Sustainable Construction for Singapore's Urban ... - Science Direct

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 14 – 21

6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0

6XVWDLQDEOHFRQVWUXFWLRQIRU6LQJDSRUH¶VXUEDQLQIUDVWUXFWXUH± VRPHUHVHDUFKILQGLQJV .KLP&K\H*DU\2QJD a

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Univeristy of Singapore, Singapore

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¶V LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\QHHGVLVSUHVHQWHG 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016. Keywords:6XVWDQDEOHFRQVWUXFWLRQXUEDQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHPLFURZDYHDVVLVWHGEHQHILFLDWLRQGHVLJQIRUGLVDVVHPEO\

,QWURGXFWLRQ 0RUH WKDQ KDOI WKH ZRUOG OLYHV LQ FLWLHV DQG WKLV LV H[SHFWHG WR JURZ 0DQ\ FLWLHV FDQ DIIRUG WKH ROG PRGHO RI XUEDQVSUDZOZKHUHWKHFLW\ERXQGDU\JURZVRXWZDUGV+RZHYHULQFLW\VWDWHVOLNH6LQJDSRUHHYROYLQJDFLW\RIWKH IXWXUHZLOOEHYHU\GLIIHUHQW6LQJDSRUHDVDFLW\VWDWHZLWKYLUWXDOO\QRQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVKDVXQLTXHQHHGVWREHPHW LQGHYHORSLQJDKROLVWLFPRGHODQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUDOVROXWLRQVIRUIXWXUHVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQGHYHORSPHQW7KLVLQFOXGHV DGRSWLQJ EXLOGLQJ GHVLJQV FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRGV DQG PDWHULDOV WKDW DUH HQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\ DV ZHOO DV XVLQJ PDWHULDOVDQGUHVRXUFHVWKDWKDYHVXVWDLQDEOHVXSSOLHV

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:FHHRQJNF#QXVHGXVJ

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.305

15

Khim Chye Gary Ong / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 14 – 21

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nalytical results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

)LJ6NHWFKRIWKHPLFURZDYHKHDWLQJV\VWHP)LJ5DGLDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVLQFRQFUHWHDIWHUVHFRQGVRI PLFURZDYHKHDWLQJDW*+]IUHTXHQF\

16


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

)LJ3RUHSUHVVXUHLQVDWXUDWHGFRQFUHWHDIWHUVHFRQGVRIPLFURZDYHKHDWLQJ

7KH IHDVLELOLW\ RI WKH QHZ SLORW PLFURZDYH DVVLVWHG EHQHILFLDWLRQ V\VWHP WR LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI 5&$ ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHGE\PRGHOLQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVHDQGSORWWLQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQLQLQGLYLGXDO5&$SDUWLFOHV ZKHQVXEMHFWHGWRKLJKIUHTXHQF\PLFURZDYHKHDWLQJ7KHSDUWLFOHVZHUHDVVXPHGWREHVSKHULFDODQGW\SLFDOUHVXOWV )LJ VKRZVWKDWDKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQWLDOPD\EHGHYHORSHGLQWKHOD\HURIDGKHULQJFHPHQWLWLRXVPRUWDU HVSHFLDOO\DWWKHLQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQWKHQDWXUDOJUDQLWHDJJUHJDWHDQGWKHDGKHULQJFHPHQWLWLRXVPRUWDU7KHVHKLJK WHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQWLDOVUHVXOWLQKLJKWKHUPDOVWUHVVHVDWWKHLQWHUIDFLDO]RQH,7=DQGWKXVDUHHIIHFWLYHO\KDUQHVVHG LQGHWDFKLQJWKHDGKHULQJFHPHQWLWLRXVPRUWDUSRUWLRQIURPWKH5&$7KHVSDOOLQJGHSWKRIWKHVXUIDFHOD\HURIWKH DJJUHJDWH SDUWLFOH DQG WKH PLFURZDYH H[SRVXUH WLPH IRU VSDOOLQJ WR WDNH SODFH DUH LQYHUVHO\ SURSRUWLRQDO WR PLFURZDYHIUHTXHQF\ 2QFH WKH DGKHULQJ FHPHQWLWLRXV PRUWDU LV GHODPLQDWHG IURP WKH VXUIDFH RI 5&$ WKH \LHOG DQG TXDOLW\ RI WKH UHVXOWDQW DJJUHJDWHV ZRXOG LPSURYH VLJQLILFDQWO\ ([SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV REWDLQHG FRQILUPHG WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI WKH PLFURZDYHDVVLVWHGEHQHILFLDWLRQV\VWHPWRUHPRYHWKHDGKHULQJPRUWDUZLWKLQDYHU\VKRUWSHULRGRIH[SRVXUH)LJ VKRZV VDPSOHV RI DJJUHJDWH SDUWLFOHV DIWHU EHLQJ VXEMHFWHG WR PLFURZDYH KHDWLQJ 7KH DGKHULQJ FHPHQWLWLRXV PRUWDU GHWDFKHG FOHDQO\ IURP WKH JUDQLWH DJJUHJDWHV /LJKW EUXVKLQJ LV VXIILFLHQW WR GLVORGJH WKH ORRVHO\ DWWDFKHG PRUWDU DIWHU PLFURZDYH KHDWLQJ 7KH RULJLQDO VXUIDFH RI WKH JUDQLWH DJJUHJDWH ZDV FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH )LJ 7KH DQDO\WLFDO UHVXOWV REWDLQHG \LHOGHG UHVXOWV ZKLFK ZHUH RI PXFK XVH DV EDFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI D SLORWPLFURZDYHDVVLVWHGEHQHILFLDWLRQIDFLOLW\WRLPSURYHWKH\LHOGDQGTXDOLW\RI5&$>@7KHSURFHVVHVLQYROYHG FDQEHIXUWKHUILQHWXQHGWRDGGUHVVYDULRXVGHFRQWDPLQDWLRQKDQGOLQJSURGXFWLRQVWRUDJHDQGVDIHW\QHHGVIRUD IXOO\ IXQFWLRQDO V\VWHP WR EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH DFWXDO SURGXFWLRQ RI 5&$ XVLQJ WKLV PLFURZDYHDVVLVWHG EHQHILFLDWLRQV\VWHP

17


D 6DWXUDWHG5&$SDUWLFOHE $LUGULHG5&$SDUWLFOH )LJ7HPSHUDWXUH7HPSHUDWXUHJUDGLHQW1RUPDOVWUHVVDQGWDQJHQWLDOVWUHVVLQD5&$SDUWLFOHVXEMHFWHGWRPLFURZDYHVRIIUHTXHQF\ *+]DQGN:SRZHU

D %HIRUHEHQHILFLDWLRQE 6DPHSDUWLFOHDIWHUEHQHILFLDWLRQ )LJ6XUIDFHRI5&$EHIRUHDQGDIWHUPLFURZDYHDVVLVWHGEHQHILFLDWLRQ

18


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evelopment of DfD system (assemblies and components) 7R IDFLOLWDWH HDVH RI GLVDVVHPEO\ RI SUHFDVW VWUXFWXUDO FRPSRQHQWV VHYHUDO W\SHV RI FRQQHFWLRQ V\VWHPV ZHUH GHVLJQHG > @ )XOO VFDOH WHVWLQJ ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR VWXG\ WKH XOWLPDWH VHUYLFHDELOLW\ DQG GHPRXQWDELOLW\ SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SURSRVHG 'I' FRQQHFWLRQV )LJ LOOXVWUDWHV VFKHPDWLFDOO\ RQH H[DPSOH RI WKH SURSRVHG 'I' FRQQHFWLRQV)LQLWHHOHPHQWVLPXODWLRQZDVDOVRFRQGXFWHGWRSURYLGHGHHSHULQVLJKWVRQWKHFRQQHFWLRQV¶EHKDYLRU DQGSHUIRUPDQFH6WXG\RQWKHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQWHFKQLTXHVWREHXVHGZLWKWKHSURSRVHGSUHFDVWFRQQHFWLRQZDVDOVR SHUIRUPHG ZLWK D QRYHO SUHHPEHGGHG DQFKRU V\VWHPV 7KH WHVW UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH SURSRVHG FRQQHFWLRQV UHJLVWHUHGDGHTXDWHSHUIRUPDQFHWREHXVHGLQKLJKULVHUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVW\SLFDORIWKRVHIRXQGLQ6LQJDSRUH> @ 3.2 Information and management system to support Df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¶ FRQILJXUDWLRQV LQIRUPDWLRQ EXW DOVR DOO LQIRUPDWLRQ SHUWDLQLQJ WR DQ\ XSJUDGLQJ RU UHFRQGLWLRQLQJ ZRUNV>@FDUULHGRXWRQHDFKLQGLYLGXLDOFRPSRQHQWDQGVXEDVVHPEO\GXULQJVHUYLFH6XFKLQIRUPDWLRQKDYHEH FDSWXUHGVWRUHDQGPDGHDFFHVVLEOHIRUIXWXUHUHIHUHQFHIRUHDVHRIPDQDJHPHQWDQGUHIHUHQFH>@

19


)LJ3URSRVHG'I'FRQQHFWLRQVSHFLPHQXQGHUIRXUSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVWLQJ

)LJ9RQ0LVHVVWUHVVFRQWRXURIWKHPDLQVWHHOFRPSRQHQWVSUHVHQWLQDW\SLFDO'I'FRQQHFWLRQVXEMHFWHGWREHQGLQJPRPHQW

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jYLV XVLQJ WKH SURSRVHG'I'V\VWHP,WLVUHDOL]HGWKDWWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIWKH'I'FRQFHSWWRDW\SLFDOSUHFDVWKLJKULVHUHVLGHQWLDO VWUXFWXUH DW SUHVHQW WR LQFUHDVH LQLWLDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV DQG HPERGLHG HQHUJ\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV VLJQLILFDQW SRWHQWLDO VDYLQJVFRXOGEHREWDLQHGZKHQVXEVHTXHQWVHUYLFHOLIHF\FOHVDUHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ)RUWKHH[DPSOHVKRZQ FRVWVDYLQJVRIXSWRDQGDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHHPERGLHGHQHUJ\RIXSWRFRXOGEHREWDLQHGLQWKHDVVXPHG VFHQDULRRIWZRSKDVHVRIF\FOHVRIVHUYLFHOLIH

20


)LJ'I'LQIRUPDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP

)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIFRVWDQGHQHUJ\DQDO\VLVEHWZHHQFRQYHQWLRQDODQG'I'V\VWHP

3.3 DFD Prototypes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

21


)LJ+DOIVFDOHPRGHOVRI'I'SURWRW\SHV

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¶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±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