Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 612 – 616
The 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
Supporting Design for Local Oriented Manufacturing in Developing Countries Tomoyuki Tamuraa*, Yasushi Umedaa, Yusuke Kishita a
The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-03-5841-1274. E-mail address:
[email protected]
Abstract We have proposed Local Oriented Manufacturing (LOMan) as a concept to encourage designers to focus on locality at manufacturing and use stages, especially in developing countries. We have also proposed Local Oriented Manufacturing Map (LOMmap) as a method of knowledge representation of influences from locality and requirements for a design object to mitigate the influences, in order to support design for LOMan. This paper illustrates a case study of the application of LOMmap for clarifying its advantages and issues. We here take a refrigerator in Vietnam as an example. First, we investigated a usage situation of refrigerators at ordinary houses in Vietnam. Second, we made a LOMmap from the investigation. Initial information on the product in LOMmap is made from a refrigerator for Japan. Then, we experimentally designed a new refrigerator with the LOMmap so as to satisfy the requirements for Vietnam that the LOMmap indicates. As a result, since LOMmap mainly focuses on the relationship between an existing product and the locality, the designed product tends to be a minor modification of the existing product. In order to solve this problem, we propose to utilize the information on differences of actions in daily life in different areas. Actions to achieve a task (e.g., cleaning a house) in daily life vary depending on different circumstances (e.g., house) in different areas, and this is a typical expression of the locality. ©©2017 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 2017The The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering Keywords: Social sustainability, Appropriate technology, Local Oriented Manufacturing, Sustainable manufacturing
1. Introduction Currently, many product life cycles go across many areas and countries. For example, a product is developed in Japan, manufactured in China, sold and used in Thailand, sold again as second hand product in Laos, and dumped in Laos. Each area has its own locality (for example; economy, legislation, consumer behavior). The locality may influence on all phases of product life cycle and may raise some requirements to product life cycle. However, design methodology that resolves the locality does not exist. On the other hand, one of the essential issues of social sustainability is disparity between developing countries and developed countries. One of the approaches to decrease the disparity is to raise the quality of life in developing countries by diffusing products and services. In this context, Tanaka proposed appropriate technology [2]. Advanced technologies in those countries do not always bring the best results in because
of the characteristics of developing countries. Therefore, technologies used for those countries should fit to the characteristics of developing countries. We have proposed Local Oriented Manufacturing (LOMan) as a concept to encourage designers to focus on locality at manufacturing and use stages, especially in developing countries [1]. We have also proposed Local Oriented Manufacturing Map (LOMmap) as a method of knowledge representation of influences from locality and requirements for a design object to mitigate the influences, in order to support design for LOMan. This paper illustrates a case study of the application of LOMmap for clarifying its advantages and issues. Section 2 summarizes LOMan and the tool of LOMmap. Section 3 illustrates the result of an experimental design using LOMmap and clarifies the issues. Section 4 proposes a new knowledge representation scheme for solving the issues. Section 5 concludes this paper.
2212-8271 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.187
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Fig. 1 Image of LOMan[1]
2. Local Oriented Manufacturing and LOMmap In our previous study, we proposed “Local Oriented Manufacturing (LOMan)” [1] as a concept focusing on the relationship between locality and design and manufacturing. Fig. 1 represents the image of LOMan. Especially, we focus on the design methodology for LOMan (LOMan design). At the first step to develop the methodology, we investigated cases in which locality may influence on product design and found that the following three kinds of information are needed for LOMan design. 1. Information on the product life cycle and the areas where the individual processes of the life cycle are executed. 2. Information on the potential influences of the locality on a product life cycle and potential candidates of countermeasures for them, if the influences have negative effects. 3. Information on the product. To represent these three kind of information, we proposed “Local Oriented Manufacturing map” (LOMmap) as a knowledge representation scheme for supporting the LOMan design. Fig. 2 represents the relationship between the three kind
of information and LOMmap. LOMmap aims to support a designer in comprehending the locality, the product, and relationship between them and determining the specification of the product for LOMan design. Fig. 3 represents the structure of LOMmap; LOMmap consists of a value chain graph, checklists, and a product information model. The value chain graph represents information on product life cycle and locality. Each element of value chain graph represents information on stakeholders, flows of resources, areas involved with each process of product life cycle, locality in the area, and a checklist. The checklist represents potential influences of locality on a product and potential candidates of countermeasures to them. A check item in the checklist refers some elements of product information model. The product information model represents the structure of a product. When the designer use LOMmap, the designer first chooses an element of value chain graph and checks its checklist. Then, the designer understands the requirements caused from locality and conceiving countermeasures to the requirements by referencing product information model and locality. 3. Experimental LOMan design Based on the result of a field survey in Vietnam, we carried out a case study of LOMan design taking a refrigerator as an example. The objective of the case study is to design a refrigerator for Vietnam by using LOMmap and find out advantages and issues in using LOMmap. In this case study, we focused on its use phase. To make LOMmap, first we made a value chain model and a checklist in the use phase from the investigation. Then, we made a product information model of a refrigerator by referring a refrigerator for Japan. The refrigerator is TOSHIBA GRM38KC. Table 1 represents the specification of the refrigerator.
Fig. 3 Structure of LOMmap [1] Fig. 2 Requirements for the LOMan design [1]
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 4 (a) before modification in door pocket (b) after modification in door pocket
Next, we started modification design of the refrigerator so as to fit to the Vietnam market by using the LOMmap. As a result, we listed up requirements and found out solutions for them as shown in Table 2. The average height of female Vietnamese is 152.2cm [4]. By making the height of the body lower, Vietnamese females can easily use refrigerators. According to the result of the field survey in Vietnam, equipped ice box is in the refrigerator was full and some bowls were used to preserve ice cubes and freezer room was filled by foods. Lager capacity to preserve ice cubes are needed to the ice room and the freezer. To achieve those requirements, we made modifications in refrigerator. Fig. 4 represents an example of modification in door pocket. The left side of Fig. 4 is before modification and the right side is after modification. According to the result of the field survey, bottles used to preserve seasoning and foods in Vietnam are smaller than bottles used in Japan and the door pockets are used Table 1 Specification of GR-M38KC [3] Type
GR-M38KC
Manufacturer
Toshiba
Total capacity(L)
384
Capacity (Refrigeration room:L)
202
Capacity(Freezer:L)
85
Capacity (Vegetable room:L)
72
Multipurpose room
25
Refrigerant
HFC-134a
Size (w*d*h:mm)
600*688*1780
to support the bottles in Vietnam. The size of the door pocket should be fit to the smaller bottles used in Vietnam. Fig. 5 represents another example of modification in ice room. The left side of Fig. 5 is before modification and the right side is after modification. Before modification, there is one ice maker in the room. After modification, there are three ice makers in the room. The modification is carried out to solve the problem caused by the fact that users in Vietnam consume ice much more than those in Japan and single ice maker is not enough. From the result of the case study, we confirmed the advantages of LOMmap; by using the LOMmap, we succeeded in describing requirements from locality in Vietnam on the refrigerator, structuring the relationship between components of refrigerator and locality in Vietnam, and developing solutions of the requirements. On the other hand, we found some issues to solve in using LOMmap. First, the product information model can represent Table 2 Change in specification of the refrigerator Before
After
Reason
Body
Height㸸 1760
Height㸸1550
Vegetable compartment
Height㸸364
Height㸸300
Freezer
Height㸸338
Height㸸400
Refrigeration room Vegetable compartment
Height㸸781
Height㸸800
6㸫8Υ
10Υ
Door
See Fig 4
Internal size changed See fig 4
Freezer
See Fig. 5
See Fig. 5
Multipurpose room
The refrigerator contains multipurpose room
Removed
By making the refrigerator low, Vietnamese can easily use the refrigerator To make the refrigerator low, the height of the vegetable component should be lower. The freezer should be larger. The freezer, freezer should be larger. Vegetable compartment should preserve vegetable within one day and temperature in the vegetable should be more high to save energy. To support the bottles used to preserves seasoning and foods in Vietnam. To ensure the capacity to preserve ice cubes, internal boxes in freezer shod be changed To ensure the capacity of other rooms, the room is removed
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4. New scheme to describe locality
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5 (a) before modification in ice room (b) after modification in ice room
only information on structure and properties of the product. Product information model cannot represent other information; for example, advertisement. When we make checklists in other phases of a product life cycle, we may need other models for representing these kinds of information related with the product. Second, since the LOMmap is prepared with information on an existing product, it can support modification design of the existing product. If a new type of product is needed to improve daily life, we need some other scheme to describe locality independent of information on the existing product.
To design a new product, a hopeful approach is perceiving points to improve by describing a target task. This section takes daily life as an example. Ciavola and Gershenson [5] proposed a representational hierarchy to clarify affordance in a phase of product life cycle. The hierarchy retains distinction between physical and intentional information on use phase of product. While this scheme is effective to describe daily life and locality, we should add factors to represent locality and points needed to be improved. We, therefore, extended the representational hierarchy so as to represent local daily life. The scheme includes the following factors; y Task: task to accomplish in use phase of product life cycle. y Environment: environment involved with the task besides products and stakeholders in the task. y Product: products involved with the task. y Stakeholder: stakeholders involved with the task. y Locality: situations specific to the area involved with the task. y Plan: plan to accomplish the task. The plan is developed by stakeholders who want to accomplish the task. y Action: actions to achieve the plan. y Change: changes in property of environment, product, and stakeholder as the result of actions. y Improvement point: When some changes have bad effects on stakeholders, products, environment, and actions, they should be reduced or improved. An improvement point represents a requirement for reducing and improving one of the bad effects. Fig. 6 represents an example of new scheme. We describe cleaning the floor of house in Vietnam by using the new scheme. In the example, the task is cleaning the floor. The stakeholder involved with the task is a user. The product involved with the task is a mop. The environment involved with the task is situation in the house in Vietnam. In the investigation in Vietnam, mud defiles the floor and the material of floor is tile. In this example, they are locality involved with situation in house. By referencing the task, the stakeholder, the locality, the product, and the environment, the user decides and intends to clean mud from using the mop as the plan. To achieve the plan, they are two actions. First action is Rubbing the floor by using mop. Second action is cleaning mop. In those actions, we found 5 changes (See Fig. 6). From them, we found two improvement point in cleaning the floor. Fist point is decreasing the exhaustion in arms. Second point is cleaning the mop without making hands dirty. These improvement points are needed to be achieved in the new product. By perceiving these points through using this new scheme, the designer who wants to design a new product to improve daily life of Vietnam may be able to get some cues for the product. 5. Conclusions In this paper, first, we explained LOMan. Then, we illustrated a case study of LOMan design. The case study revealed that
Fig. 6 An example of the new scheme
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LOMmap succeeded in representing all information obtained by the filed study in Vietnam. On the other hand, we found two issues of LOMmap; representing product related information and designing novel products. To solve the latter issue, we proposed a hierarchical representation of a task to support a designer to find out improving points in a task as described in Section 4. Future works includes development of a design methodology using the hierarchical representation, experimental use of the new scheme, and its implementation.
Acknowledgement A part of this work was supported by JKA, Japan and Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 16KT0102, JSPS. References [1] Tomoyuki Tamura,Hideki Kobayashi, Yasushi Umeda. In: Proposal of a Design Method for Local Oriented Manufacturing in Developing Countries. Sustainability Through Innovation in Product Life Cycle Design; 2016. [2] Nao Tanaka. Appropriate technology and alternative society. Tokyo: Iwanami syoten; 2012 (In Japanese). [3] NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION. Summary of main findings of General nutrition survey 2009-2010, Hanoi: Vietnam; 2012 [4] Toshiba. Servicce guide of gr-m38kc; 1995 [5] Benjamin T. Ciavola1, John K. Gershenson1. Affordance theory for engineering design. In: Res Eng Design; 2016. Vol.27.p. 251-263
