1.3 Previous reviews of electrochromism and electrochromic work. 6. 1.4 Criteria
and ... 978-0-521-82269-5 - Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices.
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82269-5 - Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices P. M. S. Monk, R. J. Mortimer and D. R. Rosseinsky Table of Contents More information
Contents
1
2
3
4
Preface page ix Acknowledgements xii List of symbols and units xiv List of abbreviations and acronyms xvii Introduction to electrochromism 1 1.1 Electrode reactions and colour: electrochromism 1 1.2 Non-redox electrochromism 3 1.3 Previous reviews of electrochromism and electrochromic work 6 1.4 Criteria and terminology for ECD operation 7 1.5 Multiple-colour systems: electropolychromism 17 References 18 A brief history of electrochromism 25 2.1 Bibliography; and ‘electrochromism’ 25 2.2 Early redox-coloration chemistry 25 2.3 Prussian blue evocation in historic redox-coloration processes 25 2.4 Twentieth century: developments up to 1980 27 References 30 Electrochemical background 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Equilibrium and thermodynamic considerations 34 3.3 Rates of charge and mass transport through a cell 41 3.4 Dynamic electrochemistry 46 References 51 Optical effects and quantification of colour 52 4.1 Amount of colour formed: extrinsic colour 52 4.2 The electrochromic memory effect 53 4.3 Intrinsic colour: coloration efficiency 54 4.4 Optical charge transfer (CT) 60 4.5 Colour analysis of electrochromes 62 References 71 v
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82269-5 - Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices P. M. S. Monk, R. J. Mortimer and D. R. Rosseinsky Table of Contents More information
vi
Contents
5 Kinetics of electrochromic operation 75 5.1 Kinetic considerations for type-I and type-II electrochromes: transport of electrochrome through liquid solutions 75 5.2 Kinetics and mechanisms of coloration in type-II bipyridiliums 79 5.3 Kinetic considerations for bleaching type-II electrochromes and bleaching and coloration of type-III electrochromes: transport of counter ions through solid electrochromes 79 5.4 Concluding summary 115 References 115 6 Metal oxides 125 6.1 Introduction to metal-oxide electrochromes 125 6.2 Metal oxides: primary electrochromes 139 6.3 Metal oxides: secondary electrochromes 165 6.4 Metal oxides: dual-metal electrochromes 190 References 206 7 Electrochromism within metal coordination complexes 253 7.1 Redox coloration and the underlying electronic transitions 253 7.2 Electrochromism of polypyridyl complexes 254 7.3 Electrochromism in metallophthalocyanines and porphyrins 258 7.4 Near-infrared region electrochromic systems 265 References 274 8 Electrochromism by intervalence charge-transfer coloration: metal hexacyanometallates 282 8.1 Prussian blue systems: history and bulk properties 282 8.2 Preparation of Prussian blue thin films 283 8.3 Electrochemistry, in situ spectroscopy and characterisation of Prussian blue thin films 285 8.4 Prussian blue electrochromic devices 289 8.5 Prussian blue analogues 291 References 296 9 Miscellaneous inorganic electrochromes 303 9.1 Fullerene-based electrochromes 303 9.2 Other carbon-based electrochromes 304 9.3 Reversible electrodeposition of metals 305 9.4 Reflecting metal hydrides 307 9.5 Other miscellaneous inorganic electrochromes 309 References 309 10 Conjugated conducting polymers 312 10.1 Introduction to conjugated conducting polymers 312 10.2 Poly(thiophene)s as electrochromes 318
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82269-5 - Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices P. M. S. Monk, R. J. Mortimer and D. R. Rosseinsky Table of Contents More information
Contents
11
12
13
14
10.3 Poly(pyrrole)s and dioxypyrroles as electrochromes 10.4 Poly(aniline)s as electrochromes 10.5 Directed assembly of electrochromic electroactive conducting polymers 10.6 Electrochromes based on electroactive conducting polymer composites 10.7 ECDs using both electroactive conducting polymers and inorganic electrochromes 10.8 Conclusions and outlook References The viologens 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bipyridilium redox chemistry 11.3 Bipyridilium species for inclusion within ECDs 11.4 Recent elaborations References Miscellaneous organic electrochromes 12.1 Monomeric electrochromes 12.2 Tethered electrochromic species 12.3 Electrochromes immobilised within viscous solvents References Applications of electrochromic devices 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Reflective electrochromic devices: electrochromic car mirrors 13.3 Transmissive ECD windows for buildings and aircraft 13.4 Electrochromic displays for displaying images and data 13.5 ECD light modulators and shutters in message-laser applications 13.6 Electrochromic paper 13.7 Electrochromes applied in quasi-electrochromic or nonelectrochromic processes: sensors and analysis 13.8 Miscellaneous electrochromic applications 13.9 Combinatorial monitoring of multiples of varied electrode materials References Fundamentals of device construction 14.1 Fundamentals of ECD construction 14.2 Electrolyte layers for ECDs 14.3 Electrodes for ECD construction
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82269-5 - Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices P. M. S. Monk, R. J. Mortimer and D. R. Rosseinsky Table of Contents More information
viii
Contents
14.4 Device encapsulation References 15 Photoelectrochromism 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Direction of beam 15.3 Device types 15.4 Photochromic–electrochromic systems References 16 Device durability 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Durability of transparent electrodes 16.3 Durability of the electrolyte layers 16.4 Enhancing the durability of electrochrome layers 16.5 Durability of electrochromic devices after assembly References Index
