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Energy (2017) 000–000 170–181 EnergyProcedia Procedia119 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and International Conference on Technologies and21-24 Materials Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES17, Aprilfor 2017, Beirut Lebanon Sustainability, TMREES17, 21-24 April 2017, Beirut Lebanon

Sustainability of the Expansion Areas for Coastal Touristic Sites The 15th Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Sites Sustainability ofInternational the Expansion Areas for Coastal Touristic “E.A.C.T.S” Such as the case of El-Aouana in Algeria: Indicators “E.A.C.T.S” Such as the case of El-Aouana in Algeria: Indicators Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor for considering biodiversity for considering biodiversity temperature function1 for a long-term2, district heat demand forecast 3 Said Grimes1, Ammar Bouchair2,*, Hocine Tebbouche3 Said Grimesa , Ammar Bouchair *, Hocine Tebbouche a,b,c a b c 1,2,3 I. Andrić *, ofA. Pina , P. Ferrão , J.and Fournier B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc Department Architecture, Faculty of Sciences Technology,., University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, 1,2,3

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Architecture, Faculty: of Sciences and Technology, University Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, BP 98 OuledDepartment Aissa, 18000ofJijel, Algeria, E-mail [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected] IN+BP Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy - Instituto Superior,Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais [email protected] 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal 98 Ouled Aissa, 18000 Jijel, Algeria, E-mailResearch : [email protected] [email protected], b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract Abstract There are many forms of tourism that can be described as "viable" industries, but fail to take into account biodiversity when Abstract There arethe many formsofofsites. tourism that can be described "viable" industries, but fail differently to take intobut account biodiversity when studying planning All these forms of tourismasseek to achieve sustainability all agree for the need to studying sites. of Allhuman these activities forms of tourism seek to achieve sustainability differently all agree for resource the needfor to minimizethe the planning negative of impacts on the environment. However, they consume morebut non-renewable District heating networks areofcommonly addressed in environment. the literature However, as one of they the most effective solutions for decreasing the minimize human activities on the consume moretonon-renewable for the searchthe of negative comfort impacts to satisfy customers who become more and more demanding and sensitive the ecology ofresource the visited greenhouse gas emissions from customers the building sector. These systems require high investments whichtoarethereturned through the heat the search of comfort to satisfy who become more and more demanding and sensitive ecology of the visited places. Coastal biodiversity offers inestimable wealth in terms of flora and fauna but this diversity is threatened by human sales. Due to the changed offers climate conditionswealth and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, places. biodiversity inestimable in terms of flora Various and fauna but this is sustainability threatened byof human activitiesCoastal that attack it directly by soil erosion, overfishing and pollution. methods fordiversity evaluating urban prolonging the investment return period. activities that attack it and directly by soil erosion, and pollution. Various fornames evaluating sustainability urban planning instruments touristic sights are overfishing applied throughout the world withmethods different and impact studiesofon the The maininstruments scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using thethe heat demand temperature function for heat on demand planning and touristic with– outdoor different namestheand studies environment. Our purpose here is to sights exploreare theapplied researchthroughout works done in world this subject and implement roleimpact of biodiversity in the forecast. TheOur district of here Alvalade, locatedthe in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a and caseimplement study. The consisted in of the 665 environment. purpose iswhich to explore works donefor in this subject thedistrict role ofinisbiodiversity tourism and hotels and to verify indicatorsresearch could be adopted taking into account the biodiversity the studies of the buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district tourism andArea hotels to verify whichSites indicators could such be adopted for taking into account the west biodiversity in the studies of the Expansion andand Touristic Coastal (E.A.C.T.S) as El-Aouana town situated in the of Jijel city, Algeria. renovationArea scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, To estimate the error, heat city, demand values were Expansion and Touristic Coastal Sites (E.A.C.T.S) such as deep). El-Aouana town situated in theobtained west of Jijel Algeria. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Published Elsevier results showed that when by only weatherLtd. change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications ©The 2017 The Authors. Authors. Published by Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility responsibility of Elsevier the Euro-Mediterranean Euro-Mediterranean Institute for for Sustainable Sustainable Development Development (EUMISD). (EUMISD). Peer-review under of the Institute (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather considered). However, after introducing renovation Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institutescenarios for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Keywords: sights, eco-tourism, assessment, biodiversity, El-Aouana, E.A.C.T.S, indicators, sustainability. The value of slope coefficient increased on average withinE.A.C.T.S, the range of 3.8%sustainability. up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Keywords: sights, eco-tourism, assessment, biodiversity, El-Aouana, indicators, decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-(0) 26 88, fax:Committee +213-(0) 34of50The 26 88. Peer-review under responsibility of 34 the50Scientific 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding Tel.: +213-(0) 34 50 26 88, fax: +213-(0) 34 50 26 88. E-mail address:author. [email protected] Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 2017demand; The Authors. Published Elsevier Ltd. Keywords:©Heat Forecast; Climatebychange 1876-6102 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). Peer-review©under the Euro-Mediterranean Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.066

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Said Grimes et al. / Energy Procedia 119 (2017) 170–181 S. Grimes, A. Bouchair, H. Tebbouche / / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

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1. Introduction The ecotourism is a pillar of the global economy and an activity of leisure and relaxation for the entire population and an important means of highlighting natural resources. Nomenclature E.A.T.C.S T.N.P IUCN IHRA GHG ANDT SDAT PAW P.D.A.U CPT

Expansion Area and Touristic Coastal Sites radius of Taza National Park International Union for Conservation of Nature International Hotel & restaurant Association Greenhouse Gas National Agency for Tourism Development (Agence Nationale de Développement Touristique) National (Schéma Diretceur d’Aménagement Touristique) Wilaya Master Plan of installation (Plan d’Aménagement de laWilaya) Master Plan for installation and Urbanism (Plan Directeur d’Aménagement et d’urbanisme) Technical prescriptions document (Cahier des prescriptions techniques)

The increase of polluting industrial activities on the coast (hydrocarbons, food, and energy, mining..) generates waste and discharges without prior treatment and the absence of laws, regulations and structures in charge of the tourism sector in the environmental field of the E.A.C.T.S causes poor tourism product and serious impacts on the environment and biodiversity. The publications on this topic are new and contradictory. Robinson & Picard [1], put into perspective the risks associated to the development of ecotourism in fragile ecosystems, with the dangers of changing from a traditional economy, based on exploitation of natural resources, towards a tourism-related economy. Michel [2] underlines a risk of folk culture facing the tourism development including ecotourism. Honey [3] evokes, on the contrary, a vision of ecotourism as a new tool for the conservation of protected sites. She estimates “It is a way to fund the conservation and the scientific research, to protect the virgin and fragile ecosystems, to benefit rural communities, to promote the development of poor countries, to enhance ecological and cultural sensitivity, and stimulate social and environmental awareness to the tourism industry". The ecotourism, despite his well-meaning character, developed after the ecologist movement of the seventies, due to the interest of the public for environment and natural voyages and the dissatisfaction against classical tourism, has harmful effects on the coastal environment and requires a measured and specific approach [4]. Bouchair [5] presented a study where it was shown how modern urban transformations caused the decline of traditional urban areas of M’zab valley. Sustainability features of vernacular architecture in Southern Algeria were thoroughly presented by [6] where it was shown how local communities can adapt with hostile environment without damaging it. A study of the impact of building envelopes on energy performance and the environmental for three touristic establishments (hotels) built in different climates using a life cycle analysis approach was made [7]. The assessment was performed using PLEIADES software tools. The results show that it is possible to reduce the energy requirements of both traditional and standard building envelopes by assigning low-consumption building scenarios. Our vision is that biodiversity can help managers and investors in ecotourism to develop, humanize and decorate the local sights if the studies are based on significant indicators considering the biodiversity elements to be developed while planning eco-touristic projects. How to transform the site of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana to an attractive and relaxation place without retorts to nature and biodiversity is the question that comes to mind at first. The other question aims to know, which indicators to certify ecological and friend of the biodiversity for a touristic establishment? To verify our hypothesis, we have organized our paper in two parts: The first part concerns the analytic aspect of the research and aims to explore the scientific researches made in the ecotourism domain and implements the role of biodiversity in it. The second part deals with empiric data relative to indicators of sustainable tourism and ecotourism on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana and proposes new indicators that helps developing biodiversity on E.A.C.T.S.

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Because of the specificity of tourism activities on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana in Algeria near the outstanding Taza National Park (T.N.P), especially its marine part, and the needs of local population, our approach will be to analyse the environmental impacts of a tourism friend of nature and inhabitants: Ecotourism as defined by Dabour [8], « Since the years when the concept was first defined, a general consensus has developed on the basic elements of ecotourism as follows: It (1) contributes to conservation of biodiversity, (2) sustains the well-being of local people, (3) includes an interpretation/learning experience, (4) involves responsible action on the part of tourists and the tourism industry, (5) requires the lowest possible consumption of non- renewable resources, and (6) stresses local participation, ownership and business opportunities, particularly for rural people». In other circumstances, some researchers [9] think that a compact city can be a useful tool to achieve urban sustainability goals. Ecotourism, which may contribute, in our opinion, better than any other form of tourism, in protecting the local coastline ecosystem, sensitive to all kinds of impacts. Fig.1. shows the location of Jijel province. Fig. 2. shows the E.A.C.T.S and T.N.P position in El-Aouana.

Fig.1. Geographical position of the E.A.C.T.S and T.N.P of El-Aouana, Jijel, Algeria. Figure adapted by the author from the P.D.A.U of Jijel.

Fig. 2. Geographical position of the E.A.C.T.S and T.N.P of El-Aouana, Jijel, Algeria. Figure adapted by the author from the P.D.A.U of Jijel.

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The region of El-Aouana has interesting natural wealth and the E.A.C.T.S has an important tourist attraction. It is characterized by charming sites, diverse landscapes, various beaches, an almost virgin coastline and a central location regarding the largest national touristic circuit, a dominant forest hinterland, raised by the National Park of Taza, and biodiversity of the protected despite the existence of threats due to the lack of economic resources for indigenous and robbing operations, see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. As a synthesis, we have discussed the results and tried to enrich them so that the selected indicators of biodiversity to be developed on the sights could be able to convert E.A.C.T.S in an ecofriendly touristic site. We develop, as a conclusion, the main indicators of biodiversity to be integrated in any specification or study relative to coastal touristic zones in the Mediterranean region.

Fig. 3. Overall view of the town of El-Aouana and its E.A.C.T.S seen from the heights of Taza National Park. (Source: author)

Fig. 4. The E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana seen from the bird lake, a classified biodiversity area. (Source: author)

The interest of this paper is to allow actors and decision makers of ecotourism to select and choice the better indicators while planning for tourism projects on the Mediterranean coast. To reach the goal fixed, we have based our research in the theoretic field on the recent publications in the domain of sustainable tourism and biodiversity and also on the investigations launched towards experts and professionals of urbanism and tourism through the comparison between the study made for the E.A.C.T.S and approved by the government and the check-list we made for the empiric aspect of E.A.C.T.S. The ecotourism is a responsible tourism. It needs a good environmental quality in exploiting natural resources, legacy, the beauty of landscape, the climate, the use of locally available materials, the air quality and so on. This environmental awareness should be included in a measurable approach and oriented by the sustainability principles shown in table 1.

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Table 1. Shutters check by the company that is moving towards sustainability Sector Action Water Ozone laundry system, rain water harvesting, selection of native plants Waste Reduction of material consumption, reuse, recycling and composting Energy Control System in rooms, computer system, renewable energy Education/awareness Volunteering and employee engagement, customer awareness and involvement, training of managers through seminars Air quality Non-toxic cleaning products Biodiversity Protection of fauna and flora Patrimony Preservation of the patrimonial heritage Transportation Shuttle, public transportation Management Integrated Vision, setting up an environmental committee and a management plan and sustainable operational activities, procedures and policies Community Support community vision of the community, buying local products, suppliers, labor and regional business partners. Source : http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2010_3rd/Sep10_10GreenPractices.html" \t "_blank

2. Environmental impact studies of E.A.C.T.S The purpose of the environmental impact study is to:  Identify and assess the significance of the anticipated impacts of the project on the physical, biological and human, as well as the noise climate and landscape,  Evaluate and measure the direct and indirect effects in the short, medium and long term project  Propose appropriate measures to mitigate identified impacts and optimize the integration of the project in the receiving environment  Ensure integration of constraints and opportunities inherent to the new environment in the infrastructure design process. Two important indicators of sustainability are generally considered in impact studies on the environment of E.A.C.T.S and are simultaneously indicators to measure the direct impact on biodiversity for each component of the territory. These are: 1-Erosion processes: the surface of the ground lost should not exceed a certain percentage per unit area. If this is the case, we must reconsider the land use policies. 2-Transport: The share of train travel market should increase (growth of Train> auto growth) The ecotourism, which developed following the environmental movement of the early 1970s and the growing public interest in the environment and nature travel-oriented, coupled with the dissatisfaction regarding the harm of mass tourism, showed that there was a place for alternative tourism [10-14]. The ecotourism is a responsible tourism. “It is to visit places while respecting biodiversity and local communities. It must have minor negative effects on the environment and contribute to the well-being of local population and its effects are measurable” [15, 16]. The ecotourism needs a good environmental quality by exploiting the natural resources, heritage, scenic beauty, the nature of the climate, the use of natural and local materials, the air quality, etc. All of these elements will influence the ecotourism activity either in good or bad way by many impacts that must be treated at the beginning of any development study of E.A.C.T.S. Ecotourism could thus encourage significant investments in the field of environmental protection. This environmental awareness must be included in a measured approach, guided by the objectives of the economic, social and environmental sustainability as summarized in Table1. A measure of impact type is carbon footprint, particularly for GHG emissions in the case of green buildings, which includes the impact study on population, land and ecosystems [17]. These impacts are measurable by characterization and standardization, derived from consumption. On the other hand, the environment will be affected by the nature of the tourism product and the way it exploits the environment (protects and makes the site available, use local materials, etc.). However, the impact of ecotourism on the environment can be notorious: misuse of a site or equipment leads to its degradation, indeed its destruction, if the attendance threshold is exaggerated, reducing then the time for natural

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regeneration (natural or artificial spaces, historic buildings, equipment, etc.). It is necessary to respect attendance threshold, which is rarely practiced for economic reasons but also by lack of conviction and monitoring. For the first study of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana, that ought to be sustainable, at Jijel, shows how little importance is given by the design office ISIS (a foreign office) to the impact assessment on the environment according to the established standards of sustainable development (Table 2). Table 2. The indicators of the biodiversity for the establishment of the evaluation grid of tourism projects [17]. For Fauna For Flora Number of species

Number of species (Counting of species)

Number of individuals of species identified

% species of primitive flora / area occupied by species

Area occupied by species % of deteriorated area

Vegetation cover % of deteriorated area

But, we may not blame the design office when no specifications oblige it to apply ecotourism approach in ElAouana. Especially that up to now, neither the “SRAT”, the “SDAT” for the Wilaya of JIJEL or the “P.D.A.U” of the council of El-Aouana, have been aligned relative to the specifications of this area that requires sustainable tourism. Even if the “SDAT” recognizes that the coastal ecosystem is subject to several dangers in that, unplanned urbanization, discharges of wastewater and the degradation of the dune cordon and sees this area as sensitive, especially it is located near the T.N.P and the marine protected area, and should receive touristic activities environmentally concerned. The environmental component of the ISIS study design office has in fact been only limited to two factors: The accommodation (carrying) capacity and the number of beds per hectare. 3. Environmental impacts for the E.A.C.T.S of EL-Aouana 3.1. Positive impacts: Tourism in El Aouana is a phenomenon that has positive effects on the economy and the image of the city. In that we mention:  Awareness: an important tourism development encourages the authorities to take environmental issues into account,  Economic: tourism is the primary economic sector which offers jobs and income, and foreign currency transfer,  Contribution to the development of other sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and fisheries and develops access to the city,  Promotion of the embellishment operations of the city: heritage renovation, landscaping, views, trails, etc. 3.2. Negative impacts: Tourism put chemical and physical pressure on the E.A.C.T.S environment observed during summer 2014, these are:  Solid waste from hotels: Hotels are large producers of solid waste and the means of collection, storage and processing are not sufficient,  The deterioration of the water quality of the coast,  Throwing away of waste water: most hotels dump their discards in the absence of proper sewage treatment plant to the institution,  Oil leak from ships: regulations prohibit discards but control is absent,  Increased demand of drinking water with fewer infrastructures, eventually becoming a source of concern for residents,  Coastal erosion: Most hotels are built near the sea, which have the effect of accelerating coastal erosion and damaging coastal biodiversity.  Over-consumption of natural resources:  Land consumption and conflicts of space on a very narrow coastal plain,

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  

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Loss of wetlands in the coastal plain, Deforestation and loss of plant species that prevent, Over-exploitation of marine resources: fish, corals, and shells.

Tourism also has indirect effects on biodiversity, particularly through the use of traditional dishes with the cooking method using the littoral vegetation. The grilled corn on a charcoal fire whose raw material is found to be bushes that protect cords dune beaches. The lack of sensibility towards the environment is reveled throw the lack of good citizenship and the gesture which consist in getting rid of waste anywhere on the site after use. The fact is so serious since that goes till leaving all the strewn on the sand of the beach after departure. Fig 5a and 5b shows the damage caused to the environment and the very bad sensation that this nuisance creates near the visitors and the local inhabitants. On the other hand, the relationship between tourism and the natural environment is ambivalent and confrontational by the fact that the existing potential for a relationship based on reciprocal benefits destroyed the cooperative relationship that is supposed to exist through ecotourism and fig.6 shows this reciprocity and the example of the Becharre region in Lebanon is significant [18-19]. a

b

Fig. 5. Tourism effects on biodiversity: a: The use of traditional dishes to cook using the littoral vegetation, b: pollution. (Source: author)

Similarly, the understanding and the acceptance of the principles of biodiversity and sustainability by a growing portion of the population was also involved in the development of ecotourism. It becomes synonymous to the benefit of nature, landscapes and species while respecting the ecosystem balance and antonyms to mass tourism. This, on the contrary, degrades the natural environment through the development of bad practices of habitations and landscapes, the reduction of natural resources, etc. 4. E.A.C.T.S sustainability and respect of biodiversity The four levels that characterize the sustainability of E.A.C.T.S are:  Physical carrying capacity, the absolute limit of the number of tourists that a destination can withstand,  Ecological carrying capacity, the level of flow beyond which unacceptable ecological impacts are recognized (damage to the ecosystem)  Social carrying capacity, the limit beyond which unacceptable changes begin to affect the social lifestyle of local people,  Socio-touristic carrying capacity, is the limit beyond which the visitor satisfaction will drop because of too much flow. The E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana extends over an area of 167 hectares and developable surface provided by the design office covers about 80 hectares, which represents over 50% of undeveloped land. The total number of beds provided in the E.A.C.T.S was 30 beds / hectare, or about 2400 beds/80 hectares. The planned development should respond to nature conservation requirements with a "limited and adequate service", Development of the "resort" with landscaped treatment quality, Construction of tourist units with local materials, projecting low-rise buildings and incorporate the requirements of natural comfort such as ventilation, heating, use and treatment of water.

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Fig. 6. Tourism growth effects on biodiversity, and their relation with the coastal vegetation [20].

The area of developed land is 119 000 m2 (about 12 hectares), or about 15% of the area of developable area of ZEST where 22 000 m² for 4-star, 26000 m² for hotels 2* and 54000 m² for 140 villas [21]. Instead of reproducing the existing, it would have been better to analyze the many deficiencies that make our E.A.C.T.S unsustainable urban areas and measure the impact on the natural environment and public health, for which palliatives must be found before the startup of the installations and this concern mainly:  The pressure on the natural environment (high traffic density on a small sensitive area, invasion on wetlands, damage to coastal biodiversity)  The problem of contamination of land and water,  Loss of natural character of several media (deforestation of banks, availability of shelter for boats, etc.)  Difficulty of access to water (privatization of banks)  Presence of uncontrolled dumps and landscape degradation,  Accelerated eutrophication of water bodies and degradation of aquatic environments,  Ecological potential loss. These are points that deserved attention from design offices, which merely principles of town planning and neglected the principles of eco-urbanism and ecotourism [22]. At no time was there any question of urban environmental approach, either on the data sheet or on the “CPT”, which proves that the study is based on a classical techno-economic approach limited to the first three keys of a sustainable tourism study as developed by [20]. The intention was probably to occupy all the affected land, but without any attention to biodiversity, as provided by IUCN and IHRA, for participation in the protection of fauna and flora. The nearby lake birds, the marine

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protected area and T.N.P are however motivations for ecotourism on the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana that could be of use to tourists, nature and indigenous. It is in this sense that we have sent a questionnaire to various actors in the tourism development of the Wilaya of Jijel. The results are thus exploited and compared to a traditional view of tourism projects [23] in the context of globalization and based on a set of specifications such as HQE to the attention of designers (work supervisors). This effort remains, however, to be completed with a series of applications in the field, to the image of those recommended by the Accor Group [24]. The relevance of tests on the indicators in the four partner countries by the Acting for Life program [25] and the URBIO index for urban biodiversity [26] were used to select the understanding indicators for tourism projects, namely: liquid waste treatment, solid waste treatment, physical impact, water consumption, although other indicators exist, see table 3 and table 4. Thirty-five-room hotel located just off the centre including a bar, restaurant and cafeteria was the first target to analyse beside the project of the E.A.C.T.S of El-Aouana. These results enable to note that this hotel ranks in Group B with a score of 11 out of 23 and the EACTS in category B with a score of 07/23. Table 3. Thirty-five-room hotel located just off the center including a bar, restaurant and cafeteria [25]. Result Project 2

Result Project 1

Ratio for Project 2 (ElAouan Ratio for Project 1

valuati on referen tial

Ratio type 1-Time to browse 20Km 2-% area to tourist use / area. Total 3-% of treated liquid waste 4-% solid waste treated or disposed at an authorized waste 5-% of solar energy used / total energy used 6-Job creation per room 7-% staff trained 8-% French speaking staff / total staff 9-% literate staff / total staff 10-% of national clients / customer’s total 11-Distance from the nearest doctor 12-Financial or in nature 13-Information on child protection, ID control 14-% of purchasing local products compared to the total value of purchases 15-% of purchasing local products compared to the total value of purchases 16-% of products materials purchases inwardly relative to the total purchases value 17-% of cultural expenditure / total expenditure 18-Existence of a connection and an Internet address 19-Existence of a Web site

< 01 h - de 35% 100% 100% 20% 1.5 30% 75% 75% 20%