

2005

2010

2015

Angola

70 250 Q2

Q1

60

Q3 Q1 Q4

Q2

200

50 Q3

Q5

150

40 Q4 Q5

Q1

30

Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

75

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Armenia

80

Azerbaijan

70

120

Q1

60 Q2

100

50 Q3 40 30

80

Q4

60

Q5

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

2015

1990

1995


Bangladesh

2000

2005

2010

2015

Belarus 25

Q1 Q2

150 Q3

20

Q4

Q1 Q2

15 Q3

100 Q5

Q4

10 Q5 50

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

5 1990

76

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Belize

Benin

60 Q2 200 Q1 Q3

50 Q1

Q4

Q2

40 Q3 30

150

Q4

Q5

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3

100

Q4 Q5

50

2015

1990


Bhutan

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


200 Q1 Q1

150 Q2

150 Q2 Q3

Q3

Q4

Q4

100

100 Q5

Q5

50

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 77

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Brazil 100 80 60

Q1

200

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4

Q2 Q3

150 Q5

Q4

40 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

50

2015

1990

1995

Burundi

250 200

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100

20 1990


Burkina Faso

250

2000

2005

2010

2015

Cambodia 150 Q1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q2 Q3 Q4

100

150 Q5

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Q5

50

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990 78

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Cameroon


200

Q1 200 Q2

Q1

Q3

Q2

Q4

150 Q3

Q1 Q2 Q3

150

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100 Q5 50

Q5

Q4

100 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

1995


Chad 250

2000

2005

2010

2015

Colombia 50

Q2

Q1

Q3 Q4

40 Q2

200 Q5

Q3

Q1

30 Q4 Q5

150

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4 Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10

100 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 79

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Comoros

Congo 140

150 Q1

100

Q2 Q3

120

Q4

Q2 100 Q1 Q3

Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

80 Q4 Q5

40 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990


Cote d'Ivoire

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Democratic Republic of the Congo 250

200 Q1 Q2

150

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q5

60

200

Q3 Q4

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

150 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

100 Q5

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5

Q5

Q5

50

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 80

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Dominican Republic

Egypt

80 Q1

120 Q1

Q2

100 Q2

Q3

Q3

60

80

Q4

40 Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q4

60 40

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

2015

1990


El Salvador

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Equatorial Guinea 250

80 Q1

Q1 200 Q2

Q2

Q3 Q4 Q5

60 Q3 Q4

150

40 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q4

100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

50 1990

81

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Eritrea

Ethiopia 250

200

150

Q2 Q4 Q3

Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

200 150

Q1 Q5

100 Q5 100 Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

2015

1990

1995


Gabon

80 60

2005

2010

2015

Georgia 70

120 100

2000

60 Q1

Q2 Q1 Q3

Q2

50 Q3

Q4

40 Q4 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40

30 Q5 20 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 82

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Ghana

Guatemala 100

160 Q1 140 Q2

80

Q3

120 Q4

Q4

60 Q5

100 Q5

80

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

60 40 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2000

2005

2010

2015

250 Q2 Q1 200

Q3 Q4

150 Q5

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100 50 1990

1995

Guinea−Bissau

300

200 150

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

300 250

40

2015

Guinea U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

Q2 Q1 Q3

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100 50 1990

83

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Guyana

Haiti

80

250

70 Q2 Q1 60 50

Q3

200

Q4

Q1 150 Q3 Q4

Q2

Q5

40

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q5

30 20

100

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

1995


Honduras

2000

2005

2010

2015

India Q1 Q2

80 Q1

150 Q3

Q2

60 Q3 100

Q4

40

Q4

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Q5

50

1990 84

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Indonesia

Iraq 70

120 Q1 100 80

60 Q2 Q3

Q1 Q2 Q3

50

Q4

Q4 Q5

60

40

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q4

Q5

40

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

30 20

2015

1990

1995


Jordan

2010

2015

70 Q1

30

2005

Kazakhstan

50 40

2000

Q2

Q1 60 Q2

Q3

50

Q4

Q4

40 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10 1990

Q3

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Q5

30 20 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10 1990

85

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Kenya

Kyrgyzstan

100

140 120

80 Q1

Q1

Q2

Q2

Q3

100 Q3

60

80 Q4

Q5

Q5

40

60

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40 1990

Q4

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

2015

1990

1995


Lao People's Democratic Republic

2000

2005

2010

2015

Lesotho 140

200 Q1 Q2 150

120

Q3 Q4

Q2 Q1 Q3

Q2 100 Q1 Q3

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5

50

Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

80

Q5

Q5

60 1990

86

Q4

Q4

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Liberia

Madagascar 200

300 250

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4 Q5

150

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

200 100 Q5

150 100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q4

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

2015

1990

1995


Malawi

2000

2005

2010

2015

Maldives 140

250 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4

120 100

200 Q5

80

150

60

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

20 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

0 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 87

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Mali 300 250

Mauritania

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4

150 Q1 Q2 Q3

200 Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100 Q4

150 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

100

Q5

Q5

50

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

1995


Mongolia

2000

2005

2010

2015

Morocco 120

150 Q1

100

Q2 Q3

80

100 Q4

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

60

Q5

40 Q5

50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

20 1990

88

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Mozambique

Myanmar

300 250 200

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4

150

Q5

100

Q1 Q2 Q3

150

Q4 Q5

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

2015

1990

1995


Namibia

2000

2005

2010

2015

Nepal

100 80

150

Q2 Q1 Q3

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4

Q4

60

Q1 Q2 Q5

Q3 Q4

40

100 Q5

50

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 89

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Nicaragua 80

Niger 400 Q2

Q2 Q1

Q3 Q4

Q3

300 Q1

60 Q4

Q5

200

40 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q4 Q5

100

2015

1990

1995


Nigeria

2000

2005

2010

2015

Pakistan 180

Q1 250 Q2

Q1 160 Q2 Q3

Q3

140

200 Q4

Q4

120 150

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q5

100

Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

100 80

Q4

60

Q5

40 1990

90

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Paraguay 70 120 Q1 60 Q1 Q2

100 Q2

50 Q3 40

80 Q3

Q4

60 Q4 30 Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10 1990


Peru

1995

2000

2005

2010

40 Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

2015

1990

Philippines

100

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Republic of Moldova 60

Q1

80

50 Q2

Q1

40 Q2

60 Q3 Q4

Q1

40

Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Q5

20 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

30

Q3 Q4 Q5

10 1990

91

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Rwanda


350

140

300

120 Q1 Q2 Q3

250

100 Q4 Q5

200 150

80

Q2 Q4 Q3 Q1 Q5

60

100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40 50

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

20

2015

1990

1995


Senegal

2000

2005

2010

2015

Serbia

200 40

Q1

150

Q1

Q2 Q3

Q2

30

Q4

Q3 Q4

100

20 Q5

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

10

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990 92

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Sierra Leone 300

250

Q1 Q2 Q4 Q3

250 200

200 Q2 Q1 Q3

Q5

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

150 Q5

150 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

100

100

Q5

50 1990


Somalia

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990

1995

South Africa

120

2000

2005

2010

2015

South Sudan 300

100

250

Q2 Q3 Q1 Q5 Q4

80 Q1 200

Q2

60 Q3

Q1

Q4

Q2 Q3 Q4

40 Q5

150 100

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q4

Q5

20

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 93

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


State of Palestine

Sudan

70 160

60 Q1 Q2

140

Q3

120

40 Q4

100

50

Q4

Q5

30 Q5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10 1990

Q2 Q1 Q3

1995

2000

2005

2010

80 60

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4

40

Q5

2015

1990

1995


Suriname

2000

2005

2010

2015

Swaziland

80 160 60

Q1

140

Q2

120

Q3

100

40 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Q5

20

80 60

Q1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 94

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015



Tajikistan 160

50

140

Q1 Q2

40 30

120 Q1 Q2 Q3

Q3

100

Q4

80

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20 10 1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

40

2015

1990

Thailand U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

60

20 1990

2000

2005

2010

2015

60

50 Q1

Q2

40 Q3

40

Q4

Q2 Q3

30 Q4

Q5

Q5

20 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10 1990

1995


50 Q1

30

Q4 Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

10 1990

95

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Gambia 200

Timor−Leste 200 Q2

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4

Q3 Q1 Q4

150

150 Q5

Q5

100

100 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

50

Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50

2015

1990

1995


Togo

150

2000

2005

2010

2015

Tunisia

Q2 Q1 Q3

80

Q4

60 Q3

Q1 Q2

Q4

100

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q5

Q4

50

40 Q5 20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 96

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Turkey

Turkmenistan

120

140

Q1

100

120 Q1

Q2 Q3

100 Q2

60 Q4

80 Q4

80

Q3

60 Q5

40 Q5

40 20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

20

2015

1990

Uganda U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1995

2005

2010

2015

Ukraine

35

200 Q1

2000

30

Q2 Q4 Q3

25

150

Q1 Q2

Q5

20 Q3 15 Q4

100

Q5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

10 5 1990

97

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015



Uzbekistan 100

200

Q2 Q2

Q3 Q4 Q1

80 Q1 Q3

150 Q5

60 Q5

100

40

Q4

Q2 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q5

50 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

2015

1990

1995


Vanuatu

2000

2005

2010

2015

Viet Nam

60 80 Q1

50 Q1

40

60 Q2

Q2 Q3

30 Q4

Q1

Q3

Q2

40 Q4

Q3

20

Q5

Q1

Q5

Q4

Q5

Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

20

10 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1990 98

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015


Yemen

Zambia 200 Q2 Q1

Q1

150

Q3 Q4

Q2 Q3

150

Q4

100 Q5

50

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

100

Q5

50

2015

120 100 Q2 80 Q1 Q3 Q4

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

60 Q5 40 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5

1990

Zimbabwe U5MR (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

Q5

2015 99

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Figure 10: Ratio of U5MR in wealth quintile 1 (poorest) to wealth quintile 5 (richest), for the 99 countries with empirical data. Solid curves are point estimates from the model. Shaded areas around the solid curves are the 90% uncertainty intervals. The maximum and minimum point estimates within each country are the values in blue. Vertical grey lines indicate the most recent reference year of data points for each country.

100

Ratio of 1st to 5th quintile U5MR (log−scale) Ratio of 1st to 5th quintile U5MR (log−scale) Ratio of 1st to 5th quintile U5MR (log−scale) Ratio of 1st to 5th quintile U5MR (log−scale)

Afghanistan

Albania

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.99

2.0 1.72

Algeria

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Angola

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.89

1.88 2.0 1.84

1.78

2.0 1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Azerbaijan 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

00

05

10

15

90

95

Bangladesh

2

1.75

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

05

10

15

1.62 1.35

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

2.0

2

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

00

05

10

15

90

Bhutan 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.1 2.0

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.68 2.5

2.51

05

10

15

90

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Cambodia 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.42 2.5

00

05

10

15

90

Cameroon

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

00

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.05 2.5

1.87

2.0 1.68

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

Burundi

2.05

1.7 2.0 1.82 1.42

1.5 1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Chad

00

05

10

15

Colombia

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.86 2.0

2.0

1.5

15

1.74

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5


4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.77

95

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.7

10

1.56

Burkina Faso

2.0

90

95

Brazil

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.58 2.5

3

00

05

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.08 2.5

1.5

95

00

Benin

1.5

90

95

Belize

2.09

2.07

2.11

2.02

2.0

1.0

Belarus

2.04

2.0 1.8

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.5

90

Armenia

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

2.04

1.94

1.5 1.09

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

0.9

1.0

90

95

00

101

05

10

15

90

95

1.0

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15


Comoros

Congo

Cote d'Ivoire

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.66 2.0

2.0

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Egypt 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.75

1.58

1.42

00

05

10

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

15

90

El Salvador 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.55

1.9

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.2

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.77 2.0

1.61

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.93 1.63

1.0

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.66 2.0

1.54

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

95

15

00

05

10

15

1.54

1.49

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.67 2.0

1.5

95

00

05

95

10

15

1.19

90

95

00

102

05

00

05

10

15

10

15

90 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.77

95

1.5

1.0

1.0

00

00

05

10

15

2.85

10

15

2.67

2.0

1.5

95

15

India

2.41

90

10

1.99

Honduras

1.0

90

90

Haiti

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

90

Guyana

05

2.0 1.68

1.0

15

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.0

10

95

Guinea

1.5

05

1.17

90

1.5

00

15

1.0

1.5

Guinea−Bissau

10

1.54

1.5

1.5

95

05

1.88 2.0

1.54

90

1.77 2.0

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.7

1.98

Ethiopia

1.5

90

95

Guatemala

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

2.11

Eritrea

Ghana

2.09

1.98

95

1.0

Georgia

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

90

1.37 1.5

1.0

15

15

2.0

1.0

10

10

2.0 1.5

05

05

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

Gabon

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.08 2.5

1.5

00

95

Equatorial Guinea

2.0

95

1.73

1.5

2.0

90

1.81

Dominican Republic

Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.01 1.94 2.0 2.0

05

10

15

90

95

00

05


Indonesia 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Iraq

Jordan

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5 1.36

1.0

1.0

2.73 2.38

90

95

00

05

10

15

Kyrgyzstan 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

1.9

1.75

1.5

1.3

Kazakhstan

Kenya

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.77 2.0

1.66

1.85 2.0 1.74

1.72

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

90 95 00 05 10 15 Lao People's Democratic Republic 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 2.77 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.32 2.5 2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Lesotho

1.46

00

05

10

15

90

1.57

95

Liberia

1.38

00

05

10

15

Madagascar

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

2.0

2.29 1.94

1.32 1.5

1.5 1.11

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.0

90

95

Malawi

00

05

10

2.0

1.56

1.5 1.38 1.0

00

05

10

2.01

2.0 1.74

2.0

05

10

15

90

1.94 1.63

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

1.0

1.0

00

05

10

1.78 2.0

2.0 1.74

90

95

00

1.61

05

10

90

95

Myanmar

15

2.03

2.0

00

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.91

2.0 1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

00

103

05

95

10

15

00

05

10

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

95

90

95

00

05

15

2.35

90

1.5

90

10

15

Nepal

2.0 1.66

1.65

05

1.92

Namibia

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.44

15

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.0

90

95

Mongolia

1.0

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

15

00

Mauritania

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Mozambique

10

95

1.0

1.5

05

90

1.0

1.5

00

15

1.5

2.0

95

10

1.5

2.0

90

05

1.5

15

2.7

00

1.5

Morocco 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.52 2.5

95

1.0

Mali

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

95

90

Maldives

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

90

15

1.0

10

15

1.99 1.62

90

95

00

05

10

15


Nicaragua

Niger

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.88

2.0 1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.44 1.22

90

95

Peru 4.0 3.5 3.04 3.0 2.5

Nigeria

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.15 2.5 2.0

00

05

10

4.0 3.5 2.86 3.0 2.5

2.04

1.89

2.0 1.73

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

Republic of Moldova

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.89

1.81

00

05

10

2.0

15

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.0

90

95

Senegal

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.69 2.0

1.5

1.5

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.08 2.0

90

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.36 2.5 2.0

1.98

1.92

1.0

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.34

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

90

95

90

95

00

10

15

05

10

15

1.58

05

10

15

2.37

2.21

1.5 1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.25

00

05

10

15

10

15

Swaziland 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.32

1.81 2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.66

1.47

1.12

0.99

00

00

2.0

1.5

95

15

South Africa

2.0

90

95

Suriname

1.62

10

1.54

90

2.0

1.0

2.0

05

1.48

Sudan 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.08 2.5

2

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

1.24

05

1.29

Somalia

1.0

State of Palestine

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

15

2.0

1.0

05

10

2.0

1.0

00

05

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

South Sudan

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

95

95

00

1.0

Sierra Leone

1.5

90

1.0

Serbia

95


1.15 1.0

2.11

2.01

90

Rwanda

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

3.01

Paraguay 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

Philippines

3.19

Pakistan 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.44 2.5

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

104

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

05



Tajikistan

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.88 1.75

2.0

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

1.61 1.37

90

95

Timor−Leste

00

05

10

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.57

2.0

2.04

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.13

2.04

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

Tunisia 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.42 2.5

1.99

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

15

2.0

05

10

15

90

2.14

1.98

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.78 2.5 2.0

2.0 1.84

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

05

10

15

90

95

Uganda 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.74 2.0 1.41

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

10

00

05

10

15

90

1.0

1.0

90

95

00

05

10

15

95

00

05

10

1.0

1.0

00

05

90

95

10

15

00

05

10

15

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.0

1.58 1.36

2.0

1.62 1.36

1.5 1.0

90

95

00

105

05

10

15

95

00

05

10

15

1.84

10

15

2.05

1.5

Zimbabwe

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.39

95

15

15

1.0

Zambia

1.0

90

1.54 1.34

1.0

90

10

Vanuatu

1.33 1.5

1.18

05

2.02

Uzbekistan

1.5

1.5

15

95

1.5

Yemen

10

90

2.0

1.5

05

15

2.0

1.5

00

10

2.0

2.04

2

2.0

95

05

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

15

2.49

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.09 2.0

90

95

United Republic of Tanzania 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Viet Nam 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.38 2.5

05

Ukraine

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

1.5

00

00

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

2.94

1.5

00

95

Turkmenistan

1.5

95

1.87 1.62

Turkey

1.5

90

Gambia


1.96

Togo

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

Thailand

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

90

95

00

05

10

15

90

95

00

05

Figure 11: All wealth quintile-specific results, for the 99 countries with empirical data. 1st row: (i) wealth quintile-specific U5MR (blue); (ii) the point estimates of national-level U5MR from IGME 2017 results (black). 2nd row: number of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths. 3rd row (all on log-scale): (i) estimated ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR to national-level U5MR (red); (ii) expected ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR to national-level U5MR (green); (iii) colored dots refer to the ratio of wealth quintile-specific U5MR from survey to national-level U5MR from survey (these dots are the input data in our data model); (iv) vertical line segments around the dots are sampling errors and different colors differentiate data series. 4th row: percentage of wealth quintile-specific under-5 deaths among national-level under-5 deaths (in %). Results for wealth quintile groups 1 (the poorest) to 5 (the richest) are displayed in the five columns respectively. Solid curves are point estimates from the model. Shaded areas around the solid curves are the 90% uncertainty intervals. Vertical grey lines indicate the most recent reference year of data points for each country.

106

Afghanistan 2nd quintile

5th quintile (richest)

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (2010) MICS Indirect (2010−2011) DHS Direct (2015)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

107

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Country estimate Global expected

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Quintile−specific U5MR National−level U5MR

20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000 20000 10000

Number of quintile−specific Under−five deaths

4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Proportion of national−level Ratio of quintile−specific U5MR to under−five deaths in quintile (%) national−level U5MR (log−scale)

3rd quintile

10000

Under−five mortality rate (deaths per 1000 livebirths)

1st quintile (poorest)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Albania 2nd quintile


60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400 0

200

400 200 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005) DHS Direct (2008−2009)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

108


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 400 200

400 200 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 600 400 200 0


4th quintile

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

60

0


1st quintile (poorest) 60

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Algeria 2nd quintile


70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Direct (2012−2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

109

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000

4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000 8000 4000


4th quintile

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Angola 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 10000

20000 10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


30000

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000 20000

20000 10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000 30000 20000 10000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000




MICS Indirect (2001) DHS Direct (2011) DHS Direct (2015−2016)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

110

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Armenia 2nd quintile


80

80

70

70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000 600 200


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

80

200




DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

111

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Azerbaijan 2nd quintile


120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000 3000 1000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000




MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

112

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Bangladesh


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile

5th quintile (richest) Quintile−specific U5MR National−level U5MR

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100000 60000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1993−1994) DHS Direct (1996−1997) DHS Direct (1999−2000) DHS Direct (2004) DHS Direct (2007) DHS Direct (2011) DHS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

113

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

140000

150

140000

150

140000

150

140000

150

140000

150

20000




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Belarus 2nd quintile


25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

5

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

300 100

300 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


500

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

700 300

300 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

700 500 300 100


4th quintile

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

100



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


MICS Indirect (2005)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

114

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Belize 2nd quintile


60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80


4th quintile

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

115

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Benin 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 6000 8000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (2001) DHS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2011−2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

116

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 6000 8000

12000 4000 6000 8000

12000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

50

12000

50

4000 6000 8000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000 6000 8000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Bhutan 2nd quintile


200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400 200

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 400

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 600 400 200


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200

200





1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

117

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 2000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1994) DHS Direct (1998) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2003) DHS Direct (2008)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

118

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 4000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 6000 4000 2000


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Brazil 2nd quintile


100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

20000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1996)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

35

35

35

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

119


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


60000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

60000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

60000 20000


4th quintile

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

20000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burkina Faso 2nd quintile 250

5th quintile (richest) 250

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000 10000

15000 10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1993) DHS Direct (1998−1999) DHS Direct (2003) MICS Indirect (2006) DHS Direct (2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

20000 15000 10000

15000

20000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

50

20000

50

10000


4th quintile 250

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile 250

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Burundi 2nd quintile 250


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005) DHS Direct (2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

121


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000

4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000 8000 4000


4th quintile 250

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile 250

4000



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Cambodia 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

122

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000 6000 2000


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Cameroon 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1991) DHS Direct (1998) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2004) DHS Direct (2011)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

123

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000 10000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Central African Republic 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 2000

4000

6000 4000 2000

4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 6000 4000 2000

4000

6000

8000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

50

8000

50

2000


4th quintile


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1994−1995) MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2006) MICS Indirect (2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

124

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Chad 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

DHS Direct (1996−1997) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2004) MICS Indirect (2010) DHS Direct (2014−2015)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

125

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


14000

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000 14000 10000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Colombia 2nd quintile


50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 2000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6 0.4

DHS Direct (1990) DHS Direct (1995) DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2010) DHS Direct (2015)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

126

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 4000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 6000 4000 2000


4th quintile

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Comoros 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400 200

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1996) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

127

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 400

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 600 400 200


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Congo 2nd quintile


140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2011−2012)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

128


0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

12


2000

3000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

3000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

3000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

3000 2000 1000


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



12 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Cote d'Ivoire 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 10000

15000

20000 15000 10000

15000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1994) DHS Direct (1998−1999) DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2011−2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

129

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

25000 20000 15000 10000

15000

20000

25000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

50

25000

50

10000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2nd quintile


250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40000

40000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Indirect (2001) DHS Direct (2007) MICS Indirect (2010) DHS Direct (2013−2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

130


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

10


80000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80000

80000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40000

80000 40000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

250

40000



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Dominican Republic 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500 500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

131

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Country estimate Global expected

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


2500

3500 1500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500 1500 DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (1999) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2002) DHS Direct (2007) DHS Direct (2013) MICS Direct (2014)

500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500 2500 1500 500


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

500



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Egypt 2nd quintile


120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4


0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

132


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


30000

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

50000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

50000 30000 10000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

El Salvador 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


1500

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500 1500 500


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

500




MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

133

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Equatorial Guinea 2nd quintile


250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800 400

600

800 600 400

600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1000 1200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1000 1200 800 600 400

600

800

1000 1200

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000 1200

50

1000 1200

50

400


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

250

400



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

28

28

28

28

28

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

134

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Eritrea 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000 3000 1000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


DHS Direct (2002)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

135

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Ethiopia 2nd quintile


250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


60000

100000 60000

100000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

100000 60000 20000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

250

20000



1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

136

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Gabon 2nd quintile


120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600 400

600 400 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 600 400

600

800

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

20

800

20

400


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

400




DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

137

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Georgia 2nd quintile


70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

138

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000 600 200


4th quintile

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Ghana 2nd quintile


160

160

160

160

140

140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000 6000

10000 6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1993) DHS Direct (1998) DHS Direct (2003) MICS Indirect (2006) DHS Direct (2008) MICS Direct (2011) DHS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

139

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


14000

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000 10000

10000 6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

18000 14000 10000 6000


4th quintile

160

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

6000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Guatemala 2nd quintile


100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

7000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000 1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1995) DHS Direct (1998−1999) DHS Direct (2014−2015)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

140


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

10


5000

7000 3000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

7000 3000

3000 1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

7000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

7000 5000 3000 1000


4th quintile

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Guinea 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000 4000

8000

12000 8000 4000

8000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

141

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


16000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

16000 12000 8000 4000

8000

12000

16000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

16000

50

16000

50

4000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Guinea−Bissau 2nd quintile


300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

2500 2000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2000 1500 1000

1500 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2006) MICS Direct (2014)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

142


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

2500 2000 1500 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

50

2500

50

500


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

300

500



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Guyana 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

70

70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

MICS Indirect (2000−2001) DHS Direct (2005) MICS Indirect (2006) DHS Direct (2009) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 100

50 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

143

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


200

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

300

50 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

300 200 50 100


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

50 100



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Haiti 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 2000

6000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1994−1995) DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2005−2006) DHS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

144

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10000

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000 6000

6000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000 10000 6000 2000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Honduras 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500 500

1500 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


2500

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500 1500

1500 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

3500 2500 1500 500


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

500




DHS Direct (2005−2006) DHS Direct (2011−2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

145

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

India


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


200000

600000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200000

600000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200000

600000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200000

600000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000000

150

1000000

150

1000000

150

1000000

150

1000000

150

200000





DHS Direct (1992−1993) DHS Direct (1998−1999) DHS Direct (2005−2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

146

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Indonesia 2nd quintile


120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

20000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1997) DHS Direct (2002−2003) DHS Direct (2012)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

147


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

100000

20000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

100000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

60000

100000 60000 20000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

20000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Iraq 2nd quintile


70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000 6000

8000 6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

10000 8000 6000

8000

10000

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20

10000

20

6000


4th quintile

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

6000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


MICS Direct (2011)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

148

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Jordan


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

1600 1200 400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.4


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

149

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1200 400 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1200 800 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1600

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400

800 400

800 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1600

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

1600

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

1600

10

400




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Kazakhstan 2nd quintile


70

70

70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1995) DHS Direct (1999) MICS Indirect (2006) MICS Indirect (2010−2011)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

150


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000 3000 1000


4th quintile

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Kenya 2nd quintile


140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1993) DHS Direct (1998) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2003) DHS Direct (2008−2009) DHS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

151

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000 20000 10000


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Kyrgyzstan 2nd quintile 100


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.2

DHS Direct (1997) MICS Indirect (2005−2006) DHS Direct (2012) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

152

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1000

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

2000

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

2000 1000 500


4th quintile 100

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile 100

500



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Lao People's Democratic Republic 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 2000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 4000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

8000 6000 4000 2000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

153

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Lesotho 2nd quintile


140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

1600

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600 800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


1200

1600 1200

1600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600 800

600 800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

1600

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

1600 1200 600 800


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

600 800




MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2004) DHS Direct (2009) DHS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

154

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Liberia 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 2000

4000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000 4000 2000

4000

6000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

50

6000

50

2000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

155

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Madagascar 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000 5000

10000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1997) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2003−2004) DHS Direct (2008−2009)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

156


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


15000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

20000 10000

10000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

20000 15000 10000 5000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Malawi 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

DHS Direct (1992) DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2004) MICS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2010) DHS Direct (2015−2016)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

157

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000 10000 5000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Maldives 2nd quintile


140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

0

0

0

0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

50

100

150

200

250 150 100 50 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

250 150 50

100

150 100 50 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

250 200 150 100 50 0


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

140

0



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


DHS Direct (2009)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

158

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mali 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 10000

20000 10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1995−1996) DHS Direct (2001) DHS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2012−2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

159

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000 20000 10000

20000

30000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

50

30000

50

10000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mauritania 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000


4th quintile


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

MICS Indirect (2007) MICS Direct (2011)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

160


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mongolia 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000 500

1000 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005) MICS Indirect (2010) MICS Direct (2013−2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

161


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


1500

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2000 1000

1000 500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2000 1500 1000 500


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

500



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Morocco 2nd quintile


120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1992) DHS Direct (2003−2004)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

162


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10000

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000 10000 5000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

120

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mozambique 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000 20000 10000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000




DHS Direct (1997) DHS Direct (2003) MICS Direct (2008) DHS Direct (2011)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

163

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Myanmar 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000 5000

15000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


25000

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000 15000

15000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000 25000 15000 5000


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


DHS Direct (2015−2016)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

164

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Namibia 2nd quintile


100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800 400

600

800 600 400

600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1992) DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2006−2007) DHS Direct (2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

165


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

10


1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1000 800 600 400

600

800

1000

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

20

1000

20

400


4th quintile

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

100

400



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Nepal 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.8 1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8 0.6

DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (2001) DHS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2011) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

166

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000 15000 5000


4th quintile

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Nicaragua 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1500

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500

500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500

2500 1500 500


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

500



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


DHS Direct (1998)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

167

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Niger 2nd quintile


400

400

400

400

300

300

300

300

300

200

200

200

200

200

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000

30000 20000 10000


4th quintile

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000




DHS Direct (1998) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

168

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Nigeria 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1990) DHS Direct (2003) MICS Indirect (2007) DHS Direct (2008) DHS Direct (2010) MICS Indirect (2011) DHS Direct (2013)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

169


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


200000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100000

200000 100000

200000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200000

50

200000

50

100000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

100000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Pakistan 2nd quintile


180

180

160

160

160

160

160

140

140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

120000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80000

120000 80000

120000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1990−1991) DHS Direct (2006−2007) DHS Direct (2012−2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

170

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


40 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40000

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80000

120000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80000

120000 80000 40000


4th quintile

180

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

180

40000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Paraguay


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

DHS Direct (1990)

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

171


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

0.4


500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

60

2000

70

2000

70

2000

70

2000

70

500




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Peru 2nd quintile


120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

DHS Direct (1991−1992) DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (2000) DHS Direct (2004−2008) DHS Direct (2009) DHS Direct (2010) DHS Direct (2011) DHS Direct (2012) DHS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

35

35

35

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

172

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


10000

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

15000 10000 5000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Philippines 2nd quintile 100


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000 5000

15000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.4

DHS Direct (1993) DHS Direct (1998) DHS Direct (2003) DHS Direct (2008) DHS Direct (2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

35

35

35

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

173

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


25000

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000 15000

15000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

35000 25000 15000 5000


4th quintile 100

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile 100

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Republic of Moldova 2nd quintile


60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400 200

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 400

400 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

800 600 400 200


4th quintile

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200




DHS Direct (2005) MICS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

174

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Rwanda 2nd quintile


350

350

300

300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000 10000

5000 10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1992) DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2007−2008) DHS Direct (2010) DHS Direct (2014−2015)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

175


0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000 10000

20000 5000 10000


4th quintile

350

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

350

5000 10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Sao Tome and Principe 2nd quintile


140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100 20

40

60

80

100 80 20

40

60

80 60 40 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100

140 100 80 60 40 20

40

60

80

100

140

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

140

20

140

20

20


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

20




MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2008−2009) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

176

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Senegal 2nd quintile


200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6 0.4

DHS Direct (1997) DHS Direct (2005) DHS Direct (2008−2009) DHS Direct (2010−2011) DHS Direct (2012−2013) DHS Direct (2014) DHS Direct (2015)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

177


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


10000

14000 6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000 6000

6000 2000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

14000 10000 6000 2000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200

2000



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Serbia 2nd quintile


40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600

1000 600 200


4th quintile

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

178

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Sierra Leone 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 4000

6000 4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000 6000

6000 4000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000

12000 8000 6000 4000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000




MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005−2006) DHS Direct (2008) MICS Indirect (2010) DHS Direct (2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

179

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Somalia 2nd quintile


250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

25000 15000

15000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000 15000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

15000

25000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

50

25000

50

5000


4th quintile

250

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000




MICS Direct (2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

180

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

South Africa 2nd quintile


120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000 5000

15000 5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

DHS Direct (1998)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

181

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000 15000 5000

15000

25000

20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

20

25000

20

5000


4th quintile

120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

120

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

South Sudan 2nd quintile


300

300

300

300

250

250

250

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1.4

50

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000 4000

8000

12000 8000 4000

8000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4


16000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

16000 12000 8000 4000

8000

12000

16000

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

16000

50

16000

50

4000


4th quintile

300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8


MICS Direct (2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

182

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

State of Palestine 2nd quintile


70

70

60

60

60

60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800 400

600

800 600 400

600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.8 1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


1200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1200 800 600 400

600

800

1200

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

10

1200

10

400


4th quintile

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

70

400




MICS Direct (2010) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

183

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Sudan


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


140

140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Direct (2010) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

184

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

0.6


10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

160

30000

160

30000

160

30000

160

30000

160

10000




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Suriname 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

50

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

MICS Indirect (1999−2000) MICS Indirect (2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

185

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


100

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100

150

50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100

150

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100

150 100 50


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

50



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Swaziland 2nd quintile


160

160

160

160

140

140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

40

40 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800 400

600

800 600 400

600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Indirect (1999−2000) DHS Direct (2006−2007) MICS Direct (2010) MICS Direct (2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

186

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

800

1000 800 600 400

600

800

1000

40 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

40

1000

40

400


4th quintile

160

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

400



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Syrian Arab Republic 2nd quintile


50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000 1000

2000

3000

4000 3000 1000

2000

3000 2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

10

5000

10

1000


4th quintile

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000





1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

187

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Tajikistan 2nd quintile


160

160

140

140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

3000

5000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


20 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

5000 3000 1000


4th quintile

160

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

160

1000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005) DHS Direct (2012)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

188

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Thailand 2nd quintile


50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

MICS Indirect (2005−2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

189

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000

10000 6000 2000


4th quintile

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2nd quintile


60

60

50

50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200 100

200 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


300

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

300

400 200

200 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

300

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

300

400 300 200 100


4th quintile

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

60

100



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4



0.2

0.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

190

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Gambia


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1500 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2005−2006) DHS Direct (2013)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

191


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

0.6


500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

500

1000

1500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

200

2000

200

2000

200

2000

200

2000

200

500




10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Timor−Leste 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

600 200

600 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1000

1400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1400 600

600 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1000

1400 1000 600 200


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

200



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


DHS Direct (2009−2010)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

192

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Togo 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 2000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000 4000 2000


4th quintile


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

2000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

DHS Direct (1998) MICS Indirect (2006) MICS Indirect (2010) DHS Direct (2013−2014)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

193

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Tunisia 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000 1000

2000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4


0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

194


0.4 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3000

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000 2000

2000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000 3000 2000 1000


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Turkey


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

35

35

35

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

195

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

0.4


5000

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

120

35000

120

35000

120

35000

120

35000

120

5000




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Turkmenistan 2nd quintile


140

140

140

140

120

120

120

120

120

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000 1000

2000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

196


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

10


3000

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000 2000

2000 1000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000 3000 2000 1000


4th quintile

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

1000



10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Uganda 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1995) DHS Direct (2000−2001) DHS Direct (2006) DHS Direct (2009) DHS Direct (2011)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

197

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


30000

40000 20000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000 20000

20000 10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30000

40000 30000 20000 10000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

10000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Ukraine 2nd quintile


35

35

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5

5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000 1000

2000

3000 2000 1000

2000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

3000

4000 3000 2000 1000

2000

3000

4000

5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

5

4000

5

1000


4th quintile

35

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

35

1000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2


MICS Indirect (2005) DHS Direct (2007)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

198

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

United Republic of Tanzania 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

45000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000 15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (1999) DHS Direct (2004−2005) DHS Direct (2007−2008) DHS Direct (2010) DHS Direct (2015−2016)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

199


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

24

14


35000

45000 25000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

45000 25000

25000 15000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

45000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

35000

45000 35000 25000 15000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

15000



14 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Uzbekistan


2nd quintile 100

3rd quintile 100

4th quintile 100


60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

200


0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6

DHS Direct (1996) MICS Indirect (2000) MICS Indirect (2006)


2000

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2000

6000

10000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

14000

80

14000

80

14000

80

14000

80

14000

80

2000




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Vanuatu 2nd quintile 60


50

50

50

50

40

40

40

40

40

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

20

20

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

70 20

30

40

50

60

70 60 20

30

40

50

60 50 40 30 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.4 1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4


80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

70

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

80

10

80

10

20


4th quintile 60

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile 60

20




MICS Indirect (2007−2008)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

201

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Viet Nam 2nd quintile


80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

20

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

DHS Direct (1997) MICS Indirect (2000) DHS Direct (2002) MICS Indirect (2006) MICS Indirect (2010−2011)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

202

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

15000

25000 15000 5000


4th quintile

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Yemen 2nd quintile


150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

20000 5000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

5000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10000

20000 10000 5000


4th quintile


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

5000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.6 1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6


MICS Direct (2006)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

30

30

30

30

30

25

25

25

25

25

20

20

20

20

20

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

10

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

203

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Zambia 2nd quintile


200

200

200

200

150

150

150

150

150

100

100

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

16000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000 4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1996) DHS Direct (2001−2002) DHS Direct (2007) DHS Direct (2013−2014)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

204


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


12000

16000 8000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

16000 8000

8000 4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

16000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

16000 12000 8000 4000


4th quintile

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015


3rd quintile

4000



1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Zimbabwe


2nd quintile

3rd quintile

4th quintile


100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

80

80

60

60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

40

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

DHS Direct (1994) DHS Direct (1999) DHS Direct (2005−2006) MICS Direct (2009) DHS Direct (2010−2011) MICS Direct (2014) DHS Direct (2015)

0.6

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

26

26

26

24

24

24

24

24

22

22

22

22

22

20

20

20

20

20

18

18

18

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

14

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

205


0.6 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

26

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1.4

0.8


4000

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

4000

6000

8000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

12000

120

12000

120

12000

120

12000

120

12000

120

4000




1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Supplementary appendix

Supplementary appendix

Suggest Documents

Appendix: Appendix Supplementary Methods