Tactical-Exploring Unmanned Aviation Systems



7DFWLFDO([SORULQJ8QPDQQHG$YLDWLRQ6\VWHPV &XUUHQW6WDWHDQG3URVSHFWVLQ8NUDLQH 6HUJL\=OHSNR/HRQLG.RYDO6HUJL\3DYORY.RVW6RORGHQNR'P\WUR6KWRIHO Abstract ± ,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH PRGHUQ VWDWH RI XQPDQQHG DYLDWLRQ LV GLVFXVVHG WKH ZD\V RI LWV IXUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW DUH GHWHUPLQHG 7KH QHZ DSSURDFK WR RUJDQL]H WKH 8$9 SURGXFWLRQDQGRSHUDWLRQLVRIIHUHG Keywords ± 8QPDQQHG $YLDWLRQ 6\VWHP 8QPDQQHG $HULDO9HKLFOH6\VWHP$SSURDFK

, ,1752'8&7,21 8QPDQQHGDLUFUDIWLVRQHRIWKH PRVWSURPLVLQJDUHDV RI DYLDWLRQ RI DQ\ FRXQWU\ LQ WKH ZRUOG $FFRUGLQJ WR WKHUHVHDUFKRI7HFO*URXSWKHPDUNHWVL]HRIXQPDQQHG DHULDO YHKLFOHV 8$9  ZLOO LQFUHDVH IURP   WR  ELOOLRQLQWKHSHULRGIURPWR$SSUR[LPDWHO\ ±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³6N\9´  (QJODQG³0DQWLV´  /HDGLQJ8$9PDQXIDFWXULQJFRPSDQLHVLQWKHZRUOG DUH1RUWKURS*UXPDQ%RHLQJ*HQHUDO$WRPLFV /RFNKHHG 0DUWLQ 86$  (XURSHDQ FRUSRUDWLRQ ($'6 'DVVDXOW )UDQFH  ,$, ,VUDHO  671 $WODV*HUPDQ\ $OHQLDQHUPDFFL,WDO\ ³7XSROHY´ DQG³@ 86$ UHFRQQDLVVDQFH 8$9 ± ³+817(5´ 04%  ³*OREDO +DZN %ORFN ´ ³7ULWRQ 04&´ ³5HDSHU 04´³5DYHQ´54% ³3UHGDWRU´04 >@ (XURSH UHFRQQDLVVDQFH DQGWDFWLFDO 8$9 ± ³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±@  KLJK FRVW RI H[SORLWDWLRQ DQG ORZ GHJUHH RI DXWRPDWLRQ  VLJQDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ SUREOHP IURP 8$9 WR WKH RSHUDWRU

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

7&6(7 )HEUXDU\±/YLY6ODYVNH8NUDLQH

 DLUFUDIW

3ODWIRUPRQERDUGFRQWUROV\VWHPDYLRQLFV GDWDVWRUDJHPHDQV

8$9FRQWUROFKDQQHO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 8$9WUDQVPLWWLQJFKDQQHO FKDQQHO GDWDSURWHFWLRQV\VWHP

*URXQG ODXQFKDQGODQGLQJPHDQV 8$9FRQWUROPHDQV VWDWLRQ SURFHVVLQJDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDQDO\VLV )LJ%DVLFFRPSRQHQWVRI8$6 %$6( 67$)) VWRUDJH SLORWV

8$9 SODWIRUP

WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ

UHSDLU DQG PDLQWHQDQFH

RSHUDWRUV

WHFKQLFLDQV

FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FKDQQHO JURXQG VWDWLRQ

)LJ8$6LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

:KHQGHYHORSLQJ8$6ZHVWDUWIURPWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ FRQFHSWRIXQPDQQHGDYLDWLRQRIIHULQJWRFRQVLGHULWDV VRPH LQIRUPDWLRQ QHWZRUN >@ ZKHUH WKHUH DUH SURFHVVHV RI REWDLQLQJ SURFHVVLQJ WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG VWRUDJH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV FRQFHSW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LV WKH WDVN RI GHYHORSPHQW RI GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ VXSSRUW VXEV\VWHP DV D SDUW RI WKH 8$9 DXWRPDWLFFRQWUROV\VWHP WKDWSURYLGHVWKHIOLJKWWRWKH WDUJHWUHWXUQWRWKHEDVHRUHPHUJHQF\ODQGLQJ 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI 8$6V RI ³PLFUR´ DQG ³PLQL´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

 WHVWLQJ WR DVVHVV WKH FDQGLGDWH¶V VKDOORZ PRWLOLW\ VWDWXV WKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQ WKH UHFHLYHG SDUDPHWHUV DQG 8$9 RSHUDWRU¶V SURIHVVLRJUDPUHTXLUHPHQWV %DVHG RQ WKLV DSSURDFK WKH V\VWHP IRU WHVWLQJ DQG 8$6SHUVRQQHOVHOHFWLRQZDVGHYHORSHG 7KHGHVLJQHGLQRXUODERUDWRU\8$9LVDQXQPDQQHG IO\LQJSODWIRUPRIWKHDLUFUDIWIO\LQJZLQJW\SHZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ KLJK UHOLDELOLW\ DQG VXUYLYDELOLW\ PXOWLSXUSRVHZLGHUDQJHRIIHDWXUHVDQGIXQFWLRQV

,9 &21&/86,21 $FWLYHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH8$9VDOODURXQGWKHZRUOG DOORZVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHIRXUJURXSVRIIDFWRUVWKDWVKDSH WKH PRGHUQ SURJUHVV WUHQGV RI WKH 8$9V IRU PLOLWDU\ XVH IXQFWLRQDOIDFWRUV± FXVWRPHU¶VUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU WKH 8$9 WKDW PHHW WKHLU QHHGV IRU SUHVHQW DQG IXWXUH  WHFKQRORJLFDO IDFWRUV ± WKH FRQWLQXRXV GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ DQG LPSURYHPHQW RI H[LVWLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV RI GHVLJQ DQG SURGXFWLRQ RI 8$9V IRU GLIIHUHQW SXUSRVHV DQG GLIIHUHQW SD\ORDGV  SV\FKRORJLFDO IDFWRUV ± WKH SHFXOLDULW\ RI WKH FRPPRQ XVH RQ WKH EDWWOHILHOG  PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG ILQDQFLDO IDFWRUV ± QHHG IRU QHZ GHYHORSPHQWV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV PDVV SURGXFWLRQ DQG 8$6RSHUDWLRQLQWKHLQWHUHVWVRIWKH$UPHG)RUFHV

5()(5(1&(6 >@ ' * .RUFKHQNR DQG 2 6 ,O\DVK $ JHQHUDOL]HG FODVVLILFDWLRQRIXQPDQQHGDHULDOYHKLFOHVAircraft: Aerodynamics, Propulsion Systems, Equipment and ArmamentYRO  SS± >@ $,6LONLQ$%*UHQHUDQG$9'URELVKHYVNL\ 8QLYHUVDO GURQHV Independent Military Review YROS >@ 0 3DYOXVKHQNR * (YVWDI\HY DQG , 0DNDUHQNR 8QPDQQHG DHULDO YHKLFOHV KLVWRU\ DSSOLFDWLRQ WKUHDW RI SUROLIHUDWLRQ DQG SURVSHFWV RI GHYHORSPHQW Human Rights 0RVFRZ 5XVVLDQ )HGHUDWLRQS >@ 6 0 =OHSNR / * .RYDO 9 , 0DNRJRQ 9 2 +RPROLQVN\L.,6RORGHQNRDQG$9+RUS\Q\FK 3ULQFLSOHV RI V\VWHP RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI 8$9 XVH IRU WHUULWRULDO SDUDPLOLWDU\ XQLWV LQ Prospects for development of weapons and military equipment the Land Force +HWPDQ 6DKD\GDFKQ\L $FDGHP\ RI /DQG)RUFH/YLY8NUDLQHS >@ 3 5 &KDQGOHU 0 3DFKWHU DQG 6 5DVPXVVHQ ³8$9 FRRSHUDWLYH FRQWURO´ LQ American Control Conference. Proceedings of the 2001 ,((( 86$ YROSS± >@ '1.ULWVNL\($'UX]K\QLQDDQG(6